Extracellular Space
Diffusion
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Extracellular Fluid
Inulin
Models, Biological
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Lanthanum
Cell Membrane
Aquaporin 4
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Secretory Pathway
A series of sequential intracellular steps involved in the transport of proteins (such as hormones and enzymes) from the site of synthesis to outside the cell. The pathway involves membrane-bound compartments through which the newly synthesized proteins undergo POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, packaging, storage, or transportation to the PLASMA MEMBRANE for secretion.
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Thulium
Biological Transport
Sucrose
Microelectrodes
Astrocytes
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Microdialysis
Glutamic Acid
Photobleaching
Light-induced change in a chromophore, resulting in the loss of its absorption of light of a particular wave length. The photon energy causes a conformational change in the photoreceptor proteins affecting PHOTOTRANSDUCTION. This occurs naturally in the retina (ADAPTATION, OCULAR) on long exposure to bright light. Photobleaching presents problems when occurring in PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, and in FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY. On the other hand, this phenomenon is exploited in the technique, FLUORESCENCE RECOVERY AFTER PHOTOBLEACHING, allowing measurement of the movements of proteins and LIPIDS in the CELL MEMBRANE.
Sodium
Electroosmosis
Exosomes
Mannitol
A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.
Osmolar Concentration
Intercellular Junctions
Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Cell Membrane Permeability
Dextrans
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG
Neurons
Sodium Isotopes
Personal Space
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Exocytosis
Glucose Solution, Hypertonic
Cells, Cultured
Microscopy, Immunoelectron
Rats, Wistar
Models, Neurological
Cytoplasm
Electrophysiology
Computer Simulation
Rabbits
Biological Transport, Active
Anura
Protein Transport
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Extracellular Matrix
Fiber Optic Technology
Fluorescent Dyes
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Osmosis
Gap Junctions
Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.
Optics and Photonics
Hypoxia, Brain
A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Calcium Radioisotopes
Freeze Fracturing
Preparation for electron microscopy of minute replicas of exposed surfaces of the cell which have been ruptured in the frozen state. The specimen is frozen, then cleaved under high vacuum at the same temperature. The exposed surface is shadowed with carbon and platinum and coated with carbon to obtain a carbon replica.
Ouabain
Calcium Signaling
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Cytoplasmic Vesicles
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Coloring Agents
Amino Acid Sequence
Adenosine Triphosphate
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Cortical Spreading Depression
Sorbitol
A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Adenosine
Blood-Brain Barrier
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)
Sarcolemma
Cell Communication
Immunohistochemistry
Ganglionic Stimulants
Agents that mimic neural transmission by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Drugs that indirectly augment ganglionic transmission by increasing the release or slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine or by non-nicotinic effects on postganglionic neurons are not included here nor are the nonspecific cholinergic agonists.
Myocardium
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
Histocytochemistry
Crystallization
Epithelium
Weightlessness
Condition in which no acceleration, whether due to gravity or any other force, can be detected by an observer within a system. It also means the absence of weight or the absence of the force of gravity acting on a body. Microgravity, gravitational force between 0 and 10 -6 g, is included here. (From NASA Thesaurus, 1988)
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Microscopy, Confocal
Rana pipiens
Action Potentials
Ion Transport
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2
Hyaluronic Acid
Guinea Pigs
Secretory Vesicles
Endocytosis
Hypertonic Solutions
Cerebral Cortex
Horseradish Peroxidase
Dogs
Ranidae
Membrane Proteins
Histological Techniques
Retina
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Lens, Crystalline
Rats, Inbred Strains
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Membrane Transport Proteins
Neocortex
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Vacuoles
Cell Compartmentation
Mathematics
Ions
Models, Molecular
Chelating Agents
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Apyrase
Lysosomes
A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Thapsigargin
Photoreceptor Cells
Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.
Confined Spaces
Algorithms
Anisotropy
A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions.
Models, Cardiovascular
Hydroxybenzoates
Xanthenes
Orthodontic Space Closure
Connexins
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Carrier Proteins
Furin
Brain Chemistry
Capillary Permeability
The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.
Osmotic Pressure
Water
Edetic Acid
Amyloid beta-Peptides
Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.
Homeostasis
Gadolinium DTPA
Cattle
Cytosol
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Muscle, Smooth
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Central Nervous System
Astronauts
S100 Proteins
A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.
Protein Binding
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3
Suramin
A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.
Electrolytes
Fluoresceins
Organ Culture Techniques
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Papillary Muscles
Carbon Isotopes
Gadolinium
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Glycoproteins
Intracellular Membranes
Collagen
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Blotting, Western
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Temperature
Permeability
Muscle Contraction
Radioisotopes
Molecular dynamics of the sodium channel pore vary with gating: interactions between P-segment motions and inactivation. (1/4923)
Disulfide trapping studies have revealed that the pore-lining (P) segments of voltage-dependent sodium channels undergo sizable motions on a subsecond time scale. Such motions of the pore may be necessary for selective ion translocation. Although traditionally viewed as separable properties, gating and permeation are now known to interact extensively in various classes of channels. We have investigated the interaction of pore motions and voltage-dependent gating in micro1 sodium channels engineered to contain two cysteines within the P segments. Rates of catalyzed internal disulfide formation (kSS) were measured in K1237C+W1531C mutant channels expressed in oocytes. During repetitive voltage-clamp depolarizations, increasing the pulse duration had biphasic effects on the kSS, which first increased to a maximum at 200 msec and then decreased with longer depolarizations. This result suggested that occupancy of an intermediate inactivation state (IM) facilitates pore motions. Consistent with the known antagonism between alkali metals and a component of slow inactivation, kSS varied inversely with external [Na+]o. We examined the converse relationship, namely the effect of pore flexibility on gating, by measuring recovery from inactivation in Y401C+E758C (YC/EC) channels. Under oxidative conditions, recovery from inactivation was slower than in a reduced environment in which the spontaneous YC/EC cross-link is disrupted. The most prominent effects were slowing of a component with intermediate recovery kinetics, with diminution of its relative amplitude. We conclude that occupancy of an intermediate inactivation state facilitates motions of the P segments; conversely, flexibility of the P segments alters an intermediate component of inactivation. (+info)Somatic recording of GABAergic autoreceptor current in cerebellar stellate and basket cells. (2/4923)
Patch-clamp recordings were performed from stellate and basket cells in rat cerebellar slices. Under somatic voltage clamp, short depolarizing pulses were applied to elicit action potentials in the axon. After the action potential, a bicuculline- and Cd2+-sensitive current transient was observed. A similar response was obtained when eliciting axonal firing by extracellular stimulation. With an isotonic internal Cl- solution, the peak amplitude of this current varied linearly with the holding potential, yielding an extrapolated reversal potential of -20 to 0 mV. Unlike synaptic or autaptic GABAergic currents obtained in the same preparation, the current transient had a slow rise-time and a low variability between trials. This current was blocked when 10 mM BAPTA was included in the recording solution. In some experiments, the current transient elicited axonal action potentials. The current transient was reliably observed in animals aged 12-15 d, with a mean amplitude of 82 pA at -70 mV, but was small and rare in the age group 29-49 d. Numerical simulations could account for all properties of the current transient by assuming that an action potential activates a distributed GABAergic conductance in the axon. The actual conductance is probably restricted to release sites, with an estimated mean presynaptic current response of 10 pA per site (-70 mV, age 12-15 d). We conclude that in developing rats, stellate and basket cell axons have a high density of GABAergic autoreceptors and that a sizable fraction of the corresponding current can be measured from the soma. (+info)Transport of solutes through cartilage: permeability to large molecules. (3/4923)
