Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an EXERCISE TEST.
Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.
A regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries.
Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.
The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)
The time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion.
The oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise, resulting in a sustained increase in lactate concentration and metabolic acidosis. The anaerobic threshold is affected by factors that modify oxygen delivery to the tissues; it is low in patients with heart disease. Methods of measurement include direct measure of lactate concentration, direct measurement of bicarbonate concentration, and gas exchange measurements.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
The ability to carry out daily tasks and perform physical activities in a highly functional state, often as a result of physical conditioning.
Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).
The use of a bicycle for transportation or recreation. It does not include the use of a bicycle in studying the body's response to physical exertion (BICYCLE ERGOMETRY TEST see EXERCISE TEST).
The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.
A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
Any method of measuring the amount of work done by an organism, usually during PHYSICAL EXERTION. Ergometry also includes measures of power. Some instruments used in these determinations include the hand crank and the bicycle ergometer.
Freedom from activity.
Activities or games, usually involving physical effort or skill. Reasons for engagement in sports include pleasure, competition, and/or financial reward.
An activity in which the body is propelled by moving the legs rapidly. Running is performed at a moderate to rapid pace and should be differentiated from JOGGING, which is performed at a much slower pace.
Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Difficult or labored breathing.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Processes and properties of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
Instructional programs in the care and development of the body, often in schools. The concept does not include prescribed exercises, which is EXERCISE THERAPY.
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.
Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration.
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
A measurement of OXYGEN uptake in a sitting, resting person (resting oxygen consumption), varying with age, sex, race, and other factors. In normal adult men, one MET is approximately 3.5 ml O2/kg/min of body weight. Oxygen uptake during activities or work can be measured in METs which can be use to determine health status and exercise prescription.
The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).
The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.
A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
A type of strength-building exercise program that requires the body muscle to exert a force against some form of resistance, such as weight, stretch bands, water, or immovable objects. Resistance exercise is a combination of static and dynamic contractions involving shortening and lengthening of skeletal muscles.
Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise.
The total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute.
The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Individuals who have developed skills, physical stamina and strength or participants in SPORTS or other physical activities.
Exercises that stretch the muscle fibers with the aim to increase muscle-tendon FLEXIBILITY, improve RANGE OF MOTION or musculoskeletal function, and prevent injuries. There are various types of stretching techniques including active, passive (relaxed), static, dynamic (gentle), ballistic (forced), isometric, and others.
The amount of force generated by MUSCLE CONTRACTION. Muscle strength can be measured during isometric, isotonic, or isokinetic contraction, either manually or using a device such as a MUSCLE STRENGTH DYNAMOMETER.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
ANGINA PECTORIS or angina-like chest pain with a normal coronary arteriogram and positive EXERCISE TEST. The cause of the syndrome is unknown. While its recognition is of clinical importance, its prognosis is excellent. (Braunwald, Heart Disease, 4th ed, p1346; Jablonski Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed). It is different from METABOLIC SYNDROME X, a syndrome characterized by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA, that has increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and blown out over a sustained interval such as 15 or 20 seconds. Common abbreviations are MVV and MBC.
Physiological processes and properties of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.
Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device ("real-time" system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.
A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.
The quadriceps femoris. A collective name of the four-headed skeletal muscle of the thigh, comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.
An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.
A method of recording heart motion and internal structures by combining ultrasonic imaging with exercise testing (EXERCISE TEST) or pharmacologic stress.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.
Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Diet modification and physical exercise to improve the ability of animals to perform physical activities.
Glucose in blood.
A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature contractions of the HEART VENTRICLES. It is characterized by the premature QRS complex on ECG that is of abnormal shape and great duration (generally >129 msec). It is the most common form of all cardiac arrhythmias. Premature ventricular complexes have no clinical significance except in concurrence with heart diseases.
Unstable isotopes of thallium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Tl atoms with atomic weights 198-202, 204, and 206-210 are thallium radioisotopes.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
Examinations used to diagnose and treat heart conditions.
The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.
These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.
A vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body.
Radiography of the heart and great vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
Chairs mounted on wheels and designed to be propelled by the occupant.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Methods or programs of physical activities which can be used to promote, maintain, or restore the physical and physiological well-being of an individual.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.
A group of conditions in which HEART VENTRICLE activation by the atrial impulse is faster than the normal impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE. In these pre-excitation syndromes, atrial impulses often bypass the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE delay and travel via ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAYS connecting the atrium directly to the BUNDLE OF HIS.
Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle.
A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.
A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.
A sport in which weights are lifted competitively or as an exercise.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.
A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752)
A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.
The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.
Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES.
A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.
A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.
The airflow rate measured during the first liter expired after the first 200 ml have been exhausted during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination. Common abbreviations are MEFR, FEF 200-1200, and FEF 0.2-1.2.
Measurement of intracardiac blood flow using an M-mode and/or two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible Doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column of red blood cells.
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.
The act of BREATHING out.
Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.
AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.
A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.
The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.
A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.
Post-systolic relaxation of the HEART, especially the HEART VENTRICLES.
Imaging of a ventricle of the heart after the injection of a radioactive contrast medium. The technique is less invasive than cardiac catheterization and is used to assess ventricular function.
The act of BREATHING in.
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.
The amount of a gas taken up, by the pulmonary capillary blood from the alveolar gas, per minute per unit of average pressure of the gradient of the gas across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.
The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.
A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
Diseases characterized by MYOTONIA, which may be inherited or acquired. Myotonia may be restricted to certain muscles (e.g., intrinsic hand muscles) or occur as a generalized condition.
The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries.
Measurement of the maximum rate of airflow attained during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination. Common abbreviations are PEFR and PFR.
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.
The position or attitude of the body.
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.
A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.
An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of PHYSICAL EXERTION or endurance.
A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.
The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another.
The process of exocrine secretion of the SWEAT GLANDS, including the aqueous sweat from the ECCRINE GLANDS and the complex viscous fluids of the APOCRINE GLANDS.
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.
Prosthetic replacements for arms, legs, and parts thereof.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.
Part of the arm in humans and primates extending from the ELBOW to the WRIST.
An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)
The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.
The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)
Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.
Muscular contractions characterized by increase in tension without change in length.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
Narrowing of the caliber of the BRONCHI, physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
The period following a surgical operation.
Force exerted when gripping or grasping.
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.
Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, or eating.
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.
Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.
Agents that cause an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

Energy cost of sport rock climbing in elite performers. (1/6923)

OBJECTIVES: To assess oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate concentration ([La(b)]), and heart rate (HR) response during indoor and outdoor sport climbing. METHODS: Seven climbers aged 25 (SE 1) years, with a personal best ascent without preview or fall (on sight) ranging from 6b to 7a were assessed using an indoor vertical treadmill with artificial rock hand/foot holds and a discontinuous protocol with climbing velocity incremented until voluntary fatigue. On a separate occasion the subjects performed a 23.4 m outdoor rock climb graded 5c and taking 7 min 36 s (SE 33 s) to complete. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured using a telemetry system and [La(b)] collected at rest and after climbing. RESULTS: Indoor climbing elicited a peak oxygen uptake (VO2climb-peak) and peak HR (HRpeak) of 43.8 (SE 2.2) ml/kg/min and 190 (SE 4) bpm, respectively and increased blood lactate concentration [La(b)] from 1.4 (0.1) to 10.2 (0.6) mmol/l (p < 0.05). During outdoor climbing VO2 and HR increased to about 75% and 83% of VO2climb-peak and HRpeak, respectively. [La(b)] increased from 1.3 (0.1) at rest to 4.5 mmol/l (p < 0.05) at 2 min 32 s (8 s) after completion of the climb. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that for elite climbers outdoor sport rock climbs of five to 10 minutes' duration and moderate difficulty require a significant portion of the VO2climb-peak. The higher HR and VO2 for outdoor climbing and the increased [La(b)] could be the result of repeated isometric contractions, particularly from the arm and forearm muscles.  (+info)

Prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with high exercise tolerance. (2/6923)

BACKGROUND: Although high exercise tolerance is associated with an excellent prognosis, the significance of abnormal myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in patients with high exercise tolerance has not been established. This study retrospectively compares the utility of MPI and exercise ECG (EECG) in these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 388 consecutive patients who underwent exercise MPI and reached at least Bruce stage IV, 157 (40.5%) had abnormal results and 231 (59.5%) had normal results. Follow-up was performed at 18+/-2.7 months. Adverse events, including revascularization, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death, occurred in 40 patients. Nineteen patients had revascularization related to the MPI results or the patient's condition at the time of MPI and were not included in further analysis. Seventeen patients (12.2%) with abnormal MPI and 4 (1.7%) with normal MPI had adverse cardiac events (P<0.001). Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis showed that MPI was an excellent predictor of cardiac events (global chi2=13.2; P<0.001; relative risk=8; 95% CI=3 to 23) but EECG had no predictive power (global chi2=0.05; P=0.8; relative risk=1; 95% CI=0.4 to 3.0). The addition of Duke's treadmill score risk categories did not improve the predictive power of EECG (global chi2=0.17). The predictive power of the combination of EECG (including Duke score categories) and MPI was no better than that of MPI alone (global chi2=13.5). CONCLUSIONS: Unlike EECG, MPI is an excellent prognostic indicator for adverse cardiac events in patients with known or suspected CAD and high exercise tolerance.  (+info)

Energy cost of propulsion in standard and ultralight wheelchairs in people with spinal cord injuries. (3/6923)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Wheelchair- and subject-related factors influence the efficiency of wheelchair propulsion. The purpose of this study was to compare wheelchair propulsion in ultralight and standard wheelchairs in people with different levels of spinal cord injury. SUBJECTS: Seventy-four subjects (mean age=26.2 years, SD=7.14, range=17-50) with spinal cord injury resulting in motor loss (30 with tetraplegia and 44 with paraplegia) were studied. METHOD: Each subject propelled standard and ultralight wheelchairs around an outdoor track at self-selected speeds, while data were collected at 4 predetermined intervals. Speed, distance traveled, and oxygen cost (VO2 mL/kg/m) were compared by wheelchair, group, and over time, using a Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: In the ultralight wheelchair, speed and distance traveled were greater for both subjects with paraplegia and subjects with tetraplegia, whereas VO2 was less only for subjects with paraplegia. Subjects with paraplegia propelled faster and farther than did subjects with tetraplegia. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The ultralight wheelchair improved the efficiency of propulsion in the tested subjects. Subjects with tetraplegia, especially at the C6 level, are limited in their ability to propel a wheelchair.  (+info)

Phase reversal of biomechanical functions and muscle activity in backward pedaling. (4/6923)

Computer simulations of pedaling have shown that a wide range of pedaling tasks can be performed if each limb has the capability of executing six biomechanical functions, which are arranged into three pairs of alternating antagonistic functions. An Ext/Flex pair accelerates the limb into extension or flexion, a Plant/Dorsi pair accelerates the foot into plantarflexion or dorsiflexion, and an Ant/Post pair accelerates the foot anteriorly or posteriorly relative to the pelvis. Because each biomechanical function (i.e., Ext, Flex, Plant, Dorsi, Ant, or Post) contributes to crank propulsion during a specific region in the cycle, phasing of a muscle is hypothesized to be a consequence of its ability to contribute to one or more of the biomechanical functions. Analysis of electromyogram (EMG) patterns has shown that this biomechanical framework assists in the interpretation of muscle activity in healthy and hemiparetic subjects during forward pedaling. Simulations show that backward pedaling can be produced with a phase shift of 180 degrees in the Ant/Post pair. No phase shifts in the Ext/Flex and Plant/Dorsi pairs are then necessary. To further test whether this simple yet biomechanically viable strategy may be used by the nervous system, EMGs from 7 muscles in 16 subjects were measured during backward as well as forward pedaling. As predicted, phasing in vastus medialis (VM), tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and soleus (SL) were unaffected by pedaling direction, with VM and SL contributing to Ext, MG to Plant, and TA to Dorsi. In contrast, phasing in biceps femoris (BF) and semimembranosus (SM) were affected by pedaling direction, as predicted, compatible with their contribution to the directionally sensitive Post function. Phasing of rectus femoris (RF) was also affected by pedaling direction; however, its ability to contribute to the directionally sensitive Ant function may only be expressed in forward pedaling. RF also contributed significantly to the directionally insensitive Ext function in both forward and backward pedaling. Other muscles also appear to have contributed to more than one function, which was especially evident in backward pedaling (i.e. , BF, SM, MG, and TA to Flex). We conclude that the phasing of only the Ant and Post biomechanical functions are directionally sensitive. Further, we suggest that task-dependent modulation of the expression of the functions in the motor output provides this biomechanics-based neural control scheme with the capability to execute a variety of lower limb tasks, including walking.  (+info)

Development of a 12-min treadmill walk test at a self-selected pace for the evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness in adult men. (5/6923)

