Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Directed Molecular Evolution: The techniques used to produce molecules exhibiting properties that conform to the demands of the experimenter. These techniques combine methods of generating structural changes with methods of selection. They are also used to examine proposed mechanisms of evolution under in vitro selection conditions.Selection, Genetic: Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Cultural Evolution: The continuous developmental process of a culture from simple to complex forms and from homogeneous to heterogeneous qualities.Models, Genetic: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Clonal Evolution: The process of accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes over time in individual cells and the effect of the changes on CELL PROLIFERATION.Adaptation, Biological: Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)PrimatesFossils: Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.Genome: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Evolution, Chemical: Chemical and physical transformation of the biogenic elements from their nucleosynthesis in stars to their incorporation and subsequent modification in planetary bodies and terrestrial biochemistry. It includes the mechanism of incorporation of biogenic elements into complex molecules and molecular systems, leading up to the origin of life.Hominidae: Family of the suborder HAPLORHINI (Anthropoidea) comprising bipedal primate MAMMALS. It includes modern man (HOMO SAPIENS) and the great apes: gorillas (GORILLA GORILLA), chimpanzees (PAN PANISCUS and PAN TROGLODYTES), and orangutans (PONGO PYGMAEUS).Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.Mammals: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.Gene Transfer, Horizontal: The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Adaptation, Physiological: The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.Genetic Speciation: The splitting of an ancestral species into daughter species that coexist in time (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 6th ed). Causal factors may include geographic isolation, HABITAT geometry, migration, REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION, random GENETIC DRIFT and MUTATION.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Angiosperms: Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.Synteny: The presence of two or more genetic loci on the same chromosome. Extensions of this original definition refer to the similarity in content and organization between chromosomes, of different species for example.Genome, Bacterial: The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column.Eukaryota: One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.Pseudogenes: Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.Pan troglodytes: The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.Reproduction: The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)Recombination, Genetic: Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.Genetic Drift: The fluctuation of the ALLELE FREQUENCY from one generation to the next.Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Genome, Plant: The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.Chordata, Nonvertebrate: A portion of the animal phylum Chordata comprised of the subphyla CEPHALOCHORDATA; UROCHORDATA, and HYPEROTRETI, but not including the Vertebrata (VERTEBRATES). It includes nonvertebrate animals having a NOTOCHORD during some developmental stage.Genetic Fitness: The capability of an organism to survive and reproduce. The phenotypic expression of the genotype in a particular environment determines how genetically fit an organism will be.Evolution, Planetary: Creation and development of bodies within solar systems, includes study of early planetary geology.Introns: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Genes, Plant: The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.Fishes: A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.Genetics, Population: The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Bayes Theorem: A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.Genes, Duplicate: Two identical genes showing the same phenotypic action but localized in different regions of a chromosome or on different chromosomes. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.Polyploidy: The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.Arthropods: Members of the phylum Arthropoda, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs. It includes the class INSECTS and the subclass ARACHNIDA, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man.Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Genes, Insect: The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.DNA, Mitochondrial: Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Chordata: Phylum in the domain Eukarya, comprised of animals either with fully developed backbones (VERTEBRATES), or those with notochords only during some developmental stage (CHORDATA, NONVERTEBRATE).Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.DNA, Plant: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Retroelements: Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS do not contain LTRs.Symbiosis: The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.Paleontology: The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.Sexual Behavior, Animal: Sexual activities of animals.Reptiles: Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Environment: The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.Mutation Rate: The number of mutations that occur in a specific sequence, GENE, or GENOME over a specified period of time such as years, CELL DIVISIONS, or generations.Genome, Mitochondrial: The genetic complement of MITOCHONDRIA as represented in their DNA.Polymorphism, Genetic: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.Ecology: The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)Genome, Viral: The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.Game Theory: Theoretical construct used in applied mathematics to analyze certain situations in which there is an interplay between parties that may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests. In a typical game, decision-making "players," who each have their own goals, try to gain advantage over the other parties by anticipating each other's decisions; the game is finally resolved as a consequence of the players' decisions.LizardsDNA Transposable Elements: Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.Gene Order: The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.Geography: The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)Hybridization, Genetic: The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.Genome, Insect: The genetic complement of an insect (INSECTS) as represented in its DNA.Dinosaurs: General name for two extinct orders of reptiles from the Mesozoic era: Saurischia and Ornithischia.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Flowers: The reproductive organs of plants.Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Gorilla gorilla: This single species of Gorilla, which is a member of the HOMINIDAE family, is the largest and most powerful of the PRIMATES. It is distributed in isolated scattered populations throughout forests of equatorial Africa.Exons: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.Models, Theoretical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.Genome, Fungal: The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a fungus.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Sex Chromosomes: The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Pongo pygmaeus: A species of orangutan, family HOMINIDAE, found in the forests on the island of Borneo.DNA Shuffling: The use of DNA recombination (RECOMBINATION, GENETIC) to prepare a large gene library of novel, chimeric genes from a population of randomly fragmented DNA from related gene sequences.Platypus: A small aquatic oviparous mammal of the order Monotremata found in Australia and Tasmania.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Open Reading Frames: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).Population Dynamics: The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid: Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Mating Preference, Animal: The selection or choice of sexual partner in animals. Often this reproductive preference is based on traits in the potential mate, such as coloration, size, or behavioral boldness. If the chosen ones are genetically different from the rejected ones, then NATURAL SELECTION is occurring.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Chromosomes, Plant: Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.Anatomy, Comparative: The comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. (Stedman, 25th ed)Base Composition: The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.Host-Parasite Interactions: The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.DNA, Intergenic: Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.Gene Conversion: The asymmetrical segregation of genes during replication which leads to the production of non-reciprocal recombinant strands and the apparent conversion of one allele into another. Thus, e.g., the meiotic products of an Aa individual may be AAAa or aaaA instead of AAaa, i.e., the A allele has been converted into the a allele or vice versa.