A review of the transport of solutes through articular cartilage is given, with special reference to the effect of variations in matrix composition. Some physiological implications of our findings are discussed. Also, results of an experimental study of the permeability of articular cartilage to large globular proteins are presented. Because of the very low partition coefficients of large solutes between cartilage and an external solution new experimental techniques had to be devised, particularly for the study of diffusion. The partition coefficients of solutes were found to decrease very steeply with increase in size, up to serum albumin. There was, however, no further decrease for IGG. The diffusion coefficient of serum albumin in cartilage was relatively high (one quarter of the value in aqueous solution). These two facts taken together suggest that there may be a very small fraction of relatively large pores in cartilage through which the transport of large molecules is taking place. The permeability of cartilage to large molecules is extremely sensitive to variations in the glycosaminoglycan content: for a threefold increase in the latter there is a hundredfold decrease in the partition coefficient. For cartilage of fixed charge density around 0-19 m-equiv/g, there is no penetration at all of globular proteins of size equal to or larger than serum albumin. (+info)Ethanol exposure differentially alters central monoamine neurotransmission in alcohol-preferring versus -nonpreferring rats. (4/4923)
Individual differences in ethanol preference may be linked to differences in the functional activity of forebrain monoamine systems or their sensitivity to modification by ethanol. To test this hypothesis, basal extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the nucleus accumbens as well as the effects of repeated ethanol pretreatment on the basal release of these transmitters were examined in alcohol-preferring (P), alcohol-nonpreferring (NP), and genetically heterogeneous Wistar rats. All animals received i.p. injections of ethanol (1.0 g/kg) or saline for 5 consecutive days. Fifteen hours after the final pretreatment, basal extracellular concentrations and "in vivo extraction fraction" values for DA and 5-HT were determined by no-net-flux in vivo microdialysis. In ethanol-naive rats, significant line differences were observed with high basal 5-HT release in P rats, low 5-HT release in NP rats, and intermediate 5-HT levels in Wistar rats. No differences among groups were noted in basal DA release. Ethanol pretreatment decreased basal extracellular 5-HT levels in P rats whereas increasing 5-HT efflux was seen in the Wistar and NP lines. In addition, ethanol pretreatment increased extracellular DA concentrations in Wistar and P rats, but not in NP rats. The results confirm a relationship between the functional status of forebrain DA and 5-HT systems and ethanol preference or aversion. Moreover, the data suggest that ethanol exposure can alter basal DA and 5-HT in the nucleus accumbens and that vulnerability to ethanol-induced changes in monoamine neurotransmission may be a factor in genetically determined ethanol preference. (+info)Simultaneous measurement of evoked release and [Ca2+]i in a crayfish release bouton reveals high affinity of release to Ca2+. (5/4923)
The opener neuromuscular junction of crayfish was used to determine the affinity of the putative Ca2+ receptor(s) responsible for evoked release. Evoked, asynchronous release, and steady-state intracellular Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]ss, were measured concomitantly in single release boutons. It was found that, as expected, asynchronous release is highly correlated with [Ca2+]ss. Surprisingly, evoked release was also found to be highly correlated with [Ca2+]ss. The quantal content (m) and the rate of asynchronous release (S) showed sigmoidal dependence on [Ca2+]ss. The slope log m/log [Ca2+]ss varied between 1.6 and 3.3; the higher slope observed at the lower [Ca2+]o. The slope log S/log [Ca2+]ss varied between 3 and 4 and was independent of [Ca2+]o. These results are consistent with the assumption that evoked release is controlled by the sum of [Ca2+]ss and the local elevation of Ca2+ concentration near the release sites resulting from Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (Y). On the basis of the above, we were able to estimate Y. We found Y to be significantly <10 microM even for [Ca2+]o = 13.5 mM. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the Ca2+ receptor(s) associated with evoked release was calculated to be in the range of 4-5 microM. This value of Kd is similar to that found previously for asynchronous release. (+info)Synaptic activation of GABAA receptors induces neuronal uptake of Ca2+ in adult rat hippocampal slices. (6/4923)
Synaptically evoked transmembrane movements of Ca2+ in the adult CNS have almost exclusively been attributed to activation of glutamate receptor channels and the consequent triggering of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Using microelectrodes for measuring free extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o) and extracellular space (ECS) volume, we show here for the first time that synaptic stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors can result in a decrease in [Ca2+]o in adult rat hippocampal slices. High-frequency stimulation (100-200 Hz, 0.4-0.5 s) applied in stratum radiatum close (+info)Long-term effects of growth hormone (GH) on body fluid distribution in GH deficient adults: a four months double blind placebo controlled trial. (7/4923)
OBJECTIVE: Short-term growth hormone (GH) treatment normalises body fluid distribution in adult GH deficient patients, but the impact of long-term treatment on body fluid homeostasis has hitherto not been thoroughly examined in placebo controlled trials. To investigate if the water retaining effect of GH persists for a longer time we examined the impact of 4 months GH treatment on extracellular volume (ECV) and plasma volume (PV) in GH deficient adults. DESIGN: Twenty-four (18 male, 6 female) adult GH deficient patients aged 25-64 years were included and received either GH (n=11) or placebo (n=13) in a double blind parallel design. METHODS: Before and at the end of each 4 month period ECV and PV were assessed directly using 82Br- and 125I-albumin respectively, and blood samples were obtained. RESULTS: During GH treatment ECV increased significantly (before: 20.48+/-0.99 l, 4 months: 23.77+/-1.38 l (P<0.01)), but remained unchanged during placebo administration (before: 16.92+/-1.01 l, 4 months: 17.60+/-1.24 l (P=0.37)). The difference between the groups was significant (P<0.05). GH treatment also increased PV (before: 3.39+/-0.27 l. 4 months: 3.71+/-0.261 (P=0.01)), although an insignificant increase in the placebo treated patients (before: 2.81+/-0.18 l, 4 months: 2.89+/-0.20 l (P=0.37)) resulted in an insignificant treatment effect (P=0.07). Serum insulin-like growth factor-I increased significantly during GH treatment and was not affected by placebo treatment. Plasma renin (mIU/l) increased during GH administration (before: 14.73+/-2.16, 4 months: 26.00+/-6.22 (P=0.03)) and remained unchanged following placebo (before: 20.77+/-5.13, 4 months: 20.69+/-6.67 (P=0.99)) leaving no significant treatment effect (P=0.08). CONCLUSION: The long-term impact of GH treatment on body fluid distribution in adult GH deficient patients involves expansion of ECV and probably also PV. These data substantiate the role of GH as a regulator of fluid homeostasis in adult GH deficiency. (+info)Modulation of slow inactivation in human cardiac Kv1.5 channels by extra- and intracellular permeant cations. (8/4923)
1. The properties and regulation of slow inactivation by intracellular and extracellular cations in the human heart K+ channel hKv1.5 have been investigated. Extensive NH2- and COOH-terminal deletions outside the central core of transmembrane domains did not affect the degree of inactivation. 2. The voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation curves of hKv1.5 channels was unchanged in Rb+ and Cs+, compared with K+, but biexponential inactivation over 10 s was reduced from approximately 100 % of peak current in Na+ to approximately 65 % in K+, approximately 50 % in Rb+ and approximately 30 % in Cs+. This occurred as a result of a decrease in both fast and slow components of inactivation, with little change in inactivation time constants. 3. Changes in extracellular cation species and concentration (5-300 mM) had only small effects on the rates of inactivation and recovery from inactivation (tau recovery approximately 1 s). Mutation of residues at a putative regulatory site at R487 in the outer pore mouth did not affect slow inactivation or recovery from inactivation of hKv1.5, although sensitivity to extracellular TEA was conferred. 4. Symmetrical reduction of both intra- and extracellular cation concentrations accelerated and augmented both components of inactivation of K+ (Kd = 34.7 mM) and Cs+ (Kd = 20.5 mM) currents. These effects could be quantitatively accounted for by unilateral reduction of intracellular K+ (K+i) (Kd = 43.4 mM) or Cs+i with constant 135 mM external ion concentrations. 5. We conclude that inactivation and recovery from inactivation in hKv1.5 were not typically C-type in nature. However, the ion species dependence of inactivation was still closely coupled to ion permeation through the pore. Intracellular ion modulatory actions were more potent than extracellular actions, although still of relatively low affinity. These results suggest the presence of ion binding sites capable of regulating inactivation located on both intracellular and extracellular sides of the pore selectivity filter. (+info)
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Extracellular space
This is distinguished from intracellular space, which is inside the cells. The composition of the extracellular space includes ... In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular (or sometimes extracellular space) means "outside ... the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix ... extracellular superoxide dismutase). Often, proteins present in the extracellular space are stored outside the cells by ...
