An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.
An alkylating agent in cancer therapy that may also act as a mutagen by interfering with and causing damage to DNA.
Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.
Organic salts or esters of methanesulfonic acid.
Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.
Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.
A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.
Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.
Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.
The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.
Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).
Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.
The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group.
The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.
A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.
A quantitative measure of the frequency on average with which articles in a journal have been cited in a given period of time.
Individual's rights to obtain and use information collected or generated by others.
The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.
"The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.

Identification of mutations that cause cell migration defects in mosaic clones. (1/546)

Cell movement is an important feature of animal development, wound healing and tumor metastasis; however, the mechanisms underlying cell motility remain to be elucidated. To further our understanding, it would be useful to identify all of the proteins that are essential for a cell to migrate, yet such information is not currently available for any cell type. We have carried out a screen for mutations affecting border cell migration in Drosophila. Mutations that cause defects in mosaic clones were identified, so that genes that are also required for viability could be detected. From 6000 mutagenized lines, 20 mutations on chromosome 2R were isolated that cause defects in border cell position. One of the mutations was dominant while all of the recessive mutations appeared to be homozygous lethal. This lethality was used to place the mutations into 16 complementation groups. Many of the mutations failed to complement cytologically characterized deficiencies, allowing their rapid mapping. Mutations in three loci altered expression of a marker gene in the border cells, whereas the remaining mutations did not. One mutation, which caused production of supernumerary border cells, was found to disrupt the costal-2 locus, indicating a role for Hedgehog signaling in border cell development. This screen identified many new loci required for border cell migration and our results suggest that this is a useful approach for elucidating the mechanisms involved in cell motility.  (+info)

Sprouty: a common antagonist of FGF and EGF signaling pathways in Drosophila. (2/546)

Extracellular factors such as FGF and EGF control various aspects of morphogenesis, patterning and cellular proliferation in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In most systems, it is primarily the distribution of these factors that controls the differential behavior of the responding cells. Here we describe the role of Sprouty in eye development. Sprouty is an extracellular protein that has been shown to antagonize FGF signaling during tracheal branching in Drosophila. It is a novel type of protein with a highly conserved cysteine-rich region. In addition to the embryonic tracheal system, sprouty is also expressed in other tissues including the developing eye imaginal disc, embryonic chordotonal organ precursors and the midline glia. In each of these tissues, EGF receptor signaling is known to participate in the control of the correct number of neurons or glia. We show that, in all three tissues, the loss of sprouty results in supernumerary neurons or glia, respectively. Furthermore, overexpression of sprouty in wing veins and ovarian follicle cells, two other tissues where EGF signaling is required for patterning, results in phenotypes that resemble the loss-of-function phenotypes of Egf receptor. These results suggest that Sprouty acts as an antagonist of EGF as well as FGF signaling pathways. These receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated pathways may share not only intracellular signaling components but also extracellular factors that modulate the strength of the signal.  (+info)

Commissure formation in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila. (3/546)

In the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila most axons are organized in a simple, ladder-like pattern. Two segmental commissures connect the hemisegments along the mediolateral and two longitudinal connectives connect individual neuromeres along the anterior-posterior axis. Cells located at the midline of the developing CNS first guide commissural growth cones toward and across the midline. In later stages, midline glial cells are required to separate anterior and posterior commissures into distinct axon bundles. To unravel the genes underlying the formation of axon pattern in the embryonic ventral nerve cord, we conducted a saturating ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis, screening for mutations which disrupt this process. Subsequent genetic and phenotypic analyses support a sequential model of axon pattern formation in the embryonic ventral nerve cord. Specification of midline cell lineages is brought about by the action of segment polarity genes. Five genes are necessary for the establishment of the commissures. In addition to commissureless, the netrin genes, and the netrin receptor encoded by the frazzled gene, two gene functions are required for the initial formation of commissural tracts. Over 20 genes appear to be required for correct development of the midline glial cells which are necessary for the formation of distinct segmental commissures.  (+info)

A mitotic spindle requirement for DNA damage-induced apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. (4/546)