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Smegmamorpha: Group of fish under the superorder Acanthopterygii, separate from the PERCIFORMES, which includes swamp eels, mullets, sticklebacks, seahorses, spiny eels, rainbowfishes, and KILLIFISHES. The name is derived from the six taxa which comprise the group. (From http://www.nanfa.org/articles/Elassoma/elassoma.htm, 8/4/2000)Prokaryotic Cells: Cells lacking a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites.Genome, Human: The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Brassicaceae: A plant family of the order Capparales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are mostly herbaceous plants with peppery-flavored leaves, due to gluconapin (GLUCOSINOLATES) and its hydrolysis product butenylisotrhiocyanate. The family includes many plants of economic importance that have been extensively altered and domesticated by humans. Flowers have 4 petals. Podlike fruits contain a number of seeds. Cress is a general term used for many in the Brassicacea family. Rockcress is usually ARABIS; Bittercress is usually CARDAMINE; Yellowcress is usually RORIPPA; Pennycress is usually THLASPI; Watercress refers to NASTURTIUM; or RORIPPA or TROPAEOLUM; Gardencress refers to LEPIDIUM; Indiancress refers to TROPAEOLUM.Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.History, 20th Century: Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.Cercopithecidae: The family of Old World monkeys and baboons consisting of two subfamilies: CERCOPITHECINAE and COLOBINAE. They are found in Africa and part of Asia.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Predatory Behavior: Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.Jaw: Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Cetacea: An order of wholly aquatic MAMMALS occurring in all the OCEANS and adjoining seas of the world, as well as in certain river systems. They feed generally on FISHES, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Most are gregarious and most have a relatively long period of parental care and maturation. Included are DOLPHINS; PORPOISES; and WHALES. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp969-70)Expressed Sequence Tags: Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.Rodentia: A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.Marsupialia: An infraclass of MAMMALS, also called Metatheria, where the young are born at an early stage of development and continue to develop in a pouch (marsupium). In contrast to Eutheria (placentals), marsupials have an incomplete PLACENTA.Animal Communication: Communication between animals involving the giving off by one individual of some chemical or physical signal, that, on being received by another, influences its behavior.Photosynthesis: The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)Butterflies: Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Stochastic Processes: Processes that incorporate some element of randomness, used particularly to refer to a time series of random variables.Reproduction, Asexual: Reproduction without fusion of two types of cells, mostly found in ALGAE; FUNGI; and PLANTS. Asexual reproduction occurs in several ways, such as budding, fission, or splitting from "parent" cells. Only few groups of ANIMALS reproduce asexually or unisexually (PARTHENOGENESIS).Lampreys: Common name for the only family (Petromyzontidae) of eellike fish in the order Petromyzontiformes. They are jawless but have a sucking mouth with horny teeth.Altruism: Consideration and concern for others, as opposed to self-love or egoism, which can be a motivating influence.History, Ancient: The period of history before 500 of the common era.Extinction, Biological: The ceasing of existence of a species or taxonomic groups of organisms.Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.Cichlids: Common name for perch-like fish of the family Cichlidae, belonging to the suborder Labroidei, order PERCIFORMES.Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.Cnidaria: A phylum of radially symmetrical invertebrates characterized by possession of stinging cells called nematocysts. It includes the classes ANTHOZOA; CUBOZOA; HYDROZOA, and SCYPHOZOA. Members carry CNIDARIAN VENOMS.Genetic Code: The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).Insect Proteins: Proteins found in any species of insect.Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)History, 19th Century: Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.ArtiodactylaCompetitive Behavior: The direct struggle between individuals for environmental necessities or for a common goal.Genes, Homeobox: Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS.Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.Population Density: Number of individuals in a population relative to space.Chlorophyta: A phylum of photosynthetic EUKARYOTA bearing double membrane-bound plastids containing chlorophyll a and b. They comprise the classical green algae, and represent over 7000 species that live in a variety of primarily aquatic habitats. Only about ten percent are marine species, most live in freshwater.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Genes, Mitochondrial: Genes that are located on the MITOCHONDRIAL DNA. Mitochondrial inheritance is often referred to as maternal inheritance but should be differentiated from maternal inheritance that is transmitted chromosomally.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Developmental Biology: The field of biology which deals with the process of the growth and differentiation of an organism.Parasites: Invertebrate organisms that live on or in another organism (the host), and benefit at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Takifugu: A genus of pufferfish commonly used for research.Oryza sativa: Annual cereal grass of the family POACEAE and its edible starchy grain, rice, which is the staple food of roughly one-half of the world's population.Phylogeography: A field of study concerned with the principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages, especially those within and among closely related species. (Avise, J.C., Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, 2000)Hymenoptera: An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants.Tetraodontiformes: A small order of primarily marine fish containing 340 species. Most have a rotund or box-like shape. TETRODOTOXIN is found in their liver and ovaries.Genome Size: The amount of DNA (or RNA) in one copy of a genome.Databases, Genetic: Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.Ciona intestinalis: The only species of a cosmopolitan ascidian.Diploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented twice. Symbol: 2N or 2X.Models, Statistical: Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.Beetles: INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.Skull: The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).INDEL Mutation: A mutation named with the blend of insertion and deletion. It refers to a length difference between two ALLELES where it is unknowable if the difference was originally caused by a SEQUENCE INSERTION or by a SEQUENCE DELETION. If the number of nucleotides in the insertion/deletion is not divisible by three, and it occurs in a protein coding region, it is also a FRAMESHIFT MUTATION.History, 21st Century: Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.Gene Rearrangement: The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.Sex Determination Processes: The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Opsins: Photosensitive proteins in the membranes of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS such as the rods and the cones. Opsins have varied light absorption properties and are members of the G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS family. Their ligands are VITAMIN A-based chromophores.Microsatellite Repeats: A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Genome, Archaeal: The genetic complement of an archaeal organism (ARCHAEA) as represented in its DNA.X Chromosome: The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.Nucleic Acid Conformation: The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
Characterization of an amphioxus paired box gene, AmphiPax2/5/8: developmental expression patterns in optic support cells, nephridium, thyroid-like structures and pharyngeal gill slits, but not in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary region. (1/24558)
On the basis of developmental gene expression, the vertebrate central nervous system comprises: a forebrain plus anterior midbrain, a midbrain-hindbrain boundary region (MHB) having organizer properties, and a rhombospinal domain. The vertebrate MHB is characterized by position, by organizer properties and by being the early site of action of Wnt1 and engrailed genes, and of genes of the Pax2/5/8 subfamily. Wada and others (Wada, H., Saiga, H., Satoh, N. and Holland, P. W. H. (1998) Development 125, 1113-1122) suggested that ascidian tunicates have a vertebrate-like MHB on the basis of ascidian Pax258 expression there. In another invertebrate chordate, amphioxus, comparable gene expression evidence for a vertebrate-like MHB is lacking. We, therefore, isolated and characterized AmphiPax2/5/8, the sole member of this subfamily in amphioxus. AmphiPax2/5/8 is initially expressed well back in the rhombospinal domain and not where a MHB would be expected. In contrast, most of the other expression domains of AmphiPax2/5/8 correspond to expression domains of vertebrate Pax2, Pax5 and Pax8 in structures that are probably homologous - support cells of the eye, nephridium, thyroid-like structures and pharyngeal gill slits; although AmphiPax2/5/8 is not transcribed in any structures that could be interpreted as homologues of vertebrate otic placodes or otic vesicles. In sum, the developmental expression of AmphiPax2/5/8 indicates that the amphioxus central nervous system lacks a MHB resembling the vertebrate isthmic region. Additional gene expression data for the developing ascidian and amphioxus nervous systems would help determine whether a MHB is a basal chordate character secondarily lost in amphioxus. The alternative is that the MHB is a vertebrate innovation. (+info)Molecular chaperones: small heat shock proteins in the limelight. (2/24558)
Small heat shock proteins have been the Cinderellas of the molecular chaperone world, but now the crystal structure of a small heat shock protein has been solved and mutation of two human homologues implicated in genetic disease. Intermediate filaments appear to be one of the key targets of their chaperone activity. (+info)Insect evolution: Redesigning the fruitfly. (3/24558)