Extracellular matrix
Hyaluronic acid in the extracellular space confers upon tissues the ability to resist compression by providing a counteracting ... High-molecular weight hyaluronan acts as a diffusional barrier that can modulate diffusion in the extracellular space locally. ... Upon matrix degradation, hyaluronan fragments are released to the extracellular space, where they function as pro-inflammatory ... Extracellular matrix: review of its roles in acute and chronic wounds Usage of Extracellular Matrix from pigs to regrow human ...
Apoplast
When referring to "everything outside the plasma membrane", the term "extracellular space" is in use. The word apoplasm is also ... the extracellular spaces. Apoplast can also refer especially to the continuum of cell walls of adjacent cells; fluid and ... Air bubbles occupying extracellular spaces can also hinder apoplastic transport. The apoplast is important for all the plant's ... Inside a plant, the apoplast can mean the space outside of cell membranes, where material can diffuse freely; that is, ...
Eva Syková
Syková, Eva; Nicholson, Charles (October 2008). "Diffusion in Brain Extracellular Space". Physiological Reviews. 88 (4): 1277- ...
Extracellular fluid
These substances occur in the extracellular space, and are therefore all bathed or soaked in ECF, without being part of the ECF ... The normal shape, and therefore function of very many of the extracellular proteins, as well as the extracellular portions of ... The main component of the extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid that surrounds cells. Extracellular fluid is the ... The volume of extracellular fluid in a young adult male of 70 kg (154 lbs) is 20% of body weight - about fourteen litres. ...
Neutrophil extracellular traps
... releasing it into the extracellular space. This NETosis pathway can be initiated through activation of toll-like receptors ( ... Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular fibers, primarily composed of DNA from neutrophils, which ... NETs might also have a deleterious effect on the host, because the extracellular exposure of histone complexes could play a ... NETs allow neutrophils to kill extracellular pathogens while minimizing damage to the host cells. Upon in vitro activation with ...
Iron-binding proteins
It travels freely in the extracellular space. When its iron is needed by the cell, it is brought into the cytosol by a ...
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they often work in reverse, and excess ...
Intracellular space
Extracellular space "Third Spacing: Intracellular Versus Extracellular Space". Nurseyourownway.com. Retrieved 15 November 2022 ... Intracellular space is the interior space of the plasma membrane. It contains about two-thirds of TBW. Cellular rupture may ... occur if the intracellular space becomes dehydrated, or if the opposite happens, where it becomes too bloated. Thus it is ...
Fibroblast
Advances in Extracellular Space Research and Application: 2013 Edition. Scholarly Editions. 21 June 2013. p. 251. ISBN ... Although disjointed and scattered when they have to cover a large space, fibroblasts, when crowded, often locally align in ... A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural ... Fibroblasts secrete the precursors of all the components of the extracellular matrix, primarily the ground substance and a ...
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II
Most of the enzyme resides in the extracellular space. GCPII is a class II membrane glycoprotein. It catalyzes the hydrolysis ... GCPII has been shown to both indirectly and directly increase the concentration of glutamate in the extracellular space. GCPII ... 14 The central pocket is approximately 2 nanometers in depth and opens from the extracellular space to the active site. This ... This uses a radiolabelled small molecule that binds with high affinity to the extra-cellular domain of the PSMA receptor. ...
ACAMPs
... and other molecules found in extracellular space. Collectins (e.g. mannose-binding lectin and surfactant protein A) bind the ... Extracellular bridging molecules are serum proteins which facilitate connection between apoptotic cell and phagocyte. They can ... or indirectly the extracellular bridging molecules. Deposition of different phospholipids in the phospholipid bilayer of the ...
Potassium spatial buffering
... a considerable change in extracellular potassium concentration occurs due to the limited volume of the CNS extracellular space ... The observation lead to hypothesis that excess potassium in extracellular space is "siphoned" by the Muller cells to the ... The change in potassium concentration in the extracellular space impacts a variety of neuronal processes, such as maintenance ... Chen, K. C. and C. Nicholson (2000). "Spatial buffering of potassium ions in brain extracellular space." Biophysical Journal 78 ...
Acetylcysteine
... hence there is increasing glutamate release into the extracellular space. This glutamate in turn acts on mGluR2/3 receptors, ...
Common octopus
... blood reserves and extracellular space in a cephalopod. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 113, 461-464. hdl:10222/29342. ... Some species of octopuses, including O. vulgaris, also have a duct that runs from the gonadal space into the branchial ...
Electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1
They may participate in regulation of brain extracellular space pH. Some mutations in the gene have been associated with ... 2003). "Direct extracellular interaction between carbonic anhydrase IV and the human NBC1 sodium/bicarbonate co-transporter". ... "Astrocytes regulate brain extracellular pH via a neuronal activity-dependent bicarbonate shuttle". Nature Communications. 11 (1 ... "Astrocytes regulate brain extracellular pH via a neuronal activity-dependent bicarbonate shuttle". Nature Communications. 11 (1 ...
ADAM7
The largest portion of ADAM7 resides in the extracellular space. A short helical transmembrane sequence anchors the sequence ...
Cystic fibrosis
Sodium is the most common cation in the extracellular space. The excess chloride within sweat ducts prevents sodium resorption ...
Iopentol
After intravenous injection, iopentol is distributed in the extracellular space. Its binding to plasma proteins is very low. ...
Amyloidosis
As a result, amyloid deposits into the body's extracellular space. The process of forming amyloid fibrils is thought to have ... in the extracellular space. Of the 37 proteins so far identified as being vulnerable to amyloid formation, only four are ... AA amyloidosis is caused by an increase in extracellular deposition of serum amyloid A (SAA) protein. SAA protein levels can ...
Tat (HIV)
Tat then crosses the plasma membrane to reach the extracellular space. Tat secretion by infected cells is highly active, and ...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2
The new virions then go into the extracellular space via exocytosis. The type 2 PRRSV infection induces the unfolded protein ...
Sulfatase
In higher organisms they are found in intracellular and extracellular spaces. Steroid sulfatase is distributed in a wide range ... and in remodelling sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular space. Together with sulfotransferases, sulfatases form the ...