The direct measurement of true maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and oxygen uptake corresponding to anaerobic threshold (VO2AT) is not always practical, especially in middle age and older populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a simple test that could accurately estimate cardiorespiratory fitness using a submaximal treadmill walking protocol for middle age, older, sedentary individuals and patients with chronic disease. Subjects for this study were 42 men (44.9 +/- 15.7 years), which included 17 patients with coronary heart disease (57.0 +/- 9.6 years). VO2peak and VO2AT were measured using a treadmill protocol (VO2peak; 38.4 +/- 11.6 ml/kg/min, VO2AT; 22.9 +/- 7.4 ml/kg/min). This simple test assessed the total distance covered in 12 minutes on the treadmill at an intensity corresponding to either 1) 11 on the Borg scale of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE11), 2) 13 on the Borg scale of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE13), or 3) "Optimal" by subjective judgment. The correlation coefficients between VO2peak or VO2AT and total distance at the three intensities (RPE11; 950 +/- 100 m, RPE13; 1080 +/- 140 m Optimal; 1050 +/- 110 m) were statistically significant, ranging from 0.72 to 0.85. The test-retest reliability coefficient on 12 subjects was 0.98. The oxygen uptake (VO2) was measured during the three walk tests on 15 subjects. There were no significant changes in submaximal VO2 values from min 4 to min 12 (RPE11; 19.8 +/- 4.7 ml/kg/min, RPE13; 24.1 +/- 4.9 ml/kg/min, Optimal; 23.1 +/- 4.8 ml/kg/min) in any of the three tests. Similarly, the three submaximal VO2 values did not differ from the VO2AT value (21.2 +/- 8.3 ml/kg/min) obtained in the initial maximal test. These results suggest that the 12-min submaximal treadmill walk test (STWT) is a valid method for the assessment of VO2peak and VO2AT. Therefore, the STWT could be a useful performance test for evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness in middle age, older, sedentary individuals and patients with chronic disease.  (+info)

Echo derived variables predicting exercise tolerance in patients with dilated and poorly functioning left ventricle. (6/6923)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether resting echo derived measurements predict exercise tolerance and its interrelation with heart rate response and ventilation drive in patients with systolic left ventricular disease. DESIGN: Prospective echocardiographic examination followed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. SETTING: A tertiary referral centre for cardiac diseases. SUBJECTS: 21 patients (11 with coronary artery disease, 10 with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy) with end diastolic dimension > 6.4 cm, shortening fraction < 25%, and in sinus rhythm. There were 11 age matched normal controls. RESULTS: In the patients, peak oxygen consumption (mVo2) correlated with right ventricular long axis excursion (r = 0.62); 65% of the variance in mVo2 was predictable using a multivariate model with right ventricular long axis excursion and peak lengthening rate, and peak mitral atrial filling velocity as independent variables. Aetiology was not an independent predictor, although the right ventricular long axis excursion (mean (SD)) was greater in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy than in those with coronary artery disease (2.4 (0.5) cm v 1.6 (0.5) cm, p < 0.001). Peak heart rate correlated with duration of mitral regurgitation (r = -0.52) and the slope of ventilation against CO2 production correlated with M mode isovolumic relaxation time (r = 0.61). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction, more than half the variance in exercise tolerance can be predicted by factors measured on echocardiography at rest, particularly right ventricular long axis excursion.  (+info)

Expression of the cell adhesion molecules on leukocytes that demarginate during acute maximal exercise. (7/6923)

The pulmonary vascular bed is an important reservoir for the marginated pool of leukocytes that can be mobilized by exercise or catecholamines. This study was designed to determine the phenotypic characteristics of leukocytes that are mobilized into the circulation during exercise. Twenty healthy volunteers performed incremental exercise to exhaustion [maximal O2 consumption (VO2 max)] on a cycle ergometer. Blood was collected at baseline, at 3-min intervals during exercise, at VO2 max, and 30 min after exercise. Total white cell, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN), and lymphocyte counts increased with exercise to VO2 max (P < 0.05). Flow cytometric analysis showed that the mean fluorescence intensity of L-selectin on PMN (from 14.9 +/- 1 at baseline to 9.5 +/- 1.6 at VO2 max, P < 0.05) and lymphocytes (from 11.7 +/- 1.2 at baseline to 8 +/- 0.8 at VO2 max, P < 0.05) decreased with exercise. Mean fluorescence intensity of CD11b on PMN increased with exercise (from 10.2 +/- 0.6 at baseline to 25 +/- 2.5 at VO2 max, P < 0.002) but remained unchanged on lymphocytes. Myeloperoxidase levels in PMN did not change with exercise. In vitro studies showed that neither catecholamines nor plasma collected at VO2 max during exercise changed leukocyte L-selectin or CD11b levels. We conclude that PMN released from the marginated pool during exercise express low levels of L-selectin and high levels of CD11b.  (+info)

Influence of body temperature on the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. (8/6923)

We investigated whether fatigue during prolonged exercise in uncompensable hot environments occurred at the same critical level of hyperthermia when the initial value and the rate of increase in body temperature are altered. To examine the effect of initial body temperature [esophageal temperature (Tes) = 35.9 +/- 0.2, 37.4 +/- 0. 1, or 38.2 +/- 0.1 (SE) degrees C induced by 30 min of water immersion], seven cyclists (maximal O2 uptake = 5.1 +/- 0.1 l/min) performed three randomly assigned bouts of cycle ergometer exercise (60% maximal O2 uptake) in the heat (40 degrees C) until volitional exhaustion. To determine the influence of rate of heat storage (0.10 vs. 0.05 degrees C/min induced by a water-perfused jacket), four cyclists performed two additional exercise bouts, starting with Tes of 37.0 degrees C. Despite different initial temperatures, all subjects fatigued at an identical level of hyperthermia (Tes = 40. 1-40.2 degrees C, muscle temperature = 40.7-40.9 degrees C, skin temperature = 37.0-37.2 degrees C) and cardiovascular strain (heart rate = 196-198 beats/min, cardiac output = 19.9-20.8 l/min). Time to exhaustion was inversely related to the initial body temperature: 63 +/- 3, 46 +/- 3, and 28 +/- 2 min with initial Tes of approximately 36, 37, and 38 degrees C, respectively (all P < 0.05). Similarly, with different rates of heat storage, all subjects reached exhaustion at similar Tes and muscle temperature (40.1-40.3 and 40. 7-40.9 degrees C, respectively), but with significantly different skin temperature (38.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 35.6 +/- 0.2 degrees C during high vs. low rate of heat storage, respectively, P < 0.05). Time to exhaustion was significantly shorter at the high than at the lower rate of heat storage (31 +/- 4 vs. 56 +/- 11 min, respectively, P < 0.05). Increases in heart rate and reductions in stroke volume paralleled the rise in core temperature (36-40 degrees C), with skin blood flow plateauing at Tes of approximately 38 degrees C. These results demonstrate that high internal body temperature per se causes fatigue in trained subjects during prolonged exercise in uncompensable hot environments. Furthermore, time to exhaustion in hot environments is inversely related to the initial temperature and directly related to the rate of heat storage.  (+info)

There are several risk factors for developing EIA, including:

1. Genetics: People with a family history of asthma are more likely to develop EIA.
2. Allergies: Those with allergies, particularly allergies to pollen, dust mites, or pet dander, are more likely to develop EIA.
3. Respiratory infections: People who have had respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, may be at higher risk for developing EIA.
4. Environmental factors: Exposure to cold, dry air, pollution, and other environmental irritants can trigger symptoms of EIA.
5. Physical fitness level: People who are less physically fit may be more susceptible to EIA due to the increased demand on their respiratory system during exercise.

Symptoms of EIA can vary in severity and may include:

1. Wheezing or a whistling sound when breathing out
2. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
3. Coughing or chest tightness
4. Fatigue or exhaustion
5. Blue lips or fingernail beds (in severe cases)

If you suspect that you or someone else may be experiencing EIA, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare provider can diagnose EIA through a physical examination and may perform additional tests, such as spirometry or methacholine challenge, to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for EIA typically involves avoiding triggers such as cold air or exercise, using inhalers to relax airway muscles and improve breathing, and managing allergies through medication or immunotherapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy and other supportive care.

Prevention is key to avoiding EIA, and this includes taking the following steps:

1. Warm up before exercising with light cardio for 5-10 minutes
2. Use a humidifier during exercise to keep airways moist
3. Avoid cold air and sudden changes in temperature
4. Use saline nasal sprays or rinse with salt water after exercising to help clear out mucus and reduce inflammation
5. Manage allergies through medication, immunotherapy, or avoiding exposure to allergens
6. Consider wearing a mask during exercise to warm and humidify the air before inhaling it.

In summary, EIA is a condition that can cause breathing difficulties and other symptoms during exercise, especially in people with asthma or other respiratory conditions. It is important to be aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for EIA to prevent and manage this condition effectively.

Angina pectoris is a medical condition that is characterized by recurring chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart muscle, specifically the myocardium. It is also known as stable angina or effort angina. The symptoms of angina pectoris typically occur during physical activity or emotional stress and are relieved by rest.

The term "angina" comes from the Latin word for "strangulation," which refers to the feeling of tightness or constriction in the chest that is associated with the condition. Angina pectoris can be caused by atherosclerosis, or the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. This buildup can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques that can narrow the coronary arteries and reduce blood flow to the heart muscle, causing chest pain.

There are several types of angina pectoris, including:

1. Stable angina: This is the most common type of angina and is characterized by predictable and reproducible symptoms that occur during specific situations or activities, such as exercise or emotional stress.
2. Unstable angina: This type of angina is characterized by unpredictable and changing symptoms that can occur at rest or with minimal exertion. It is often a sign of a more severe underlying condition, such as a heart attack.
3. Variant angina: This type of angina occurs during physical activity, but the symptoms are not relieved by rest.
4. Prinzmetal's angina: This is a rare type of angina that occurs at rest and is characterized by a feeling of tightness or constriction in the chest.

The diagnosis of angina pectoris is typically made based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), stress test, and imaging studies. Treatment for angina pectoris usually involves lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress management, as well as medications to relieve symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. In some cases, surgery or other procedures may be necessary to treat the underlying condition causing the angina.

In the medical field, dyspnea is often evaluated using a numerical rating scale called the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale. This scale rates dyspnea on a scale of 0 to 5, with 0 indicating no shortness of breath and 5 indicating extreme shortness of breath.

Dyspnea can be a symptom of many different conditions, including:

1. Respiratory problems such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia.
2. Heart conditions such as heart failure and coronary artery disease.
3. Other underlying medical conditions such as anemia, lung disease, and liver failure.
4. Neurological conditions such as stroke and multiple sclerosis.
5. Psychological conditions such as anxiety and depression.

Assessment of dyspnea involves a thorough medical history and physical examination, including listening to the patient's lung sounds and assessing their oxygen saturation levels. Diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and blood tests may also be ordered to determine the underlying cause of dyspnea.

Treatment of dyspnea depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, and other interventions such as pulmonary rehabilitation. In some cases, dyspnea may be a symptom of a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Coronary disease is often caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, obesity, and a lack of physical activity. It can also be triggered by other medical conditions, such as diabetes and kidney disease.

The symptoms of coronary disease can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling of the legs and feet
* Pain in the arms and back

Coronary disease is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and cardiac imaging. Treatment for coronary disease may include lifestyle changes, medications to control symptoms, and surgical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

Preventative measures for coronary disease include:

* Maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine
* Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption
* Managing high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and other underlying medical conditions
* Reducing stress through relaxation techniques or therapy.

There are two main types of heart failure:

1. Left-sided heart failure: This occurs when the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart, becomes weakened and is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to congestion in the lungs and other organs.
2. Right-sided heart failure: This occurs when the right ventricle, which pumps blood to the lungs, becomes weakened and is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to congestion in the body's tissues and organs.

Symptoms of heart failure may include:

* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet
* Swelling in the abdomen
* Weight gain
* Coughing up pink, frothy fluid
* Rapid or irregular heartbeat
* Dizziness or lightheadedness

Treatment for heart failure typically involves a combination of medications and lifestyle changes. Medications may include diuretics to remove excess fluid from the body, ACE inhibitors or beta blockers to reduce blood pressure and improve blood flow, and aldosterone antagonists to reduce the amount of fluid in the body. Lifestyle changes may include a healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress reduction techniques. In severe cases, heart failure may require hospitalization or implantation of a device such as an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or a left ventricular assist device (LVAD).

It is important to note that heart failure is a chronic condition, and it requires ongoing management and monitoring to prevent complications and improve quality of life. With proper treatment and lifestyle changes, many people with heart failure are able to manage their symptoms and lead active lives.