Homeotic mutations in Drosophila can result in dramatic phenotypes that suggest the possibility for rapid morphological evolution, but dissection of the genetic pathway downstream of Ultrabithorax is beginning to reveal how wing morphology may have evolved by more gradual transformations. (+info)Ultrabithorax function in butterfly wings and the evolution of insect wing patterns. (4/24558)
BACKGROUND: . The morphological and functional evolution of appendages has played a critical role in animal evolution, but the developmental genetic mechanisms underlying appendage diversity are not understood. Given that homologous appendage development is controlled by the same Hox gene in different organisms, and that Hox genes are transcription factors, diversity may evolve from changes in the regulation of Hox target genes. Two impediments to understanding the role of Hox genes in morphological evolution have been the limited number of organisms in which Hox gene function can be studied and the paucity of known Hox-regulated target genes. We have therefore analyzed a butterfly homeotic mutant 'Hindsight', in which portions of the ventral hindwing pattern are transformed to ventral forewing identity, and we have compared the regulation of target genes by the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) gene product in Lepidopteran and Dipteran hindwings. RESULTS: . We show that Ubx gene expression is lost from patches of cells in developing Hindsight hindwings, correlating with changes in wing pigmentation, color pattern elements, and scale morphology. We use this mutant to study how regulation of target genes by Ubx protein differs between species. We find that several Ubx-regulated genes in the Drosophila haltere are not repressed by Ubx in butterfly hindwings, but that Distal-less (Dll) expression is regulated by Ubx in a unique manner in butterflies. CONCLUSIONS: . The morphological diversification of insect hindwings has involved the acquisition of different sets of target genes by Ubx in different lineages. Changes in Hox-regulated target gene sets are, in general, likely to underlie the morphological divergence of homologous structures between animals. (+info)Molecular phylogeny of the ETS gene family. (5/24558)
We have constructed a molecular phylogeny of the ETS gene family. By distance and parsimony analysis of the ETS conserved domains we show that the family containing so far 29 different genes in vertebrates can be divided into 13 groups of genes namely ETS, ER71, GABP, PEA3, ERG, ERF, ELK, DETS4, ELF, ESE, TEL, YAN, SPI. Since the three dimensional structure of the ETS domain has revealed a similarity with the winged-helix-turn-helix proteins, we used two of them (CAP and HSF) to root the tree. This allowed us to show that the family can be divided into five subfamilies: ETS, DETS4, ELF, TEL and SPI. The ETS subfamily comprises the ETS, ER71, GABP, PEA3, ERG, ERF and the ELK groups which appear more related to each other than to any other ETS family members. The fact that some members of these subfamilies were identified in early metazoans such as diploblasts and sponges suggests that the diversification of ETS family genes predates the diversification of metazoans. By the combined analysis of both the ETS and the PNT domains, which are conserved in some members of the family, we showed that the GABP group, and not the ERG group, is the one most closely related to the ETS group. We also observed that the speed of accumulation of mutations in the various genes of the family is highly variable. Noticeably, paralogous members of the ELK group exhibit strikingly different evolutionary speed suggesting that the evolutionary pressure they support is very different. (+info)Anopheles gambiae Ag-STAT, a new insect member of the STAT family, is activated in response to bacterial infection. (6/24558)
A new insect member of the STAT family of transcription factors (Ag-STAT) has been cloned from the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. The domain involved in DNA interaction and the SH2 domain are well conserved. Ag-STAT is most similar to Drosophila D-STAT and to vertebrate STATs 5 and 6, constituting a proposed ancient class A of the STAT family. The mRNA is expressed at all developmental stages, and the protein is present in hemocytes, pericardial cells, midgut, skeletal muscle and fat body cells. There is no evidence of transcriptional activation following bacterial challenge. However, bacterial challenge results in nuclear translocation of Ag-STAT protein in fat body cells and induction of DNA-binding activity that recognizes a STAT target site. In vitro treatment with pervanadate (vanadate and H2O2) translocates Ag-STAT to the nucleus in midgut epithelial cells. This is the first evidence of direct participation of the STAT pathway in immune responses in insects. (+info)Analysis of a ubiquitous promoter element in a primitive eukaryote: early evolution of the initiator element. (7/24558)
Typical metazoan core promoter elements, such as TATA boxes and Inr motifs, have yet to be identified in early-evolving eukaryotes, underscoring the extensive divergence of these organisms. Towards the identification of core promoters in protists, we have studied transcription of protein-encoding genes in one of the earliest-diverging lineages of Eukaryota, that represented by the parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis. A highly conserved element, comprised of a motif similar to a metazoan initiator (Inr) element, surrounds the start site of transcription in all examined T. vaginalis genes. In contrast, a metazoan-like TATA element appears to be absent in trichomonad promoters. We demonstrate that the conserved motif found in T. vaginalis protein-encoding genes is an Inr promoter element. This trichomonad Inr is essential for transcription, responsible for accurate start site selection, and interchangeable between genes, demonstrating its role as a core promoter element. The sequence requirements of the trichomonad Inr are similar to metazoan Inrs and can be replaced by a mammalian Inr. These studies show that the Inr is a ubiquitous, core promoter element for protein-encoding genes in an early-evolving eukaryote. Functional and structural similarities between this protist Inr and the metazoan Inr strongly indicate that the Inr promoter element evolved early in eukaryotic evolution. (+info)The nuclear receptor superfamily has undergone extensive proliferation and diversification in nematodes. (8/24558)
The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily is the most abundant class of transcriptional regulators encoded in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome, with >200 predicted genes revealed by the screens and analysis of genomic sequence reported here. This is the largest number of NR genes yet described from a single species, although our analysis of available genomic sequence from the related nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae indicates that it also has a large number. Existing data demonstrate expression for 25% of the C. elegans NR sequences. Sequence conservation and statistical arguments suggest that the majority represent functional genes. An analysis of these genes based on the DNA-binding domain motif revealed that several NR classes conserved in both vertebrates and insects are also represented among the nematode genes, consistent with the existence of ancient NR classes shared among most, and perhaps all, metazoans. Most of the nematode NR sequences, however, are distinct from those currently known in other phyla, and reveal a previously unobserved diversity within the NR superfamily. In C. elegans, extensive proliferation and diversification of NR sequences have occurred on chromosome V, accounting for > 50% of the predicted NR genes. (+info)
Darwin's God: Evolutionists are Doubling Down on De Novo Gene Evolution
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"Journal of Molecular Evolution. 73 (1-2): 10-22. Bibcode:2011JMolE..73...10E. doi:10.1007/s00239-011-9453-4. PMC 3223571. PMID ... Orgel LE (Dec 1968). "Evolution of the genetic apparatus". Journal of Molecular Biology. 38 (3): 381-93. doi:10.1016/0022-2836( ... White HB (Mar 1976). "Coenzymes as fossils of an earlier metabolic state". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 7 (2): 101-4. ... It was produced by molecular competition (in vitro evolution) of candidate enzyme mixtures.[62] ...
"Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964-75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.. ...
Yang H (2013). "Conserved or lost: molecular evolution of the key gene GULO in vertebrate vitamin C biosynthesis". Biochemical ... Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (2): 1025-31. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq286. PMID 21037206.. ... Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 9 (3): 585-598. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0495. PMID 9668008.. ... Evolution[edit]. Ascorbic acid is a common enzymatic cofactor in mammals used in the synthesis of collagen, as well as a ...
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 33 (2): 501-515. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.007. PMID 15336682. ... "Molecular phylogeny and spore evolution of Entolomataceae" (PDF). Persoonia. Leiden & Utrecht: National Herbarium of The ... based on morphological and molecular evidence" (PDF). North American Fungi. 6 (12): 1-19. doi:10.2509/naf2011.006.012.. ...
Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1): 164-75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.. ... Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (1): 717-27. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. PMID 20837606.. ... Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1): 164-75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.. ... Molecular Biology and Evolution Advance Access publication December 2, 2014. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327 ...