Glymphatic system
Ichimura T, Fraser PA, Cserr HF (April 1991). "Distribution of extracellular tracers in perivascular spaces of the rat brain". ... Around these penetrating vessels, paravascular spaces take the form of Virchow-Robin spaces. Where the Virchow-Robin spaces ... Key determinants of diffusion through the brain interstitial spaces are the dimensions and composition of the extracellular ... Nicholson and colleagues from New York University explored the microenvironment of the extracellular space using ion-selective ...
Galactose oxidase
This enzyme is secreted by fungi to function in extracellular space. Although the oxidation reaction of D-galactose gives ... Another feature of Domain 1 is the presence of a carbohydrate binding site that direct the enzyme to bind to extracellular ...
Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 135
The protein binds specifically to transglutaminase 2 in the extracellular space. KATNB1, katanin p80 subunit B 1. An accessory ...
Shizuo Akira
Lee MS, Kim YJ (February 2007). "Pattern-recognition receptor signaling initiated from extracellular, membrane, and cytoplasmic ... space". Molecules and Cells. 23 (1): 1-10. PMID 17464205. "Akira Lab. Osaka University (IFReC/RIMD)". https://sangakukan.jp/ ...
Hemidesmosome
Instead of desmogleins and desmocollins in the extracellular space, hemidesmosomes utilize integrins. Hemidesmosomes are found ... integrin β4 subunit in the cytoplasm and integrin α6 and laminin-332 in the extracellular space. CD151, a protein of the ... The α6 subunit binds to extracellular BP180, CD151 and laminin-322. When integrin α6β4 binds to Plectin 1a and BPAG1, it ... Hemidesmosomes are also comparable to focal adhesions, as they both attach cells to the extracellular matrix. ...
Local field potential
"Modeling extracellular field potentials and the frequency-filtering properties of extracellular space". Biophysical Journal. 86 ... LFP are "extracellular" signals, meaning that they are generated by transient imbalances in ion concentrations in the spaces ... The fact that the extracellular space is not homogeneous, and composed of a complex aggregate of highly conductive fluids and ... They are 'potentials' because they are generated by the voltage that results from charge separation in the extracellular space ...
Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase
Astrocytes help to maintain ionic balance in the extracellular space in the brain. Knock-out of PMCA2 causes inner ear problems ... Since it transports Ca2+ into the extracellular space, the PMCA is also an important regulator of the calcium concentration in ... the extracellular space. PMCAs belong to the family of P-type primary ion transport ATPases which form aspartyl phosphate ...
Papillary carcinomas of the breast
The presence of signet ring-shaped cells bearing mucin-containing vacuoles with or without extracellular mucin strongly ... variably sized spaces), or micro-papillary patterns. There may be a second population of epithelial cells lining the papillae ... shows papillary structures with fibrovascular cores and proliferating neoplastic epithelial cells growing within cystic spaces ...
CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 5
Preliminary studies suggest that CMTM5-v1 (which cells commonly secrete to the extracellular spaces such as the blood) or an ...
Food web
... extra-cellular polymers, nectar, root exudates and leachates, dissolved organic matter, extra-cellular matrix, mucilage). The ... Cohen, Joel E. (1978). Food webs and niche space. Monographs in Population Biology. Vol. 11. Princeton, NJ: Princeton ...
Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39B
... extracellular space, membrane, nucleus). TTC39C is expected to localize in cytoplasm. No phenotype has been discovered, and the ...
Sodium-potassium pump
On the other hand, in extracellular space, the concentration of K⁺ is 5mM, whereas the concentration of Na⁺ is 150mM. Export of ... The conformational change exposes the Na⁺ ions to the extracellular region. The phosphorylated form of the pump has a low ... The pump binds 2 extracellular K⁺ ions, which induces dephosphorylation of the pump, reverting it to its previous ... from the intracellular space, hence slowing down the Na⁺-K⁺ pump results in a permanently elevated Ca²⁺ level in the muscle, ...
Trimeric autotransporter adhesin
... named the periplasmic space, is a space containing a thin layer of peptidoglycan; and the third layer is named the outer ... Each domain helps the head to bind to a different component of the extracellular matrix. These are as follows: YadA-like head ... Function: The function of this protein domain is to bind to the extracellular matrix of the host, most notably fibronectin, ... The head domain, once assembled, then adheres to an element of the host extracellular matrix, for example, collagen, ...
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Brain Extracellular Matrix in Health and Disease. Elsevier. 2014-10-30. ISBN 9780444634948. Hall, Tim (2013-09-17). PACES for ... drained along periarterial spaces. Abnormalities in each of these identified clearance pathways have been linked to CAA. In ...
Gregarina garnhami
Once in the ectoperitrophic space they can attach themselves to the epithelial cells of the caeca and midgut. Once attached to ... Gregarina garnhami stays present as a extracellular organism in the host, not penetrating the cell membrane of the host. The ...
Lyme disease
Cabello FC, Godfrey HP, Newman SA (August 2007). "Hidden in plain sight: Borrelia burgdorferi and the extracellular matrix". ... Additionally, the immune system produces antibodies against Lyme inside the intrathecal space, which contains the CSF. ... and hiding in the extracellular matrix, which may interfere with the function of immune factors. In the brain, B. burgdorferi ...
Hemolysis
Guzman, Ana (2022-02-24). "Scientists Find Increased Red Blood Cell Destruction in Space". NASA. Retrieved 2022-06-09. ... "The Clinical Sequelae of Intravascular Hemolysis and Extracellular Plasma Hemoglobin". JAMA. 293 (13): 1653-1662. doi:10.1001/ ... "The Clinical Sequelae of Intravascular Hemolysis and Extracellular Plasma Hemoglobin". JAMA. American Medical Association (AMA ...
Microtubule
The inner space of the hollow microtubule cylinders is referred to as the lumen. The α and β-tubulin subunits are ~50% ... moving extracellular material, and other roles. Prokaryotes possess tubulin-like proteins including FtsZ. However, prokaryotic ... that microtubules use their dynamic properties of growth and shrinkage at their plus ends to probe the three dimensional space ...
Brazzein
... is found in the extracellular region, in the pulp tissue surrounding the seeds. With pentadin, discovered in 1989, ... Brazzein has four evenly spaced disulfide bonds and no sulfhydryl groups. 3D analysis of brazzein showed one alpha-helix and ...
Desmosome
They bind to each other via heterophilic interactions in the extracellular space near their N-termini, in contrast with the ... Both have five extracellular domains, and have calcium-binding motifs. Extracellular calcium helps form the cadherin adhesion ... The extracellular core region, approximately 34 nm in length, contains desmoglein and desmocollin, which are in the cadherin ... The DIFCs can be broken into three regions: the extracellular core region, or desmoglea, the outer dense plaque, or ODP, and ...
Brain
Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A ... or implanted inside the brains of animals for extracellular recordings, which can detect action potentials generated by ... The optic tectum allows actions to be directed toward points in space, most commonly in response to visual input. In mammals, ... consist of layers that are folded or convoluted to fit within the available space. Other parts, such as the thalamus and ...
Find-me signals
Nucleotides are often degraded by nucleotide triphosphatases (NTPases) when they are in the extracellular space. Only a small ... and that a cleaved fragment of SphK2 is what is released from dying cells into the surrounding extracellular space where it is ...
