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Alnus
Avoidable mortality in Europe 1955-1994: a plea for prevention. (1/8791)
OBJECTIVE: To analyse trends of avoidable mortality in Europe, emphasising causes of death amenable to primary prevention through reduction of exposures, secondary prevention through early detection and treatment, and tertiary prevention through improved treatment and medical care. DESIGN: Descriptive study of mortality from avoidable causes for the years 1955 through 1994, for ages 5-64 at time of death. Using the World Health Organisation Mortality Database, five year death rates were standardised to the world population. SETTING: 21 countries of Europe in four regions (northern, central, and southern Europe, Nordic countries). PARTICIPANTS: All causes of deaths for men and women, aged 5-64, at time of death. MAIN RESULTS: Between 1955-59 and 1990-94, the reduction in mortality was somewhat greater for avoidable causes than for all causes: 45.8% v 45.1% (women) and 39.3% v 32.6% among men. Reductions in mortality were greater for causes amenable to improved medical care: 77.9% among women and 76.3% among men. The smallest reduction in mortality was seen in women for causes amenable to secondary prevention (11.0%), and in men for causes amendable to primary prevention including tobacco related conditions (16.6%). From a geographical point of view, there were slight differences in trends between European regions, but overall the patterns were similar. CONCLUSIONS: The greatest reduction of avoidable mortality in Europe from 1955-94 came from causes amenable to improved treatment and medical care for both sexes. Further reductions of avoidable mortality can be achieved through implementation of primary and secondary prevention activities, such as tobacco control, reduction of occupational exposures, and universal access to breast and cervical cancer screening programmes. (+info)Cardiovascular disease in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: similar rates but different risk factors in the US compared with Europe. (2/8791)
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been linked to renal disease. However, little is known concerning international variation in the correlations with hyperglycaemia and standard CVD risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional comparison was made of prevalence rates and risk factor associations in two large studies of IDDM subjects: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study (EDC) and the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study from 31 centres in Europe. Subgroups of each were chosen to be comparable by age and duration of diabetes. The EDC population comprises 286 men (mean duration 20.1 years) and 281 women (mean duration 19.9 years); EURODIAB 608 men (mean duration 18.1 years) and 607 women (mean duration 18.9 years). The mean age of both populations was 28 years. Cardiovascular disease was defined by a past medical history of myocardial infarction, angina, and/or the Minnesota ECG codes (1.1-1.3, 4.1-4.3, 5.1-5.3, 7.1). RESULTS: Overall prevalence of CVD was similar in the two populations (i.e. men 8.6% versus 8.0%, women 7.4% versus 8.5%, EURODIAB versus EDC respectively), although EDC women had a higher prevalence of angina (3.9% versus 0.5%, P < 0.001). Multivariate modelling suggests that glycaemic control (HbA1c) is not related to CVD in men. Age and high density lipoprotein cholesterol predict CVD in EURODIAB, while triglycerides and hypertension predict CVD in EDC. For women in both populations, age and hypertension (or renal disease) are independent predictors. HbA1c is also an independent predictor-inversely in EURODIAB women (P < 0.008) and positively in EDC women (P = 0.03). Renal disease was more strongly linked to CVD in EDC than in EURODIAB. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a similar prevalence of CVD, risk factor associations appear to differ in the two study populations. Glycaemic control (HbA1c) does not show a consistent or strong relationship to CVD. (+info)Clinical significance of circulating anti-p53 antibodies in European patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. (3/8791)
p53 alterations are considered to be predictive of poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and may induce a humoral response. Anti-p53 serum antibodies were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using purified recombinant human p53 on 130 European HCC patients before treatment and during the clinical course of the disease. p53 immunohistochemistry was performed on tumours from the 52 patients who underwent surgery, and DNA sequencing analysis was initiated when circulating anti-p53 antibodies were detected. Nine (7%) HCC patients had anti-p53 serum antibodies before treatment. During a mean period of 30 months of follow-up, all the negative patients remained negative, even when recurrence was observed. Of the nine positive patients, eight