Page, R.D.M & Holmes, E.C. (1998). Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach. Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. 2. ISBN 0-86542- ... Russell Garwood & Gregory Edgecombe (2011). "Early terrestrial animals, evolution and uncertainty". Evolution, Education, and ... Hug, L.A. & Roger, A.J. (2007). "The Impact of Fossils and Taxon Sampling on Ancient Molecular Dating Analyses". Molecular ... "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4: 2. doi: ...
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 8 (3): 349-62. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.324.3013. doi:10.1006/mpev.1997.0434. PMID 9417893.. ... 2000). Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. University of California Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-520-22487-2. .. ...
Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (5): 893-900. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj092. PMID 16401685.. ...
Watson, JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann A, Levine M, Losick R. (2004). "Ch9-10", Molecular Biology of the Gene, 5th ed., Peason ... Olson M, Varki A. Sequencing the chimpanzee genome: insights into human evolution and disease.. Nat Rev Genet. 2003, 4 (1): 20- ...
Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (9): 1673-82. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh186. PMID 15190128.. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{ ... Evolution & Human Behavior 24: 99-112. Full text. *Knight, C. 2008. Early human kinship was matrilineal. In N. J. Allen, H. ... Burkart, J. M.; Hrdy, S. B.; van Schaik, C. P. (2009). "Cooperative breeding and human cognitive evolution". Evolutionary ... anthropologists are now widely agreed that cooperative childcare was a development crucial in making possible the evolution of ...
... is dedicated to bringing Darwins dream within grasp - to have fairly true genealogical ... Special issues published in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. * 25th Anniversary Issue of Molecular Phylogenetics and ... understanding of the mechanisms and processes of molecular evolution should lead to more accurate models of molecular evolution ... Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is dedicated to bringing Darwins dream within grasp - to have fairly true genealogical ...
journals.elsevier.com
Molecular Evolution | Encyclopedia.comMolecular All life on Earth [1] is cellular and uses DNA to store genetic information. However, evidence suggests that, on ... Evolution, Molecular Genetics Copyright Genetics Society of America. Evolution, Molecular. All life on Earth is cellular and ... "Directed Molecular Evolution." Scientific American 267 (Dec. 1992): 90-97. Orgel, Leslie E. "Molecular Replication." Nature 358 ... According to the neutral mutation theory of molecular evolution, the variability at the molecular level which results from ...
Molecular evolution. Evolution, at the molecular level, is observableas nucleotide changes in the DNA and amino acid changes in ... In the evolution of modern species, there have been millions of molecular changes. Natural selection and neutral drift could ...
Molecular Research, Evolution Are Topics - latimesEvolution and the Molecular Revolution, on Friday at UCLA.An international roster of ... New discoveries about the molecular bases of the evolution of life will be explored in a one-day symposium, ... New discoveries about the molecular bases of the evolution of life will be explored in a one-day symposium, "Evolution and the ... how the molecular revolution began, biomedical research and genes, sequences and other molecular clues to the history of life. ...
The neutralist view of evolution suggests that, of all these possible molecules, the great majority would fail to carry oxygen ... Evolution consists of the substitution of one variant for another when the environment changes. ... What we observe as evolution consists of shuffling round within this limited set of equivalent sequences. ...
Molecular evolution. [Wen-Hsiung Li] -- This book represents the authors effort to provide a synthesis of the exciting ... developments in molecular evolution in the past two decades. It describes the dynamics of evolutionary change at the ... ... molecular> # Evolution, Molecular a schema:Intangible ;. schema:name "Evolution, Molecular"@en ;. . ... Molecular evolution a schema:Intangible ;. schema:name "Molecular evolution"@en ;. . ...
... do14 David_A_OBROCHTA at UMAIL.UMD.EDU Tue Oct 18 14:47:33 EST 1994 *Previous message: Marine molecular ... Postdoctoral Research Fellow In Molecular Evolution Dr. David OBrochta, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center ... wishes to sponsor highly qualified recent Ph.D.s interested in applying for a postdoctoral fellowships in Molecular Evolution ... OBrochtaUs laboratory is adjacent to a large molecular systematics laboratory ion of DNA from know species of heliothines is ...
... temporary account for courses tmp16 at nuscc.nus.sg Mon Jul 6 03:01:39 EST 1992 *Previous message: ...
Statistical Methods in Molecular Evolution | Rasmus Nielsen | SpringerWith the availability of genomic data from multiple related species, molecular evolution has become one of the most active and ... inferences about past evolutionary events are made using molecular data from currently living species. ... In the field of molecular evolution, inferences about past evolutionary events are made using molecular data from currently ... This book is suitable for statisticians seeking to learn more about applications in molecular evolution and molecular ...
Molecular Basis of Virus Evolution - Cambridge University PressMolecular Basis of Virus Evolution, Edited by Adrian J. Gibbs, Charles H. Calisher, Fernando García-Arenal, 9780521022897, ... Genetic variation and evolution of satellite viruses and satellite RNAs G. Kurath and C. Robaglia; 27. Molecular evolution of ... Molecular evolution of papillomaviruses Marc Van Ranst, Jeffrey B. Kaplan, John P. Sundberg and Robert D. Burk; 32. Molecular ... Evolution of alphaviruses Scott C. Weaver; 34. Evolution of influenza viruses: rapid evolution and stasis R. G. Webster, W. J. ...
Lysine Arginine Leucine Biosynthetic Pathway Molecular Evolution These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. ...
Evolution and molecular LegoI have often neglected to consider evolution when trying to understand the molecular basis of a given cellular process. ... Molecular Lego As we obtain more and more protein structures, we see that certain folds are used to achieve distantly related ... Brodsky added, "Molecular cell biologists interested in the evolutionary origins of pathways we study can learn a lot from ... for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 11200 Rockville Pike, Suite 302, Rockville, MD 20852. 240-283-6614 , [email protected] ...
Molecular evolution of the synapsin gene family.. Kao HT1, Porton B, Hilfiker S, Stefani G, Pieribone VA, DeSalle R, Greengard ... Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA. [email protected] ... In invertebrate synapsins, the most conserved domains are C and E. During the evolution of vertebrates, at least two gene ... Synapsins possess multiple domains, which have evolved at different rates throughout evolution. ...
Kyoichi Sawamura, "Chromatin Evolution and Molecular Drive in Speciation," International Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. ... Chromatin Evolution and Molecular Drive in Speciation. Kyoichi Sawamura Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, ...
Experimental evolution reveals that under fluoroquinolone exposure in vitro, resistant S. sonnei develops further intolerance ... Here the authors analyse nearly 400 S. sonnei genome sequences and carry out experimental evolution experiments to shed light ... Reductive evolution in CenAsiaIII S. sonnei Reductive evolution has played an important role in shaping the long-term evolution ... Dissecting the molecular evolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella sonnei. *Hao Chung The ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4028 ...
Other journals dedicated to molecular evolution include Journal of Molecular Evolution and Molecular Phylogenetics and ... Genome evolution Heterotachy History of molecular evolution Horizontal gene transfer Human evolution Molecular clock Molecular ... The Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution publishes the journals "Molecular Biology and Evolution" and "Genome Biology ... Nei, M. (2005). "Selectionism and Neutralism in Molecular Evolution". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (12): 2318-2342. doi: ...