Environmental DNA
Extracellular DNA acts as a functional extracellular matrix component in the biofilms of several bacterial species. It may act ... and space use. Despite being a relatively new method of surveying, eDNA has already proven to have enormous potential in ... Relic DNA dynamics Extracellular DNA, sometimes called relic DNA, is DNA from dead microbes. Naked extracellular DNA (eDNA), ... Tani K, Nasu M (2010). "Roles of Extracellular DNA in Bacterial Ecosystems". In Kikuchi Y, Rykova EY (eds.). Extracellular ...
Liver support system
The patient's plasma is fed into the space surrounding the fibers. The fibers, which are composed of a semi-permeable membrane ... along with acting as extracellular matrix for cell growth and proliferation. Immobilisation of specific ligands onto cryogels ... reducing the volume of the suspension and creating a flow space within the fibers. Nutrient media is circulated through the ...
Index of biochemistry articles
... extracellular matrix protein - eye proteins fab immunoglobulin - facilitated diffusion - factor VIII - FADH - FADH2 - Fat - ... intermembrane space - Intermolecular force - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) - interphase - ...
Phenylpiracetam
... during his 197-days working in space aboard the Mir space station. He reported "the drug acts as the equalizer of the whole ... Sprague-Dawley rats in a European patent for using Phenylpiracetam to treat sleep disorders showed an increase in extracellular ... It was developed in 1983 as a medication for Soviet Cosmonauts to treat the prolonged stresses of working in space. ... completely excluding impulsiveness and irritability inevitable in the stressful conditions of space flight."[unreliable source ...
Aureoumbra lagunensis
It is golden-coloured and is encapsulated with extracellular polysaccharide layers and has a single chloroplast structure with ... greater vacuolar space and lower RNA:DNA ratio due to a decrease in RNA content but not DNA content. Red accumulation bodies ... Liu, Hongbin; Buskey, Edward J. (2000-02-09). "Hypersalinity enhances the production of extracellular polymeric substance (eps ...
Intestinal epithelium
The extracellular domains of the transmembrane proteins in adjacent cells cross connect to form a tight seal. These ... They function to facilitate the passage of small ions and water-soluble solutes through the paracellular space while preventing ... Paracellular permeability depends on transport through the spaces that exist between epithelial cells. It is regulated by ... It closely monitors its intracellular and extracellular environment, communicates messages to neighbouring cells and rapidly ...
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles
The compartment or space between these two membranes is called the periplasm or periplasmic space. In addition, there is a firm ... long-distance delivery of bacterial secretory cargo with minimized hydrolytic degradation and extra-cellular dilution, also ... "Increased levels of systemic LPS-positive bacterial extracellular vesicles in patients with intestinal barrier dysfunction". ... cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan layer, which surrounds the cell membrane and occupies the periplasmic space. The ...
Teres minor muscle
A quadrangular space syndrome causes excessive and or chronically compression of the structures which pass through this ... Extracellular edema after traumatic events causing neural damage show an increased signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI ... The axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery pass through the space. People affected note shoulder pain and ... Fibrous bands, cysts of the glenoid labrum, lipoma or dilated veins can occupy the quadrilateral space pathologically. Similar ...
Alkaline phosphatase
... is found in the periplasmic space of E. coli bacteria. This enzyme is heat stable and has its maximum ... Skelphosphatase (which is localized in osteoblasts and extracellular layers of newly synthesized matrix) is released into ... Alkaline phosphatase in E. coli is located in the periplasmic space and can thus be released using techniques that weaken the ... In Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, alkaline phosphatase is located in the periplasmic space, external to the ...
Vulnerable plaque
Smooth muscle cells migrate from the media to the intima, proliferate, and develop an extracellular matrix made up of collagen ... Some of these cells die in place, releasing their fat and cholesterol-laden membranes into the intercellular space. This ...
Zero ionic layer
... a process where the vesicles inside the cell fuse with the cell membrane to secrete molecules into the extracellular space. The ...
Mycena galericulata
The gill spacing ranges from close to somewhat distantly spaced, with 26-36 gills reaching the stem; there are additionally ... The presence of lead contamination in the soil decreases both the growth and the extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activity of M ... A study of litter-decomposing fungi in a coniferous forest in Finland showed that M. galericulata produces extracellular ...
Brain-computer interface
In a later trial, the researchers enabled a teenage boy to play Space Invaders using his ECoG implant. This research indicates ... which convert analog extracellular voltages into digital signals. Because a typical neuron action potential lasts for one ... chronic invasive BCIs rely on recording extracellular voltages which typically are three orders of magnitude smaller, existing ... "Towards cooperative brain-computer interfaces for space navigation". Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on ...
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
CSHL added much-needed new laboratory space for cancer and neuroscience research, as well as space for a new program on ... Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are a form of protection which is utilized by the immune system against certain pathogens ...
Caretaker gene
Growth of cells depends both on cell-to-cell interactions and cell-to-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Mechanisms of ... and others from the space surrounding cells. It is proposed that landscaper genes control the mechanisms by which these factors ... control via regulation of extracellular matrix proteins, cellular surface markers, cellular adhesion molecules, and growth ...
Ganciclovir concentrations in the cerebral extracellular space after valganciclovir treatment; a case study | BMJ Case Reports
Ganciclovir concentrations in the cerebral extracellular space after valganciclovir treatment; a case study ... Ganciclovir concentrations in the cerebral extracellular space after valganciclovir treatment; a case study ... Ganciclovir concentrations in the cerebral extracellular space after valganciclovir treatment; a case study ...
Extracellular amyloid | The Scientist Magazine®
amyloid in the extracellular space spreads Alzheimers pathology. ... Extracellular amyloid. -amyloid in the extracellular space ... show that diffusion of soluble Aβ in the extracellular space is involved in the spread of Aβ pathology, and that extracellular ... It remains unclear if amyloid is initiated by the accumulation of Aβ in the extracellular space or by intraneuronal Aβ ...
Comparison of anoxia-induced changes in brain water ADC, and in volume and tortuosity of the extracellular space in grey and...
Comparison of anoxia-induced changes in brain water ADC, and in volume and tortuosity of the extracellular space in grey and ... Comparison of anoxia-induced changes in brain water ADC, and in volume and tortuosity of the extracellular space in grey and ... T1 - Comparison of anoxia-induced changes in brain water ADC, and in volume and tortuosity of the extracellular space in grey ... title = "Comparison of anoxia-induced changes in brain water ADC, and in volume and tortuosity of the extracellular space in ...
Repeated cocaine administration alters extracellular glutamate in the ventral tegmental area
The present study determined if repeated cocaine injections alter the effect of cocaine on extracellular glutamate in the ... Extracellular Space / drug effects * Extracellular Space / metabolism* * Glutamic Acid / metabolism* * Male * Rats ... Repeated cocaine administration alters extracellular glutamate in the ventral tegmental area J Neurochem. 1998 Apr;70(4):1497- ... At 21 days after discontinuing the daily injections, a dialysis probe was placed into the VTA and the extracellular levels of ...
Hypophosphatemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Shift from extracellular to intracellular space. This pathogenetic mechanism alone is an uncommon cause of hypophosphatemia, ... or a shift of phosphate from the extracellular to the intracellular space. Most often it is caused by long-term, relatively low ... The bulk of total body phosphate resides in bone as part of the mineralized extracellular matrix. This phosphate pool is ... matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) and frizzled related protein-4. The roles of these 2 latter proteins and their ...
