Extracellular Space
Diffusion
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Extracellular Fluid
Inulin
Models, Biological
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Lanthanum
Cell Membrane
Aquaporin 4
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Secretory Pathway
A series of sequential intracellular steps involved in the transport of proteins (such as hormones and enzymes) from the site of synthesis to outside the cell. The pathway involves membrane-bound compartments through which the newly synthesized proteins undergo POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, packaging, storage, or transportation to the PLASMA MEMBRANE for secretion.
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Thulium
Biological Transport
Sucrose
Microelectrodes
Astrocytes
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Microdialysis
Glutamic Acid
Photobleaching
Light-induced change in a chromophore, resulting in the loss of its absorption of light of a particular wave length. The photon energy causes a conformational change in the photoreceptor proteins affecting PHOTOTRANSDUCTION. This occurs naturally in the retina (ADAPTATION, OCULAR) on long exposure to bright light. Photobleaching presents problems when occurring in PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, and in FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY. On the other hand, this phenomenon is exploited in the technique, FLUORESCENCE RECOVERY AFTER PHOTOBLEACHING, allowing measurement of the movements of proteins and LIPIDS in the CELL MEMBRANE.
Sodium
Electroosmosis
Exosomes
Mannitol
A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.
Osmolar Concentration
Intercellular Junctions
Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Cell Membrane Permeability
Dextrans
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG
Neurons
Sodium Isotopes
Personal Space
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Exocytosis
Glucose Solution, Hypertonic
Cells, Cultured
Microscopy, Immunoelectron
Rats, Wistar
Models, Neurological
Cytoplasm
Electrophysiology
Computer Simulation
Rabbits
Biological Transport, Active
Anura
Protein Transport
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Extracellular Matrix
Fiber Optic Technology
Fluorescent Dyes
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Osmosis
Gap Junctions
Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.
Optics and Photonics
Hypoxia, Brain
A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Calcium Radioisotopes
Freeze Fracturing
Preparation for electron microscopy of minute replicas of exposed surfaces of the cell which have been ruptured in the frozen state. The specimen is frozen, then cleaved under high vacuum at the same temperature. The exposed surface is shadowed with carbon and platinum and coated with carbon to obtain a carbon replica.
Ouabain
Calcium Signaling
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Cytoplasmic Vesicles
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Coloring Agents
Amino Acid Sequence
Adenosine Triphosphate
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Cortical Spreading Depression
Sorbitol
A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Adenosine
Blood-Brain Barrier
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)
Sarcolemma
Cell Communication
Immunohistochemistry
Ganglionic Stimulants
Agents that mimic neural transmission by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Drugs that indirectly augment ganglionic transmission by increasing the release or slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine or by non-nicotinic effects on postganglionic neurons are not included here nor are the nonspecific cholinergic agonists.
Myocardium
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
Histocytochemistry
Crystallization
Epithelium
Weightlessness
Condition in which no acceleration, whether due to gravity or any other force, can be detected by an observer within a system. It also means the absence of weight or the absence of the force of gravity acting on a body. Microgravity, gravitational force between 0 and 10 -6 g, is included here. (From NASA Thesaurus, 1988)
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Microscopy, Confocal
Rana pipiens
Action Potentials
Ion Transport
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2
Hyaluronic Acid
Guinea Pigs
Secretory Vesicles
Endocytosis
Hypertonic Solutions
Cerebral Cortex
Horseradish Peroxidase
Dogs
Ranidae
Membrane Proteins
Histological Techniques
Retina
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Lens, Crystalline
Rats, Inbred Strains
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Membrane Transport Proteins
Neocortex
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Vacuoles
Cell Compartmentation
Mathematics
Ions
Models, Molecular
Chelating Agents
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Apyrase
Lysosomes
A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Thapsigargin
Photoreceptor Cells
Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.
Confined Spaces
Algorithms
Anisotropy
A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions.
Models, Cardiovascular
Hydroxybenzoates
Xanthenes
Orthodontic Space Closure
Connexins
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Carrier Proteins
Furin
Brain Chemistry
Capillary Permeability
The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.
Osmotic Pressure
Water
Edetic Acid
Amyloid beta-Peptides
Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.
Homeostasis
Gadolinium DTPA
Cattle
Cytosol
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Muscle, Smooth
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Central Nervous System
Astronauts
S100 Proteins
A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.
Protein Binding
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3
Suramin
A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.
Electrolytes
Fluoresceins
Organ Culture Techniques
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Papillary Muscles
Carbon Isotopes
Gadolinium
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Glycoproteins
Intracellular Membranes
Collagen
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Blotting, Western
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Temperature
Permeability
Muscle Contraction
Radioisotopes
Molecular dynamics of the sodium channel pore vary with gating: interactions between P-segment motions and inactivation. (1/4923)
Disulfide trapping studies have revealed that the pore-lining (P) segments of voltage-dependent sodium channels undergo sizable motions on a subsecond time scale. Such motions of the pore may be necessary for selective ion translocation. Although traditionally viewed as separable properties, gating and permeation are now known to interact extensively in various classes of channels. We have investigated the interaction of pore motions and voltage-dependent gating in micro1 sodium channels engineered to contain two cysteines within the P segments. Rates of catalyzed internal disulfide formation (kSS) were measured in K1237C+W1531C mutant channels expressed in oocytes. During repetitive voltage-clamp depolarizations, increasing the pulse duration had biphasic effects on the kSS, which first increased to a maximum at 200 msec and then decreased with longer depolarizations. This result suggested that occupancy of an intermediate inactivation state (IM) facilitates pore motions. Consistent with the known antagonism between alkali metals and a component of slow inactivation, kSS varied inversely with external [Na+]o. We examined the converse relationship, namely the effect of pore flexibility on gating, by measuring recovery from inactivation in Y401C+E758C (YC/EC) channels. Under oxidative conditions, recovery from inactivation was slower than in a reduced environment in which the spontaneous YC/EC cross-link is disrupted. The most prominent effects were slowing of a component with intermediate recovery kinetics, with diminution of its relative amplitude. We conclude that occupancy of an intermediate inactivation state facilitates motions of the P segments; conversely, flexibility of the P segments alters an intermediate component of inactivation. (+info)Somatic recording of GABAergic autoreceptor current in cerebellar stellate and basket cells. (2/4923)
Patch-clamp recordings were performed from stellate and basket cells in rat cerebellar slices. Under somatic voltage clamp, short depolarizing pulses were applied to elicit action potentials in the axon. After the action potential, a bicuculline- and Cd2+-sensitive current transient was observed. A similar response was obtained when eliciting axonal firing by extracellular stimulation. With an isotonic internal Cl- solution, the peak amplitude of this current varied linearly with the holding potential, yielding an extrapolated reversal potential of -20 to 0 mV. Unlike synaptic or autaptic GABAergic currents obtained in the same preparation, the current transient had a slow rise-time and a low variability between trials. This current was blocked when 10 mM BAPTA was included in the recording solution. In some experiments, the current transient elicited axonal action potentials. The current transient was reliably observed in animals aged 12-15 d, with a mean amplitude of 82 pA at -70 mV, but was small and rare in the age group 29-49 d. Numerical simulations could account for all properties of the current transient by assuming that an action potential activates a distributed GABAergic conductance in the axon. The actual conductance is probably restricted to release sites, with an estimated mean presynaptic current response of 10 pA per site (-70 mV, age 12-15 d). We conclude that in developing rats, stellate and basket cell axons have a high density of GABAergic autoreceptors and that a sizable fraction of the corresponding current can be measured from the soma. (+info)Transport of solutes through cartilage: permeability to large molecules. (3/4923)