Molecular evolution of rifampicin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.. Enright M1, Zawadski P, Pickerill P, Dowson CG. ... of rpoB from one isolate examined suggests that interspecies gene transfer may also have played a role in the evolution of ...
... new genes and their proteins that revealed striking new insights into the early evolution of multicellular animals have been ... Sponges (Porifera) Molecular Model Systems to Study Cellular Differentiation in Metazoa W. E. G. Müller, C. Wagner, C. C. ... amino acid apoptosis cell cellular differentiation classification evolution genome membrane mitochondria primary structure ... Evolution of Early Metazoa: Phylogenetic Status of the Hexactinellida Within the Phylum of Porifera (Sponges) ...
Molecular Evidence to Support Evolution | HubPagesMolecular Machine Protein Import by Mitochondria If a cell is irreducibly complex, this means that if the component parts are ... What is Evolution?. Evolution is a gradual process in which a biological organism changes into a different and usually more ... Recently in 2009, however, scientists have been able to show that a cell is composed of "molecular machines." These molecular ... Evolution works at the DNA level. This has been known for a long time. Darwin did not know it, but he was prescient enough to ...
Previous message: [Molecular-evolution] [Microbiology] eight PhD fellowships * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ ... Previous message: [Molecular-evolution] [Microbiology] eight PhD fellowships * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ ... Molecular-evolution] [Microbiology] eight PhD fellowships. Isabell Witt via mol-evol%40net.bio.net (by isabell.witt from uni- ... We do research in molecular genetics, functional genomics, cell biology, developmental biology, biotechnology and biochemistry ...
The molecular evolution of feathers with direct evidence from fossils. Yanhong Pan, Wenxia Zheng, Roger H. Sawyer, Michael W. ... The molecular evolution of feathers with direct evidence from fossils. Yanhong Pan, Wenxia Zheng, Roger H. Sawyer, Michael W. ... The molecular evolution of feathers with direct evidence from fossils. Yanhong Pan, Wenxia Zheng, Roger H. Sawyer, Michael W. ... The molecular evolution of feathers with direct evidence from fossils Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from ...
Evidence for an ancient adaptive episode of convergent molecular evolution. Todd A. Castoe, A. P. Jason de Koning, Hyun-Min Kim ... Evidence for an ancient adaptive episode of convergent molecular evolution. Todd A. Castoe, A. P. Jason de Koning, Hyun-Min Kim ... Evidence for an ancient adaptive episode of convergent molecular evolution. Todd A. Castoe, A. P. Jason de Koning, Hyun-Min Kim ... Evidence for an ancient adaptive episode of convergent molecular evolution Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message ...
Bioinformatics and Molecular Evolution | Bioinformatics & Computational Biology | Life Sciences | Subjects | WileyMany bioinformatics applications are based on principles of molecular evolution, and to study molecular evolution is ... giving detailed treatments of molecular evolution and molecular phylogenetics and discussing evolution at the whole-genome ... places bioinformatics in the context of evolutionary biology, including population genetics, molecular evolution, molecular ... Bioinformatics and Molecular Evolution. Paul G. Higgs, Teresa K. Attwood. ISBN: 978-1-118-69707-8 June 2013 Wiley-Blackwell 448 ...
Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution: 1st Edition (Paperback) - RoutledgeIt looks at population genetics, phylogeny (history of evolution) and developmental genetics, to provide a framework from which ... Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution discusses the diversity and evolution of plants with a molecular approach. ... Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution discusses the diversity and evolution of plants with a molecular approach. It looks ... Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution. 1st Edition. Edited by Peter M. Hollingsworth, Richard M. Bateman, Richard J. ...
Stevens, J.R., Noyes, H.A., Schofield, C.J. & Gibson, W. (2001) The Molecular Evolution of Trypanosomatidae. Advances in ... Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44 (1): 15-25. [PDF available on request] ... Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63: 521-526. [View PDF]. Stevens J.R. (2014) Free-living bodonids and derived parasitic ... Infection, Genetics and Evolution 1: 143-150. [View PDF] Hamilton, P.B., J.R. Stevens, M.W. Gaunt, J. Gidley & W.C. Gibson ( ...
PhylogeneticsSystematicsPhylogeniesPhylogeneticPopulation GeneticsGenomicsGenomesBioinformaticsNeutralGenetics and EvolutionGeneticEcologyRecombinationSubstitutionPhylogeny and evolutionGenome EvolutionTopics in Molecular EvolutionDiversityBiochemistryConvergentVariationEpidemiologyField of molecular evolutionSequence dataComputationalMechanisms in EvolutionOrganismsInsightsCellularLevelSitu hybridizationSelection in molecular evolutionProtein evolutionHypothesesAmino acidPhenotypic evolutionMitochondrialEvolutionary biologistsBiologicalAdvancesResearchersDevelopmentalUCLANucleicEvidence
- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is dedicated to bringing Darwin's dream within grasp - to 'have fairly true genealogical trees of each great kingdom of Nature. (elsevier.com)
- His current research interests include RNA structure and sequence evolution, molecular phylogenetics, theoretical evolutionary biology, and population genetics. (wiley.com)
- Further Topics in Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. (wiley.com)
- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44 (1): 15-25. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 63: 521-526. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics. (wikipedia.org)
- It will be of relevance and use to students and professional researchers (both empiricists and theoreticians) in the fields of molecular phylogenetics, evolutionary biology, population genetics, mathematics, statistics and computer science. (oup.com)
- Zou, Z., and J. Zhang (2016) Morphological and molecular convergences in mammalian phylogenetics. (umich.edu)
- While the rapid integration of molecular techniques into systematics, phylogenetics, and developmental biology from the 1980s onwards made some consider morphology as having little to contribute to evolutionary research, methodological progress together with a revived focus on morphogenesis has resulted in an unexpected renaissance of evolutionary developmental morphology, here termed MorphoEvoDevo. (frontiersin.org)
- I will focus on the role of morphology in modern evolutionary biology, especially with respect to the molecular-driven approaches such as phylogenetics and developmental genetics. (frontiersin.org)
- Dr. OBrochtaUs laboratory is adjacent to a large molecular systematics laboratory ion of DNA from know species of heliothines is available for this project. (bio.net)
- Case Studies of Viral Taxa: Their Systematics and Evolution: 18. (cambridge.org)
- Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution discusses the diversity and evolution of plants with a molecular approach. (routledge.com)
- Molecular systematics and character evolution in the lichen famil. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Global diversity and molecular systematics of Wrightoporia s.l. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Integrating Molecular Phylogenies and Developmental Genetics: a Gesneriaceae Case Study M. Möller, M. Clokie, P. Cubas and Q.C.B. Cronk 18. (routledge.com)
- Hamilton, P.B., Gibson, W.C. and Stevens, J.R. (2007) Patterns of co-evolution between trypanosomes and their hosts deduced from ribosomal RNA and protein-coding gene phylogenies. (exeter.ac.uk)
- The advent of protein sequencing allowed molecular biologists to create phylogenies based on sequence comparison, and to use the differences between homologous sequences as a molecular clock to estimate the time since the last universal common ancestor. (wikipedia.org)
- It will be a major source for insight and enormously helpful for anyone who wants to understand molecular phylogenies. (oup.com)
- The current classification system, based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, proposes up to 53 species, although molecular phylogenies of Leishmania suggest that the number of species may be too large. (springer.com)
- Molecular-evolution] Course The Use of Phylogenies in the Study of Macroevolution, October 16-20, 2017, Barcelona. (bio.net)
- In addition, presentations of new findings on or insights into evolutionary processes and mechanisms as expressed at the molecular level are welcome, as are those that deal with the methodology of reconstructing evolutionary history from molecular data (such as descriptions of new or more powerful computer algorithms for constructing phylogenetic trees from orthologous nucleotide or aminoacid sequences). (elsevier.com)