Symptoms of GSD-V typically appear during infancy or childhood and may include:

* Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
* Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
* Myopathy (muscle weakness)
* Cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease)
* Developmental delay
* Intellectual disability

GSD-V is caused by mutations in the PI4K gene, which is located on chromosome 12. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition.

There is no cure for GSD-V, but treatment may include a high-carbohydrate diet, sugar supplements, and enzyme replacement therapy in some cases. Management of the disorder typically involves monitoring blood sugar levels, avoiding fasting, and taking medications to prevent hypoglycemia. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for GSD-V varies depending on the severity of the disorder and the presence of any additional health issues. With proper management, many individuals with GSD-V can lead active and productive lives, but the condition can be life-threatening if left untreated or poorly managed.

Myocardial ischemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking. It can also be triggered by physical exertion or stress.

There are several types of myocardial ischemia, including:

1. Stable angina: This is the most common type of myocardial ischemia, and it is characterized by a predictable pattern of chest pain that occurs during physical activity or emotional stress.
2. Unstable angina: This is a more severe type of myocardial ischemia that can occur without any identifiable trigger, and can be accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath or vomiting.
3. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS): This is a condition that includes both stable angina and unstable angina, and it is characterized by a sudden reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle.
4. Heart attack (myocardial infarction): This is a type of myocardial ischemia that occurs when the blood flow to the heart muscle is completely blocked, resulting in damage or death of the cardiac tissue.

Myocardial ischemia can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and imaging studies such as echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options for myocardial ischemia include medications such as nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, as well as lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, losing weight, and exercising regularly. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting or angioplasty may be necessary.

The symptoms of microvascular angina are similar to those of stable angina, including chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, and fatigue. However, microvascular angina episodes can be more frequent and unpredictable than stable angina, and may occur at rest or with minimal exertion.

The diagnosis of microvascular angina is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and coronary angiography. Treatment for microvascular angina typically involves medications to relax the blood vessels and improve blood flow to the heart, as well as lifestyle changes such as regular exercise and a healthy diet. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.

Microvascular angina is considered a syndrome rather than a disease, and it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including smoking, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels. It is more common in people who are middle-aged or older, and affects men and women equally.

Overall, microvascular angina is a serious condition that can have a significant impact on quality of life, and it is important for individuals who experience symptoms to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. With proper management, many people with microvascular angina are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

There are several potential causes of hyperventilation, including anxiety, panic attacks, and certain medical conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Treatment for hyperventilation typically involves slowing down the breathing rate and restoring the body's natural balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

Some common signs and symptoms of hyperventilation include:

* Rapid breathing
* Deep breathing
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Chest pain or tightness
* Shortness of breath
* Confusion or disorientation
* Nausea or vomiting

If you suspect that someone is experiencing hyperventilation, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment may involve the following:

1. Oxygen therapy: Providing extra oxygen to help restore normal oxygen levels in the body.
2. Breathing exercises: Teaching the individual deep, slow breathing exercises to help regulate their breathing pattern.
3. Relaxation techniques: Encouraging the individual to relax and reduce stress, which can help slow down their breathing rate.
4. Medications: In severe cases, medications such as sedatives or anti-anxiety drugs may be prescribed to help calm the individual and regulate their breathing.
5. Ventilation support: In severe cases of hyperventilation, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to support the individual's breathing.

It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of hyperventilation, as it can lead to more serious complications such as respiratory failure or cardiac arrest if left untreated.

1. Chronic bronchitis: This condition causes inflammation of the bronchial tubes (the airways that lead to the lungs), which can cause coughing and excessive mucus production.
2. Emphysema: This condition damages the air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult for the body to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

The main causes of COPD are smoking and long-term exposure to air pollution, although genetics can also play a role. Symptoms of COPD can include shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing, particularly during exercise or exertion. The disease can be diagnosed through pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays, and blood tests.

There is no cure for COPD, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include medications such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation programs, and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and increasing physical activity. In severe cases, oxygen therapy may be necessary to help the patient breathe.

Prevention is key in avoiding the development of COPD, and this includes not smoking and avoiding exposure to air pollution. Early detection and treatment can also help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. With proper management, many people with COPD are able to lead active and productive lives.

There are several types of lung diseases that are classified as obstructive, including:

1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): This is a progressive condition that makes it hard to breathe and can cause long-term disability and even death. COPD is caused by damage to the lungs, usually from smoking or exposure to other forms of pollution.
2. Emphysema: This is a condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged and cannot properly expand and contract. This can cause shortness of breath and can lead to respiratory failure.
3. Chronic bronchitis: This is a condition where the airways in the lungs become inflamed and narrowed, making it harder to breathe.
4. Asthma: This is a condition where the airways in the lungs become inflamed and narrowed, causing wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
5. Bronchiectasis: This is a condition where the airways in the lungs become damaged and widened, leading to thickening of the walls of the airways and chronic infection.
6. Pulmonary fibrosis: This is a condition where the lung tissue becomes scarred and stiff, making it harder to breathe.
7. Lung cancer: This is a malignant tumor that can occur in the lungs and can cause breathing difficulties and other symptoms.

These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including smoking, exposure to air pollution, genetics, and certain occupations or environments. Treatment for obstructive lung diseases may include medications, such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids, and lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to pollutants. In severe cases, surgery or lung transplantation may be necessary.

It's important to note that these diseases can have similar symptoms, so it's important to see a doctor if you experience any persistent breathing difficulties or other symptoms. A proper diagnosis and treatment plan can help manage the condition and improve quality of life.

The symptoms of hypokalemic periodic paralysis can vary in severity and may include:

* Muscle weakness or paralysis, typically affecting the legs but sometimes affecting the arms or face as well
* Muscle cramps and twitching
* Abnormal heart rhythms
* Weakness or paralysis of the respiratory muscles, which can lead to breathing difficulties
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or double vision
* Dizziness and fainting

The exact cause of hypokalemic periodic paralysis is not known, but it is thought to be related to mutations in certain genes that affect the way potassium ions are regulated in the body. The disorder is usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis.

There is no cure for hypokalemic periodic paralysis, but treatment options may include:

* Potassium supplements to maintain normal potassium levels in the blood
* Medications to regulate heart rhythms and prevent abnormal heartbeats
* Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and function
* Avoiding triggers such as stress, certain medications, or changes in potassium levels
* In severe cases, a pacemaker may be implanted to regulate the heartbeat.

It is important to note that hypokalemic periodic paralysis can be a challenging disorder to manage and may have a significant impact on quality of life. However, with proper treatment and management, many individuals with this condition are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

VPCs can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness. In some cases, they can lead to more serious arrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death. To diagnose VPCs, a healthcare provider may perform an electrocardiogram (ECG) or other tests to measure the heart's electrical activity. Treatment options for VPCs include medications to regulate the heart rhythm, implantable devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators, and in some cases, surgery to repair or replace a damaged heart valve.

Prevention of VPCs includes maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing high blood pressure and other risk factors, and avoiding certain medications that can trigger these abnormal heartbeats. Early detection and treatment of underlying heart conditions can also help prevent VPCs from occurring. In summary, Ventricular Premature Complexes are abnormal heartbeats that can disrupt the normal heart rhythm and may be a sign of an underlying heart condition. Diagnosis and treatment options are available to manage this condition and prevent complications.

There are different types of myocardial infarctions, including:

1. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): This is the most severe type of heart attack, where a large area of the heart muscle is damaged. It is characterized by a specific pattern on an electrocardiogram (ECG) called the ST segment.
2. Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI): This type of heart attack is less severe than STEMI, and the damage to the heart muscle may not be as extensive. It is characterized by a smaller area of damage or a different pattern on an ECG.
3. Incomplete myocardial infarction: This type of heart attack is when there is some damage to the heart muscle but not a complete blockage of blood flow.
4. Collateral circulation myocardial infarction: This type of heart attack occurs when there are existing collateral vessels that bypass the blocked coronary artery, which reduces the amount of damage to the heart muscle.

Symptoms of a myocardial infarction can include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and fatigue. These symptoms may be accompanied by anxiety, fear, and a sense of impending doom. In some cases, there may be no noticeable symptoms at all.

Diagnosis of myocardial infarction is typically made based on a combination of physical examination findings, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac enzyme tests, and imaging studies like echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Treatment of myocardial infarction usually involves medications to relieve pain, reduce the amount of work the heart has to do, and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. These may include aspirin, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins. In some cases, a procedure such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow to the affected area.

Prevention of myocardial infarction involves managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and obesity. This can include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress reduction, as well as medications to control these conditions. Early detection and treatment of heart disease can help prevent myocardial infarction from occurring in the first place.

In the medical field, fatigue is often evaluated using a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to determine its underlying cause. Treatment for fatigue depends on the underlying cause, but may include rest, exercise, stress management techniques, and medication.

Some common causes of fatigue in the medical field include:

1. Sleep disorders, such as insomnia or sleep apnea
2. Chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease, or arthritis
3. Infections, such as the flu or a urinary tract infection
4. Medication side effects
5. Poor nutrition or hydration
6. Substance abuse
7. Chronic stress
8. Depression or anxiety
9. Hormonal imbalances
10. Autoimmune disorders, such as thyroiditis or lupus.

Fatigue can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as:

1. Anemia
2. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
3. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
4. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
5. Chronic fatigue syndrome
6. Fibromyalgia
7. Vasculitis
8. Cancer
9. Heart failure
10. Liver or kidney disease.

It is important to seek medical attention if fatigue is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, pain, or difficulty breathing. A healthcare professional can diagnose and treat the underlying cause of fatigue, improving overall quality of life.

The term "intermittent" indicates that the symptoms do not occur all the time, but only during certain activities or situations. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, such as peripheral artery disease (PAD), arterial occlusive disease, or muscle weakness.

Intermittent claudication can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, making it difficult to perform everyday activities like walking or climbing stairs. Treatment options may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

The term "pre-excitation" refers to the fact that the electrical activity that triggers each heartbeat occurs before the actual contraction of the heart muscle. This can cause the heart to beat abnormally fast or irregularly, leading to a range of symptoms and complications.

There are several different types of pre-excitation syndromes, including:

1. Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome: This is the most common type of pre-excitation syndrome, and it is caused by an extra electrical pathway in the heart. This pathway can cause the heart to beat abnormally fast, leading to symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.
2. Pre-excited atrial fibrillation: This is a type of atrial fibrillation (a common heart rhythm disorder) that is caused by an extra electrical pathway in the heart. Like WPW syndrome, this pathway can cause the heart to beat abnormally fast and lead to symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.
3. Pre-excited ventricular tachycardia: This is a type of ventricular tachycardia (a rapid heart rhythm) that is caused by an extra electrical pathway in the heart. Like WPW syndrome and pre-excited atrial fibrillation, this pathway can cause the heart to beat abnormally fast and lead to symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.
4. Other rare forms of pre-excitation syndromes: There are several other rare forms of pre-excitation syndromes, including idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, exercise-induced arrhythmias, and others. These syndromes can also cause abnormal heart rhythms and symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

In summary, pre-excitation syndromes are a group of rare heart rhythm disorders that are caused by extra electrical pathways in the heart. These pathways can cause the heart to beat abnormally fast and lead to symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness. The most common form of pre-excitation syndrome is WPW syndrome, but there are several other rare forms of these disorders as well.

Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.

There are several ways to measure body weight, including:

1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.

It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.

There are several potential causes of LVD, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries can lead to a heart attack, which can damage the left ventricle and impair its ability to function properly.
2. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, it can lead to LVD.
3. Cardiomyopathy: This is a condition where the heart muscle becomes weakened or enlarged, leading to impaired function of the left ventricle.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves can disrupt the normal flow of blood and cause LVD.
5. Hypertension: High blood pressure can cause damage to the heart muscle and lead to LVD.
6. Genetic factors: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that predispose them to developing LVD.
7. Viral infections: Certain viral infections, such as myocarditis, can inflame and damage the heart muscle, leading to LVD.
8. Alcohol or drug abuse: Substance abuse can damage the heart muscle and lead to LVD.
9. Nutritional deficiencies: A diet lacking essential nutrients can lead to damage to the heart muscle and increase the risk of LVD.

Diagnosis of LVD typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), echocardiograms, and stress tests. Treatment options for LVD depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve cardiac function, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, surgery or other procedures.

Preventing LVD involves taking steps to maintain a healthy heart and reducing risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, and obesity. This can be achieved through a balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, and avoiding substance abuse. Early detection and treatment of underlying conditions that increase the risk of LVD can also help prevent the condition from developing.

The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries is often caused by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a family history of heart disease. The plaque can also rupture, causing a blood clot to form, which can completely block the flow of blood to the heart muscle, leading to a heart attack.