A review of the transport of solutes through articular cartilage is given, with special reference to the effect of variations in matrix composition. Some physiological implications of our findings are discussed. Also, results of an experimental study of the permeability of articular cartilage to large globular proteins are presented. Because of the very low partition coefficients of large solutes between cartilage and an external solution new experimental techniques had to be devised, particularly for the study of diffusion. The partition coefficients of solutes were found to decrease very steeply with increase in size, up to serum albumin. There was, however, no further decrease for IGG. The diffusion coefficient of serum albumin in cartilage was relatively high (one quarter of the value in aqueous solution). These two facts taken together suggest that there may be a very small fraction of relatively large pores in cartilage through which the transport of large molecules is taking place. The permeability of cartilage to large molecules is extremely sensitive to variations in the glycosaminoglycan content: for a threefold increase in the latter there is a hundredfold decrease in the partition coefficient. For cartilage of fixed charge density around 0-19 m-equiv/g, there is no penetration at all of globular proteins of size equal to or larger than serum albumin. (+info)Ethanol exposure differentially alters central monoamine neurotransmission in alcohol-preferring versus -nonpreferring rats. (4/4923)
Individual differences in ethanol preference may be linked to differences in the functional activity of forebrain monoamine systems or their sensitivity to modification by ethanol. To test this hypothesis, basal extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the nucleus accumbens as well as the effects of repeated ethanol pretreatment on the basal release of these transmitters were examined in alcohol-preferring (P), alcohol-nonpreferring (NP), and genetically heterogeneous Wistar rats. All animals received i.p. injections of ethanol (1.0 g/kg) or saline for 5 consecutive days. Fifteen hours after the final pretreatment, basal extracellular concentrations and "in vivo extraction fraction" values for DA and 5-HT were determined by no-net-flux in vivo microdialysis. In ethanol-naive rats, significant line differences were observed with high basal 5-HT release in P rats, low 5-HT release in NP rats, and intermediate 5-HT levels in Wistar rats. No differences among groups were noted in basal DA release. Ethanol pretreatment decreased basal extracellular 5-HT levels in P rats whereas increasing 5-HT efflux was seen in the Wistar and NP lines. In addition, ethanol pretreatment increased extracellular DA concentrations in Wistar and P rats, but not in NP rats. The results confirm a relationship between the functional status of forebrain DA and 5-HT systems and ethanol preference or aversion. Moreover, the data suggest that ethanol exposure can alter basal DA and 5-HT in the nucleus accumbens and that vulnerability to ethanol-induced changes in monoamine neurotransmission may be a factor in genetically determined ethanol preference. (+info)Simultaneous measurement of evoked release and [Ca2+]i in a crayfish release bouton reveals high affinity of release to Ca2+. (5/4923)
The opener neuromuscular junction of crayfish was used to determine the affinity of the putative Ca2+ receptor(s) responsible for evoked release. Evoked, asynchronous release, and steady-state intracellular Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]ss, were measured concomitantly in single release boutons. It was found that, as expected, asynchronous release is highly correlated with [Ca2+]ss. Surprisingly, evoked release was also found to be highly correlated with [Ca2+]ss. The quantal content (m) and the rate of asynchronous release (S) showed sigmoidal dependence on [Ca2+]ss. The slope log m/log [Ca2+]ss varied between 1.6 and 3.3; the higher slope observed at the lower [Ca2+]o. The slope log S/log [Ca2+]ss varied between 3 and 4 and was independent of [Ca2+]o. These results are consistent with the assumption that evoked release is controlled by the sum of [Ca2+]ss and the local elevation of Ca2+ concentration near the release sites resulting from Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (Y). On the basis of the above, we were able to estimate Y. We found Y to be significantly <10 microM even for [Ca2+]o = 13.5 mM. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the Ca2+ receptor(s) associated with evoked release was calculated to be in the range of 4-5 microM. This value of Kd is similar to that found previously for asynchronous release. (+info)Synaptic activation of GABAA receptors induces neuronal uptake of Ca2+ in adult rat hippocampal slices. (6/4923)
Synaptically evoked transmembrane movements of Ca2+ in the adult CNS have almost exclusively been attributed to activation of glutamate receptor channels and the consequent triggering of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Using microelectrodes for measuring free extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o) and extracellular space (ECS) volume, we show here for the first time that synaptic stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors can result in a decrease in [Ca2+]o in adult rat hippocampal slices. High-frequency stimulation (100-200 Hz, 0.4-0.5 s) applied in stratum radiatum close (+info)Long-term effects of growth hormone (GH) on body fluid distribution in GH deficient adults: a four months double blind placebo controlled trial. (7/4923)
OBJECTIVE: Short-term growth hormone (GH) treatment normalises body fluid distribution in adult GH deficient patients, but the impact of long-term treatment on body fluid homeostasis has hitherto not been thoroughly examined in placebo controlled trials. To investigate if the water retaining effect of GH persists for a longer time we examined the impact of 4 months GH treatment on extracellular volume (ECV) and plasma volume (PV) in GH deficient adults. DESIGN: Twenty-four (18 male, 6 female) adult GH deficient patients aged 25-64 years were included and received either GH (n=11) or placebo (n=13) in a double blind parallel design. METHODS: Before and at the end of each 4 month period ECV and PV were assessed directly using 82Br- and 125I-albumin respectively, and blood samples were obtained. RESULTS: During GH treatment ECV increased significantly (before: 20.48+/-0.99 l, 4 months: 23.77+/-1.38 l (P<0.01)), but remained unchanged during placebo administration (before: 16.92+/-1.01 l, 4 months: 17.60+/-1.24 l (P=0.37)). The difference between the groups was significant (P<0.05). GH treatment also increased PV (before: 3.39+/-0.27 l. 4 months: 3.71+/-0.261 (P=0.01)), although an insignificant increase in the placebo treated patients (before: 2.81+/-0.18 l, 4 months: 2.89+/-0.20 l (P=0.37)) resulted in an insignificant treatment effect (P=0.07). Serum insulin-like growth factor-I increased significantly during GH treatment and was not affected by placebo treatment. Plasma renin (mIU/l) increased during GH administration (before: 14.73+/-2.16, 4 months: 26.00+/-6.22 (P=0.03)) and remained unchanged following placebo (before: 20.77+/-5.13, 4 months: 20.69+/-6.67 (P=0.99)) leaving no significant treatment effect (P=0.08). CONCLUSION: The long-term impact of GH treatment on body fluid distribution in adult GH deficient patients involves expansion of ECV and probably also PV. These data substantiate the role of GH as a regulator of fluid homeostasis in adult GH deficiency. (+info)Modulation of slow inactivation in human cardiac Kv1.5 channels by extra- and intracellular permeant cations. (8/4923)
1. The properties and regulation of slow inactivation by intracellular and extracellular cations in the human heart K+ channel hKv1.5 have been investigated. Extensive NH2- and COOH-terminal deletions outside the central core of transmembrane domains did not affect the degree of inactivation. 2. The voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation curves of hKv1.5 channels was unchanged in Rb+ and Cs+, compared with K+, but biexponential inactivation over 10 s was reduced from approximately 100 % of peak current in Na+ to approximately 65 % in K+, approximately 50 % in Rb+ and approximately 30 % in Cs+. This occurred as a result of a decrease in both fast and slow components of inactivation, with little change in inactivation time constants. 3. Changes in extracellular cation species and concentration (5-300 mM) had only small effects on the rates of inactivation and recovery from inactivation (tau recovery approximately 1 s). Mutation of residues at a putative regulatory site at R487 in the outer pore mouth did not affect slow inactivation or recovery from inactivation of hKv1.5, although sensitivity to extracellular TEA was conferred. 4. Symmetrical reduction of both intra- and extracellular cation concentrations accelerated and augmented both components of inactivation of K+ (Kd = 34.7 mM) and Cs+ (Kd = 20.5 mM) currents. These effects could be quantitatively accounted for by unilateral reduction of intracellular K+ (K+i) (Kd = 43.4 mM) or Cs+i with constant 135 mM external ion concentrations. 5. We conclude that inactivation and recovery from inactivation in hKv1.5 were not typically C-type in nature. However, the ion species dependence of inactivation was still closely coupled to ion permeation through the pore. Intracellular ion modulatory actions were more potent than extracellular actions, although still of relatively low affinity. These results suggest the presence of ion binding sites capable of regulating inactivation located on both intracellular and extracellular sides of the pore selectivity filter. (+info)
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Heat shock protein
How heat-shock proteins get into extracellular space[edit]. Heat-shock proteins can be secreted from immune cells or tumour ... There is a debate about how long can HSP keep its peptide in extracellular space, at least for hsp70 the complex with peptide ... Extracellular heat-shock proteins can be sensed by our immunity as danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP).[26] They are ... The role of extracellular HSPs can be miscellaneous. It depends a lot on context of tissue whether HSPs will stimulate the ...
Альфа-лактальбумин - Википедия
extracellular space. Биологический процесс. • lactose biosynthetic process. • apoptotic process. • signal transduction. • cell- ...
CD36 - Википедия
extracellular space. • Golgi apparatus. • plasma membrane. • integral component of plasma membrane. • external side of plasma ...
Receptor (biochemistry)
Transmembrane receptor:E=extracellular space; I=intracellular space; P=plasma membrane. The structures of receptors are very ... Extracellular[edit]. Receptor. Ligand. Ion current. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Acetylcholine, Nicotine. Na+, K+, Ca2+[11 ... The binding-site for larger peptide ligands is usually located in the extracellular domain whereas the binding site for smaller ... They have a heteromeric structure in that each subunit consists of the extracellular ligand-binding domain and a transmembrane ...