Neuron-Glia Interactions in Neural Plasticity: Contributions of Neural Extracellular Matrix and Perineuronal Nets
Together with neurons, they shape intercellular space to provide a stable milieu for neuronal activity. Extracellular matrix ( ... Moreover, being highly hydrated polyanions some compounds of PNNs are needed to maintain brain extracellular space [67]. In ... Together with neurons, they shape intercellular space to provide a stable milieu for neuronal activity. Extracellular matrix ( ... ionic gradients and extracellular space maintenance. All these mechanisms are crucial for CNS development, function, and ...
31</sup>p magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates expansion of the extracellular space in the skeletal muscle of starved...
31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates expansion of the extracellular space in the skeletal muscle of starved rats. ... Dive into the research topics of 31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates expansion of the extracellular space in the ... 31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates expansion of the extracellular space in the skeletal muscle of starved rats. ... 31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates expansion of the extracellular space in the skeletal muscle of starved rats. ...
Abstract: <em>(Invited)</em> Single Carbon Nanotube Tracking Reveals Nanoscale Organization of the Extracellular Space in Live...
We find a striking diversity of extracellular space dimensions down to 40 nm, and as well as of local viscosity values. ... Because of the interplay between the nanotube geometry and the extracellular space local environment [5], we can extract ... Invited) Single Carbon Nanotube Tracking Reveals Nanoscale Organization of the Extracellular Space in Live Brain Tissue ... but that extracellular space alterations are local and inhomogeneous at nanoscale dimensions [6]. References [1] Godin et al , ...
What causes a shift from intracellular to extracellular space in the pathogenesis of hyperphosphatemia?
ArboCat Virus: Ebola (EBOV)
Frontiers | Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Agents for Cardiac Fibrosis
In this review, we provide an overview of extracellular vesicles (EVs), with a focus on their utility as therapeutic agents for ... We also highlight the engineering potential of extracellular vesicles to enhance their therapeutic application. ... In this review, we provide an overview of extracellular vesicles, with a focus on their utility as therapeutic agents for ... Multivesicular bodies can fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents into the extracellular space, or can be ...
Hypophosphatemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Shift from extracellular to intracellular space. This pathogenetic mechanism alone is an uncommon cause of hypophosphatemia, ... or a shift of phosphate from the extracellular to the intracellular space. Most often it is caused by long-term, relatively low ... The bulk of total body phosphate resides in bone as part of the mineralized extracellular matrix. This phosphate pool is ... matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) and frizzled related protein-4. The roles of these 2 latter proteins and their ...
Burden of premature ventricular contractions beyond nonsustained ventricular tachycardia is related to the myocardial...
... premature ventricular contractions beyond nonsustained ventricular tachycardia is related to the myocardial extracellular space ... Results: Patients with NSVT (n = 13) had a higher late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) amount, extracellular volume fraction (ECV ... Results: Patients with NSVT (n = 13) had a higher late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) amount, extracellular volume fraction (ECV ... Results: Patients with NSVT (n = 13) had a higher late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) amount, extracellular volume fraction (ECV ...
Recombinant Mouse EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1 (Efemp1) | CSB-MP007450MO | Cusabio
Recombinant Mouse EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1 (Efemp1) from Cusabio. Cat Number: CSB-MP007450MO ... Subcellular Location: Secreted, extracellular space, Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix. Protein Families: ... Human Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) ELISA kit , CSB-EL007383HU , CusabioHuman Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) ... Recombinant Human Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1), partial , CSB-EP007383HU1 , CusabioAlternative Name(s): Extracellular ...
High-resolution label-free 3D mapping of extracellular pH of single living cells | Nature Communications
Current methods to measure extracellular pH are often limited in resolution and response times. Here the authors present a ... Dynamic mapping of extracellular pH (pHe) at the single-cell level is critical for understanding the role of H+ in cellular and ... Alternatively, fluorescence-based pH probes can be used in extracellular space, but with considerable limitations due to high ... Cell survival requires the maintenance of a relatively constant neutral extracellular microenvironment. Extracellular ...
IGLC7 immunoglobulin lambda constant 7 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
Proteomics of rice and Cochliobolus miyabeanus fungal interaction:
Insight into proteins at intracellular and extracellular...
Recombinant Anti-MMP2 antibody [EPR1184] (ab92536) | Abcam
Secreted , extracellular space , extracellular matrix. Membrane. Nucleus. Colocalizes with integrin alphaV/beta3 at the ... As well as degrading extracellular matrix proteins, can also act on several nonmatrix proteins such as big endothelial 1 and ... SPARC promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and migration through autocrine secretion into the extracellular milieu. ...
ADA2 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
Luke Lambourne, Ph.D. | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Gene Ontology Classifications
TIMP2 protein expression summary - The Human Protein Atlas
GO:0005576 [extracellular region]. GO:0005615 [extracellular space]. GO:0007417 [central nervous system development]. GO: ... Extracellular locationi All genes with at least one isoform expected to be secreted to the extracellular environment have been ... Extracellular deposits and cytoplasmic expression in all tissues.. Cerebral cortexHippocampal formationAmygdalaBasal ganglia ... Secreted to extracellular matrix. Detected in blood by. immunoassayi The blood-based immunoassay category applies to actively ...
szl GO terms
Biology Exam III Flashcards
N-terminis in extracellular space; C-terminis inside. Term. Purpose of G-Proteins. ... Lamellipodium - fills in space between filopodium. Contractile Bundle - linked the filopodium and Lamellipodium to the rest of ... Cell adherence to extracellular matrix. - No cadherin, but integrins and linkage to intermediate filaments. ... 2. Diffuses through extracellular fluid to target. 3. Bind to receptor on target cell. ...
Regulation of Extrasynaptic 5-HT by Serotonin Reuptake Transporter Function in 5-HT-Absorbing Neurons Underscores Adaptation...
... as well as NSM neurons absorb 5-HT from extrasynaptic space, and 5-HT can traverse between the somatic extracellular space and ... One possible model for this is that MOD-5/SERT in AIM and RIH controls spatial-temporal 5-HT levels in extracellular space to ... Previously, we showed that AIM and RIH uptake 5-HT from extracellular space but do not synthesize it (Kullyev et al., 2010). We ... Alternatively, these neurons subserve to control 5-HT levels in the extracellular space. To distinguish between these ...