CAD is the most common type of heart disease and is often asymptomatic until a serious event occurs. Risk factors for CAD include:

* Age (men over 45 and women over 55)
* Gender (men are at greater risk than women, but women are more likely to die from CAD)
* Family history of heart disease
* High blood pressure
* High cholesterol
* Diabetes
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise

Diagnosis of CAD typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as:

* Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
* Stress test
* Echocardiogram
* Coronary angiography

Treatment for CAD may include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and quitting smoking. Medications such as beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins may also be prescribed to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgical intervention such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be necessary.

Prevention of CAD includes managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes, quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and getting regular exercise. Early detection and treatment of CAD can help to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life for those affected by the disease.

There are several possible causes of chest pain, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: The most common cause of chest pain is coronary artery disease, which occurs when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked. This can lead to a heart attack if the blood flow to the heart muscle is severely reduced.
2. Heart attack: A heart attack occurs when the heart muscle becomes damaged or dies due to a lack of oxygen and nutrients. This can cause severe chest pain, as well as other symptoms such as shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and fatigue.
3. Acute coronary syndrome: This is a group of conditions that occur when the blood flow to the heart muscle is suddenly blocked or reduced, leading to chest pain or discomfort. In addition to heart attack, acute coronary syndrome can include unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).
4. Pulmonary embolism: A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot forms in the lungs and blocks the flow of blood to the heart, causing chest pain and shortness of breath.
5. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs can cause chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
6. Costochondritis: This is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone (sternum), which can cause chest pain and tenderness.
7. Tietze's syndrome: This is a condition that occurs when the cartilage and muscles in the chest are injured, leading to chest pain and swelling.
8. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, it can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue.
9. Pericarditis: An inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the heart (pericardium) can cause chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Precordial catch syndrome: This is a condition that occurs when the muscles and tendons between the ribs become inflamed, causing chest pain and tenderness.

These are just a few of the many possible causes of chest pain. If you are experiencing chest pain, it is important to seek medical attention right away to determine the cause and receive proper treatment.

There are different types of anoxia, including:

1. Cerebral anoxia: This occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cognitive impairment, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
2. Pulmonary anoxia: This occurs when the lungs do not receive enough oxygen, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.
3. Cardiac anoxia: This occurs when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cardiac arrest and potentially death.
4. Global anoxia: This is a complete lack of oxygen to the entire body, leading to widespread tissue damage and death.

Treatment for anoxia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, pain management, and other supportive care. In severe cases, anoxia can lead to long-term disability or death.

Prevention of anoxia is important, and this includes managing underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. It also involves avoiding activities that can lead to oxygen deprivation, such as scuba diving or high-altitude climbing, without proper training and equipment.

In summary, anoxia is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or specific tissues or organs. It can cause cell death and tissue damage, leading to serious health complications and even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term disability or death.

There are several causes of muscle weakness, including:

1. Neuromuscular diseases: These are disorders that affect the nerves that control voluntary muscle movement, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and polio.
2. Musculoskeletal disorders: These are conditions that affect the muscles, bones, and joints, such as arthritis and fibromyalgia.
3. Metabolic disorders: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to produce energy, such as hypoglycemia and hypothyroidism.
4. Injuries: Muscle weakness can occur due to injuries such as muscle strains and tears.
5. Infections: Certain infections such as botulism and Lyme disease can cause muscle weakness.
6. Nutritional deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals such as vitamin D and B12 can cause muscle weakness.
7. Medications: Certain medications such as steroids and anticonvulsants can cause muscle weakness as a side effect.

The symptoms of muscle weakness can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak after performing simple tasks.
2. Lack of strength: Difficulty lifting objects or performing physical activities.
3. Muscle cramps: Spasms or twitches in the muscles.
4. Muscle wasting: Loss of muscle mass and tone.
5. Difficulty speaking or swallowing: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the face, tongue, or throat.
6. Difficulty walking or standing: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the legs or lower back.
7. Droopy facial features: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the facial muscles.

If you are experiencing muscle weakness, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive proper treatment. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination and may order diagnostic tests such as blood tests or imaging studies to help diagnose the cause of the muscle weakness. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause, but may include medication, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes. In some cases, muscle weakness may be a sign of a serious underlying condition that requires prompt medical attention.

There are two types of hypertension:

1. Primary Hypertension: This type of hypertension has no identifiable cause and is also known as essential hypertension. It accounts for about 90% of all cases of hypertension.
2. Secondary Hypertension: This type of hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. It accounts for about 10% of all cases of hypertension.

Some common causes of secondary hypertension include:

* Kidney disease
* Adrenal gland disorders
* Hormonal imbalances
* Certain medications
* Sleep apnea
* Cocaine use

There are also several risk factors for hypertension, including:

* Age (the risk increases with age)
* Family history of hypertension
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise
* High sodium intake
* Low potassium intake
* Stress

Hypertension is often asymptomatic, and it can cause damage to the blood vessels and organs over time. Some potential complications of hypertension include:

* Heart disease (e.g., heart attacks, heart failure)
* Stroke
* Kidney disease (e.g., chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease)
* Vision loss (e.g., retinopathy)
* Peripheral artery disease

Hypertension is typically diagnosed through blood pressure readings taken over a period of time. Treatment for hypertension may include lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, stress management), medications, or a combination of both. The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.

There are many different types of cardiac arrhythmias, including:

1. Tachycardias: These are fast heart rhythms that can be too fast for the body's needs. Examples include atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.
2. Bradycardias: These are slow heart rhythms that can cause symptoms like fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Examples include sinus bradycardia and heart block.
3. Premature beats: These are extra beats that occur before the next regular beat should come in. They can be benign but can also indicate an underlying arrhythmia.
4. Supraventricular arrhythmias: These are arrhythmias that originate above the ventricles, such as atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.
5. Ventricular arrhythmias: These are arrhythmias that originate in the ventricles, such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.

Cardiac arrhythmias can be diagnosed through a variety of tests including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and holter monitors. Treatment options for cardiac arrhythmias vary depending on the type and severity of the condition and may include medications, cardioversion, catheter ablation, or implantable devices like pacemakers or defibrillators.

There are several different types of obesity, including:

1. Central obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
2. Peripheral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat in the hips, thighs, and arms.
3. Visceral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the internal organs in the abdominal cavity.
4. Mixed obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by both central and peripheral obesity.

Obesity can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lack of physical activity, poor diet, sleep deprivation, and certain medications. Treatment for obesity typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and a healthy diet, and in some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to achieve weight loss.

Preventing obesity is important for overall health and well-being, and can be achieved through a variety of strategies, including:

1. Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is low in added sugars, saturated fats, and refined carbohydrates.
2. Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or swimming.
3. Getting enough sleep each night.
4. Managing stress levels through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing.
5. Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and quitting smoking.
6. Monitoring weight and body mass index (BMI) on a regular basis to identify any changes or potential health risks.
7. Seeking professional help from a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized guidance on weight management and healthy lifestyle choices.

Some examples of the use of 'Death, Sudden, Cardiac' in medical contexts include:

1. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major public health concern, affecting thousands of people each year in the United States alone. It is often caused by inherited heart conditions, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or long QT syndrome.
2. The risk of sudden cardiac death is higher for individuals with a family history of heart disease or other pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.
3. Sudden cardiac death can be prevented by prompt recognition and treatment of underlying heart conditions, as well as by avoiding certain risk factors such as smoking, physical inactivity, and an unhealthy diet.
4. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillators (AEDs) can be effective in restoring a normal heart rhythm during sudden cardiac death, especially when used promptly after the onset of symptoms.

There are several types of myotonic disorders, including:

1. Myotonia congenita: This is the most common form of myotonia and affects about 1 in 250,000 people worldwide. It is caused by mutations in the DMPK gene and typically affects the muscles of the face, neck, and limbs.
2. Myotonic dystrophy: This is a more severe form of myotonia that affects about 1 in 8,000 people worldwide. It is caused by mutations in the CNBP or PTPN1 genes and can lead to progressive muscle weakness and wasting.
3. Myotonic syndrome: This is a rare condition that affects about 1 in 100,000 people worldwide. It is caused by mutations in the SCN5A or CAV3 genes and can lead to muscle stiffness, spasms, and weakness, as well as other symptoms such as heart problems and vision loss.

Myotonic disorders can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, electromyography (EMG), and genetic testing. Treatment for myotonic disorders is focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include physical therapy, muscle relaxants, and other medications to help manage muscle stiffness and spasms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve compression on nerves or to correct deformities.

Overall, myotonic disorders are a group of rare genetic conditions that can have a significant impact on quality of life. While there is currently no cure for these disorders, advances in medical research and technology are helping to improve diagnosis and treatment options for those affected.

Measurement:

Cardiac output is typically measured using invasive or non-invasive methods. Invasive methods involve inserting a catheter into the heart to directly measure cardiac output. Non-invasive methods include echocardiography, MRI, and CT scans. These tests can provide an estimate of cardiac output based on the volume of blood being pumped out of the heart and the rate at which it is being pumped.

Causes:

There are several factors that can contribute to low cardiac output. These include:

1. Heart failure: This occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to fatigue and shortness of breath.
2. Anemia: A low red blood cell count can reduce the amount of oxygen being delivered to the body's tissues, leading to fatigue and weakness.
3. Medication side effects: Certain medications, such as beta blockers, can slow down the heart rate and reduce cardiac output.
4. Sepsis: A severe infection can lead to inflammation throughout the body, which can affect the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.
5. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): This occurs when the heart muscle is damaged due to a lack of oxygen, leading to reduced cardiac output.

Symptoms:

Low cardiac output can cause a range of symptoms, including:

1. Fatigue and weakness
2. Dizziness and lightheadedness
3. Shortness of breath
4. Pale skin
5. Decreased urine output
6. Confusion and disorientation

Treatment:

The treatment of low cardiac output depends on the underlying cause. Treatment may include:

1. Medications to increase heart rate and contractility
2. Diuretics to reduce fluid buildup in the body
3. Oxygen therapy to increase oxygenation of tissues
4. Mechanical support devices, such as intra-aortic balloon pumps or ventricular assist devices
5. Surgery to repair or replace damaged heart tissue
6. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, to improve cardiovascular health.

Prevention:

Preventing low cardiac output involves managing any underlying medical conditions, taking medications as directed, and making lifestyle changes to improve cardiovascular health. This may include:

1. Monitoring and controlling blood pressure
2. Managing diabetes and other chronic conditions
3. Avoiding substances that can damage the heart, such as tobacco and excessive alcohol
4. Exercising regularly
5. Eating a healthy diet that is low in saturated fats and cholesterol
6. Maintaining a healthy weight.

There are many different types of heart diseases, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, leading to chest pain or a heart attack.
2. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, which can cause palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves, which can lead to blood leaking back into the chambers or not being pumped effectively.
5. Cardiomyopathy: Disease of the heart muscle, which can lead to weakened heart function and heart failure.
6. Heart murmurs: Abnormal sounds heard during a heartbeat, which can be caused by defects in the heart valves or abnormal blood flow.
7. Congenital heart disease: Heart defects present at birth, such as holes in the heart or abnormal blood vessels.
8. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Damage to the heart muscle due to a lack of oxygen, often caused by a blockage in a coronary artery.
9. Cardiac tamponade: Fluid accumulation around the heart, which can cause compression of the heart and lead to cardiac arrest.
10. Endocarditis: Infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can cause fever, fatigue, and heart valve damage.

Heart diseases can be diagnosed through various tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, stress test, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the specific condition and may include lifestyle changes, medication, surgery, or a combination of these.

Some common examples of respiration disorders include:

1. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe, caused by exposure to pollutants such as cigarette smoke.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways that can cause coughing and difficulty breathing.
5. Emphysema: A condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Sleep apnea: A sleep disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep, leading to fatigue and other symptoms.
7. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory system and digestive system, causing thick mucus buildup and difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
9. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

These are just a few examples of respiration disorders, and there are many other conditions that can affect the respiratory system and cause breathing difficulties. If you are experiencing any symptoms of respiration disorders, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

The symptoms of CFS/ME can vary in severity and may include:

1. Prolonged and persistent fatigue, which is not relieved by rest.
2. Muscle pain and weakness (myalgia).
3. Joint pain and swelling (arthralgia).
4. Headaches.
5. Sore throat.
6. Tender lymph nodes.
7. Lack of mental clarity and concentration (brain fog).
8. Memory loss and difficulty learning new information.
9. Sensitivity to light, noise, and/or other environmental stimuli.
10. Sleep disturbances, including insomnia and vivid dreams or nightmares.

The exact cause of CFS/ME is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. There is no diagnostic test for CFS/ME, and the diagnosis is based on a comprehensive medical history and physical examination. Treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

CFS/ME can have a significant impact on an individual's daily life, relationships, and work or school performance. It can also lead to feelings of frustration, anxiety, and depression. It is important for individuals with CFS/ME to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and improves their quality of life.