Astrocyte
Regulation of ion concentration in the extracellular space: Astrocytes express potassium channels at a high density. When ... Because astrocytes are highly permeable to potassium, they rapidly clear the excess accumulation in the extracellular space.[17 ... Nervous system repair: Upon injury to nerve cells within the central nervous system, astrocytes fill up the space to form a ... Abnormal accumulation of extracellular potassium is well known to result in epileptic neuronal activity.[18] ...
Acetylcysteine
... hence there is increasing glutamate release into the extracellular space. This glutamate in turn acts on mGluR2/3 receptors, ...
Hypophosphatemia
Shift of phosphorus from the extracellular to the intracellular space.[clarification needed] This can be seen in treatment of ... decreases in the extracellular space, causing intracellular CO2 to freely diffuse out of the cell. This drop in intracellular ...
Tat (HIV)
Tat then crosses the plasma membrane to reach the extracellular space. Tat secretion by infected cells is highly active, and ...
Iron-binding proteins
It travels freely in the extracellular space. When its iron is needed by the cell, it is brought into the cytosol by a ...
Integral membrane protein
E=extracellular space; P=plasma membrane; I=intracellular space. An integral membrane protein (IMP) is a type of membrane ...
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they often work in reverse, and excess ...
Juxtacrine signalling
Hence, this stands in contrast to releasing a signaling molecule by diffusion into extracellular space, or the use of long- ... Cell / extracellular matrix signaling[edit]. The extracellular matrix is composed of glycoproteins (proteins and ... Pannexin, vertebrate proteins used to form conduits between the intracellular and extracellular space ... In biology, juxtacrine signalling (or contact-dependent signalling) is a type of cell / cell or cell / extracellular matrix ...
Cerebral edema
This results in trans-ependymal flow of CSF, causing CSF to penetrate the brain and spread to the extracellular spaces and the ... Cerebral edema is excess accumulation of fluid in the intracellular or extracellular spaces of the brain. ... This allows intravascular proteins and fluid to penetrate into the parenchymal extracellular space. Once plasma constituents ... allowing fluid to accumulate in the brain's extracellular space. Altered metabolism may cause brain cells to retain water, and ...
Fibroblast
Advances in Extracellular Space Research and Application: 2013 Edition. Scholarly Editions. 21 June 2013. p. 251. ISBN ... Although disjointed and scattered when they have to cover a large space, fibroblasts, when crowded, often locally align in ... A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural ... Fibroblasts secrete the precursors of all the components of the extracellular matrix, primarily the ground substance and a ...
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II
Most of the enzyme resides in the extracellular space. GCPII is a class II membrane glycoprotein. It catalyzes the hydrolysis ... The central pocket is approximately 2 nanometers in depth and opens from the extracellular space to the active site. This ... GCPII has been shown to both indirectly and directly increase the concentration of glutamate in the extracellular space. GCPII ... This uses a radiolabelled small molecule that binds with high affinity to the extra-cellular domain of the PSMA receptor. ...
ACAMPs
... and other molecules found in extracellular space. Collectins (e.g. mannose-binding lectin and surfactant protein A) bind the ... Extracellular bridging molecules are serum proteins which facilitate connection between apoptotic cell and phagocyte. They can ... or indirectly the extracellular bridging molecules. Deposition of different phospholipids in the phospholipid bilayer of the ...
Potassium spatial buffering
... a considerable change in extracellular potassium concentration occurs due to the limited volume of the CNS extracellular space ... The observation lead to hypothesis that excess potassium in extracellular space is "siphoned" by the Muller cells to the ... The change in potassium concentration in the extracellular space impacts a variety of neuronal processes, such as maintenance ... Chen, K. C. and C. Nicholson (2000). "Spatial buffering of potassium ions in brain extracellular space." Biophysical Journal 78 ...
Receptor (biochemistry)
Transmembrane receptor:E=extracellular space; I=intracellular space; P=plasma membrane. The structures of receptors are very ... The binding-site for larger peptide ligands is usually located in the extracellular domain whereas the binding site for smaller ... They have a heteromeric structure in that each subunit consists of the extracellular ligand-binding domain and a transmembrane ... The loops connecting the alpha helices form extracellular and intracellular domains. ...
Superoxide dismutase
These are concentrated in the chloroplast, cytosol, and in some cases the extracellular space. Note that Cu-Zn SODs provide ... SOD1 is located in the cytoplasm, SOD2 in the mitochondria, and SOD3 is extracellular. The first is a dimer (consists of two ... In mice, the extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3, ecSOD) contributes to the development of hypertension.[40][41] ... SOD3, extracellular. Crystallographic structure of the tetrameric human SOD3 enzyme (cartoon diagram) complexed with copper and ...
Eritropoietina, entziklopedia askea.
extracellular space (en) extracellular space (en) Prozesu-biologikoak. Ikusi. *erythrocyte maturation (en) negative regulation ...
Common octopus
... blood reserves and extracellular space in a cephalopod. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 113, 461-464. hdl:10222/29342. ... Some species of octopuses, including O. vulgaris, also have a duct that runs from the gonadal space into the branchial ...
Electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1
NBCe1 may participate in regulation of brain extracellular space pH. Some mutations in NBCe1 have been associated with Familial ... 2003). "Direct extracellular interaction between carbonic anhydrase IV and the human NBC1 sodium/bicarbonate co-transporter". ... "Astrocytes regulate brain extracellular pH via a neuronal activity-dependent bicarbonate shuttle". Nature Communications. 11 (1 ... "Astrocytes regulate brain extracellular pH via a neuronal activity-dependent bicarbonate shuttle". Nature Communications. 11 (1 ...
ADAM7
The largest portion of ADAM7 resides in the extracellular space. A short helical transmembrane sequence anchors the sequence ...
Cystic fibrosis
Sodium is the most common cation in the extracellular space. The excess chloride within sweat ducts prevents sodium resorption ...
Iopentol
After intravenous injection, iopentol is distributed in the extracellular space. Its binding to plasma proteins is very low. ...
Cystine
... induce release of glutamate into the extracellular space. Cystine hair nutritional supplements[edit]. Cysteine supplements are ... and extracellular spaces (e.g., ECM). Under reductive conditions (in the cytoplasm, nucleus, etc.) cysteine is predominant. The ...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2
The new virions then go into the extracellular space via exocytosis. The type 2 PRRSV infection induces the unfolded protein ...
Sulfatase
In higher organisms they are found in intracellular and extracellular spaces. Steroid sulfatase is distributed in a wide range ... and in remodelling sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular space. Together with sulfotransferases, sulfatases form the ...
Eva Syková
Syková E. and Nicholson C. (2008) Diffusion in brain extracellular space. Physiol Rev., 88: 1277-1340. http://citeseerx.ist.psu ...
Glymphatic system
Ichimura T, Fraser PA, Cserr HF (April 1991). "Distribution of extracellular tracers in perivascular spaces of the rat brain". ... Around these penetrating vessels, paravascular spaces take the form of Virchow-Robin spaces. Where the Virchow-Robin spaces ... Key determinants of diffusion through the brain interstitial spaces are the dimensions and composition of the extracellular ... Nicholson and colleagues from New York University explored the microenvironment of the extracellular space using ion-selective ...
Food web
... extra-cellular polymers, nectar, root exudates and leachates, dissolved organic matter, extra-cellular matrix, mucilage). The ... Cohen, Joel E. (1978). Food webs and niche space. Monographs in Population Biology. 11. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University ...
الوحدة الفرعية بيتا للفولليتروبين - ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
extracellular exosome. • سيتوبلازم. • منطقة خارج الخلية. • extracellular space. Biological process. • progesterone biosynthetic ...
Chloroplast DNA
... just like if you were headed for the extracellular space. In those cases, chloroplast-targeted proteins do initially travel ... Tic100 is found at the edges of the 1 million dalton complex on the side that faces the chloroplast intermembrane space.[49] ... but the TIC complex can also retrieve preproteins lost in the intermembrane space.[38] ...
ZP3
GO:0005578 extracellular matrix. • plasma membrane. • extracellular region. • extracellular space. • intracellular anatomical ... extracellular matrix structural constituent. • structural constituent of egg coat. Cellular component. • integral component of ... collagen-containing extracellular matrix. Biological process. • positive regulation of inflammatory response. • positive ... The zona pellucida (ZP) is a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the oocyte and early embryo. It is composed of ...
Lyme disease
... and hiding in the extracellular matrix, which may interfere with the function of immune factors.[89][90] ... the immune system produces antibodies against Lyme inside the intrathecal space, which contains the CSF.[30][34] Demonstration ... "Hidden in plain sight: Borrelia burgdorferi and the extracellular matrix". Trends in Microbiology. 15 (8): 350-4. doi:10.1016/ ...