Promiscuously reactive electrophilic agents induce DNA and other cellular damage. DNA repair-defective cells, when compared with genetically matched, repair-proficient parental cells, provide a means to distinguish cellular responses triggered by individual genetic lesions from other macromolecular damage. The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line EM9 is hypersensitive to the alkylating agent ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and is unable efficiently to repair DNA single strand breaks in contrast to parental AA8 cells. EM9 was used to examine how CHO cells couple unrepaired DNA strand breaks to loss of viability. Flow cytometry revealed that EMS-treated EM9 cells underwent prolonged cell cycle arrest in G2, followed by entry into mitosis, micronucleation, and apoptosis. EM9 cells synchronized in G1 prior to EMS treatment entered mitosis 24-36 h after release from synchrony, approximately 12 h after untreated control cells. Mitoses in EMS-treated cells were abnormal, involving multipolar mitotic spindles and elongated and/or incompletely condensed chromosomes. The mitotic spindle poison nocodazole reduced DNA damage-induced apoptosis by >60%, whereas the frequency of micronucleation was similar in the presence or absence of nocodazole. Flow cytometry revealed that nocodazole-treated cells sustained a second round of DNA replication without intervening mitosis. These results demonstrate that nuclear fragmentation and inappropriate DNA replication are insufficient to trigger apoptosis following DNA strand breakage and demonstrate a requirement for mitotic spindle assembly for this process in CHO cells.  (+info)

Mapping the agonist binding site of the GABAA receptor: evidence for a beta-strand. (5/546)

GABAA receptors, along with the receptors for acetylcholine, glycine, and serotonin, are members of a ligand-gated ion channel superfamily (Ortells and Lunt, 1995). Because of the paucity of crystallographic information for these ligand-gated channels, little is known about the structure of their binding sites or how agonist binding is transduced into channel gating. We used the substituted cysteine accessibility method to obtain secondary structural information about the GABA binding site and to systematically identify residues that line its surface. Each residue from alpha1 Y59 to K70 was mutated to cysteine and expressed with wild-type beta2 subunits in Xenopus oocytes or HEK 293 cells. The sulfhydryl-specific reagent N-biotinylaminoethyl methanethiosulfonate (MTSEA-Biotin) was used to covalently modify the cysteine-substituted residues. Receptors with cysteines substituted at positions alpha1 T60, D62, F64, R66, and S68 reacted with MTSEA-Biotin, and alpha1 F64C, R66C, and S68C were protected from reaction by agonist. We conclude that alpha1 F64, R66, and S68 line part of the GABA binding site. The alternating pattern of accessibility of consecutive engineered cysteines to reaction with MTSEA-Biotin indicates that the region from alpha1 Y59 to S68 is a beta-strand.  (+info)

Flow cytometric measurement of micronuclei induced in a permanent fish cell line as a possible screening test for the genotoxicity of industrial waste waters. (6/546)

An in vitro micronucleus assay using the permanent fish cell line RTG-2 (rainbow trout gonads) was developed to test industrial waste waters for their genotoxic potential. Comparison of flow cytometric measurement and microscopic scoring of micronucleus frequency with the reference chemicals 1,4-butane sultone (0.2-1 mM), ethylmethane sulphonate (2-10 mM), potassium dichromate (20-100 microM) and benzo[a]pyrene (5-25 microM) showed similar dose-effect relationships. Thirty-eight industrial waste waters from 11 different branches of industry obtained from the Bavarian state office for water research were tested using the flow cytometric method (18 from metal processing, 10 from combined waste water, two from synthetic fibre production, one sample each from settlement wastes, non-iron metal manufacturing, leather production, sulphuric acid production, ore processing, graphite film production, cellulose production and flue gas washing). Fourteen of them showed a significant increase in micronucleus frequency.  (+info)

Chloroethylclonidine and 2-aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate recognize two different conformations of the human alpha(2A)-adrenergic receptor. (7/546)