were still positive 12-30 months after surgery. The presence of anti-p53 serum antibodies was correlated neither with mutation of the p53 gene nor the serum alpha-fetoprotein levels and clinicopathological characteristics of the tumours. However, a greater incidence of vascular invasion and accumulation of p53 protein were observed in the tumours of these patients (P<0.03 and P<0.01 respectively) as well as a better survival rate without recurrence (P = 0.05). In conclusion, as was recently shown in pancreatic cancer, anti-p53 serum antibodies may constitute a marker of relative 'good prognosis' in a subgroup of patients exhibiting one or several markers traditionally thought to be of bad prognosis. (+info)The European mesothelioma epidemic. (4/8791)
Projections for the period 1995-2029 suggest that the number of men dying from mesothelioma in Western Europe each year will almost double over the next 20 years, from 5000 in 1998 to about 9000 around 2018, and then decline, with a total of about a quarter of a million deaths over the next 35 years. The highest risk will be suffered by men born around 1945-50, of whom about 1 in 150 will die of mesothelioma. Asbestos use in Western Europe remained high until 1980, and substantial quantities are still used in several European countries. These projections are based on the fit of a simple age and birth cohort model to male pleural cancer mortality from 1970 to 1989 for six countries (Britain, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands and Switzerland) which together account for three-quarters of the population of Western Europe. The model was tested by comparing observed and predicted numbers of deaths for the period 1990-94. The ratio of mesothelioma to recorded pleural cancer mortality has been 1.6:1 in Britain but was assumed to be 1:1 in other countries. (+info)Many class I integrons comprise distinct stable structures occurring in different species of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from widespread geographic regions in Europe. (5/8791)
Three sizes of inserted regions of DNA (800, 1,000, and 1,500 bp) were shown to be common among class I integrons in unrelated clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from different European hospitals. Sequencing showed that 800-bp inserted regions comprised identical sequences including aacA4, that 1,000-bp inserted regions included aadA, and that 1,500-bp inserted regions included dfrI and aadA1, irrespective of host species and geographic origin. In addition promoter sequences were mostly identical for each size class. These data suggest that inserted gene cassettes and promoter regions of integrons are conserved and stable, with resistance genes transferred more often as part of the entire integron structure than as individual gene cassettes. (+info)Biodiversity of Lactococcus garvieae strains isolated from fish in Europe, Asia, and Australia. (6/8791)
Lactococcus garvieae (junior synonym, Enterococcus seriolicida) is a major pathogen of fish, producing fatal septicemia among fish species living in very diverse environments. The phenotypic traits of L. garvieae strains collected from three different continents (Asia, Europe, and Australia) indicated phenotypic heterogeneity. On the basis of the acidification of D-tagatose and sucrose, three biotypes were defined. DNA relatedness values and a specific PCR assay showed that all the biotypes belonged to the same genospecies, L. garvieae. All of the L. garvieae strains were serotyped as Lancefield group N. Ribotyping proved that one clone was found both in Japan, where it probably originated, and in Italy, where it was probably imported. PCR of environmental samples did not reveal the source of the contamination of the fish in Italy. Specific clones (ribotypes) were found in outbreaks in Spain and in Italy. The L. garvieae reference strain, isolated in the United Kingdom from a cow, belonged to a unique ribotype. L. garvieae is a rising zoonotic agent. The biotyping scheme, the ribotyping analysis, and the PCR assay described in this work allowed the proper identification of L. garvieae and the description of the origin and of the source of contamination of strains involved in outbreaks or in sporadic cases. (+info)Sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary dissection in breast cancer: results in a large series. (7/8791)