Connective tissue
extracellular matrix Reticular fibers. Form a scaffolding for other cells. Type III collagen. liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic ... fluid containing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to fix the body water and the collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces ... Cells are spread through an extracellular fluid.. *Ground substance - A clear, colorless, and viscous ...
Pleiotropy
... a major constituent of extracellular microfibrils which form connective tissues.[36] Over 1,000 different mutations in FBN1 ...
Endospore
The powder found in contaminated postal letters was composed of extracellular anthrax endospores. This intentional distribution ...
Antiphospholipid syndrome
... and two antibody blood tests spaced at least three months apart that confirm the presence of either lupus anticoagulant or anti ... Extracellular. *Anti-thrombin. *Lupus anticoagulant. *Coeliac disease: *Anti-transglutaminase *Anti-gliadin not autoantibody ...
Dentin
Cells and Extracellular Matrices of Dentin and Pulp: A Biological Basis For Repair and Tissue Engineering, M. Goldberg and A.J ... In order to maintain space in the primary dentition, attempts are made not to extract a pulpal exposure. ...
Spatial memory
It is however, important for long-term spatial memory of allocentric space (reference to external cues in space). Maintenance ... Hebert, A. E.; Dash, P. K. (2002). "Extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity in the entorhinal cortex is necessary for ... It stores information regarding non-egocentric space (egocentric means in reference to one's body position in space) and ... That is to say that people remember the general layout of a particular space and then "cue target locations" located within ...
EMILIN1
proteinaceous extracellular matrix. • extracellular region. • extracellular exosome. • extracellular space. • extracellular ... extracellular matrix constituent conferring elasticity. • identical protein binding. • integrin binding involved in cell-matrix ... It is the best characterized member of the EMILIN family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins. ...
Glossary of biology
extracellular. Of or occurring in the space outside the plasma membrane of a cell. Contrast intracellular.. extranuclear ... Contrast extracellular.. introduced species. Also called an exotic species, foreign species, alien species, non-native species ... It is the study of how the population sizes of species change over time and space.. predation. A biological interaction in ... The branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life.. ...
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor
... from endothelial cells toward the extracellular space. An increase in extracellular K+ has been shown to activate an ouabain- ...
Platelet-derived growth factor
... accelerating extracellular matrix and collagen formation and thus reducing the time for the healing process to occur.[22] ... For the space hardware, see Power Data Grapple Fixture.. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). ...
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
extracellular region. • plasma membrane. • membrane raft. • extracellular space. Biological process. • regulation of protein ... extracellular matrix organization. • positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity. • ...
Cathelicidin
extracellular region. • specific granule. • intracellular. • extracellular exosome. • extracellular space. • specific granule ...
ఇంగ్లీషు-తెలుగు నిఘంటువు (D) - వికీపీడియా
... is a medical condition characterized by widespread swelling of the skin due to effusion of fluid into the extracellular space; ...
AKR1B1
extracellular exosome. • extracellular space. • cytoplasm. • cytosol. Biological process. • stress-activated protein kinase ...
Common ostrich
To compensate for the large "dead" space, the common ostrich trachea lacks valves to allow faster inspiratory air flow.[65] In ... These extracellular fluids then drain into blood vessels, causing a rehydrating effect.[64] This drainage prevents loss of ... When feather fluffing, they contract their muscles to raise their feathers to increase the air space next to their skin.[64] ... The air then flows through the anatomical dead space of a highly vascular trachea (c. 78 cm (31 in)) and expansive bronchial ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
extracellular region. • extracellular space. • synaptic vesicle. • axon. • dendrite. Biological process. • brain-derived ... "PTEN interactions with focal adhesion kinase and suppression of the extracellular matrix-dependent phosphatidylinositol 3- ...
Cystine
... and extracellular spaces (e.g., ECM). Under reductive conditions (in the cytoplasm, nucleus, etc.) cysteine is predominant. The ... induce release of glutamate into the extracellular space. ...
P-selectin
extracellular space. • integral component of plasma membrane. • plasma membrane. Biological process. • leukocyte cell-cell ... The extracellular region of P-selectin is composed of three different domains like other selectin types; a C-type lectin-like ... The number of CRP repeats is the major feature differentiating the type of selectin in extracellular region. In human, P- ... "Inhibition of heparanase-mediated degradation of extracellular matrix heparan sulfate by non-anticoagulant heparin species". ...
Magnetic tweezers
The equation of motion can be Fourier transformed inserting the driving force and the position in Fourier space: f. (. t. ). = ... A whole cell may also be magnetically manipulated by attaching a magnetic bead to the extracellular matrix via fibronectin- ... For a more accurate calibration, however, an analysis in Fourier space is necessary. The power spectrum density P. (. ω. ). {\ ... The technique involves attaching beads to the extracellular matrix and manipulating the cell from the outside of the membrane ...
Lactation
In almost all mammals, lactation induces a period of infertility, which serves to provide the optimal birth spacing for ... Through the bloodstream, oxytocin makes its way to myoepithelial cells, which lie between the extracellular matrix and luminal ...
CRH - Wicipedia
extracellular region. • neuronal cell body. • extracellular space. Prosesau biolegol. • response to cocaine. • response to ...
Factor X
extracellular region. • Golgi lumen. • extracellular space. Biological process. • hemostasis. • positive regulation of protein ...
Category:Extracellular space - Wikimedia Commons
Media in category "Extracellular space". The following 58 files are in this category, out of 58 total. ... extracellular space, GO:0005615 (en); 細胞外, 胞外 (zh); Mimobuněčný prostor, Mezibuněčná tekutina, Mimobuněčná tekutina, ... extracellular That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes ... Cofilin-1-activation-prevents-the-defects-in-axon-elongation-and-guidance-induced-by-extracellular-srep16524-s1.ogv 4.4 s, 512 ...
Carbon nanotubes image brain extracellular space - nanotechweb.org
Carbon nanotubes image brain extracellular space. Thanks to a new super-resolution microscopy technique that tracks luminescent ... physicists and neuroscientists in France are the first to have imaged the extracellular space (ECS) in live brain tissue at the ... "What is more, by chemically altering the extracellular matrix of the brain in live animals, we found that only the local ... "They reveal that in live brains at the nanoscale, the extracellular maze is composed of interconnected polymorphic compartments ...
Geometric and viscous components of the tortuosity of the extracellular space in the brain | PNAS
When φ , α, a "typical" molecule encounters no obstacles within the extracellular space (that is, λ* 1) for a φ/α portion of ... Geometric and viscous components of the tortuosity of the extracellular space in the brain. Dmitri A. Rusakov and Dimitri M. ... 1A). If the intercellular gaps are much smaller than the obstacles to diffusion, this probe cuts out a thin extracellular space ... in accordance with Ficks 1st law, is equivalent to the ratio between the diffusion coefficient in the extracellular space and ...
Patent US20030130569 - Micro-invasive method for painless detection of analytes in extracellular space - Google Patents
The method further includes optically testing for a predetermined analyte in the extra-cellular space adjacent the distal end ... a microprobe through the stratum corneum toward the stratum basale of the skin of a subject into extra-cellular spaces ... A method of detecting at least one analyte in extra-cellular spaces includes the step of inserting ... The molded part is covered with a sensor layer that is designed to target a specific analyte(s) in the extra-cellular space of ...
Extracellular space - Wikipedia
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular (or sometimes extracellular space) means "outside ... the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix ... extracellular superoxide dismutase). Often, proteins present in the extracellular space are stored outside the cells by ... extracellular matrix proteolytic products are also present in the extracellular space, especially in tissues undergoing ...
Concentrated potassium ions injection into extracellular space of an animal!! | Naked Science Forum
2)What would be the effect of an injection of a concentrated solution of potassium ions into the extracellular space of an ... Concentrated potassium ions injection into extracellular space of an animal!! « on: 17/10/2010 14:26:54 » ... Concentrated potassium ions injection into extracellular space of an animal!! *0 Replies ... We Know The Extent Of The Sun, What Is The Extent Of Space Time? Started by TitanscapeBoard Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology ...
Evidence for Chelatable Zinc in the Extracellular Space of the Hippocampus, But Little Evidence for Synaptic Release of Zn |...
This suggests that the Zn is not free in the extracellular space but is loosely associated with molecules in the extracellular ... and that released Zn is distributed throughout the extracellular space, the extracellular Zn concentration should reach 23 μm. ... Both the addition of FluoZin-3 and that of Ca-EDTA suggest that there is some Zn in association with the extracellular space. ... I present evidence for a layer of Zn in the extracellular space that maps onto the Timms stained region of the hippocampus. ...