Asthma can cause recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These symptoms occur when the muscles surrounding the airways contract, causing the airways to narrow and swell. This can be triggered by exposure to environmental allergens or irritants such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or respiratory infections.

There is no cure for asthma, but it can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes. Treatment typically includes inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, bronchodilators to open up the airways, and rescue medications to relieve symptoms during an asthma attack.

Asthma is a common condition that affects people of all ages, but it is most commonly diagnosed in children. According to the American Lung Association, more than 25 million Americans have asthma, and it is the third leading cause of hospitalization for children under the age of 18.

While there is no cure for asthma, early diagnosis and proper treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for those affected by the condition.

There are several possible causes of dilated cardiomyopathy, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: This is the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, and it occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to a decrease in blood flow to the heart muscle.
2. High blood pressure: Prolonged high blood pressure can cause the heart muscle to become weakened and enlarged.
3. Heart valve disease: Dysfunctional heart valves can lead to an increased workload on the heart, which can cause dilated cardiomyopathy.
4. Congenital heart defects: Some congenital heart defects can lead to an enlarged heart and dilated cardiomyopathy.
5. Alcohol abuse: Chronic alcohol abuse can damage the heart muscle and lead to dilated cardiomyopathy.
6. Viral infections: Some viral infections, such as myocarditis, can cause inflammation of the heart muscle and lead to dilated cardiomyopathy.
7. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic disorders, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, can cause dilated cardiomyopathy.
8. Obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for developing dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly in younger people.
9. Diabetes: Diabetes can increase the risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy, especially if left untreated or poorly controlled.
10. Age: Dilated cardiomyopathy is more common in older adults, with the majority of cases occurring in people over the age of 65.

It's important to note that many people with these risk factors will not develop dilated cardiomyopathy, and some people without any known risk factors can still develop the condition. If you suspect you or someone you know may have dilated cardiomyopathy, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Example Sentence: The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension and began treatment with medication to lower her blood pressure and improve her symptoms.

Word class: Noun phrase / medical condition

1. Coronary artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart.
2. Heart failure: A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms that can be too fast, too slow, or irregular.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves that control blood flow through the heart.
5. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy): Disease of the heart muscle that can lead to heart failure.
6. Congenital heart disease: Defects in the heart's structure and function that are present at birth.
7. Peripheral artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the arms, legs, and other organs.
8. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg.
9. Pulmonary embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, which can be caused by a blood clot or other debris.
10. Stroke: A condition in which there is a lack of oxygen to the brain due to a blockage or rupture of blood vessels.

There are many different approaches to weight loss, and what works best for one person may not work for another. Some common strategies for weight loss include:

* Caloric restriction: Reducing daily caloric intake to create a calorie deficit that promotes weight loss.
* Portion control: Eating smaller amounts of food and avoiding overeating.
* Increased physical activity: Engaging in regular exercise, such as walking, running, swimming, or weightlifting, to burn more calories and build muscle mass.
* Behavioral modifications: Changing habits and behaviors related to eating and exercise, such as keeping a food diary or enlisting the support of a weight loss buddy.

Weight loss can have numerous health benefits, including:

* Improved blood sugar control
* Reduced risk of heart disease and stroke
* Lowered blood pressure
* Improved joint health and reduced risk of osteoarthritis
* Improved sleep quality
* Boosted mood and reduced stress levels
* Increased energy levels

However, weight loss can also be challenging, and it is important to approach it in a healthy and sustainable way. Crash diets and other extreme weight loss methods are not effective in the long term and can lead to nutrient deficiencies and other negative health consequences. Instead, it is important to focus on making sustainable lifestyle changes that can be maintained over time.

Some common misconceptions about weight loss include:

* All weight loss methods are effective for everyone.
* Weight loss should always be the primary goal of a fitness or health program.
* Crash diets and other extreme weight loss methods are a good way to lose weight quickly.
* Weight loss supplements and fad diets are a reliable way to achieve significant weight loss.

The most effective ways to lose weight and maintain weight loss include:

* Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is high in nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
* Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, running, swimming, or weight training.
* Getting enough sleep and managing stress levels.
* Aiming for a gradual weight loss of 1-2 pounds per week.
* Focusing on overall health and wellness rather than just the number on the scale.

It is important to remember that weight loss is not always linear and can vary from week to week. It is also important to be patient and consistent with your weight loss efforts, as it can take time to see significant results.

Overall, weight loss can be a challenging but rewarding process, and it is important to approach it in a healthy and sustainable way. By focusing on overall health and wellness rather than just the number on the scale, you can achieve a healthy weight and improve your overall quality of life.

Type 2 diabetes can be managed through a combination of diet, exercise, and medication. In some cases, lifestyle changes may be enough to control blood sugar levels, while in other cases, medication or insulin therapy may be necessary. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels and follow-up with a healthcare provider are important for managing the condition and preventing complications.

Common symptoms of type 2 diabetes include:

* Increased thirst and urination
* Fatigue
* Blurred vision
* Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal
* Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet
* Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections

If left untreated, type 2 diabetes can lead to a range of complications, including:

* Heart disease and stroke
* Kidney damage and failure
* Nerve damage and pain
* Eye damage and blindness
* Foot damage and amputation

The exact cause of type 2 diabetes is not known, but it is believed to be linked to a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as:

* Obesity and excess body weight
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet and nutrition
* Age and family history
* Certain ethnicities (e.g., African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native American)
* History of gestational diabetes or delivering a baby over 9 lbs.

There is no cure for type 2 diabetes, but it can be managed and controlled through a combination of lifestyle changes and medication. With proper treatment and self-care, people with type 2 diabetes can lead long, healthy lives.

In some cases, hyperemia can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition that requires medical attention. For example, if hyperemia is caused by an inflammatory or infectious process, it may lead to tissue damage or organ dysfunction if left untreated.

Hyperemia can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, muscles, organs, and other tissues. It is often diagnosed through physical examination and imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment for hyperemia depends on its underlying cause, and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or surgery.

In the context of dermatology, hyperemia is often used to describe a condition called erythema, which is characterized by redness and swelling of the skin due to increased blood flow. Erythema can be caused by various factors, such as sun exposure, allergic reactions, or skin infections. Treatment for erythema may include topical medications, oral medications, or other therapies depending on its underlying cause.