BACKGROUND: Axillary lymph node dissection is an established component of the surgical treatment of breast cancer, and is an important procedure in cancer staging; however, it is associated with unpleasant side effects. We have investigated a radioactive tracer-guided procedure that facilitates identification, removal, and pathologic examination of the sentinel lymph node (i.e., the lymph node first receiving lymphatic fluid from the area of the breast containing the tumor) to predict the status of the axilla and to assess the safety of foregoing axillary dissection if the sentinel lymph node shows no involvement. METHODS: We injected 5-10 MBq of 99mTc-labeled colloidal particles of human albumin peritumorally in 376 consecutive patients with breast cancer who were enrolled at the European Institute of Oncology during the period from March 1996 through March 1998. The sentinel lymph node in each case was visualized by lymphoscintigraphy, and its general location was marked on the overlying skin. During breast surgery, the sentinel lymph node was identified for removal by monitoring the acoustic signal from a hand-held gamma ray-detecting probe. Total axillary dissection was then carried out. The pathologic status of the sentinel lymph node was compared with that of the whole axilla. RESULTS: The sentinel lymph node was identified in 371 (98.7%) of the 376 patients and accurately predicted the state of the axilla in 359 (95.5%) of the patients, with 12 false-negative findings (6.7%; 95% confidence interval = 3.5%-11.4%) among a total of 180 patients with positive axillary lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy using a gamma ray-detecting probe allows staging of the axilla with high accuracy in patients with primary breast cancer. A randomized trial is necessary to determine whether axillary dissection may be avoided in those patients with an uninvolved sentinel lymph node. (+info)Class I integrons in Gram-negative isolates from different European hospitals and association with decreased susceptibility to multiple antibiotic compounds. (8/8791)
Class I integrons are associated with carriage of genes encoding resistance to antibiotics. Expression of inserted resistance genes within these structures can be poor and, as such, the clinical relevance in terms of the effect of integron carriage on susceptibility has not been investigated. Of 163 unrelated Gram-negative isolates randomly selected from the intensive care and surgical units of 14 different hospitals in nine European countries, 43.0% (70/163) of isolates were shown to be integron-positive, with inserted gene cassettes of various sizes. Integrons were detected in isolates from all hospitals with no particular geographical variations. Integron-positive isolates were statistically more likely to be resistant to aminoglycoside, quinolone and beta8-lactam compounds, including third-generation cephalosporins and monobactams, than integron-negative isolates. Integron-positive isolates were also more likely to be multi-resistant than integron-negative isolates. This association implicates integrons in multi-drug resistance either directly through carriage of specific resistance genes, or indirectly by virtue of linkage to other resistance determinants such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes. As such their widespread presence is a cause for concern. There was no association between the presence of integrons and susceptibility to cefepime, amikacin and the carbapenems, to which at least 97% of isolates were fully susceptible. (+info)Synonyms: bluetongue virus, BTV, cytoplasmic immersion body disease.
Antonyms: none found.
Infectious diseases, especially those affecting livestock, are a significant concern globally, and Bluetongue is one such disease that can have a substantial impact on animal health and productivity. It is essential to understand the definition of Bluetongue and its symptoms to diagnose and manage the disease effectively.
Word origin: Bluetongue gets its name from the distinctive swelling of the tongue, which turns blue in color due to the accumulation of blood vessels. The term "bluetongue" was first used in the early 19th century to describe this condition in sheep.
Examples of emerging communicable diseases include SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), West Nile virus, and HIV/AIDS. These diseases are often difficult to diagnose and treat, and they can spread rapidly due to increased travel and trade, as well as the high level of interconnectedness in today's world.
Emerging communicable diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, such as environmental changes, genetic mutations, or the transmission of diseases from animals to humans. These diseases can also be spread through various routes, including airborne transmission, contact with infected bodily fluids, and vector-borne transmission (such as through mosquitoes or ticks).
To prevent the spread of emerging communicable diseases, it is important to have strong surveillance systems in place to detect and monitor outbreaks, as well as effective public health measures such as vaccination programs, quarantine, and contact tracing. Additionally, research into the causes and transmission mechanisms of these diseases is crucial for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies.
Overall, emerging communicable diseases pose a significant threat to global health security, and it is important for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the general public to be aware of these diseases and take steps to prevent their spread.