Modeling extracellular space and a plasma membrane - www.neuron.yale.edu
The test assumes that the extracellular space occupies a volume_fraction=1 (i.e. 100% of the space; that there is nothing else ... extracellular = rxd.Extracellular(-100, -100, -50, 100, 100, 50, dx=4) ca = rxd.Species(extracellular, name=ca, charge=2, d=1 ... Modeling extracellular space and a plasma membrane. Extending NEURON to handle reaction-diffusion problems. ... I have several questions regarding extracellular space and the plasma membrane using RxD. First of all, Ive seen reference to ...
Aquaporin-4 Deficient Mice have Increased Extracellular Space Without Tortuosity Change
Tao L, Nicholson C. Maximum geometrical hindrance to diffusion in brain extracellular space surrounding uniformly spaced convex ... Aquaporin-4 Deficient Mice have Increased Extracellular Space Without Tortuosity Change. Xiaoming Yao,1,2 Sabina Hrabětová,3,4 ... Syková E, Voříšek I, Antonova T, Mazel T, Meyer-Luehmann M, Jucker M, Hájek M, Or M, Bureš J. Changes in extracellular space ... Hrabe J, Hrabětová S, Segeth K. A model of effective diffusion and tortuosity in the extracellular space of the brain. Biophys ...
Extracellular space preservation aids the connectomic analysis of neural circuits | eLife
... is significantly improved by using simple modifications to chemical fixation protocols that preserve extracellular space in the ... Essential revisions: 1) The authors have not convincingly demonstrated that preservation of the extracellular space will ... Extracellular space aids the identification of gap junctions.. (A) Reconstructed dendrites of an AII amacrine cell (gray) and ... Automated 3D segmentation of extracellular space preserved data.. (A) A 10 x 10 x 12 μm3 3D SBEM cube (left) of perfused tissue ...
Transient hypoxia-ischemia in rats: changes in diffusion-sensitive MR imaging findings, extracellular space, and Na+-K+ ...
... and after transient hypoxia-ischemia are closely associated with a corresponding shrinkage and reexpansion of the extracellular ... space, irrespective of age. Mechanisms other than Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase changes may induce the early cel … ... Similarly, within 1 hour after hypoxia-ischemia ended, DW image and extracellular space changes normalized. In contrast, Na(+)- ... Transient hypoxia-ischemia in rats: changes in diffusion-sensitive MR imaging findings, extracellular space, and Na+-K+ - ...
In vivo measurement of extravasation of silver nanoparticles into liver extracellular space by push-pull-based continuous...
In vivo measurement of extravasation of silver nanoparticles into liver extracellular space by push-pull-based continuous ... After repeated-dose treatments, we observed a higher concentration of AgNPs in the liver extracellular space, suggesting that ... In vivo measurement of extravasation of silver nanoparticles into liver extracellular space by push-pull-based continuous ... In vivo measurement of extravasation of silver nanoparticles into liver extracellular space by push-pull-based continuous ...
Meprin proteolytic complexes at the cell surface and in extracellular spaces | Biochemical Society Symposia | Portland Press
Meprin proteolytic complexes at the cell surface and in extracellular spaces James P. Villa ; James P. Villa 1 ... The latent (self-associating) homo-oligomeric complexes can move through extracellular spaces in a non-destructive manner, and ... Meprin proteolytic complexes at the cell surface and in extracellular spaces. Biochem Soc Symp 1 September 2003; 70 53-63. doi ... Meprins provide examples of novel ways of concentrating proteolytic activity at the cell surface and in the extracellular ...
Mitotic Activity in Glioblastoma Correlates with Estimated Extravascular Extracellular Space Derived from Dynamic Contrast...
volume of the extravascular extracellular space per unit tissue volume. VEGF. vascular endothelial growth factor. vp. volume of ... CONCLUSIONS: A correlation between the estimate of volume of the extravascular extracellular space and mitotic activity is ... An adaptive model for rapid and direct estimation of extravascular extracellular space in dynamic contrast enhanced MRI studies ... Candidate biomarkers of extravascular extracellular space: a direct comparison of apparent diffusion coefficient and dynamic ...
Measurement of Extracellular Fluid Space with Sodium Selenate Labeled with 75Se | Anesthesiology | ASA Publications
Measurement of Extracellular Fluid Space with Sodium Selenate Labeled with 75Se. Anesthesiology 3 1966, Vol.27, 206-207. doi: ... Measurement of Extracellular Fluid Space with Sodium Selenate Labeled with 75Se You will receive an email whenever this article ... Solomon N. Albert, Erwin F. Hirsch, Ira N. Brecher, Chalom A. Albert; Measurement of Extracellular Fluid Space with Sodium ... Measurement of Extracellular Fluid Space with Sodium Selenate Labeled with 75Se ...
CLV3 Is Localized to the Extracellular Space, Where It Activates the Arabidopsis CLAVATA Stem Cell Signaling Pathway | Plant...
CLV3 Is Localized in the Extracellular Space.. (A) and (B) Localization of a Sec2 fusion protein was analyzed in roots of a ... CLV3 is localized to the extracellular space and is predicted to travel through the apoplast from the L1 and L2 to the CLV1- ... We used genetic and immunological assays to show that CLV3 localizes to the apoplast and that export to the extracellular space ... CLV3 Is Localized to the Extracellular Space, Where It Activates the Arabidopsis CLAVATA Stem Cell Signaling Pathway. Enrique ...
Effect of osmotic stress on potassium accumulation around glial cells and extracellular space volume in rat spinal cord slices....
It has been suggested that this may reflect a smaller extracellular space (ECS) around oligodendrocytes compared to astrocytes ... the local extracellular accumulation of K(+), as indicated by K(+) tail currents (I(tail)) after a depolarization step, is ... Extracellular space diffusion and pathological states.. *Eva Syková, Tomás Mazel, Lydia Vargova, Ivan Voříšek, S Prokopová- ... Extrasynaptic volume transmission and diffusion parameters of the extracellular space.. *Eva Syková ...
Role of tumor-host interactions in interstitial diffusion of macromolecules: Cranial vs. subcutaneous tumors | PNAS
Extracellular Space Organization.. Extracellular space organization was characterized in tissue sections embedded in the ... The increase in path length induced by physical obstacles and extracellular space connectivity is described by the tortuosity. ... However, in contrast to type I collagen, decorin immunostaining was not detected in the extracellular space separating tumor ... Note the large intercellular spaces in U87 and the narrow space that separates two cellular nodules in Mu89. The connective ...
Heat shock protein - Wikipedia
How heat-shock proteins get into extracellular space[edit]. Heat-shock proteins can be secreted from immune cells or tumour ... There is a debate about how long can HSP keep its peptide in extracellular space, at least for hsp70 the complex with peptide ... Extracellular heat-shock proteins can be sensed by our immunity as danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP).[26] They are ... The role of extracellular HSPs can be miscellaneous. It depends a lot on context of tissue whether HSPs will stimulate the ...
Frontiers | A framework for modeling the growth and development of neurons and networks | Frontiers in Computational...
The extracellular space is also discretized, and allows for the diffusion of extracellular signaling molecules, as well as the ... The extracellular space is also discretized, and allows for the diffusion of extracellular signaling molecules, as well as the ... in a physical 3D space. In CX3D, as in biology, neurons arise by the replication and migration of precursors, which mature into ... in a physical 3D space. In CX3D, as in biology, neurons arise by the replication and migration of precursors, which mature into ...
Extracellular Vesicles: Potential and Profit in the Space Between Cells | braedenlichti.com
Home BioTech News Extracellular Vesicles: Potential and Profit in the Space Between Cells ... Extracellular Vesicles: Potential and Profit in the Space Between Cells. February 27, 2020. ... Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small bodies that are released by parent cells into the fluid between cells, or extracellular ... visit the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and its publication in the Journal of Extracellular Vesicles or ...
Super-resolution imaging of the extracellular space in living brain tissue - March 2018
The extracellular space (ECS) of the brain has an extremely complex spatial organization, which has defied conventional light ... Super-resolution imaging of the extracellular space in living brain tissue - March 2018 ... Super-resolution imaging of the extracellular space in living brain tissue - March 2018. ... Moreover, the extracellular labeling strategy greatly alleviates problems of photobleaching and phototoxicity associated with ...
Extracellular space in chickens estimated using sucrose, thiosulfate, and thiocyanate injected concurrently<...
Extracellular space in chickens estimated using sucrose, thiosulfate, and thiocyanate injected concurrently. Proceedings of the ... Extracellular space in chickens estimated using sucrose, thiosulfate, and thiocyanate injected concurrently. / Danby, R.; Curry ... The mean sucrose space (17.8 ml/100 g body wt) was significantly lower than both the thiosulfate space (22.3 ml/100 g) and the ... The mean sucrose space (17.8 ml/100 g body wt) was significantly lower than both the thiosulfate space (22.3 ml/100 g) and the ...