The substituted cysteine-accessibility method and two sulfhydryl-specific reagents, the methane-thiosulfonate derivative 2-aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate (MTSEA) and the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor (alpha(2)-AR) agonist chloroethylclonidine (CEC), were used to determine the relative accessibility of engineered cysteines in the fifth transmembrane domain of the human alpha(2A)-AR (Halpha2A). The second-order rate constants for the reaction of the receptor with MTSEA and CEC were determined with the wild type Halpha2A (cysteine at position 201) and receptor mutants containing accessible cysteines at other positions within the binding-site crevice (positions 197, 200, and 204). The rate of reaction of CEC was similar to that of MTSEA at residues Cys-197, Cys-201, and Cys-204. The rate of reaction of CEC with Cys-200, however, was more than 5 times that of MTSEA, suggesting that these compounds may interact with two different receptor conformations. MTSEA, having no recognition specificity for the receptor, likely reacts with the predominant inactive receptor conformation (R), whereas the agonist CEC may stabilize and react preferentially with the active receptor conformation (R*). This hypothesis was consistent with three-dimensional receptor-ligand models, which further suggest that alpha(2A)-AR activation may involve the clockwise rotation of transmembrane domain 5.  (+info)

The reactivity of the gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter GAT-1 toward sulfhydryl reagents is conformationally sensitive. Identification of a major target residue. (8/546)

The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter GAT-1 is a prototype of neurotransmitter transporters that maintain low synaptic levels of the transmitter. Transport by GAT-1 is sensitive to the polar sulfhydryl reagent 2-aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate. Following replacement of endogenous cysteines to other residues by site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified cysteine 399 as the major determinant of the sensitivity of the transporter to sulfhydryl modification. Cysteine-399 is located in the intracellular loop connecting putative transmembrane domains eight and nine. Binding of both sodium and chloride leads to a reduced sensitivity to sulfhydryl reagents, whereas subsequent binding of GABA increases it. Strikingly binding of the nontransportable GABA analogue SKF100330A gives rise to a marked protection against sulfhydryl modification. These effects were not observed in C399S transporters. Under standard conditions GAT-1 is almost insensitive toward the impermeant 2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl methanethiosulfonate. However, in a chloride-free medium, addition of SKF100330A renders wild type GAT-1, but not C399S, very sensitive to this impermeant reagent. These observations indicate that the accessibility of cysteine 399 is highly dependent on the conformation of GAT-1. Consequently, topological assignments based on accessibility of endogeneous or engineered cysteines to small polar sulfhydryl reagents need to be interpreted with extreme caution.  (+info)

Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is an alkylating agent that is commonly used as a mutagen in genetic research. It works by introducing point mutations into the DNA of organisms, which can then be studied to understand the function of specific genes. EMS modifies DNA by transferring an ethyl group (-C2H5) to the oxygen atom of guanine bases, leading to mispairing during DNA replication and resulting in a high frequency of GC to AT transitions. It is highly toxic and mutagenic, and appropriate safety precautions must be taken when handling this chemical.

Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) is not a medication, but rather a chemical compound with the formula CH3SO3CH3. It's an alkylating agent that is used in laboratory settings for various research purposes, including as a methylating agent in biochemical and genetic studies.

MMS works by transferring its methyl group (CH3) to other molecules, which can result in the modification of DNA and other biological macromolecules. This property makes it useful in laboratory research, but it also means that MMS is highly reactive and toxic. Therefore, it must be handled with care and appropriate safety precautions.

It's important to note that MMS is not used as a therapeutic agent in medicine due to its high toxicity and potential to cause serious harm if mishandled or misused.

Mutagens are physical or chemical agents that can cause permanent changes in the structure of genetic material, including DNA and chromosomes, leading to mutations. These mutations can be passed down to future generations and may increase the risk of cancer and other diseases. Examples of mutagens include ultraviolet (UV) radiation, tobacco smoke, and certain chemicals found in industrial settings. It is important to note that not all mutations are harmful, but some can have negative effects on health and development.

A mesylate is a salt formed when mesylic acid (methanesulfonic acid) reacts with a base. In the context of pharmaceuticals, many drugs are available in mesylate form as it can be more soluble and bioavailable than other forms. Mesylates are commonly used to improve the absorption and effectiveness of medications.

For example, a drug called atenolol (a beta blocker used to treat high blood pressure) is often formulated as atenolol mesylate because the mesylate form is more soluble in water than the free base form, making it easier for the body to absorb and utilize the medication.