A viral infection that affects the brain and spinal cord, caused by a tick-borne virus. Also called TBEV (Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus). The symptoms of this condition include fever, headache, muscle weakness, confusion, and difficulty speaking or understanding speech. In severe cases, it can lead to inflammation of the brain, seizures, and even death.
Tick-borne encephalitis is most commonly found in Asia, Europe, and parts of North America. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, typically found in forested areas and grasslands. There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis, but antiviral medications and supportive care may be given to help manage symptoms. Prevention involves avoiding tick habitats and using protective measures such as insect repellents and clothing coverage when outdoors.
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Bangladesh - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs
Iran's Economy - Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty
Electricity blackouts could hit Europe, experts warn
Southern Europe braces for summer of drought
Pivotal Elections Loom Over Europe - The Atlantic
ENLIGHTEN | Center for the Study of Europe
North America2
- Intends to provide a searchable database of all European emigrants who emigrated to North America from German ports between 1820 and 1939. (cyndislist.com)
- The National Institutes of Health and partners today announced plans to conduct a Phase 3 HIV vaccine efficacy trial at multiple clinical research sites in North America, South America and Europe. (nih.gov)
19542
Migration2
- ATHENS/WARSAW - The European Union is implementing a new border management system with tougher migration control the core aim. (commondreams.org)
- The demonstrations are part of the preparation for the launch of EUROSUR , the European External Border Surveillance System meant to enhance cooperation between border control agencies of EU member states and to promote surveillance of EU's external borders by Frontex, with a particular focus on the Mediterranean and North Africa, in view of controlling migration to Europe. (commondreams.org)
Strains1
- Characterization of the European viruses by a monoclonal antibody panel indicated that the Danish isolates were different from terrestrial isolates in Europe but identical to the strains isolated from bats in Germany (6). (cdc.gov)
Defense2
- European defense contractor EADS (005730) gained 2.2 percent. (marketwatch.com)
- Airbus is majority owned by European defense group EADS. (marketwatch.com)
Belgrade1
- The office is based in Belgrade, Serbia, where IUCN was initially represented through the IUCN Programme Office for South-Eastern Europe (IUCN SEE) as of 2004. (iucn.org)
Scientists2
- These included the first opportunity for European scientists and others to respond critically and constructively to the achievements and plans of the European Research Council, and also to discuss forward-looking scientific thinking of the European Science Foundation. (nature.com)
- With temperatures climbing into summertime, scientists warn that Europe is on track for another brutal summer, after suffering its hottest on record last year - which fuelled a drought European Union researchers said was the worst in at least 500 years. (rte.ie)
19852
- On September 10, 1985, a woman in Denmark was bitten on the finger by an ill-appearing European house bat (Eptesicus serotinus) that was captured and later found to be rabid (1). (cdc.gov)
- Before 1985, rabies virus had been isolated from only three bats (of unknown species) in Europe, all in the northern part of the Federal Republic of Germany between 1968 and 1982 (5). (cdc.gov)
Denmark1
- The concensus of the representatives from Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, CDC, and WHO was that all persons who work with bats in Europe should receive preexposure rabies vaccination, and all persons bitten by bats should receive postexposure treatment according to previously published standard immunization schedules (10,11). (cdc.gov)
Unemployment4
- Unemployment in the eurozone should fall back below 10% next year for the first time since 2009, the European Commission said in its latest economic forecast. (cnn.com)
- In 2015 and early 2016, youth unemployment continued to fall at a faster rate than overall unemployment, but the share of young people affected by unemployment remains high compared to other cohorts," the European Commission said on Tuesday. (cnn.com)
- The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: The Aggregate Evidence ," Economic Journal , Royal Economic Society, vol. 110(462), pages 1-33, March. (repec.org)
- The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: The Aggregate Evidence ," NBER Working Papers 7282, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. (repec.org)