Neurodegeneration - Latest research and news | Nature
The nanoscale organisation of the brain extracellular space can be studied in vivo. Here, the authors investigate how it ... Synucleinopathy alters nanoscale organization and diffusion in the brain extracellular space through hyaluronan remodeling ... changes in response to α-synuclein pathology, and identify interactions between microglia and the extracellular matrix. ...
Frontiers | Emerging Insights into Barriers to Effective Brain Tumor Therapeutics | Oncology
... the extracellular space in regard to the brain penetration barrier, and the tumor genetic heterogeneity and instability in ... it next encounters the space between cells called the "extracellular" or "interstitial" space. Movement in the ECS is governed ... The Brain Extra-Cellular Space and Brain Penetration Barrier. While the BBB has long been considered the major barrier for ... Vargova L, Homola A, Zamecnik J, Tichy M, Benes V, Sykova E. Diffusion parameters of the extracellular space in human gliomas. ...
EC space | definition of EC space by Medical dictionary
EC space explanation free. What is EC space? Meaning of EC space medical term. What does EC space mean? ... Looking for online definition of EC space in the Medical Dictionary? ... A space within the zonule (suspensory ligament of lens).. See: dead space. extracellular space. Abbreviation: EC space. The ... interfascial space. Tenon space. See: Tenon, Jacques R.. interglobular spaces. Czermak spaces.. interpleural space. Mediastinum ...
IGFBP2 insulin like growth factor binding protein 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
IFNA4 interferon alpha 4 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
extracellular region TAS Traceable Author Statement. more info. extracellular space IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of ... Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, conserved biosystemCytokines are soluble extracellular proteins or glycoproteins that ... Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are soluble extracellular proteins or ...
ArboCat Virus: Ebola (EBOV)
Lecture 3. Connective Tissue
Classical definition: Supporting tissue, minimum cell-to-cell contact; maximum extracellular space; connects blood vessels to ... marrow: intertrabecular spaces sources of blood cells and B lymphocytes nutrient artery: reaches marrow through nutrient canal ... Extracellular matrix (materials: ECM) ground substance: periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive = carbohydrate glycosaminoglycans ( ... Cartilage: semi-rigid matrix: extracellular material (ECM) of proteoglycan aggregates, massive; sulphated glycosaminoglycans ( ...
Excluding the extracellular matrixChanges in extracellular spaceMetabolismVesiclesMoleculesSuperoxide dismutaseProteasesIntracellular spaceProteinsAstrocytesTortuosityAccumulationCellularIonsDiffusion parametersSodiumBrainCompartmentsPotassiumExtravascularGlycoproteinsPrimarilyMatrixReceptorsVesicleHippocampusParametersAnatomicalMulticellularPlasmaRegulationIntercellularUptakeTissuesNeuronalProteolyticExtrasynapticVolumeNeuronsTissueSubstancesCerebrospinalComponentsBrainsCavityPathologicalMeasurementNeuralGlycosaminoglycansSubunitCells2017VivoConcentration
Excluding the extracellular matrix1
- For multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). (wikipedia.org)
Changes in extracellular space1
- Hypoxic-ischemic changes in extracellular space and ipsilateral versus contralateral differences in Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and cytochrome oxidase activity were measured. (nih.gov)
Metabolism1
- Myocardial glucose metabolism in vertebrates is primarily dependent on the uptake of extracellular glucose. (biologists.org)
Vesicles3
- Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small bodies that are released by parent cells into the fluid between cells, or extracellular space. (braedenlichti.com)
- The cutting edge of drug technology is in academic medicine, and there are strong prospects for a steady pipeline of innovations in both extracellular vesicles and exosomes coming from top institutions globally. (braedenlichti.com)
- Dr: Joy Wolfram's Nanomedicine and Extracellular Vesicles lab in Florida part of Mayo Clinic is exploring organotropic drug delivery which is a new way to treat disease by targeting drugs at specific organs. (braedenlichti.com)
Molecules4
- For molecules whose size is comparable with the extracellular cleft, the predominant effect is the viscous drag of the cell walls. (pnas.org)
- This Zn veneer appears to be loosely associated with molecules in the extracellular space and may be the raison d'être for vesicular Zn. (jneurosci.org)
- For molecules with diameters comparable to the interfibrillar space the diffusion was 5- to 10-fold slower in DC than in CW tumors. (pnas.org)
- The extracellular space is also discretized, and allows for the diffusion of extracellular signaling molecules, as well as the physical interactions of the many developing neurons. (frontiersin.org)
Superoxide dismutase1
- Other proteins that are active outside the cell are various enzymes, including digestive enzymes (Trypsin, Pepsin), extracellular proteinases (Matrix metalloproteinases, ADAMTSs, Cathepsins) and antioxidant enzymes (extracellular superoxide dismutase). (wikipedia.org)
Proteases4
- These are among the largest extracellular proteases identified thus far. (portlandpress.com)
- The latent (self-associating) homo-oligomeric complexes can move through extracellular spaces in a non-destructive manner, and deliver a concentrated form of the metalloproteinase to sites that have activating proteases, such as sites of inflammation, infection or cancerous growth. (portlandpress.com)
- In pathogenic strain of Acanthamoeba , extracellular serine proteases have been identified as virulence factors [ 11 ]. (parasitol.kr)
- Collagen is exocytosed in precursor form (procollagen), which is then cleaved by procollagen proteases to allow extracellular assembly. (wikipedia.org)
Intracellular space1
- First, a control mechanism exists in the intracellular space, where inhibitory Smads and Smurfs prevent further signaling and activation of target genes. (nih.gov)
Proteins12
- The composition of the extracellular space includes metabolites, ions, proteins, and many other substances that might affect cellular function. (wikipedia.org)
- The composition of the extracellular space includes metabolites, ions, various proteins and non-protein substances (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
- Often, proteins present in the extracellular space are stored outside the cells by attaching to various extracellular matrix components (Collagens, Proteoglycans, etc. (wikipedia.org)
- The extracellular matrix (ECM) binds these proteins and tightly controls their distribution. (findaphd.com)
- Expression levels of proteins secreted into extracellular space were compared between A. castellanii pathogenic (ACP) and non-pathogenic strains. (parasitol.kr)
- Proteins secreted into extracellular space as potential targets for treatment and diagnosis of amoebiasis have been reported [ 7 , 8 ]. (parasitol.kr)
- To gain more information on virulence factors of Acanthamoeba infection, the objective of this study was to compare the levels of proteins secreted into extracellular space between pathogenic ATCC 30011 strain and non-pathogenic ATCC 30868 strain of Acanthamoeba . (parasitol.kr)
- In the mammalian heart, most of the extracellular glucose enters the cell via two specific Na + -independent proteins, GLUT-1 and GLUT-4. (biologists.org)
- We hypothesized that microdialysis-based measurements of the brain extracellular fluid levels of tau and neurofilament light chain, two low molecular weight axonal proteins, could be helpful in this regard. (unimi.it)
- 2015. Extracellular matrix composition affects rat skin distribution volume of plasma proteins with different size and charge. (uib.no)
- Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. (wikipedia.org)
- In the extracellular matrix, especially basement membranes, the multi-domain proteins perlecan, agrin, and collagen XVIII are the main proteins to which heparan sulfate is attached. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes5
- In rat brain and spinal cord slices, the local extracellular accumulation of K(+), as indicated by K(+) tail currents (I(tail)) after a depolarization step, is greater in the vicinity of oligodendrocytes than that of astrocytes. (semanticscholar.org)
- It has been suggested that this may reflect a smaller extracellular space (ECS) around oligodendrocytes compared to astrocytes [Chvátal et al. (semanticscholar.org)
- Astrocytes and extracellular matrix in extrasynaptic volume transmission. (semanticscholar.org)
- Ionic homeostasis in the brain involves redistribution of ionic fluxes in several cell types and compartments, including neurons, astrocytes and the extracellular space. (operamedphys.org)
- Recently, we have developed a tri-compartment model based on mass-action kinetics equations that account for potassium dynamics between neurons, astrocytes and the extracellular space. (operamedphys.org)
Tortuosity5
- Thus far, it has not been clear what component of tortuosity is due to cellular obstacles and what component represents interactions with the extracellular medium ("geometric" and "viscous" tortuosity, respectively). (pnas.org)
- We show that the geometric tortuosity of any random assembly of space-filling obstacles has a unique value (≈1.40 for radial flux and ≈1.57 for linear flux) irrespective of their size and shape, as long as their surfaces have no preferred orientation. (pnas.org)
- Assuming that cell membranes are relatively impermeable, Fick's laws of diffusion apply to such a medium, provided that two additional parameters are accounted for: the extracellular volume fraction α and the tortuosity λ ( 17 ). (pnas.org)
- Water compartmentalization and extracellular tortuosity after osmotic changes in cerebellum of Trachemys scripta. (semanticscholar.org)
- Water ADC, extracellular space volume, and tortuosity in the rat cortex after traumatic injury. (semanticscholar.org)
Accumulation4