It's important to note that mesylates are not a specific medical condition or disease, but rather a type of pharmaceutical preparation.

Alkylating agents are a class of chemotherapy drugs that work by alkylating, or adding an alkyl group to, DNA molecules. This process can damage the DNA and prevent cancer cells from dividing and growing. Alkylating agents are often used to treat various types of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and solid tumors. Examples of alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil. These drugs can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection. They can also cause long-term damage to the heart, lungs, and reproductive system.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Leukemia L5178" is not a recognized medical term or classification for leukemia. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations have established specific classifications for different types of leukemias based on factors such as cell type, genetic mutations, and other characteristics. However, "L5178" does not appear in these classifications.

It's possible that "L5178" might refer to a specific research cell line used in scientific studies, but without more context, it's difficult to provide a precise definition. If you have more information about where you encountered this term, I may be able to provide a more accurate response.

A lethal gene is a type of gene that causes the death of an organism or prevents it from surviving to maturity. This can occur when the gene contains a mutation that disrupts the function of a protein essential for the organism's survival. In some cases, the presence of two copies of a lethal gene (one inherited from each parent) can result in a condition that is incompatible with life, and the organism will not survive beyond embryonic development or shortly after birth.

Lethal genes can also contribute to genetic disorders, where the disruption of protein function caused by the mutation leads to progressive degeneration and ultimately death. In some cases, lethal genes may only cause harm when expressed in certain tissues or at specific stages of development, leading to a range of phenotypes from embryonic lethality to adult-onset disorders.

It's important to note that the term "lethal" is relative and can depend on various factors such as genetic background, environmental conditions, and the presence of modifier genes. Additionally, some lethal genes may be targeted for gene editing or other therapeutic interventions to prevent their harmful effects.

Methylnitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG) is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with potential implications in medical research and toxicology. Therefore, I will provide you with a general definition of this compound.

Methylnitronitrosoguanidine (C2H6N4O2), also known as MNNG or nitroso-guanidine, is a nitrosamine compound used primarily in laboratory research. It is an alkylating agent, which means it can introduce alkyl groups into other molecules through chemical reactions. In this case, MNNG is particularly reactive towards DNA and RNA, making it a potent mutagen and carcinogen.

MNNG has been used in research to study the mechanisms of carcinogenesis (the development of cancer) and mutations at the molecular level. However, due to its high toxicity and potential for causing damage to genetic material, its use is strictly regulated and typically limited to laboratory settings.

Mutagenicity tests are a type of laboratory assays used to identify agents that can cause genetic mutations. These tests detect changes in the DNA of organisms, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, after exposure to potential mutagens. The most commonly used mutagenicity test is the Ames test, which uses a strain of Salmonella bacteria that is sensitive to mutagens. If a chemical causes an increase in the number of revertants (reversion to the wild type) in the bacterial population, it is considered to be a mutagen. Other tests include the mouse lymphoma assay and the chromosomal aberration test. These tests are used to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of chemicals and are an important part of the safety evaluation process for new drugs, chemicals, and other substances.

A genetic complementation test is a laboratory procedure used in molecular genetics to determine whether two mutated genes can complement each other's function, indicating that they are located at different loci and represent separate alleles. This test involves introducing a normal or wild-type copy of one gene into a cell containing a mutant version of the same gene, and then observing whether the presence of the normal gene restores the normal function of the mutated gene. If the introduction of the normal gene results in the restoration of the normal phenotype, it suggests that the two genes are located at different loci and can complement each other's function. However, if the introduction of the normal gene does not restore the normal phenotype, it suggests that the two genes are located at the same locus and represent different alleles of the same gene. This test is commonly used to map genes and identify genetic interactions in a variety of organisms, including bacteria, yeast, and animals.

Thioguanine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called antimetabolites. It is primarily used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other various types of cancer.

In medical terms, thioguanine is a purine analogue that gets metabolically converted into active thiopurine nucleotides, which then get incorporated into DNA and RNA, thereby interfering with the synthesis of genetic material in cancer cells. This interference leads to inhibition of cell division and growth, ultimately resulting in cell death (apoptosis) of the cancer cells.