- Rasmus Nielsen is certainly one of these researchers, and his work so far has merged many population genetic and phylogenetic aspects of biological research under the umbrella of molecular evolution. (springer.com)
- Advances in molecular biology have led to huge increases in determining the phylogenetic history of viruses. (cambridge.org)
- Here, we present a case of extensive convergent molecular evolution between snake and agamid lizard mitochondrial genomes that overcomes an otherwise strong phylogenetic signal. (pnas.org)
- These results indicate that nonneutral convergent molecular evolution in mitochondria can occur at a scale and intensity far beyond what has been documented previously, and they highlight the vulnerability of standard phylogenetic methods to the presence of nonneutral convergent sequence evolution. (pnas.org)
- Although nonneutral convergent evolution of morphological characters has been frequently pointed to as a source of potential bias in phylogenetic inference ( 4 - 6 ), nonneutral convergence at the molecular-genetic level is believed to be relatively rare and limited in scope. (pnas.org)
- Regardless of the frequency of nonneutral convergence in nature, it is important to identify such cases to understand their impact on phylogenetic inference and to illuminate the mechanisms of functional adaptation at the molecular level. (pnas.org)
- Molecular Phylogenetic Hypotheses for The Evolution of Scleractin. (ingentaconnect.com)
- This session will highlight research that harnesses the power of experimental evolution, phylogenetic reconstructions, and standing genetic variation to gain insight into molecular systems. (grc.org)
- Additionally, explicit use of molecular evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses provide important insights in their own right, e.g., analysis of adaptive evolution in viruses providing clues of their interaction with host immune systems. (embo.org)
- Molecular Phylogenetic. (citationmachine.net)
- This chapter reviews the recent (mostly) molecular data that provide new insights into the evolution, taxonomy, phylogenetic, and population genetic relationships of Leishmania but also the questions raised by this knowledge. (springer.com)
- It will also tackle trait evolution modeling and the assessment of phylogenetic signal. (bio.net)
- Gould, 1977 ), its essence is still the verbalized foundation of the basic principle of modern-day evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo), namely, that it is generally possible to reconstruct organismal evolution, ground patterns, and, potentially, phylogenetic relationships, by comparing developmental processes (or characters expressed at any stage of ontogeny) of different organisms to each other. (frontiersin.org)
- Molecular Evolution and Population Genetics. (wiley.com)
- It looks at population genetics, phylogeny (history of evolution) and developmental genetics, to provide a framework from which to understand evolutionary patterns and relationships amongst plants. (routledge.com)
- Molecular evolution emerged as a scientific field in the 1960s as researchers from molecular biology, evolutionary biology and population genetics sought to understand recent discoveries on the structure and function of nucleic acids and protein. (wikibooks.org)
- The field of molecular evolution uses principles of evolutionary biology and population genetics to explain patterns in these changes. (wikipedia.org)
- The neutral theory is based on simple assumptions, enabling us to develop mathematical theories based on population genetics to treat molecular evolution and variation in quantitative terms. (go.jp)
- With the availability of genomic data from multiple related species, molecular evolution has become one of the most active and fastest growing fields of study in genomics and bioinformatics. (springer.com)
- We do research in molecular genetics, functional genomics, cell biology, developmental biology, biotechnology and biochemistry in established model organisms. (bio.net)
- This important textbook will equip readers with a thorough understanding of the quantitative methods used in the analysis of molecular evolution, and will be essential reading for advanced undergraduates, graduates, and researchers in molecular biology, genetics, genomics, computational biology, and bioinformatics courses. (wiley.com)
- This is, therefore, a classic case of convergent evolution: Both groups evolved similar molecular mechanisms for a eusocial lifestyle under similar selection pressures," says genomics expert Dr Mark Harrison, first author of the study. (idw-online.de)
- Some companies such as Nutraceutical Corporation, Forall Biotech and Rainbow Light take it to an even higher level, by leveraging on genomics, natural and molecular science and offer non-chemical and non-pharma solutions. (worldhealth.net)
- Therefore, by comparing genomes valuable information can be obtained to help explain how millions of years of evolution have generated remarkably complex organisms. (idw-online.de)
- The rates and patterns of molecular evolution in many eukaryotic organisms have been shown to be influenced by the compartmentalization of their genomes into fractions of distinct base composition and mutational properties. (genetics.org)
- The new analysis is the first to look at the pace of molecular change across the genomes of different groups. (medindia.net)
- Biologists at the University of California, Riverside report new evidence for evolutionary change recorded in both the fossil record and the genomes (or genetic blueprints) of living organisms, providing fresh support for Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. (innovations-report.com)
- Now his lab has found evidence of such molecular "cavities" in the genomes of living organisms. (innovations-report.com)
- Genomes are the ultimate molecular documents, filled with stories that fascinate and instruct, and we can now speed-read them. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- The journal encourages articles that are multidisciplinary, especially in areas, such as bioinformatics, computational biology, molecular biology, and organismic biology, that are of interest to the community of systematic and evolutionary biologists. (elsevier.com)
- In the current era of complete genome sequencing, Bioinformatics and Molecular Evolution provides an up-to-date and comprehensive introduction to bioinformatics in the context of evolutionary biology. (wiley.com)
- Much of bioinformatics is based on, yet too often ignores, the underlying principles of molecular evolution. (wiley.com)
- This book nicely integrates molecular evolution and bioinformatics, two disciplines that go hand in hand, as rightfully claimed by the authors. (wiley.com)
- Many bioinformatics applications are based on principles of molecular evolution, and to study molecular evolution is unthinkable nowadays without having access to the necessary tools and implementations. (wiley.com)
- Microscopy, image processing, bioinformatics, in situ hybridization, molecular (epi)genetics and systems biology lets us explore and exploit fundamental processes. (le.ac.uk)
- A molecular evolutionary framework is central to many Bioinformatics approaches used in these analyses, e.g., de novo gene finding from genomic sequences. (embo.org)
- Convergent molecular evolution, sometimes referred to as homoplasy, can result from neutral processes or from nonneutral processes such as positive selection and adaptation ( 1 - 3 ). (pnas.org)
- We examined whether the results could be explained by neutral convergence or were instead due to potentially adaptive nonneutral convergent evolution. (pnas.org)
- Nearly neutral theory is an extension of the neutral theory and contends that the borderline mutations, whose effects lie between the selected and the neutral classes, are important at the molecular level. (els.net)
- Genome‐wide data on protein evolution are mostly in accord with the nearly neutral theory. (els.net)
- The emphasis of significance of weak selection in evolution distinguishes the nearly neutral theory from the neutral theory. (els.net)
- The nearly neutral theory contends that the interplay of drift and weak selection is important and predicts that evolution is more rapid in small populations than in large populations. (els.net)
- Many observed patterns of protein evolution by measuring synonymous and nonsynonymous divergences are in accord with the nearly neutral theory. (els.net)
- Observed molecular polymorphisms within a population often show abundance of rare alleles, in accord with the prediction of the nearly neutral theory. (els.net)
- In the 2000s, some of the active topics have been the role of gene duplication in the emergence of novel gene function, the extent of adaptive molecular evolution versus neutral processes of mutation and drift, and the identification of molecular changes responsible for various human characteristics especially those pertaining to infection, disease, and cognition. (wikibooks.org)