- Effect of osmotic stress on potassium accumulation around glial cells and extracellular space volume in rat spinal cord slices. (semanticscholar.org)
- Analysis of K+ accumulation reveals privileged extracellular region in the vicinity of glial cells in situ. (semanticscholar.org)
- This space favors the accumulation of blood and eventually infection. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Consider also that charged ions going in and out of a cell are going in and out of a fairly confined space, and the charge accumulation or deficit can be enough to generate a significant E field across the membrane. (brown.edu)
Cellular5
- According to the Gene Ontology, the extracellular space is a cellular component defined as: "That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. (wikipedia.org)
- A method of detecting at least one analyte in extra-cellular spaces includes the step of inserting a microprobe through the stratum corneum toward the stratum basale of the skin of a subject into extra-cellular spaces containing interstitial fluid having at least one analyte to be detected, said microprobe. (google.ca)
- A method of detecting at least one analyte in extra-cellular spaces includes the step of inserting a microprobe through the stratum corneum toward the stratum basale of the skin of a subject into extra-cellular spaces containing interstitial fluid having at least one analyte to be detected, said microprobe having a diameter at its tip no larger than approximately 10-50 microns. (google.ca)
- The method further includes optically testing for a predetermined analyte in the extra-cellular space adjacent the distal end of the microprobe without drawing a sample of the interstitial fluid. (google.ca)
- Measurements of the diffusion properties of substances in the cerebral extra-cellular space (ECS) can be used to study drug delivery/clearance and brain tissue structure. (ismrm.org)
Ions4
- The role of extracellular diffusion is not confined to chemical transmission: if extracellular diffusion of Ca 2+ ions is slow, they may become locally depleted in the vicinity of foci of neuronal activity, thereby modifying synaptic efficacy ( 9 , 10 ). (pnas.org)
- All of the above phenomena also are linked intimately with pathological processes: changes in extracellular diffusivity have been described in the very early stages of cerebral ischemia, both with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging ( 11 , 12 ) and with electrochemical measurements of inorganic ions injected into the extracellular space ( 13 , 14 , 15 ). (pnas.org)
- Concentrated potassium ions injection into extracellular space of an animal! (thenakedscientists.com)
- 2)What would be the effect of an injection of a concentrated solution of potassium ions into the extracellular space of an animal? (thenakedscientists.com)
Diffusion parameters3
- Extrasynaptic volume transmission and diffusion parameters of the extracellular space. (semanticscholar.org)
- Extracellular diffusion parameters in spinal cord and filum terminale of the frog. (semanticscholar.org)
- Diffusion parameters of the extracellular space in human gliomas. (semanticscholar.org)
Sodium2
- Oral sodium iodide I 131 is rapidly absorbed and distributed within the extracellular fluid of the body. (drugs.com)
- Rapid changes in extracellular Sodium concentration can seriously impact cell fluid (esp. (fpnotebook.com)
Brain19
- Thanks to a new super-resolution microscopy technique that tracks luminescent carbon nanotubes, physicists and neuroscientists in France are the first to have imaged the extracellular space (ECS) in live brain tissue at the nanoscale. (nanotechweb.org)
- What is more, by chemically altering the extracellular matrix of the brain in live animals, we found that only the local rheological properties of the ECS were affected and that these changes did not spread beyond our small nano-imaging scale. (nanotechweb.org)
- Signaling between neurons in the brain takes place principally via the passive movement of substances in the extracellular space. (pnas.org)
- Here, I introduce a method for detecting Zn in the extracellular space of brain slices and another method for detecting the passage of Zn out of the slice. (jneurosci.org)
- The chemicals used to preserve brain tissue often suck out the fluids that fill the spaces between the neurons, causing these 'extracellular spaces' to shrink. (elifesciences.org)
- have now developed a method of preserving tissue that maintains more space between the neurons, and used this method to preserve samples of mouse brain with different amounts of extracellular space. (elifesciences.org)
- Diffusion in brain extracellular space. (semanticscholar.org)
- Diffusion of epidermal growth factor in rat brain extracellular space measured by integrative optical imaging. (semanticscholar.org)
- The extracellular space (ECS) of the brain has an extremely complex spatial organization, which has defied conventional light microscopy. (u-bordeaux.fr)
- We combined 3D-STED microscopy and fluorescent labeling of the extracellular fluid to develop super-resolution shadow imaging (SUSHI) of brain ECS in living organotypic brain slices. (u-bordeaux.fr)
- The nanoscale organisation of the brain extracellular space can be studied in vivo. (nature.com)
- The space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The space pierced by blood vessels at the base of the brain. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The spaces within adventitia of larger blood vessels of the brain. (thefreedictionary.com)
- 22 Abstract The extracellular space (ECS) of the brain represents the microenvironment of nerve cells and enables the diffusion of neuroactive substances among neurons, axons and glia. (cuni.cz)
- Microdialysis-based measurement of tau levels in the brain extracellular space may be a useful way to assess the severity of axonal injury acutely in the intensive care unit. (unimi.it)
- Tau elevations in the brain extracellular space correlate with reduced amyloid-β levels and predict adverse clinical outcomes after severe traumatic brain injury / S. Magnoni, T.J. Esparza, V. Conte, M. Carbonara, G. Carrabba, D.M. Holtzman, G.J. Zipfel, N. Stocchetti, D.L. Brody. (unimi.it)
- Comparatively low flow rates of ISF within the narrow extracellular spaces (ECS) of the brain parenchyma are suggested as a possible initiating factor in both the formation of neurotoxic Aβ 42 oligomers and amyloid fibrils. (iospress.com)
- Automated segmentation of neurons and identification of synapses in electron micrographs is significantly improved by using simple modifications to chemical fixation protocols that preserve extracellular space in the brain. (elifesciences.org)
Compartments2
- They reveal that in live brains at the nanoscale, the extracellular maze is composed of interconnected polymorphic compartments with different characteristics. (nanotechweb.org)
- Future studies on AgNP distribution in different liver compartments (blood stream, extracellular space and Kupffer cells/hepatocytes) are necessary for defining the risks and benefits of AgNP applications. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Potassium2
- After stimulation of the slices electrically or with a high potassium concentration, the Zn in the extracellular medium was found to increase. (jneurosci.org)
- We here also extend the predictions of the model by assessing the selective contribution of the astroglial and neuronal Na/K ATPase, or volume of the extracellular space on potassium dynamics. (operamedphys.org)
Extravascular4
- Parametric maps of the initial area under the contrast agent concentration curve, contrast transfer coefficient, estimate of volume of the extravascular extracellular space, and estimate of blood plasma volume were generated, and the enhancing fraction was calculated. (ajnr.org)
- 05). No relationship was found between mitotic activity and histologic pattern, suggesting that the correlation between the estimate of volume of the extravascular extracellular space and mitotic activity was independent of the histologic pattern. (ajnr.org)
- In both adult and pouch-young wallabies, nongranulated cells at the periphery of the cell cords were juxtaposed such that they formed 'sinusoid-like' spaces or lacunae, presumably as part of the extravascular channel system. (meta.org)
- The degree of this recovery is dependent on many factors related to contrast agent leakage, the size of extravascular space, and the rate of blood flow. (ajnr.org)
Glycoproteins2
- This gene encodes a member of the fibulin family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins. (nih.gov)
- In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three-dimensional network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals, such as collagen, enzymes, glycoproteins and hydroxyapatite that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells. (wikipedia.org)
Primarily1
- Some single-celled organisms adopt multicellular biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). (wikipedia.org)
Matrix13
- This space is usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid (see extracellular matrix). (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, extracellular matrix proteolytic products are also present in the extracellular space, especially in tissues undergoing remodelling [2]. (wikipedia.org)
- The large size of many novel therapeutics impairs their transport through the tumor extracellular matrix and thus limits their therapeutic effectiveness. (pnas.org)
- We propose that extracellular matrix composition, structure, and distribution determine the transport properties in tumors. (pnas.org)
- Furthermore, because the characteristics of the extracellular matrix largely depend on the tumor-host interactions, we postulate that diffusion of macromolecules will vary with tumor type as well as anatomical location. (pnas.org)
- Because of uniformly elevated interstitial fluid pressure in solid tumors, convection in the tumor interstitium is negligible ( 3 ), and drug delivery through the extracellular matrix (ECM) relies on passive diffusive transport ( 4 ). (pnas.org)
- The extracellular matrix glycoprotein EFEMP1 is promising for future functional studies. (nih.gov)