It is important to note that thioguanine can also affect normal cells in the body, leading to various side effects. Therefore, it should be administered under the close supervision of a healthcare professional who can monitor its effectiveness and potential side effects.

Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of an organism is changed in a way that can alter its phenotype, or observable traits. These changes, known as mutations, can be caused by various factors such as chemicals, radiation, or viruses. Some mutations may have no effect on the organism, while others can cause harm, including diseases and cancer. Mutagenesis is a crucial area of study in genetics and molecular biology, with implications for understanding evolution, genetic disorders, and the development of new medical treatments.

DNA repair is the process by which cells identify and correct damage to the DNA molecules that encode their genome. DNA can be damaged by a variety of internal and external factors, such as radiation, chemicals, and metabolic byproducts. If left unrepaired, this damage can lead to mutations, which may in turn lead to cancer and other diseases.

There are several different mechanisms for repairing DNA damage, including:

1. Base excision repair (BER): This process repairs damage to a single base in the DNA molecule. An enzyme called a glycosylase removes the damaged base, leaving a gap that is then filled in by other enzymes.
2. Nucleotide excision repair (NER): This process repairs more severe damage, such as bulky adducts or crosslinks between the two strands of the DNA molecule. An enzyme cuts out a section of the damaged DNA, and the gap is then filled in by other enzymes.
3. Mismatch repair (MMR): This process repairs errors that occur during DNA replication, such as mismatched bases or small insertions or deletions. Specialized enzymes recognize the error and remove a section of the newly synthesized strand, which is then replaced by new nucleotides.
4. Double-strand break repair (DSBR): This process repairs breaks in both strands of the DNA molecule. There are two main pathways for DSBR: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). NHEJ directly rejoins the broken ends, while HR uses a template from a sister chromatid to repair the break.

Overall, DNA repair is a crucial process that helps maintain genome stability and prevent the development of diseases caused by genetic mutations.

According to the medical definition, ultraviolet (UV) rays are invisible radiations that fall in the range of the electromagnetic spectrum between 100-400 nanometers. UV rays are further divided into three categories: UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm), and UVC (100-280 nm).

UV rays have various sources, including the sun and artificial sources like tanning beds. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can cause damage to the skin, leading to premature aging, eye damage, and an increased risk of skin cancer. UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and are associated with skin aging, while UVB rays primarily affect the outer layer of the skin and are linked to sunburns and skin cancer. UVC rays are the most harmful but fortunately, they are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and do not reach the surface.

Healthcare professionals recommend limiting exposure to UV rays, wearing protective clothing, using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, and avoiding tanning beds to reduce the risk of UV-related health problems.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Colistin is an antibiotic that belongs to a class of drugs called polymyxins. It is primarily used to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, including some that are resistant to other antibiotics. Colistin works by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane and causing the bacterium to lose essential components, leading to its death.

Colistin can be administered intravenously or inhaled, depending on the type of infection being treated. It is important to note that colistin has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that there is a small difference between the effective dose and the toxic dose. Therefore, it must be used with caution and under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

Common side effects of colistin include kidney damage, nerve damage, and muscle weakness. It may also cause allergic reactions in some people. Colistin should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding unless the benefits outweigh the risks.

Drug resistance, also known as antimicrobial resistance, is the ability of a microorganism (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand the effects of a drug that was originally designed to inhibit or kill it. This occurs when the microorganism undergoes genetic changes that allow it to survive in the presence of the drug. As a result, the drug becomes less effective or even completely ineffective at treating infections caused by these resistant organisms.

Drug resistance can develop through various mechanisms, including mutations in the genes responsible for producing the target protein of the drug, alteration of the drug's target site, modification or destruction of the drug by enzymes produced by the microorganism, and active efflux of the drug from the cell.

The emergence and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms pose significant challenges in medical treatment, as they can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents, as well as poor infection control practices, contribute to the development and dissemination of drug-resistant strains. To address this issue, it is crucial to promote prudent use of antimicrobials, enhance surveillance and monitoring of resistance patterns, invest in research and development of new antimicrobial agents, and strengthen infection prevention and control measures.

Cricetinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes hamsters, gerbils, and relatives. These small mammals are characterized by having short limbs, compact bodies, and cheek pouches for storing food. They are native to various parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some species are popular pets due to their small size, easy care, and friendly nature. In a medical context, understanding the biology and behavior of Cricetinae species can be important for individuals who keep them as pets or for researchers studying their physiology.

"Cricetulus" is a genus of rodents that includes several species of hamsters. These small, burrowing animals are native to Asia and have a body length of about 8-15 centimeters, with a tail that is usually shorter than the body. They are characterized by their large cheek pouches, which they use to store food. Some common species in this genus include the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and the Daurian hamster (Cricetulus dauuricus). These animals are often kept as pets or used in laboratory research.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material present in the cells of organisms where it is responsible for the storage and transmission of hereditary information. DNA is a long molecule that consists of two strands coiled together to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a series of four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - that are linked together by phosphate and sugar groups. The sequence of these bases along the length of the molecule encodes genetic information, with A always pairing with T and C always pairing with G. This base-pairing allows for the replication and transcription of DNA, which are essential processes in the functioning and reproduction of all living organisms.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

DNA damage refers to any alteration in the structure or composition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is the genetic material present in cells. DNA damage can result from various internal and external factors, including environmental exposures such as ultraviolet radiation, tobacco smoke, and certain chemicals, as well as normal cellular processes such as replication and oxidative metabolism.

Examples of DNA damage include base modifications, base deletions or insertions, single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and crosslinks between the two strands of the DNA helix. These types of damage can lead to mutations, genomic instability, and chromosomal aberrations, which can contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging-related conditions.

The body has several mechanisms for repairing DNA damage, including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and double-strand break repair. However, if the damage is too extensive or the repair mechanisms are impaired, the cell may undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) to prevent the propagation of potentially harmful mutations.

A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that carries genetic information. Genes are the fundamental units of heredity and are responsible for the development and function of all living organisms. They code for proteins or RNA molecules, which carry out various functions within cells and are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Each gene has a specific location on a chromosome, and each person inherits two copies of every gene, one from each parent. Variations in the sequence of nucleotides in a gene can lead to differences in traits between individuals, including physical characteristics, susceptibility to disease, and responses to environmental factors.

Medical genetics is the study of genes and their role in health and disease. It involves understanding how genes contribute to the development and progression of various medical conditions, as well as identifying genetic risk factors and developing strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Euthanasia, when used in the context of animals, refers to the act of intentionally causing the death of an animal in a humane and peaceful manner to alleviate suffering from incurable illness or injury. It is also commonly referred to as "putting an animal to sleep" or "mercy killing." The goal of euthanasia in animals is to minimize pain and distress, and it is typically carried out by a veterinarian using approved medications and techniques. Euthanasia may be considered when an animal's quality of life has become significantly compromised and there are no reasonable treatment options available to alleviate its suffering.

Hycanthone is not generally considered a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that has been used in medical research and treatment. Hycanthone is a synthetic anti-schistosomal drug, which means it was developed to treat Schistosoma parasitic worm infections, such as schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia or snail fever).

The substance works by inhibiting the DNA synthesis of the parasite, ultimately leading to its death. However, due to its toxicity and limited therapeutic window, hycanthone is no longer used in clinical settings. It is primarily mentioned in scientific literature related to parasitology and drug development.

Alkylation, in the context of medical chemistry and toxicology, refers to the process of introducing an alkyl group (a chemical moiety made up of a carbon atom bonded to one or more hydrogen atoms) into a molecule, typically a biomolecule such as a protein or DNA. This process can occur through various mechanisms, including chemical reactions with alkylating agents.

In the context of cancer therapy, alkylation is used to describe a class of chemotherapeutic drugs known as alkylating agents, which work by introducing alkyl groups onto DNA molecules in rapidly dividing cells. This can lead to cross-linking of DNA strands and other forms of DNA damage, ultimately inhibiting cell division and leading to the death of cancer cells. However, these agents can also affect normal cells, leading to side effects such as nausea, hair loss, and increased risk of infection.

It's worth noting that alkylation can also occur through non-chemical means, such as in certain types of radiation therapy where high-energy particles can transfer energy to electrons in biological molecules, leading to the formation of reactive radicals that can react with and alkylate DNA.