... a shuttle-walk test, a cardiac stress test, and the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). In the six-minute walk test, the goal ... Objective tests for exercise intolerance normally involve performing some exercise. Common tests include stair climbing, ... The CPET test measures exercise capacity and help determine whether the cause of exercise intolerance is due to heart disease ... Additionally, testing for exercise-induced asthma may be appropriate. Exercise is key for many people with heart disease or ...
"Anti-terrorism exercise to test Melbourne's underground rail network". Heraldsun.com.au. Retrieved 6 May 2015. "Tasmania tests ... respond to terrorism put to the test Black Hawks buzz the Bay Tasmania tests terrorism response Anti-terrorism exercise to test ... Discussion Exercise) 2015 - 'Hermes Castle' - Multi-agency counter-terrorism exercise held at Holsworthy Barracks to test ... who run the exercise program. The exercise was formerly named National Anti-Terrorism Exercise (NATEX). The program includes ...
"Nick Ferrari's extraordinary exchange with Care Minister over pandemic test exercise". LBC. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March ... Exercise Cygnus was a three-day simulation exercise carried out by the UK Government in October 2016 to estimate the impact of ... David Pegg (7 May 2020). "What was Exercise Cygnus and what did it find?". The Guardian. "Annex A: about Exercise Cygnus". ... "Exercise Cygnus: 18 Nov 2020: Hansard Written Answers". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 20 November 2020. "Exercise Cygnus - Hansard ...
The current gold-standard means for diagnosing EILO is the continuous laryngoscopy during exercise test (CLE-test). This test ... The CLE test can be used during indoor treadmill or cycle-ergometer exercise but also whilst rowing or swimming or exercising ... "Feasibility of portable continuous laryngoscopy during exercise testing". ERJ Open Research. 5 (1). doi:10.1183/23120541.00219- ... EILO develops during intense exercise and closure develops as exercise becomes more intense. Closure of the voice box during ...
"Exercise Capacity and Mortality among Men Referred for Exercise Testing". New England Journal of Medicine. 346 (11): 793-801. ... By comparison, 'Exercise Medicine' is a specific subspecialty of 'Sport and Exercise Medicine'. The concept of 'Exercise is ... The concept of 'Exercise is Medicine' is as a 5-minute addition to almost every medical consultation, treating exercise as a ' ... Exercise Is Medicine has been criticized for making exercise come across as exclusively a medical treatment when it should be ...
"Exercise Testing for Health, Physical Fitness, and Predicting Sport Performance". Exercise Physiology: Integrating Theory and ... concerns or related comments Exercise prescription software Exercise medicine Exercise Prescription at eMedicine "Exercise ... With aerobic exercise prescription, the type of exercise, duration of exercise, frequency, and duration is adjusted. For ... Although routine physical activity could be an aggravating factor for migraine, physical exercise is considered to be part of a ...
... three incremental exercise tests are commonly used: cardiac stress testing, cardiopulmonary exercise test, and an exercise test ... Those of which include fitness tests such as the YMCA sub-maximal test, YoYo test, Leger test, and Beep test. Incremental ... Incremental exercise is often used during fitness tests such as the YMCA sub-maximal test, YoYo test and the commonly known ... Incremental exercise is physical exercise that increases in intensity over time. An incremental exercise test (IET) is a ...
Another object of the exercise was to test "warfighting concepts that are not fully refined," according to deputy exercise ... The exercise aimed to test the ability of the United States to counter both Russia and China simultaneously in the European and ... "Large Scale Exercise 2021 Tests How Navy, Marines Could Fight a Future Global Battle". August 10, 2021. Archived from the ... "U.S. Navy starts Large Scale Exercise, tests new technology, global readiness". UPI. Archived from the original on August 6, ...
This exercise also served as a certification test for Allied Joint Force Command Naples. The exercise gathered around 51,000 ... It was NATO's largest exercise since 2002. According to NATO, Trident Juncture was designed to test its ability to train and ... According to the Norwegian Armed Forces, the exercise tested the country's ability to receive and handle large numbers of ... According to the Norwegian Armed Forces, the exercise tested the country's ability to receive and handle allied support. During ...
... while Sheffield concentrates on citywide testing of community initiatives to increase physical activity.[citation needed] East ... each target a different aspect of the value of physical activity: Physical activity in disease prevention Exercise in chronic ... exercise and physical activity from three hubs across England. It is a collaboration of universities, healthcare trusts, local ... The National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine is a 2012 Olympics Legacy project.[citation needed] The NCSEM has five ...
English, Kirk L. (January 1, 2008). "Reliability of Strength Testing using the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device and Free ... The Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) is an exercise device designed by NASA to allow for more intense workouts in zero ... "Advanced Resistive Exercise Device , Experiment Details". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-14. ... Flywheel training "The International Space Station Advanced Resistive Exercise Device , Patent Details". technology.nasa.gov. ...
... was an early test for NATO's Allied Forces Southern Europe. With Exercise Longstep, this exercise served as ... Exercise Grand Slam was an early major naval exercise of the newly formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This 1952 ... The Western Union Defence Organization had previously carried out Exercise Verity, a 1949 multilateral exercise involving naval ... Hawker Sea Fury The overall exercise commander, Admiral Carney summarized the accomplishments of Exercise Grand Slam by stating ...
Aerobic exercise Bioenergetic systems Margaria-Kalamen power test Strength training Weight training "Anaerobic: MedlinePlus ... This type of exercise leads to a buildup of lactic acid. Anaerobic exercise may be used to help build endurance, muscle ... Anaerobic exercise is a type of exercise that breaks down glucose in the body without using oxygen; anaerobic means "without ... CS1 maint: others, Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Anaerobic exercise, Exercise physiology ...
Medication challenge tests, such as the methacholine challenge test, have a lower sensitivity for detection of exercise-induced ... treatment of an exercise component will likely be unsuccessful. If baseline testing is normal, some form of exercise or ... testing. Objective testing should begin with spirometry at rest. In true exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, the results ... but may result in false negatives if the exercise stimulus is not intense enough. Field-exercise challenge tests that involve ...
"What Is the President's Challenge Fitness Test? , Exercise.com". Retrieved 2021-05-30. "America's Youth Fitness Test Gets a ... The council adopted and expanded on the testing items from a California testing program, deciding that the basic test would ... The Presidential Fitness Test was a national physical fitness testing program conducted in United States public middle- and ... The impetus for the style of physical testing that developed into the Presidential Fitness Test was a research study conducted ...
The exercise has the objective of testing different types of unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned surface vehicles and unmanned ... Today it is the largest UAV testing exercise, with the participation of several NATO countries. REP(MUS) allows nations to pool ... The REP(MUS)20 exercise was canceled due the COVID-19 pandemic, and was replaced by 2 webinar. In this edition took part 11 ... "USS Porter and EOMDU 8 participate in exercise REP (MUS) 2019". U.S. Naval Forces Europe-Africa / U.S. 6th Fleet. Retrieved ...
"Stratifying Symptomatic Patients Using the Exercise Test and Other Tools". Exercise Stress Testing for Primary Care and Sports ... The calculation is done based on the information obtained from an exercise test by this formula:[citation needed] [exercise ... and two if a limiting pain occurs which is a reason to stop the exercise test. Duke treadmill scores typically range from -25 ( ... "Exercise Stress Testing". Nuclear Cardiology Technology Study Guide (Voice). pp. 109-18. ISBN 9780932004833. "Duke Treadmill ...
... and included more than 14,000 personnel participated in the joint exercise. This exercise tested and validated ALCOM's ability ... Exercise Northern Edge is Alaska's premier military joint training exercise. Alaskan Command (ALCOM) uses expansive Alaskan ... The first Northern Edge exercise took place in 1993. This exercise was scaled in comparison. ALCOM designed it to be an ... Northern Edge 2006 was a joint training exercise from June 5-16, 2006. The exercise was aimed at helping prepare forces to ...
He also described the "gear wheel model" used for explaining results obtained from the exercise test in humans. He described ... This Nine-Panel Plot is a standard layout for the graphical representation of data produced by a cardiopulmonary exercise test ... He was one of the first persons who used exercise testing for the interaction of cardiovascular, ventilatory and metabolic ... Sun, Xing-Guo (July 2015). "[The new 9 panels display of data from cardiopulmonary exercise test, emphasizing holistic ...
Tests > Agility > Illinois Agility Test". Top End Sports. 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-05. (Fitness tests, Physical exercise). ... The Illinois agility test is a fitness test designed to test one's sport agility. It is a simple test which is easy to ... It tests the subject's ability to turn in different directions and quickly change speeds. The goal of the test is to complete ...
"Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing" (PDF). CareFusion. Sun, Xing-Guo (July 2015). "[The new 9 panels display of data from ... is a standard layout for the graphical representation of data produced by a cardiopulmonary exercise test. The layout was ... "Preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing". Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain. 10 (2): 33-37. doi: ... cardiopulmonary exercise test, emphasizing holistic integrative multi-systemic functions]". Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za ...
J. 35, 981-984, 1973 Naughton, J. & Haider, R. Methods of Exercising Testing. In Exercise Testing and Exercise Training in ... Gorman, P., Byers, R & Haider, R. Exercise Electrocardiography. In Exercise Testing and Exercise Training in Coronary Heart ... He is best known for his work and research in the diagnostic cardiac ultrasound, heart pacemakers, exercise stress testing, and ... DeVore, Paul A.; Nemiro, Deborah D. (1980-04-01). "Exercise Testing of Obese Subjects". The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 8 (4 ...
Kharabsheh SM, Al-Sugair A, Al-Buraiki J, Al-Farhan J (January-February 2006). "Overview of exercise stress testing". Annals of ... Diagnosis is based upon a physical exam, electrocardiogram, and exercise stress test, among others. Prevention is generally by ... Cardiac stress testing, traditionally the most commonly performed non-invasive testing method for blood flow limitations, in ... A controlled exercise program combats atherosclerosis by improving circulation and functionality of the vessels. Exercise is ...
Exercise stress tests after loading. Dose dependent. Follow bradycardia, prolonged QT closely. Roden DM (August 1998). " ...
Phase 3 saw the integration of the UK Battle Group with Omani forces, followed by Phase 4, a final test exercise. The exercise ... The exercise's simulated enemy was Russia. The exercise was the first to be facilitated by the newly-established UK Joint ... Exercise Saif Sareea 2 was the second and largest Saif Sareea exercise which was held between 15 September and 26 October 2001 ... Exercise Saif Sareea 1 was the first exercise held between 15 November and 8 December 1986. Nearly 5,000 British military ...
The test group experienced 129 minutes of exercise on average per week compared to the control group's 21.8 minutes a week. The ... Exercise is a way to prevent and treat these effects by helping to hypomethylate PPAR-γ and PGC-1α. Additionally, exercise also ... Overall, exercise has been shown to alter blood levels of several miRNAs, and this indicates that exercise can use these ... Epigenetics of physical exercise is the study of epigenetic modifications to the cell genome resulting from physical exercise. ...
"RBAF holds exercise to test preparedness". BorneoBulletin.com.bn. Borneo Bulletin Online. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 ... On 24 September 2019, Royal Brunei Air Force Base, Rimba was one of the locations used as a training area for Exercise Setia ... A United States and Brunei joint exercise Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) was held at the base on 22 October ... Military assets from various parts of the RBAF test and assess their level of preparedness at both operational and tactical ...
"Exercise Xena testing Maritime Reaction Squadron". DefenceWeb. 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2012-07-23. "SA Navy to commission ...
"Nigerian Navy exercise tests operational capability". Archived from the original on 2009-08-17. Retrieved 2017-09-10. " ...
Albouaini, K.; Egred, M.; Alahmar, A.; Wright, D. J. (1 November 2007). "Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and its application ... The cardiopulmonary tests are used to determine the lung capacity and to check for heart murmurs. The chest wall is elastic, ... Physical exercise has an important role in conservative pectus excavatum treatment though is not seen as a means to resolve the ... A small sample size test found that in at least some cases, 37% of individuals have an affected first degree family member. As ...
... which may provide for the testing of any Member, officer, or employee of the House, and otherwise shall be comparable in scope ... exercise general supervision over all committees and, in furtherance thereof, conduct regular monthly meetings with the ... shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House of Representatives, ... to the system for drug testing in the executive branch, Provided, That the expenses of the system may be paid from applicable ...
Wylie's research work included message-testing work for Steve Bannon on building a wall on the American-Mexican border, and he ... and personality profiles mined from the Facebook data which Wylie had commissioned in a mass-data scraping exercise. On the 18 ...
Sherrill, R. (2004). Prior to training with the HEG device, patients are given a standardized pre test, most often the Test of ... found that after only ten 30-minute sessions of HEG brain exercise training, participants with various neurological disorders ... It is widely known that regular cardiovascular exercise results in increased cerebral blood flow due to increased ... an efficient brain exercise therapy. Journal of Neurotherapy, 8(3), 5-21. doi:10.1300/J184v08n03_02 Amen, D. & Routh, L. (2003 ...
This one can't be recommended highly enough because its legend has stood the test of time, making it a true classic." In an ... The players declare and exercise their right to bellow and wail all they want; they both send up the stereotype of free playing ...
... test for the validity of the exercise of the corporations power. Accordingly, the judgment suggests that, henceforth, it may be ... or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office ... The rejection of a power by the people has never persuaded the Court that the Commonwealth should not exercise the power. ... Toohey, Gaudron and Gummow JJ held that the removal of Indigenous children was not the exercise of judicial power, hence no ...
This allows them to accumulate profits from revenues derived from rent; to exercise control over the flow of information, ... tested and operated and in what ethical frameworks relevant to many forms of human interests, thereby affecting the degree of ... This initiative approached digital self-determination "as an enabler of - or at least contributor - to the exercise of autonomy ... who exercise their autonomy and freedom in vastly different political regimes with varying degrees of rule of law. In 2020, a ...
Test Track, a thrill ride inspired by the rigorous automobile testing procedures that Chevrolet uses to evaluate concept cars. ... allowing Disney to exercise governmental powers over Walt Disney World. Control over the RCID is vested in the landowners of ... It will be a community of tomorrow that will never be completed but will always be introducing and testing, and demonstrating ... "How Epcot's World of Motion Became Test Track". The News Wheel. March 16, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2020. "Horizons". ...
Yamabushi on the Ōmine Okugakemichi near Yoshino (Japan) Ascetic waterfall exercise supervised by a monk (Shippōryū-ji Temple) ... Shugendō literally means "the path of training and testing" or "the way to spiritual power through discipline." Shugendō ...
While Harjo refers to "Native DNA", there is no DNA test that can reliably confirm Native American ancestry, and no DNA test ... The reestablishment and exercise of tribal sovereignty among tribal nations (following the era of Indian termination policy) ... While a DNA test may bring up some markers associated with some Indigenous or Asian populations (and the science there is ... DNA tests are setting up other problems involving those who discover Native DNA [sic] in their bloodline. When individuals ...
Both cars were tested by 1974 but neither car went into production. The Dutcher is on display at the Petersen Automotive Museum ... As a publicity exercise the trip was to assess the potential of starting a steam bus service but the anticipated afternoon ... The engine's sustained maximum power was 120 bhp (89 kW). A Ford Coupe was used as a test-bed for the engine. The project was ... The plan was revised and two 1969 Dodge Polaras were to be retrofitted with steam engines for testing. One car was to be ...