- Statistical tests can be used to test if the observed polymorphisms in a DNA sample are consistent with the prediction of neutral evolution. (els.net)
- Hudson RR, Kreitman M and Aquadé M (1987) A test of neutral molecular evolution based on nucleotide data. (els.net)
- Kimura M (1983) The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. (els.net)
- In the late 1960s, the neutral theory of molecular evolution provided a theoretical basis for the molecular clock, though both the clock and the neutral theory were controversial, since most evolutionary biologists held strongly to panselectionism, with natural selection as the only important cause of evolutionary change. (wikipedia.org)
- up constraint with adaptive evolution and just call it neutral. (coursera.org)
- In sharp contrast to the Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection, the neutral theory claims that the overwhelming majority of evolutionary changes at the molecular level are caused by random fixation (due to random sampling drift in finite populations) of selectively neutral (i.e., selectively equivalent) mutants under continued inputs of mutations. (go.jp)
- Zhang, J. (2018) Neutral theory and phenotypic evolution. (umich.edu)
- Ho, W.-C., Y. Ohya, and J. Zhang (2017) Testing the neutral hypothesis of phenotypic evolution. (umich.edu)
- The neutral theory of molecular evolution - sequence evolution models and phylogeny inference. (helsinki.fi)
- Infection, Genetics and Evolution 1: 143-150. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Infection, Genetics and Evolution , 11: 955-959. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Introduction to Genetics and Evolution is a college-level class being offered simultaneously to new students at Duke University. (coursera.org)
- My complaint is why this seemingly obvious truth gets so little airplay in popular accounts of genetics and evolution. (blogspot.com)
- Any input on this phenomenon, and others, from someone well-versed in molecular genetics and evolution? (biology-online.org)
- Further chapters detail genetic variation of viruses and the molecular basis of interrelation at the population level and the molecular basis and evolution of this relationship. (cambridge.org)
- The topics covered include the appearance of the first genetic material, the origins of cellular life, evolution and development, selection and adaptation, and genome evolution. (cshlpress.com)
- The most common genetic change found in the evolution of typical Ph1 chromosome positive CML to blast crisis was an alteration of the p53 gene involving either a rearrangement, a deletion, or a point mutation in the coding sequence of the gene. (jci.org)
- The content and structure of a genome is the product of the molecular and population genetic forces which act upon that genome. (wikipedia.org)
- We often hear about new 'genome sequences,' commercial kits that can tell you about your ancestry (including pre-human) from your DNA or disease predispositions, debates about the truth of evolution, why animals behave the way they do, and how people found 'genetic evidence for natural selection. (coursera.org)
- The field of molecular evolution has experienced explosive growth in recent years due to the rapid accumulation of genetic sequence data, continuous improvements to computer hardware and software, and the development of sophisticated analytical methods. (oup.com)
- Dr. Robert Heinzen, head of the Coxiella Pathogenesis Section at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, remarked, "Our results suggest that mobile genetic elements have played a major role in the evolution and function of the C. burnetii genome. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- The session titles illustrate both the diversity and interconnectedness of the topics covered: origins of life and aging, evolution of mutation and recombination rates, stress-inducible genetic variation, non-genetic variation and inheritance, phenotypic noise, evolution of novelty, evolution of complexity, cancer, aging, experimental evolution and evolutionary contingency. (plos.org)
- We show how deceptive behaviour at the molecular level indicates a conflict of interest, and so provides evidence of genetic conflict. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Genetic changes that set the stage for later adaptations may represent a fairly common event in evolution. (healthcanal.com)
- 1. Using Organelle Markers to Elucidate the History, Ecology and Evolution of Plant Populations R.A. Ennos, W.T. Sinclair, X.-S. Hu and A. Langdon 2. (routledge.com)
- to assess how the study of genetics and the use of molecular tools can inform biodiversity conservation, animal breeding, animal welfare and our understanding of evolutionary ecology. (unitec.ac.nz)
- Another 2017 publication considers the role of polyploidy or whole genome duplication in ecology and evolution . (le.ac.uk)
- A rich ecology of practices and theoretical debates, embedded in some of the political concerns and policies of the postwar period, is part of the emergence of the field of Molecular Evolution. (springer.com)
- Dr Nigel Goldenfeld is a physicist who explores emergent and collective phenomena that extend from condensed matter physics to biology, where his current work focuses on evolution and microbial ecology. (plos.org)
- Liu, H., C. J. Maclean, and J. Zhang (2019) Evolution of the yeast recombination landscape. (umich.edu)
- Evolution consists of the substitution of one variant for another when the environment changes. (blackwellpublishing.com)
- Gillespie JH (1994) Substitution process in molecular evolution. (els.net)
- The journal provides a forum for molecular studies that advance our understanding of phylogeny and evolution , further the development. (elsevier.com)
- The journal provides a forum for molecular studies that advance our understanding of phylogeny and evolution , further the development of phylogenetically more accurate taxonomic classifications , and ultimately bring a unified classification for all the ramifying lines of life. (elsevier.com)
- Persoonia aims to publish papers dealing with molecular phylogeny and evolution of fungi. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Research topics in molecular evolution include the characterization of novel hantaviruses harbored by shrews, moles and bats in different geographic locations and investigation of Burkholderia pseudomallei in humans, animal models, and in the environment. (hawaii.edu)
- Simpson, A.G.B., Stevens, J.R. and Lukes, J. (2006) The evolution and diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates. (exeter.ac.uk)
- By comparing sequence diversity and divergence on sex chromosomes one can study how the rate of evolution in affected by mutation and/or selection. (diva-portal.org)
- Comparative biochemistry demonstrates that the metabolites, complex biochemical networks, enzymes and regulatory mechanisms essential to all living cells are conserved in amazing detail throughout evolution. (wiley.com)
- Many excellent reviews describing the genetics and biochemistry of the origins, evolution, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance have appeared over the last 60 years. (asm.org)
- In both biochemistry and molecular evolution, the important role of information asymmetry remains largely unaddressed. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- When we see convergent evolution provide the same solution to a complex problem, we have a better understanding of its importance. (asbmb.org)
- Documented cases of convergent molecular evolution due to selection are fairly unusual, and examples to date have involved only a few amino acid positions. (pnas.org)
- previous descriptions of L. infantum and " L. archibaldi " from this region are a consequence of convergent evolution in the isoenzyme data. (springer.com)
- This GRS seeks to overcome traditional disciplinary divides by bringing together junior scientists from a wide array of fields who share common goals: uncovering molecular mechanisms that drive evolution and/or using evolution and natural variation to better understand molecular processes. (grc.org)
- Tom Whittam's pioneering research into the structure of Escherichia coli populations not only advanced the field of microbial evolution and genetics, but it also provided a contextual framework for investigating variation in the epidemiology and virulence of bacterial populations. (asmscience.org)
- Thus, the characterization of PPL length and pseudogene profiling may be useful to understand the molecular evolution of SG and the epidemiology of FT. (medworm.com)
- The field of molecular evolution came into its own in the 1960s and 1970s, following the rise of molecular biology. (wikipedia.org)