VesiclesVesicleAccumulationIntercellular spaceIntracellular spaceExosomesAmyloidProtonsGlycoproteinsProteinMatrixAcuteTransmembraneContractionReceptorMoleculesPathogenesisFluidCellsPhosphateDiffusionTumorNeuronsChlorideCellularGeneGeometryReceptorsDiffusePlasmaFormMagnitudeOpen spacesActivityRatsVolumeBodyTypeEffectsRegionDomainBackgroundLocalViewWater
Vesicles12
- In this review, we provide an overview of extracellular vesicles (EVs), with a focus on their utility as therapeutic agents for cardiac regeneration. (frontiersin.org)
- Although extracellular vesicles (EVs) have long been known to be produced by eukaryotic cells, only recently were EVs implicated as mediators of the paracrine benefits of cell therapy. (frontiersin.org)
- Genetic analyses suggest that 5-HT secreted by both synaptic vesicles and dense core vesicles diffuse readily to the extrasynaptic space adjacent to the AIM and RIH neurons. (jneurosci.org)
- Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are believed to play a role in communication between cells by transporting materials inside the vesicle. (news-medical.net)
- When the MVB fuses with the plasma membrane surrounding the cell, intraluminal vesicles are released into the extracellular matrix and become exosomes. (news-medical.net)
- These multivesicular bodies (MVBs) fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the internal vesicles, which become exosomes, into the extracellular space. (news-medical.net)
- In addition to exosomes, the extracellular milieu contains extracellular RNA, other types of vesicles, protein complexes, and lipoproteins. (news-medical.net)
- The Executive Committee of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed criteria for characterizing exosomes to aid in consisting reporting of experimental results. (news-medical.net)
- Consistent methods for isolating and characterizing exosomes and distinguishing them from other types of extracellular and intracellular vesicles are needed to enable these advances. (news-medical.net)
- Increasing evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (biomedcentral.com)
- Recent evidence has now established a new modality of intercellular communication through which biomolecular species are exchanged between cells via extracellular lipid vesicles. (northwestern.edu)
- A particularly important class of extracellular vesicles is exosomes, which is a term generally applied to biological nanovesicles ~30-200 nm in diameter. (northwestern.edu)
Vesicle2
- Extracellular vesicle biology. (frontiersin.org)
- Schematic of extracellular vesicle biogenesis. (frontiersin.org)
Accumulation3
- It remains unclear if amyloid is initiated by the accumulation of Aβ in the extracellular space or by intraneuronal Aβ generation. (the-scientist.com)
- The major hallmarks of AD include the accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, consisting of intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau (P-tau) protein. (biomedcentral.com)
- This transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of a monkey liver tissue specimen, 7-days after having been infected with Marburg virus, revealed an accumulation of virus particles and debris filling the extracellular spaces. (cdc.gov)
Intercellular space1
- Together with neurons, they shape intercellular space to provide a stable milieu for neuronal activity. (hindawi.com)
Intracellular space1
- or a shift of phosphate from the extracellular to the intracellular space. (medscape.com)
Exosomes1
- Exosomes form through invagination of endosomes to encapsulate cytoplasmic contents, and upon fusion of these multivesicular endosomes to the cell surface, exosomes are released to the extracellular space and transport mRNA, microRNA (miRNA) and proteins between cells. (northwestern.edu)
Amyloid2
- amyloid in the extracellular space spreads Alzheimer's pathology. (the-scientist.com)
- In February 24 advanced online Nature Neuroscience , Melanie Meyer-Luehmann and colleagues at the University of Basel , Switzerland, show that diffusion of soluble Aβ in the extracellular space is involved in the spread of Aβ pathology, and that extracellular amyloid formation can lead to neurodegeneration ( Nature Neuroscience , DOI:10.1038/nn1022, February 24, 2003). (the-scientist.com)
Protons1
- Modulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor desensitization by extracellular protons. (ucsf.edu)
Glycoproteins1
- Laminins are extracellular glycoproteins that bind with other extracellular and transmembrane proteins to form the frame of the basal lamina that surrounds individual myofibers. (medscape.com)
Protein5
- Fibronectin antibody recognizes fibronectin protein, which is an extracellular glycoprotein (predicted molecular weight of 272 kDa) that exists in two forms. (genetex.com)
- Prior to ligand binding, the extracellular protein loses flexibility while the intracellular portion gains it. (ipfs.io)
- The maculaeare covered by an extracellular otolithic membrane in which are embedded a number of microscopic stones composed of calcium carbonate and protein (i.e., otoconia). (cdc.gov)
- Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in human bodies. (hellohoneybeautyco.com)
- It is now well accepted that extracellular purines and pyrimidines are promising and physiologically relevant barrier-protective agents and their effects are mediated by interaction with cell surface P2Y receptors which belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. (elsevier.com)
Matrix10
- Extracellular matrix (ECM) components are synthesized by both neurons and astrocytes and play an important role in the formation, maintenance, and function of synapses in the CNS. (hindawi.com)
- The bulk of total body phosphate resides in bone as part of the mineralized extracellular matrix. (medscape.com)
- Moreover, by chemically altering the brain extracellular matrix of the live animals before nanotube injection, we reveal that ECS rheology properties are affected, but that extracellular space alterations are local and inhomogeneous at nanoscale dimensions [6]. (confex.com)
- Chremos A, Douglas JF, Basser PJ, Horkay F. Prestressed Composite Polymer Gels as a Model of the Extracellular-Matrix of Cartilage. (nih.gov)
- This gene encodes fibronectin, a glycoprotein present in a soluble dimeric form in plasma, and in a dimeric or multimeric form at the cell surface and in extracellular matrix. (genetex.com)
- Our results show that QSOX1 leads to a decrease in cell proliferation, clonogenic capacities and promotes adhesion to the extracellular matrix. (inserm.fr)
- A 'stem cell niche' is a unique support system for stem cells consisting of other cell types and an extracellular molecular matrix that affects their fate. (regenerativemedicine.net)
- Innate immunity, the hepatic extracellular matrix, and liver injury: mathematical modeling of metastatic potential and tumor development in alcoholic liver disease. (louisville.edu)
- This study builds on earlier work by this Osaka University-centered group, which showed that exposing these stem cells to an isoform of laminin, a structural component of the matrix that fills the space outside of cells, led to the creation of cell colonies arranged as four concentric zones. (alliancecelltechnologies.eu)
- The "Pull-Over" Technique for All Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair With Extracellular Matrix Augmentation. (arthroscopyjournal.org)
Acute4
- SCH-23390 prevented the increase in extracellular glutamate associated with the acute administration of cocaine. (nih.gov)
- Upon injection in live rat cerebroventricles [4], individual SWCNTs are followed for tens of minutes in acute slices as they diffuse inside the extracellular space. (confex.com)
- Rarely, extracellular shifts of phosphate occur with insulin deficiency or acute acidosis. (medscape.com)
- The reduced diffusion typical of acute stroke is thought to be related to the cytotoxic edema and shrinking of the extracellular space (2, 3) . (ajnr.org)
Transmembrane2
- Cell surface receptors ( membrane receptors , transmembrane receptors ) are receptors at the surface of a cell (built into its cell membrane ) that act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules . (ipfs.io)
- Rotation Model: Ligand binding to the extracellular part of the receptor induces the rotation of the receptor's transmembrane region inside the cell membrane, in doing so regulate it's activity inside the cell. (ipfs.io)
Contraction2
- Furthermore, because muscle water contents were comparable between the groups, this expansion of the extracellular space was accompanied by contraction of the intracellular compartment in starved animals. (utmb.edu)
- They found that the form of laminin that gave rise to colonies with four concentric rings caused the contraction of extracellular structural scaffolds that tether cells together, producing higher-density colony centers. (alliancecelltechnologies.eu)
Receptor1
- For example, a neurotransmitter , hormone , or atomic ions may each bind to the extracellular domain as a ligand coupled to receptor. (ipfs.io)
Molecules1
- These junctions control the amount of molecules being delivered between the cells: if there is an increased expression of gap junctions, more molecules can be delivered across the cell barrier, while tight junctions restrict the extracellular movement of molecules. (innovationtoronto.com)
Pathogenesis1
- What causes a shift from intracellular to extracellular space in the pathogenesis of hyperphosphatemia? (medscape.com)
Fluid4