Decades4
- Greatly expanded during the decades that followed, European materials now constitute the largest and most comprehensive part of Hoover's international holdings. (hoover.org)
- After all, Europe had the opportunity to select a vigorous leader, like Tony Blair, who could stand shoulder to shoulder with leaders like U.S. President Barack Obama and finally provide that phone number in Europe Henry Kissinger sought three decades ago. (foreignpolicy.com)
- Southern Europe is bracing for a summer of severe drought, with some regions already suffering water shortages and farmers expecting their worst yields in decades. (rte.ie)
- This is the worst loss of harvest for decades," Pekka Pesonen, who heads the European farming group Copa-Cogeca, said of Spain. (rte.ie)
Council2
- Today, two obscure figures will take to the highest posts in the new European Council: Belgian Prime Minister Herman Van Rompuy as president and EU Trade Commissioner Catherine Ashton as high representative for foreign policy. (foreignpolicy.com)
- A legislative package setting up EUROSUR was approved in mid-November this year by the European Parliament's civil liberties committee and is expected to receive a final go-ahead soon from the entire Parliament and by the European Council, the EU's executive. (commondreams.org)
Researchers2
- In addition to BU professors Schmidt and Ban, the project brings together researchers from CBS as well as the University of Amsterdam, the Central European University and Université Libre de Bruxelles and non-academic partners Tax Justice Network, European Trade Union Confederation, Finance Watch and Housing Europe. (bu.edu)
- European researchers are part of the Immune Tolerance Network, an international consortium co-sponsored by NIAID that is dedicated to the clinical evaluation of new tolerance-inducing therapies for autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergic diseases, and transplant rejection. (nih.gov)
Climate1
- The E-Waste Challenge Massive Open Online Course is managed by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) Climate-Knowledge and Innovation Community (KIC). (nih.gov)
Task Force1
- Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society. (nih.gov)
Regions2
- Clade C HIV is common in southern Africa, where Imbokodo is being conducted, while clade B is predominant in the regions of Europe and the Americas where Mosaico will enroll participants. (nih.gov)
- Ukraine, like several other countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, is one of the few regions in the world with rising HIV rates. (nih.gov)
20231
- The European Academy of Neurology (EAN) published guidelines for the treatment of cluster headache in July 2023. (medscape.com)
Congress1
- EULAR Real-World Tradeoffs of Biosimilars in Spotlight at EULAR Head-to-head drug comparisons and clinical trials designed to answer the toughest questions in rheumatology will be featured at the upcoming European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Congress. (medscape.com)
Parliament2
- Europe has its own parliament, its own flag, its own currency, and a new president. (foreignpolicy.com)
- Tje European Parliament Liaison Office in Washington DC has launched their next. (bu.edu)
Union4
- For the United Kingdom, as of 1 January 2021, European Union law applies only to the territory of Northern Ireland (NI) to the extent foreseen in the Protocol on Ireland / NI. (europa.eu)
- Catherine Ashton and Herman Van Rompuy should suit the European Union -- and that's all that matters. (foreignpolicy.com)
- The positions, created by the Lisbon Treaty after eight long years of wrangling within the European Union, were highly heralded and meant to give Europe a powerful unified voice on the world stage. (foreignpolicy.com)
- The 28 member states of the European Union each present unique opportunities and challenges for international research collaboration. (nih.gov)
Closely1
- These virus isolates differed from common isolates found in terrestrial animals in Europe but closely resembled two rabies-like viruses from Africa, one of human origin (Duvenhage) and one of bat origin (6). (cdc.gov)
Central Asia2
- The IUCN Regional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia (IUCN ECARO) was established in 2015 with a view to supporting IUCN constituency and implementing the IUCN Programme in most countries of the IUCN Statutory Region East Europe, North and Central Asia. (iucn.org)
- In June, I had the opportunity to travel to Warsaw, Poland, and meet with Fogarty grantees and trainees from Eastern Europe and Central Asia. (nih.gov)
Countries2
Papers1
- Workplace Training in Europe ," IZA Discussion Papers 1640, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA). (repec.org)