- A deeper understanding of the mechanisms and processes of molecular evolution should lead to more accurate models of molecular evolution, which in turn should facilitate the development of better algorithms for reconstructing evolutionary history from sequence data. (elsevier.com)
- To this end, we aim to provide graduate and postgraduate researchers with the theoretical knowledge and practical skills to carry out molecular evolutionary analyses on sequence data. (embo.org)
- Most studies in molecular evolution rely heavily on statistical procedures based on stochastic process modelling and advanced computational methods including high-dimensional numerical optimization and Markov Chain Monte Carlo. (springer.com)
- Computational Molecular Evolution provides an up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of modern statistical and computational methods used in molecular evolutionary analysis, such as maximum likelihood and Bayesian statistics. (oup.com)
- The Gordon Research Seminar on Molecular Mechanisms in Evolution is a unique forum for graduate students, post-docs, and other scientists with comparable levels of experience and education to present and exchange new data and cutting edge ideas. (grc.org)
- This GRS will be held in conjunction with the "Molecular Mechanisms in Evolution" Gordon Research Conference (GRC). (grc.org)
- next sponsored conference is the Gordon Research Conference on Molecular Mechanisms in Evolution, which takes place at Stonehill College (Easton, MA, USA) from June 11th - 16th. (plos.org)
- The new study begins to answer fundamental questions about changes at the molecular level that eventually shape the destinies of all organisms, Johnson said. (medindia.net)
- This book is one of the first solely devoted to the origins and evolution of viruses, and of the ways in which they interact with their cellular hosts and vectors. (cambridge.org)
- The conference taught me an important lesson: Evolution of a biochemical process can teach us a great deal about how it operates - it can help determine which features are fundamental and which represent cellular or organismal specialization. (asbmb.org)
- I have often neglected to consider evolution when trying to understand the molecular basis of a given cellular process. (asbmb.org)
- The main problem with this idea is that, not only does no such creature exist, but eukaryotes also contain molecular similarities to both bacteria and archaea-prokaryotes that are found in completely separate domains of cellular life. (icr.org)
- Another major problem is that many complex molecular and cellular features unique among eukaryotes are not found in any prokaryotes. (icr.org)
- Clearly, the only scientific model that predicts this type of molecular and cellular complexity and innovation across all forms of life is one associated with special creation. (icr.org)
- Viewing molecular and cellular processes within their evolutionary contexts can reveal key mechanistic information. (grc.org)
- Irreducibly complex parts at the molecular level are actually cobbled together by simpler parts and put together as a whole. (hubpages.com)
- Evolution works at the DNA level. (hubpages.com)
- Fay JC (2011) Weighing the evidence for adaptation at the molecular level. (els.net)
- Our members work to advance knowledge in the basic mechanisms of inheritance, from the molecular to the population level. (genetics.org)
- Although many important discoveries have been made, the question of how memories are encoded and maintained at the molecular level remains. (nature.com)
- This information will prove invaluable as we proceed to dissect, at a molecular level, events associated with Q fever pathogenesis. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- I need to be careful what I say here - one ticking off I got was from a biologist who was unhappy that I had over-stressed natural selection at the molecular level, which I freely confess was a slight failure of nerve - I have found that saying such things can induce apoplexy in folks who see the shadows of creationism everywhere. (blogspot.com)
- In the research towards holistic preventative health, anti-aging hallmarks such as stem cell exhaustion, mitochondrial dysfunction, senescent cells accumulation and telomere attrition are being researched with the latest advances in molecular biology at the DNA sequencing level. (worldhealth.net)
- I can understand how evolution occurs on the grander scale of things very easily, but take a moment and look at a diagram showing this whole process at the molecular level. (biology-online.org)
- People begin to wonder if Darwin's evolution holds after going through what happens at the micro level at tremendous detail. (biology-online.org)
- This report further reveals that the emergences and drivers of virus evolution in swine differ at the global level. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Roles of mutation and selection in molecular evolution. (worldcat.org)
- Fu, Yun‐Xin(Apr 2001) Neutrality and Selection in Molecular Evolution: Statistical Tests. (els.net)
- McDonald JH and Kreitman M (1991) Adaptive protein evolution at the Adh locus in Drosophila. (els.net)
- The first consists of three chapters on protein evolution, DNA evolution, and molecular mechanisms. (google.com.br)
- Papers based on few taxa, single molecular markers, or that use codon-based methods to test for positive Darwinian selection, but in the absence of experimental evidence that allegedly selected amino acid changes cause an adaptive phenotypic effect, will not be accepted. (elsevier.com)
- Mitochondrial evolution appears to be especially capricious. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- This book is suitable for statisticians seeking to learn more about applications in molecular evolution and molecular evolutionary biologists with an interest in learning more about the theory behind the statistical methods applied in the field. (springer.com)
- Evolution is a gradual process in which a biological organism changes into a different and usually more complex form. (hubpages.com)
- This shows that an "irreducibly complex" mechanism in the final stage of development, was actually built up in parts.It evolved and this shows that evolution is still the best explanation for biological change. (hubpages.com)
- Molecular biological approaches have become critical to understanding evolution. (grc.org)
- The problem is that there are not really leading figures that can come down with what might be called The Standard Model of Biological Evolution. (blogspot.com)
- Molecular biology will bring the mechanistic understanding of biological phenomena while evolutionary biology supplies understanding of the natural and historical contexts of the evolution of biological systems. (plos.org)
- Biological macromolecules encode information: some of it to endow the molecule with structural flexibility, some of it to enable molecular actions as a catalyst or a substrate, but a residual part can be used to communicate with other macromolecules. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- It reviews the latest advances in research into evolution, focusing on the molecular bases for evolutionary change. (cshlpress.com)
- Molecular science and its recent advances have significantly changed this landscape. (worldhealth.net)
- The researchers were able to correlate the progressive loss of enamel in the fossil record with a simultaneous molecular decay of a gene, called the enamelin gene, that is involved in enamel formation in mammals. (innovations-report.com)
- In the study, the researchers developed a special system that could detect the ortho/para ratio of molecular hydrogen on artificial ice particles. (space-travel.com)
- Most researchers in the fields of molecular biology and medicine are unacquainted with evolutionary theory, and hence overlook the critical role of evolutionary processes in the phenomena they are studying. (plos.org)
- This relationship resulted in a totally different type of life on Earth," said Lake, a UCLA distinguished professor of molecular, cell and developmental biology and of human genetics. (scienceblog.com)
- New discoveries about the molecular bases of the evolution of life will be explored in a one-day symposium, "Evolution and the Molecular Revolution," on Friday at UCLA. (latimes.com)
- Nucleic acids are attractive materials for creating functional molecules that have applications as catalysts, specific binders, and molecular switches. (mdpi.com)
- These methods have helped explore the potential abilities of nucleic acids and steadily contributed to their evolution, i.e . , creation of RNA/DNA enzymes, aptamers, and aptazymes. (mdpi.com)
- This review focuses on the effectiveness of chemical modifications on the evolution of nucleic acids as functional molecules and the outlook for related technologies. (mdpi.com)
- P.S. If your answer is that a high rate of evolution in archaebacteria explains the result then you would fail unless you have evidence that I'm unaware of. (blogspot.com)