Up to June 2010, TAS3 consortium partners do not hold patents nor will exercise patents that cover implementation and use of ... Enhancing Service Federation Trustworthiness through Online Testing I. Ciuciu, et al.: "Ontology Based Interoperation for ... "Enhancing Service Federation Trustworthiness through Online Testing", IEEE Computer, January 2012 (vol. 45 no. 1) pp. 66-72, ...
The less-esteemed examinations tested for skills such as mathematics, law, and calligraphy. The success rate on these tests of ... The power they wielded seriously constrained the emperor's ability to exercise his power in court, especially when it came to ... was added to the tests, with rather specific set requirements: this was for the jinshi degree, as well as certain other tests. ... The highest level tests would be at the imperial court or palace level, of which the jinshi was the highest regular level, ...
It is a full member of the International Cricket Council, having been granted Test status and full membership by the ICC in ... to exercise its right to opt out of the Free State by making an address to King George V. The text of the address was: Most ... The side competes in Test cricket, the highest level of competitive cricket in the international arena, and is one of the 12 ... to exercise their right of self-determination on the basis of consent, freely and concurrently given, North and South, to bring ...
Forty built, ordered on 25 September 1959, built at Brough and towed to Holme-on-Spalding Moor for first flight and testing. ... also participated in the similar Maple Flag exercise over Canada. The Buccaneer proved successful with its fast low-level ...
After tests at the Hahnemühle paper factory, the rags were used by local factories and then cleaned before being used to make ... Operation Bernhard was an exercise by Nazi Germany to forge British bank notes. The initial plan was to drop the notes over ...
There are several special leak test methods available to test the integrity of an LNG vessel's membrane cargo tanks. The ... Before this commercial exercise, LNG had only ever been transferred between ships on a handful of occasions as a necessity ... "LNG Carrier Leak Test Completed Outside Korea". Oil and Gas Online. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on April 23, ... It is being evaluated and tested for over-the-road trucking, off-road, marine, and train applications. There are known problems ...
This reduction in total lung volume sets limits on patients' exercise tolerance, and contribute to shortness of breath after ... Prenatal sonographic evaluation, also known as Biophysical profile is frequently used for prenatal testing. High frequency of ... and limited exercise tolerance. Rapid heartbeat, cyanosis, chest asymmetry, dullness may also be present. Lung function is ...
Almería would exercise their option to buy Jakobsen from Aalborg BK following the season meaning he would remain in Spain for ... In August 2012, Almería announced that Jakobsen would transfer to Copenhagen after he passed medical tests in Copenhagen. On 25 ...
In identical fashion Jesus looked forward to a coming intense testing, for both himself and for his disciples, during his own ... "The Glory of God in the Fourth Gospel: An Exercise in Biblical Semantics," New Testament Studies 15 (1969), 265 ff. "He Who for ...
... sank Fletcher as part of a new torpedo test exercise. The Australian submarine HMAS Waller test fired a modified live Mk48 Mod7 ... After her decommissioning in 2004, she was sunk in a torpedo test exercise in 2008. Designed and built by Ingalls Shipyards of ...
He gave it a nine out of ten overall, calling it "a difficult adventure that was designed to test a party's mettle and playing ... Doug Cowie reviewed I2 favorably for Imagine magazine, calling it a "one off exercise with various encounters occurring in ...
... and medicine testing, adding that the United States and Australia already conduct such tests. 29 December A stolen Civil Air ... Goodman, Al, and Elwyn Lopez,"Greek F-16 crashes in Spain during NATO exercise, killing 11," cnn.com, 27 January 2015, 1015 GMT ... 9 May An Airbus A400M Atlas cargo aircraft on a test flight crashes just after takeoff from San Pablo Airport in Seville, Spain ... Blue Origin's New Shepard space vehicle achieves a milestone in an unmanned test flight when it is launched to an altitude of ...
How to Defeat a Drone Attack: Raytheon Shows Off New Tech in Tabletop Exercise. Military.com. 24 January 2020. Coyote Block 2 ... Raytheon Coyote Block 3 non-kinetic effector defeats swarm of drones in US Army tests. Air Recognition. 2 August 2021. This ... ground test October 2016) Endurance: 1 hr+ @ cruise (May 2016); 2h (2017) Weight: 13 pounds (5.9 kg) Length: 36 inches (0.91 m ... Raytheon announced in August 2021 that a demonstration of the Block 3 in an air intercept test had used a non-kinetic warhead ...
... weapon alignment tests and endurance tests. Stage 1.3 trials were conducted between 26 August and 22 September 2008 and ... "Daring arrives in Singapore ahead of five nations exercise". Royal Navy. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2016. "UK to send ... As she is the first in the class some structural areas needed to be tested, including the loads that the main 4.5-inch Mark 8 ... "Babcock to Test Phalanx 1B CIWS on HMS Daring". Naval Technology.com. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2019. Harding, Thomas (6 ...
The permanent resident cannot vote or be elected to political office, and can only exercise these two rights after Brazilian ... to test the viability of introducing that variable in the Census: 3 (the IBGE ended by deciding against the inclusion of ... exercise of occupation or possession of sufficient assets to maintain itself and the family; VI - proper procedure; VII - no ... naturalization upon a Brazilian residing in a foreign country as a condition for remaining in its territory or for exercise of ...
By 1951 a test array had proven the concept and by 1952 additional stations were ordered for the Atlantic. The first major ... 1978). Bearing Stake Exercise: Sound Speed and Other Environmental Variability (PDF) (Report). NSTL Station, MS: Naval Ocean ... In testing the concept in 1944 Ewing and Worzel hung a hydrophone from Saluda, a sailing vessel assigned to the Underwater ... Figure 1 of the reference "The Heard Island Feasibility Test" (Munk) shows ray paths to receiving locations. Table 1 lists the ...
This exercise was designed to test the special forces community's endurance, combat efficiency, and combat readiness. The ... This is all done at the last stage of the stress test under lack of sleep and extreme fatigue mainly to test mental endurance ... exercise Para SF operator during India-Kyrgyzstan joint Special Forces (SF) exercise Khanjar-IX, 2022 Para SF personnel in ... This is to test probationers panic reactions under stress. The hands are also tied later on and using ropes the probationers ...
Lars conducted a clinical trial with the Swedish army to test a prototype that was used to develop a skin barrier for bandaging ... An Illustrated Guide to the Management of Injuries in Physical Activity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 466. ISBN 978-0470674161. ...
They favored strong supranational control bodies as long as they continued to exercise de facto control over such bodies. ... CS1 location test, Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Use American English from ...
Initial testing was carried out in Chemnitz, Saxony. The first tram, 2554, was delivered to Croydon on 24 January 2012 and ... MVG chose not to exercise options to buy any more Variobahns, and turned to Siemens to supply its next generation of trams. Six ... "Croydon tram on test in Chemnitz". Railway Gazette International. 4 January 2012. "Croydon Tramlink takes delivery of cars". ...
ACSMs Exercise Testing and Prescription is a practical resource that walks students through the process of selecting and ... Download your free pdf sample of Chapter 8: General Principles of Exercise Prescription to see more. ...
An exercise stress test is used to measure the effect of exercise on your heart. ... Exercise ECG; ECG - exercise treadmill; EKG - exercise treadmill; Stress ECG; Exercise electrocardiography; Stress test - ... Exercise physiology and exercise electrocardiographic testing. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon ... When you have an abnormal exercise stress test, you may have other tests performed on your heart such as:. *Cardiac ...
Copyright © 2023 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine. All rights reserved. ...
Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing-1999. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was ... Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing-1999. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was ...
Prevalence of the exercise-induced bronchoconstriction using the mannitol test, insight into potential ergogenic and ... Prevalence of the exercise-induced bronchoconstriction using the mannitol test, insight into potential ergogenic and ... Project Title: Prevalence of the exercise-induced bronchoconstriction using the mannitol test, insight into potential ergogenic ...
Experience a health transformation with in-home DNA testing and analysis for diet, fitness, health, and mental wellness. ... Tags: consumer genomics, DNA nutrition, dna testing, DNA testing for brain health, DNA testing for diet, DNA testing for ... dnaPower: Genetic Testing For Diet And Exercise To Help People Take Power Over Their Health. Industry: Biotechnology ... dnaPower provides the most comprehensive DNA testing for preventative health. DNA test kits are available for diet (dietPower ...
Conventional incremental exercise test protocol underestimates peak oxygen uptake during stimulated cycle ergometry in ... 2006) Conventional incremental exercise test protocol underestimates peak oxygen uptake during stimulated cycle ergometry in ... This paper discusses conventional incremental exercise test protocol underestimates peak oxygen uptake during stimulated cycle ...
Global Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Market Scope and Market Size. The cardiopulmonary exercise testing market is segmented ... Global Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Market Share Analysis. The cardiopulmonary exercise testing market competitive ... Key player Global Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Market. The major players covered in the cardiopulmonary exercise testing ... Market Analysis and Insights: Global Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Market. • Cardiopulmonary exercise testing assists in ...
... coronary angiography plus exercise testing were done on 112 patients with angina pectoris and normal electrocardiogram. The ... 10 mmHg or systolic BP 3 min post-exercise 90% of peak, heart rate drop ... To determine the best combination of parameters that would improve the diagnostic performance of exercise testing, ... Exercise stress test. Before the test the patients had to be free of chest discomfort for at least 1 week, stop anti-anginal, ...
... ... Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is used as a risk stratification tool for patients undergoing major surgery. In this ...
Exercise 16 Free Online English Grammar Quizzes - Tests - Exercises About MUST (Necessity) MCQ Grammar Quiz - Test - Exercise ... Home » English Grammar Tests » MUST (Necessity) MCQ Grammar Quiz - Test - Exercise. MUST (Necessity) MCQ Grammar Quiz - Test - ... Cloze Tests - Cloze Tests category includes free online quizzes on cloze tests passages tests consisting of multiple choice ... Numbers 1 to 100 MCQ Vocabulary Quiz - Test - Exercise. Help us continue providing free English language tests and quizzes ...
We tested the Cyclace exercise stationary bike. Is this affordable home gym bike the right pick for you? Read our full review ... The Cyclace Exercise bike has a few drawbacks, but the price point makes it well worth it! While this bike doesnt boast the ... The Cyclace exercise bike proves that affordability doesnt also mean cheap. This bike is built like a tank, boasts a compact ... If you are in the market for a great stationary bike that is strong, sturdy, and compact, the Cyclace Exercise bike is worth ...
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The existing tests for timed connect, read and accept dont exercise many scenarios ... JDK-8272770 New tests for java.net.Socket to exercise long standing behavior ... JDK-8274125 New tests for java.net.Socket to exercise long standing behavior ... java.net.Socket has existing behavior that is not well exercised by the existing tests. Specifically this issue adds tests for ...
Sai Wan Ho testing exercise ends The Government announced that the compulsory testing exercise for the Sai Wan Ho restricted ... Grand Promenade to stay in their premises and undergo compulsory testing. As at 1am today, around 830 residents were tested. In ... According to a compulsory testing notice issued yesterday, people who stayed in the building for more than two hours from ... It made a restriction-testing declaration last night, requiring people at Tower 1, ...
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All subjects tolerated maximal exercise testing well. The JIA group had lower aerobic fitness than controls. In our comparison ... Keywords: juvenile idiopathic arthritis, oxygen uptake, exercise testing, aerobic fitness, AEROBIC FITNESS, OXYGEN-UPTAKE, ... Exercise programs for improvement of aerobic fitness should be individualized or at least be modified according to different ... There was no difference in exercise capacity between patients with active disease (n = 10) and those in remission (n = 24). ...
A multi-brigade field training exercise has tested response procedures for a significant chemical leak at the Tarago Water ... Developed by a team led by Drouin Wests Training Officer Bruce Jewell, the training exercise was designed to test and review ... A multi-brigade field training exercise has tested response procedures for a significant chemical leak at the Tarago Water ... "It was a complex exercise that was a great test of our capability," Bruce said. ...
Testing, Training, and Exercise Capabilities Table. Worksheet that planners can use to list testing, training, and exercise ... Preparedness Covid-19 Related Continuity of Operations Testing Training and Exercise Capabilities Table ...
To determine maximal exercise capacity, the mice were subjected to a high-intensity exercise (wind sprints) test consisting of ... Exercise stress test. Mice were acclimated (run for 9 min at 10 m/min followed by 1 min at 20 m/min) to the treadmill for 2 ... We also assessed muscle exercise performance in living mice. Acute running endurance tests revealed that LONP1 mKO mice could ... Interestingly, LONP1 mKO mice had a higher RER than WT controls during exercise, and this was accompanied by reduced exercise ...
The tests look at: How much air your lungs can hold. How quickly you can move air in and out of your lungs. How well your lungs ... The tests can find lung problems, measure how serious they are, and check to see how well treatment for a lung disease is ... Lung function tests check to see how well your lungs work. ... Exercise stress tests. Exercise stress tests look at how ... No single test can check for all of the lung function values, so more than one type of test may be done. Some tests may be ...
The Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. The Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in ... This review emphasizes the importance of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in patients diagnosed with hypertrophic ... In contrast to standard exercise testing and stress echoes, which are limited due to the ECG changes and wall motion ... Finally, it is used to guide and monitor therapy as well as for exercise prescription. It may be considered every 2 years in ...
... team to find out if age-related loss of muscle mass and function can be minimised by a simple but regular home-based exercise ... Major study to test exercise based therapy in early dementia. Published Date. Monday 11th January 2016. ... New test could detect early hearing loss in cystic fibrosis patients. *. Research team helps BBC Trust Me Im a Doctor ... Tangible exercise benefits. The clinical trial found there was a marked improvement in muscle strength and power, both of which ...
FED released hypothetical scenarios for the stress test exercise in 2020. This year, the stress tests will evaluate 34 large ... Banks are required to submit their capital plans and the results of their own stress tests to FED by April 06, 2020. FED will ... announce the results of the supervisory stress tests by June 30, 2020. In its announcement, FED has disclosed the list of banks ... FED released hypothetical scenarios for the stress test exercise in 2020. This year, the stress tests will evaluate 34 large ...
... byDuke Mensah OpokuandNii Larte Lartey ... These persons tested positive after a Coronavirus re-testing exercise was conducted ahead of todays resumption of ... 550 persons comprising MPs and parliamentary staff participated in the re-testing exercise out of which 12 tested positive. ... "As we resume today, I believe we will all adhere to the time tested protocols that the COVID-19 pandemic requires of us while ...
  • The cardiopulmonary exercise testing market is expected to witness market growth at a rate of 4.1% in the forecast period of 2021 to 2028. (diggerslist.com)
  • Global Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Market report is of immense importance for better understanding of the market which leads to high business growth. (diggerslist.com)
  • Global Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Market research report also provides information about manufacturers, market competition, cost, market effect factors for the forecast period of 2021-2028. (diggerslist.com)
  • Additionally, Global Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Market analysis report provides top to bottom estimation of the market with respect to income and developing business sector. (diggerslist.com)
  • This market report has a chapter on the Global Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Market and all its associated companies with their profiles, which gives valuable data related to their outlook in terms of finances, product portfolios, investment plans, and marketing and business strategies. (diggerslist.com)