Genomics is the scientific study of genes and their functions. It involves the sequencing and analysis of an organism's genome, which is its complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Genomics also includes the study of how genes interact with each other and with the environment. This field of study can provide important insights into the genetic basis of diseases and can lead to the development of new diagnostic tools and treatments.

A "periodical" in the context of medicine typically refers to a type of publication that is issued regularly, such as on a monthly or quarterly basis. These publications include peer-reviewed journals, magazines, and newsletters that focus on medical research, education, and practice. They may contain original research articles, review articles, case reports, editorials, letters to the editor, and other types of content related to medical science and clinical practice.

As a "Topic," periodicals in medicine encompass various aspects such as their role in disseminating new knowledge, their impact on clinical decision-making, their quality control measures, and their ethical considerations. Medical periodicals serve as a crucial resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and other stakeholders to stay updated on the latest developments in their field and to share their findings with others.

The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is a measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is calculated by dividing the number of current year citations to the source items published in that journal during the previous two years. For example, if a journal has an Impact Factor of 3 in 2020, that means articles published in 2018 and 2019 were cited 3 times on average in 2020. It is used to gauge the importance or rank of a journal by comparing the times it's articles are cited relative to other journals in the field. However, it has been criticized for various limitations such as being manipulated by editors and not reflecting the quality of individual articles.

"Access to information," in a medical context, refers to the ability of individuals, patients, healthcare providers, and researchers to obtain, request, and disseminate health-related data, records, research findings, and other important information. This includes access to personal medical records, clinical trial results, evidence-based practices, and public health statistics.

Promoting access to information is crucial for informed decision-making, ensuring transparency, advancing medical research, improving patient care, and enhancing overall healthcare system performance. Various laws, regulations, and policies at the local, national, and international levels aim to protect and facilitate access to information while balancing privacy concerns, data security, and intellectual property rights.

A plant genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in the cells of a plant. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the development and functioning of the plant, including its structural and functional characteristics. The plant genome includes both coding regions that contain instructions for producing proteins and non-coding regions that have various regulatory functions.

The plant genome is composed of several types of DNA molecules, including chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus of the cell. Each chromosome contains one or more genes, which are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules. Plants typically have multiple sets of chromosomes, with each set containing a complete copy of the genome.

The study of plant genomes is an active area of research in modern biology, with important applications in areas such as crop improvement, evolutionary biology, and medical research. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have made it possible to determine the complete sequences of many plant genomes, providing valuable insights into their structure, function, and evolution.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "publishing" is not a term that has a medical definition. Publishing typically refers to the process of preparing and disseminating information, such as books, journals, or articles, to the public or a specific audience. It could involve both print and digital media. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.