- Here, the authors investigate how it changes in response to α-synuclein pathology, and identify interactions between microglia and the extracellular matrix. (nature.com)
- Synthetic peptide within Human Extracellular matrix protein 1 aa 100-200. (abcam.com)
- extracellular matrix. (abcam.com)
- The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). (wikipedia.org)
- Described below are the different types of proteoglycan found within the extracellular matrix. (wikipedia.org)
Receptors5
- Hormones also act by travelling the extracellular space towards cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, hormones, growth factors, cytokines and chemokines act by travelling the extracellular space towards biochemical receptors on cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Type 3: Kinase-linked and related receptors (see " Receptor tyrosine kinase ", and " Enzyme-linked receptor ") - They are composed of an extracellular domain containing the ligand binding site and an intracellular domain, often with enzymatic-function, linked by a single transmembrane alpha helix. (wikipedia.org)
- Two types of IL-1 receptor, each with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, limited sequence similarity (28%) and different pharmacological characteristics have been cloned from mouse and human cell lines: these have been termed type I and type II receptors [ PMID: 8702856 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
- The receptors both exist in transmembrane (TM) and soluble forms: the soluble IL-1 receptor is thought to be post-translationally derived from cleavage of the extracellular portion of the membrane receptors. (ebi.ac.uk)
Vesicle1
- When biosynthesizing collagen, what is released in to the extracellular space via a Golgi Vesicle? (studystack.com)
Hippocampus2
- I present evidence for a layer of Zn in the extracellular space that maps onto the Timm's stained region of the hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)
- Hypoosmolar conditions reduce extracellular volume fraction and enhance epileptiform activity in the CA3 region of the immature rat hippocampus. (semanticscholar.org)
Parameters1
- The main parameters relating the diffusion coefficient within the extracellular medium to that in free solution are the intercellular gap width and the volume fraction occupied by macromolecules. (pnas.org)
Anatomical1
- Normal anatomical dead space is 2.2 ml/kg or 1 ml/lb. (thefreedictionary.com)
Multicellular1
- Extracellular space refers to the part of a multicellular organism outside the cells, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. (wikipedia.org)
Plasma2
- I have several questions regarding extracellular space and the plasma membrane using RxD. (yale.edu)
- By combining push-pull perfusion sampling, in-tube solid phase extraction, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, we used an in vivo push-pull-based continuous monitoring system to investigate in vivo transport kinetics of extracellular AgNPs in living rat liver with a detection limit and temporal resolution of 0.64μgL(-1) and 10min, respectively. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Regulation2
- Here, we review the insights in the extracellular regulation of members of the BMP subfamily of secreted growth factors with a major emphasis on vertebrate BMP modulation. (nih.gov)
- Astroglial cells not only process, but also modulate neuronal activity by various mechanisms involving intracellular signaling or extracellular homeostasis, in particular the regulation of the extracellular space volume or the levels of GABA, glutamate or K + (Nedergaard and Verkhratsky, 2012). (operamedphys.org)
Intercellular1
- The purpose was to prove the presence of extended intercellular space of the esophagic epithelium after chloridric acid infusion (HCI) to 0,1N comparing to the physiologic serum infusion (PS) in patients without typical symptoms of DGER with normal esophagic mucous membrane and compare them to ones with typical symptoms and erosive esophagitis. (usp.br)
Uptake1
- 1966). This was suggested to contribute to K + spatial buffering, a process consisting in astroglial local uptake of excess extracellular K + ([K + ] o ) following neuronal activity, redistribution in the astroglial networks mediated by gap junction channels and release at distal sites of low [K + ] o (Kuffler et al. (operamedphys.org)
Tissues1
- Hyaluronic acid in the extracellular space confers upon tissues the ability to resist compression by providing a counteracting turgor (swelling) force by absorbing significant amounts of water. (wikipedia.org)
Neuronal1
- I am trying to apply/interface a time- and space-dependent extracellular field with a neuronal structure. (yale.edu)
Proteolytic1
- Meprins provide examples of novel ways of concentrating proteolytic activity at the cell surface and in the extracellular milieu, which may be critical to proteolytic function. (portlandpress.com)
Extrasynaptic1
- Extracellular space diffusion and extrasynaptic transmission. (semanticscholar.org)
Volume3
- In order to think about extracellular space, we have to decide what volume we're interested in. (yale.edu)
- To investigate the correlation between diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance (MR) image changes with alterations in extracellular volume and changes in cytochrome oxidase and Na(+)-K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity at various times during and after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal and juvenile rats. (nih.gov)
- The extracellular fluid (ECF) volume was estimated in chickens, a species for which remarkably high estimates (usually of thiocyanate space) have been reported. (elsevier.com)
Neurons1
- Hello, Does anybody use NEURON to simulate the effect of extracellular field potentials (e.g. homogenous and non-homogenous fields) on the behavior of neurons in anatomically detailed models? (yale.edu)
Tissue2
- We explored preserving extracellular space (ECS) during chemical tissue fixation to improve the ability to segment neurites and to identify synaptic contacts. (elifesciences.org)
- The water flows among capillaries, tissue spaces, and cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
Substances1
- Experimental measurements show that substances confined to the extracellular space diffuse more slowly than in free solution. (pnas.org)
Cerebrospinal1
- AQP4 is also expressed in the astrocytic processes that form the glia limitans, a structure adjacent to the cerebrospinal fluid-filled subarachnoid space and ventricles. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Components1
- 2. A potentially more efficient approach that can be used if the extracellular potential at all points is separable into two components, one time-dependent and the other location- dependent, i.e. (yale.edu)
Brains2
- The next challenge will be to extend these methods to preserving extracellular space across whole brains. (elifesciences.org)
- 05) with extracellular space reductions, which occurred 15 minutes earlier in the brains of 4-week-old rats than in the brains of 1-week-old rats. (nih.gov)
Cavity1
- The secretion of the gland cells is released into an extracellular cavity, through which it reaches the lumen via a complex network of canals running through the intima. (bioone.org)
Pathological1
- Extracellular space diffusion and pathological states. (semanticscholar.org)
Measurement1
- In vivo measurement of extravasation of silver nanoparticles into liver extracellular space by push-pull-based continuous monitoring system. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Neural1
- We describe a novel simulation tool, CX3D, for modeling the development of large realistic neural networks such as the neocortex, in a physical 3D space. (frontiersin.org)
Glycosaminoglycans1
- As chemokines are secreted into the extracellular space, they bind to glycosaminoglycans present on the exterior of most cells, and establish a concentration gradient. (cyberleninka.org)
Subunit2
- They have a heteromeric structure in that each subunit consists of the extracellular ligand-binding domain and a transmembrane domain where the transmembrane domain in turn includes four transmembrane alpha helices . (wikipedia.org)
- Proteolytically cleaved into 2 subunits, an extracellular alpha subunit and a seven-transmembrane subunit. (abcam.com)
Cells6
- It used to be thought that EVs were like garbage carriers that take away unnecessary or toxic materials from cells to dump into the extracellular space, but it is now becoming clearer that their work and potential are powerful. (braedenlichti.com)
- The space between cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
- But blood's extracellular material is not secreted for the most part by blood cells, and blood's white cells are predominantly sequestered and not circulating. (pitt.edu)
- Even outside the cell space is rather confined, with the spacing between cells again able to be measured in angstroms, leaving 'outside' not the same as a resevoir. (brown.edu)
- Extracellular cholesterol and cholesterol-filled macrophages (foam cells) accumulate in subendothelial space. (slideplayer.com)
- Dr. Duff and her colleagues focused their investigations on excitatory grid cells , a type of nerve cell in the EC that fires in response to movement through space, creating a grid-like internal map of a person's environment. (medicalxpress.com)
20171
- A new science instrument, slated to be installed onboard the International Space Station (ISS) in late 2017, is expected to yield interesting results regarding quantum phenomena. (phys.org)
Vivo2
- In vivo measurements of changes in DMMP relative to all of the MRS visible phosphates also demonstrated that the total water space was similar in control and starved rats. (utmb.edu)
- These phenomena can be studied simultaneously in a noninvasive fashion using in vivo 31 P MRS and MRS-visible water space markers. (utmb.edu)
Concentration1
- After repeated-dose treatments, we observed a higher concentration of AgNPs in the liver extracellular space, suggesting that AgNP clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) may be blocked by a prior administration of AgNPs. (sigmaaldrich.com)