  • The proper utilization of established statistical tools and coherent models for analysis and forecasting of market data makes Global Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Market report outperforming. (diggerslist.com)
  • The cardiopulmonary exercise testing market is segmented on the basis of product and end-user. (diggerslist.com)
  • On the basis of product, the cardiopulmonary exercise testing market is segmented into single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) systems, echocardiogram, pulse oximeters, stress blood pressure monitors and others. (diggerslist.com)
  • On the basis of end-user, the cardiopulmonary exercise testing market is segmented into diagnostic centers, ambulatory centers, clinics and hospitals and others. (diggerslist.com)
  • Cardiopulmonary exercise testing assists in allowing dynamic and accurate assessment of pulmonary and cardiac performance during exercise in variety of surgical settings. (diggerslist.com)
  • Cardiopulmonary exercise testing helps physicians in measuring accurately anticipated outcome and exercise capacity in patient with heart disease or any other cardiac condition. (diggerslist.com)
  • The increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders including arrhythmia and heart valve imbalance, and growing number of incidences of lifestyle diseases are the major factors driving the cardiopulmonary exercise testing market. (diggerslist.com)
  • The increasing cases of heart and lung disorders and rising adoption of cardiopulmonary exercise testing as they evaluate and detect heart failures, ischemic heart disease, shortness of breath and pulmonary disorders accelerate the cardiopulmonary exercise testing market growth further. (diggerslist.com)
  • The increasing popularity of the cost-effectiveness and multiple uses of these devices owning to its cost-effectiveness and multiple uses of these devices and the benefits offered by the testing such as accuracy and the least operating time taken by these devices also influence the cardiopulmonary exercise testing market. (diggerslist.com)
  • Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in juve. (istanbul.edu.tr)
  • The Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. (bvsalud.org)
  • This review emphasizes the importance of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in patients diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). (bvsalud.org)
  • The syndrome of HFpEF has shown, on cardiopulmonary exercise testing). (who.int)
  • In contrast to standard exercise testing and stress echoes, which are limited due to the ECG changes and wall motion abnormalities that characterize this condition, CPET allows for the assessment of the complex pathophysiology and severity of the disease , its mechanisms of functional limitation, and its risk stratification. (bvsalud.org)
  • CPET imaging) and invasive CPET are more informative and provide a better assessment of cardiac functional status , left ventricular outflow tract obstruction , and diastolic dysfunction during exercise in patients with HCM. (bvsalud.org)
  • The exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) is used in the evaluation of symptomatic patients to predict the presence and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) [1,2]. (who.int)
  • As these manifestations occur before the onset of symptoms and electrocardiographic changes, it is not surprising that many studies have shown that exercise and pharmacological stress testing, in conjunction with myocardial perfusion imaging or echocardiography, is superior to electrocardiography for detecting coronary artery disease. (bmj.com)
  • Inotropic stress testing (using dobutamine or arbutamine) is a safe, accurate, and increasingly used technique for evaluating coronary artery disease, 9-14 and whether it is used in conjunction with myocardial perfusion imaging or echocardiography, its diagnostic efficacy is similar to dynamic exercise. (bmj.com)
  • You may also hear the tests called pulmonary function tests, or PFTs. (cigna.com)
  • Pulmonary function tests and a chest radiograph can be used to distinguish a patient with sarcoidosis from one with chronic beryllium disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Pulmonary function tests. (cdc.gov)
  • Evidence of decline on resting pulmonary function tests. (cdc.gov)
  • Exercise Electrocardiography in the Evaluation of Pediatric and Congenital He. (heartuniversity.org)
  • Design 100 consecutive patients investigated by exercise electrocardiography and diagnostic coronary arteriography underwent simultaneous inotropic stress Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT (MIBI) imaging and echocardiography. (bmj.com)
  • Objective To assess whether inotropic stress myocardial perfusion imaging, echocardiography, or a combination of the two could enhance the detection of multivessel disease, over and above clinical and exercise electrocardiographic data. (bmj.com)
  • Clinical and exercise electrocardiographic variables gave an R 2 value of 18.2% for predicting multivessel disease. (bmj.com)
  • 6-8 Whether the combination of stress myocardial perfusion imaging and echocardiography can enhance the detection of multivessel disease in conjunction with clinical and exercise electrocardiographic variables has not previously been investigated. (bmj.com)
  • Clinical exercise testing / Norman L. Jones, E.J. Moran Campbell. (who.int)
  • Determine which clinical assessments and tests are needed for a patient with cardiovascular symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • Testing be enhanced by speeding transport of specimens and efforts subsequently moved to those required under the improving transmission of clinical data. (cdc.gov)
  • Second, a step-down in demand with a focus on severe or atypical cases that needed testing for clinical management would result in 200 tests being conducted each day for several months. (cdc.gov)
  • The Speaker of Parliament, Alban Bagbin announced the outcome of the exercise in his opening remarks on Tuesday, March 2, 2021. (citinewsroom.com)
  • In these maximum exercise tests, the VO2max, acidity and maximum leg muscle strength are measured. (indirectcalorimetry.net)
  • Tested but VO2max estimate missing - data obtained during the treadmill test were insufficient in calculating VO2max. (cdc.gov)
  • Aerobic fitness was determined by measuring peak power and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) during an incremental cycling test. (istanbul.edu.tr)
  • When the peak demand because containment attempts continued outbreak began, Victorian health authorities implemented despite widespread infl uenza, and 3) unexpected infl uence the contain phase ( 3 ), and laboratory confi rmation of of negative test results on public health actions. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite peak demand of 1,401 tests at which time laboratory testing was restricted to that per day, results were provided within the usual 24 hours appropriate under a modifi ed-sustain phase. (cdc.gov)
  • You will walk on a treadmill or pedal on an exercise bicycle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The screening is done prior to the treadmill test using questions in the household interview, questions administered by the physician in the NHANES Mobile Examination Center (MEC) and aspects of the physician examination such as measurements of heart rate and blood pressure. (cdc.gov)
  • Based on gender, age, body mass index, and self-reported level of physical activity, participants are assigned to one of eight treadmill test protocols. (cdc.gov)
  • Did not participate in the treadmill test. (cdc.gov)
  • This derived variable denotes the reason the treadmill test was not done or data are missing. (cdc.gov)
  • In most cases, you will be asked to avoid caffeine or caffeine-like substances for 24 hours before the test. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Inhalation challenge tests are done to measure how your airways respond to substances that may be causing asthma or wheezing. (cigna.com)
  • This year, the stress tests will evaluate 34 large banks with more than USD 100 billion in total assets and include two hypothetical scenarios: baseline and severely adverse. (stresstestconsultant.com)
  • To determine the best combination of parameters that would improve the diagnostic performance of exercise testing, coronary angiography plus exercise testing were done on 112 patients with angina pectoris and normal electrocardiogram. (who.int)
  • It made a restriction-testing declaration last night, requiring people at Tower 1, Grand Promenade to stay in their premises and undergo compulsory testing. (chinaexpat.net)
  • According to a compulsory testing notice issued yesterday, people who stayed in the building for more than two hours from September 24 to October 15 must undergo testing by October 17 even if they were not in the restricted area when the declaration took effect. (chinaexpat.net)
  • 3" - Refusal: participant refused to undergo or continue the test. (cdc.gov)
  • It's 2020 and at-home DNA tests have the power to inform us about a lot more than just our ancestry. (prunderground.com)
  • Banks are required to submit their capital plans and the results of their own stress tests to FED by April 06, 2020. (stresstestconsultant.com)
  • FED will announce the results of the supervisory stress tests by June 30, 2020. (stresstestconsultant.com)
  • On Aug. 16, 2022, Hemsworth posted a "minimal tools" exercise through a video on his Instagram web page. (medihelpers.co)
  • This test shows the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your bloodstream. (cigna.com)
  • Baseline measurements of heart rate and blood pressure will be taken before exercise starts. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Baseline measurements of weight and blood pressure were taken at the start, and a series of muscle strength, muscle bulk and health tests were recorded. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The group spent four weeks after baseline testing carrying out a range of simple exercises in the course of their normal daily routines. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The objective of this study has been to evaluate the performance of healthy, elderly subjects engaged in regular physical activity as a measure of executive function through verbal fluency testing, category of animals. (bvsalud.org)
  • As we resume today, I believe we will all adhere to the time tested protocols that the COVID-19 pandemic requires of us while we are in the offices, and everywhere we find ourselves. (citinewsroom.com)
  • Laboratory tests and identified diagnoses in patients with physical and chronic urticaria and angioedema: A systematic review. (medscape.com)
  • To identify heart rhythm changes that may occur during exercise. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Worksheet that planners can use to list testing, training, and exercise requirements and the frequency that each should occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Finally, it is used to guide and monitor therapy as well as for exercise prescription . (bvsalud.org)
  • Chapter 6 General Principles of Exercise Prescription. (cdc.gov)
  • Lung function tests check to see how well your lungs work. (cigna.com)
  • The tests can find lung problems, measure how serious they are, and check to see how well treatment for a lung disease is working. (cigna.com)
  • Lung function results are measured directly in some tests and are calculated in others. (cigna.com)
  • No single test can check for all of the lung function values, so more than one type of test may be done. (cigna.com)
  • There are several different types of lung function tests. (cigna.com)
  • Spirometry is the most common lung function test. (cigna.com)
  • Test results are reported as a lung clearance index (LCI). (cigna.com)
  • This test is done at a medical center or health care provider's office. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Experience a health transformation with in-home DNA testing and analysis for diet, fitness, health, and mental wellness. (prunderground.com)
  • A Vancouver based company called " dnaPower Inc. " provides everyday people access to DNA based diet, fitness, health and mental wellness testing and reporting . (prunderground.com)
  • dnaPower provides the most comprehensive DNA testing for preventative health. (prunderground.com)
  • DNA test kits are available for diet ( dietPower ), fitness ( fitPower ), health ( healthPower ) and mental wellness ( brainPower ) with over 70 areas and 200 genetic markers tested. (prunderground.com)
  • Clients can experience a health transformation when they eat and exercise for their genes. (prunderground.com)
  • dnaPower was one of the first in the world to offer DNA health testing, launching in 2008. (prunderground.com)
  • Since then, they have been providing personalized testing and professional support to help people like you make better, data-driven decisions about your health. (prunderground.com)
  • We hope that the general public will now take it upon themselves to consider incorporating similar muscle-strengthening workouts to help maintain physical function and health - this means you don't necessarily have to go to the gym or use specialist equipment to realise some of the benefits of exercise! (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • This minimal tools exercise is one other small pattern of Hemsworth's ongoing challenge within the rising health area. (medihelpers.co)
  • At the end of warm-up and each exercise stage, participants were asked to rate their perceived exertion using the Borg scale. (cdc.gov)
  • The 38-year-old will share comparable exercises within the coming weeks to advertise his exercise app, Centr. (medihelpers.co)
  • Spirometry readings are done after exercise and then again at rest. (cigna.com)
  • A normal test will most often mean that you were able to exercise as long as or longer than most people of your age and sex. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It may be hard to interpret the results of an exercise-only stress test in some people. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People who are more likely to have such complications are often already known to have heart problems, so they are not given this test. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This opens a cross-section of over 26 million people who have taken an at-home DNA test and wouldn't need to have their DNA re-tested. (prunderground.com)
  • The multiple-breath washout test is done to check people who have cystic fibrosis . (cigna.com)
  • People interviewed included the (the exercise organizer) who was near the door to · Fire Chief the second room. (cdc.gov)
  • This means that the volunteers benefited from home-based exercise with a tangible increase in function and muscle mass - both are tied to healthy ageing. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • fire fighter participated in a search-and-rescue training exercise. (cdc.gov)
  • To assess aerobic fitness and exercise capacity in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to determine subgroup differences. (istanbul.edu.tr)
  • There was no difference in exercise capacity between patients with active disease (n = 10) and those in remission (n = 24). (istanbul.edu.tr)
  • An exercise stress test is used to measure the effect of exercise on your heart. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These patches are attached to an ECG monitor that follows the electrical activity of your heart during the test. (medlineplus.gov)
  • While you exercise, the activity of your heart is measured with an electrocardiogram (ECG). (medlineplus.gov)
  • You are going to start an exercise program and you have heart disease or certain risk factors, such as diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To further test for a heart valve problem (such as aortic valve or mitral valve stenosis ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The meaning of your test results depends on the reason for the test, your age, and your history of heart and other medical problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The goal of each protocol is to elicit a heart rate that is approximately 75 percent of the age-predicted maximum (220-age) by the end of the test. (cdc.gov)
  • Heart rate was monitored continuously using an automated monitor with four electrodes connected to thorax and abdomen of the participant and was recorded at the end of warm-up, each exercise stage, and each minute of recovery. (cdc.gov)
  • All subjects tolerated maximal exercise testing well. (istanbul.edu.tr)
  • To this end, 14 subjects between the ages of 60 and 85, and having 1 to 4 years of schooling, were assessed by a battery of screening tests, i.e. (bvsalud.org)
  • If the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) does not decrease with this test, the PVR is considered irreversible, and the patient may not be a good surgical candidate for corrective cardiac surgery. (medscape.com)
  • Two different methods are used for this test. (cigna.com)
  • Stress tests are generally safe. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Exercise stress tests look at how exercise affects your lungs. (cigna.com)
  • The Government announced that the compulsory testing exercise for the Sai Wan Ho restricted area ended today with no confirmed COVID-19 cases found. (chinaexpat.net)
  • Attempted containment greatest challenges were limited availability of skilled staff ceased on June 3 when confi rmed cases totaled 977, and test reagents. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to testing at their CLIA certified Canadian lab , dnaPower has introduced a new capability to perform their analysis and reports based on raw DNA data generated from 3rd party direct to consumer genetic companies like 23andMe and Ancestry DNA. (prunderground.com)
  • Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing-1999. (nih.gov)
  • Inhalation challenge test. (cigna.com)
  • This test measures how well your lungs transfer a small amount of carbon monoxide (CO) into the blood. (cigna.com)
  • You must not eat, smoke, or drink beverages containing caffeine or alcohol for 3 hours (or more) before the test. (medlineplus.gov)
  • NIOSH contract physician traveled to Michigan to began the exercise shortly after 2000 hours. (cdc.gov)