Economy1
- LONDON (CBS.MW) -- European markets rose Thursday amid a handful of upbeat corporate outlooks, while data showed the German economy growing at its fastest rate for four years. (marketwatch.com)
Institutions1
- The project maps how European institutions and expert networks handle these crises, and what European modes of governance relate are suited to addressing these crises. (bu.edu)
Participants2
- Nevertheless, informal canvassing of opinions of other participants reinforced the notion that this ESOF meeting was both lively and - to judge by the European movers and shakers present - important. (nature.com)
- The attendance of participants from the United States and elsewhere outside Europe was also a good sign. (nature.com)
Commission4
- There could have been more heavyweight political figures in attendance, but there was a large turnout by representatives from funding bodies, the European Commission, and national and European parliamentarians. (nature.com)
- Seeking emergency EU assistance, Spain's Agriculture Minister Luis Planas warned that "the situation resulting from this drought is of such magnitude that its consequences cannot be tackled with national funds alone," according to a 24 April letter sent to the European Commission (EC) and seen by Reuters. (rte.ie)
- Severe drought in Southern Europe is particularly worrying, not only for the farmers there but also because this can push up already very high consumer prices if the EU production is significantly lower," Commission spokesperson Miriam Garcia Ferrer said. (rte.ie)
- ENLIGHTEN is the first European Commission Horizon 2020 grant to be based at CBS. (bu.edu)
Clinical1
- There have been clinical trials of European mistletoe for cancer, mostly in Europe. (nih.gov)
Events2
- SPARC Europe highlights key events in Europe that promote Open Science, incl. (sparceurope.org)
- Stay apprised of all Europe-related events on campus. (bu.edu)
American2
United Kingdom1
- Effective October 2013, the manuscript submission system for Europe PMC (also known as Europe PMC plus and formally known as the United Kingdom Manuscript Submission System (UKMSS)) is adding four additional grant funding organizations. (nih.gov)
Years1
- Recall, too, that the Lisbon Treaty was a backdoor solution created by EU bureaucrats frustrated with years of failure to advance the cause of Europe through the front door of national referendums. (foreignpolicy.com)
Link1
- Click the link there to follow DJI Europe. (mynewsdesk.com)
World2
Grant1
- New Grant Funding Organizations Added for Europe PMC. (nih.gov)
Open3
- Help unlock the full potential of European Open Repositories! (sparceurope.org)
- SPARC Europe produces its own Open Science and Open Access policy-making and advocacy resources. (sparceurope.org)
- It also promotes other key resources that support the European Open Science and Open Access policy maker and advocate. (sparceurope.org)
Country2
- Many had hoped for a kind of European George Washington - a commanding figure who would shape the presidency in his own image and lead a strongly unified country. (foreignpolicy.com)
- If sanctions on Russia hit gas supplies it could also hurt European gas markets, as the region gets around 35% of its gas from the country. (yahoo.com)
Major2
- When a small group of academics founded the organization 'Euroscience' in 1997, few would have imagined it could acquire the clout and funds to drive a regular biennial meeting, now attracting 5,000 attendees, in a major European city. (nature.com)
- A major port of embarkation for Eastern Europeans. (cyndislist.com)
Background1
- Against the background of the great European war of the early twentieth century, Herbert Hoover's idea of a scholarly institution collecting documentation on war, revolution, and peace was conceived and developed. (hoover.org)
Present1
- New cases of HIV infection present a growing problem in Eastern Europe, where the primary mode of transmission is among people who inject drugs, according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. (nih.gov)
Team1
- Our BASF European Recruiting Team is glad to assist you. (basf.com)
Potential2
- European national border guards have participated in these demonstrations as potential customers, IPS learns. (commondreams.org)
- This is before taking into account any potential conflict in Eastern Europe. (yahoo.com)
Research2
- Katharina Friedla is a research fellow and the Taube Family Curator for European Collections at the Hoover Institution Library & Archives at Stanford University. (hoover.org)
- Learn more about NIAID's FY2020 international research activities in the Europe region in this Fact Sheet . (nih.gov)
Year1
- Southern Europe is not alone in suffering severe water shortages this year. (rte.ie)