- Chloride is an extracellular fluid anion that plays an important role in maintaining normal acid-base balance and along with sodium maintains water balance and serum osmolality. (medscape.com)
- Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. (bvsalud.org)
- Disease entities of the middle ear include: tympanic membrane perforation, damage to or loss of one of the middle ear ossicles, otosclerosis, fluid or infection in the middle ear space, or malfunction of the Eustachian tube. (cdc.gov)
- During the first 24 hours after sustaining thermal injury, large volumes of crystalloids are infused to restore the depleted extracellular fluid volume. (rxmed.com)
Cells8
- however, because the intracellular concentration of phosphate is greater than the extracellular concentration, phosphate entry into cells requires a facilitated transport process. (medscape.com)
- Because this enzyme functions in the spaces between cells, it is described as extracellular. (medlineplus.gov)
- Extracellular signaling molecule: an extracellular signaling molecule is produced by one cell and is at least capable of traveling to neighboring cells. (ipfs.io)
- Stereocilia on the hair cells project into an extracellular gelatinous material called the cupula. (cdc.gov)
- While the bulk gel provides just the right amount of elasticity plus a relevant chemical signal to coax stem cells into proliferation and send them on their maturation path, the porogen gradually breaks down, leaving open spaces for the stem cells to expand into before they naturally migrate out of the gel structure altogether to form actual mineralized bone tissue. (regenerativemedicine.net)
- Endothelial cells (ECs), forming a semi-permeable barrier between the interior space of blood vessels and underlying tissues, control such diverse processes as vascular tone, homeostasis, adhesion of platelets, and leukocytes to the vascular wall and permeability of vascular wall for cells and fluids. (elsevier.com)
- To evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome of tumor cells spreading through air spaces in patients with adenocarcinoma of lung]. (cdc.gov)
- Summary: Researchers revealed that culturing human induced pluripotent stem cells with different isoforms of the extracellular component laminin led to the creation of cells specific to different parts of the eye, including retinal, corneal, and neural crest cells. (alliancecelltechnologies.eu)
Phosphate1
- Several sodium-coupled transport proteins have been identified that enable intracellular uptake of phosphate by taking advantage of the steep extracellular-to-intracellular sodium gradient. (medscape.com)
Diffusion1
- 1 . Halnes G, Mäki-Marttunen T, Keller D, Pettersen KH, Andreassen OA, Einevoll GT (2016) Effect of Ionic Diffusion on Extracellular Potentials in Neural Tissue. (yale.edu)
Tumor2
- Clinical situations in which a shift to extracellular space is the major cause of hyperphosphatemia include rhabdomyolysis and tumor lysis. (medscape.com)
- Integration of clinicopathological and mutational data offers insight into lung cancer with tumor spread through air spaces. (cdc.gov)
Neurons2
- Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)]-absorbing neurons use serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) to uptake 5-HT from extracellular space but do not synthesize it. (jneurosci.org)
- SERT is present not only in the presynaptic plasma membrane of 5-HT-producing neurons to reuptake 5-HT from the synaptic cleft, but also in a range of neurons that are capable of absorbing 5-HT from extrasynaptic space but do not synthesize it. (jneurosci.org)
Chloride2
- Muscle water spaces were also measured using the chloride method and Nernst's equation. (utmb.edu)
- Chloride is the predominant anion that exists in the extracellular space. (medscape.com)
Cellular3
- Dynamic mapping of extracellular pH (pHe) at the single-cell level is critical for understanding the role of H + in cellular and subcellular processes, with particular importance in cancer. (nature.com)
- The transitory pore is evidence that the laser is allowing for the movement of fatty acids, glycerol, and triglycerides to pass across the membrane and into extra-cellular space. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Through vasodilation of nearby blood vessels and arteries, oxidization of the triglycerides and fatty acids occurs within the extra-cellular space. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Gene1
- ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: The gene quiescin/sulfhydryl oxidase 1, QSOX1, encodes an enzyme directed to the secretory pathway and excreted into the extracellular space. (inserm.fr)
Geometry2
- Because of the interplay between the nanotube geometry and the extracellular space local environment [5], we can extract information about the extracellular space dimension and local viscosity. (confex.com)
- If I wired up a system using resistors for electrodes (I used 10K or 100K resistors for extracellular type macroelectrodes) but keeping the geometry as close as possible to the real experimental situation, I could work out where the problem was coming from without messing with tissue or even with the bath. (bio.net)
Receptors2
- Consequently, the density and activity of SERT are important determinants of extracellular 5-HT concentration, the magnitude of 5-HT signals, and the number and duration of 5-HT receptors activated. (jneurosci.org)
- A living cell has many different receptors on its surface by the activation of which information is transferred to the intracellular spaces. (dojindo.com)
Diffuse1
- Upon activation of an extracellular domain by binding of the appropriate ligand, the pore becomes accessible to ions, which then diffuse. (ipfs.io)
Plasma2
- Predicted to be located in extracellular region and plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
- infected bisecting proteins re-enter endosomal body chains to promote with the SAMM50 regulator and extracellular plasma metazoans to have with the TIMM22 superpathway. (erik-mill.de)
Form1
- Among them, TWIK1-related alkalinization-activated K + channel 1 (TALK1), TWIK1-related alkalinization-activated K + channel 2 (TALK2), and TWIK1-related acid-sensitive K + channel 2 (TASK2) form a subfamily of structurally related K 2P channels stimulated by extracellular alkalosis. (jbc.org)
Magnitude1
- The magnitude of loss into the third space may require treatment of reduced volume or oncotic activity with an infusion of albumin. (rxmed.com)
Open spaces1
- State-reinforced self-governance of community-managed open spaces in Chicago, IL and Louisville, KY. (louisville.edu)
Activity2
- Recorded potentials in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain is a standard measure of population activity in neural tissue. (yale.edu)
- Wayne Kaufman of Phoenix Financial Services featured on CNN, with a prediction that more mergers and acquisitions activity within the media space could happen as the competition for content intensifies. (facilitatedgrowth.com)
Rats3
- A systemic injection of cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p.) elevated extracellular glutamate in the VTA of rats pretreated with daily cocaine but not in the daily saline-pretreated subjects. (nih.gov)
- After 31 P MRS-visible water space markers which distribute in total body water (dimethyl methylphosphonate, DMMP) and extracellular water (phenylphosphonate, PPA) were infused intravenously, 31 P MRS spectra were obtained from the gastrocnemius muscle of male virus-free Wistar rats at baseline and after starvation or ad libitum feeding for 4 days. (utmb.edu)
- In vivo measurements of changes in DMMP relative to all of the MRS visible phosphates also demonstrated that the total water space was similar in control and starved rats. (utmb.edu)
Volume2
- Comparison of anoxia-induced changes in brain water ADC, and in volume and tortuosity of the extracellular space in grey and white matter in the rat. (wur.nl)
- Results: Patients with NSVT (n = 13) had a higher late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) amount, extracellular volume fraction (ECV), and prevalence of sarcomere mutations compared with patients without NSVT. (elsevier.com)
Body1
- Be isolated from extracellular fluids like cell culture medium or body fluids. (news-medical.net)
Type1
- By coupling the bulk gel with a small peptide derived from the extracellular environment of genuine stem cell niches, and mixing it with a tissue specific stem cell type as well as the porogen, the team can create a bone forming artificial niche. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Effects1
- Positive psychological effects of space missions. (ucsf.edu)
Region1
- Predicted to be active in extracellular region. (jax.org)
Domain2
Background1
- Alternatively, fluorescence-based pH probes can be used in extracellular space, but with considerable limitations due to high background levels and rapid photobleaching 9 . (nature.com)
Local2
- By using biocompatible luminescent single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in the near-IR emission [2,3], here we show an approach to directly observe local structures and rheology of the extracellular space in a brain tissue using super-resolution imaging. (confex.com)
- We find a striking diversity of extracellular space dimensions down to 40 nm, and as well as of local viscosity values. (confex.com)
View1
- These parts start implemented for two normal models of identifying between two lots and mixing between a extracellular view Переход of subgroups. (mariacocchiarelli.com)