... (EMS) is a mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic organic compound with formula C3H8SO3. It produces ... "Ethyl Methanesulfonate" (PDF). Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition. NIEHS. Retrieved 18 June 2021. Sega, Gary A. (1984 ... Ethyl methanesulfonate". Molecular & General Genetics : MGG. 167 (2): 197-207. doi:10.1007/BF00266913. PMID 215891. S2CID ... "A review of the genetic effects of ethyl methanesulfonate". Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology. Elsevier BV. 134 ( ...
This is because sodium bisulfate catalyses deamination of unmethylated cytosine to uracil.[page needed] Ethyl methane sulfonate ...
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) "N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea" (PDF). Report on Carcinogens, ... ENU, also known as N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (chemical formula C3H7N3O2), is a highly potent mutagen. For a given gene in mice, ENU ... The chemical is an alkylating agent, and acts by transferring the ethyl group of ENU to nucleobases (usually thymine) in ... Salinger, Andrew P.; Justice, Monica J. (2008). "Mouse Mutagenesis Using N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosourea (ENU): Figure 1". Cold Spring ...
It can be achieved by utilizing ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) as a mutagen. The mutation results in a cytosine being swapped for ...
Hermann Muller Invented the Balancer Chromosome Lewis, E. B.; F. Bacher (1968). "Methods of feeding ethyl methane sulphonate ( ... this usually occurs by feeding larvae ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). The DNA-damaged larvae (or the adults into which they ...
"Sodium azide mutagenesis in diploid and hexaploid oats and comparison with ethyl methanesulfonate treatments". Environmental ...
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is also often used to generate animal, plant, and virus mutants. In a European Union law (as 2001/ ... In animal studies, alkylating agents such as N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) have been used to generate mutant mice. ...
... or methanesulfonates, as in ethyl methanesulfonate). It is hygroscopic in its concentrated form. Methanesulfonic acid can ...
Chemical mutagens like ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, and transposons are used for ...
Adaptive response of meiotic cells of the grasshopper, Poecilocerus pictus, to a low dose of ethyl methanesulfonate. Mutat Res ...
Scientists can use mutating chemicals such as ethyl methanesulfonate, or radioactivity to create random mutations within the ...
Chemicals like ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) cause random point mutations particularly in G/C to A/T transitions due to guanine ... Another chemical such as ENU, also known as N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea works similarly to EMS. ENU also induces random point ...
A. thaliana mutants were developed using the mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate and screened to identify mutants with increased ...
Some ligands more than others can stop or reduce the clastogen activity of ethyl methanesulfonate such as adenosine, ADP or DAP ... of clastogen damage seen in chromosomes and reduce the amount of micronuclei affected brought on by ethyl methanesulfonate and ...
Other virus T4 DNA damaging agents with shoulders in their multicomplex survival curves are X-rays and ethyl methane sulfonate ... methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) and nitrous acid. Several of the genes found to be necessary for MR in virus T4 proved to be ...
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is the most popular because of its effectiveness and ease of handling, especially its ... There are different kinds of mutagenic breeding such as using chemical mutagens like ethyl methanesulfonate and dimethyl ...
These discoveries were made by carrying out multiple forward genetic screens using the mutagen, ethyl methane sulfonate, as ...
He used ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to induce point mutations in the Drosophila melanogaster genome, and eventually isolated ...
... generating random mutations in fruit flies using ethyl methanesulfonate. Some of these mutations affected genes involved in the ...
... ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)) looking for embryonic defects. His laboratory discovered and characterized the protein KNOLLE, ...
Ethyl methanesulfonate Record in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ...
... the herbicide-tolerance trait was bred using tissue culture selection and the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate, not ...
George Rédei pioneered the use of A. thaliana for fundamental studies, mutagenizing plants with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) ...
... is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation Ethyl methanesulfonate (or methanesulfonic acid ethyl ester), a mutagen ...
... ethyl methanesulfonate MeSH D02.455.326.146.100.050.500.500 - methyl methanesulfonate MeSH D02.455.326.146.100.250 - hepes MeSH ... ethyl methanesulfonate MeSH D02.886.645.600.055.050.510.500 - methyl methanesulfonate MeSH D02.886.645.600.055.050.632 - sodium ... 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester MeSH D02.705.539.783 - phorate MeSH D02.705.539.790 - phosmet MeSH D02.705.539.900 - temefos ... 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester MeSH D02.886.309.783 - phorate MeSH D02.886.309.790 - phosmet MeSH D02.886.309.900 - temefos ...
2-Epoxybutane Ethyl acrylate Ethylbenzene Ethylene dichloride 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Ethyl methanesulfonate Foreign bodies, ...
CHO-K1 was mutagenized in the 1970s with ethyl methanesulfonate to generate a cell line lacking dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) ...
The method combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis using a chemical mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate ( ... Draper, BW; McCallum, CM; Stout, JL; Slade, AJ; Moens, CB (2004). "A high-throughput method for identifying N-ethyl-N- ...
... a method that combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis with a chemical mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate ...
Sequencing of the teff genome improved breeding, and an ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS)-mutagenized population was then used to ...
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic organic compound with formula C3H8SO3. It produces ... "Ethyl Methanesulfonate" (PDF). Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition. NIEHS. Retrieved 18 June 2021. Sega, Gary A. (1984 ... Ethyl methanesulfonate". Molecular & General Genetics : MGG. 167 (2): 197-207. doi:10.1007/BF00266913. PMID 215891. S2CID ... "A review of the genetic effects of ethyl methanesulfonate". Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology. Elsevier BV. 134 ( ...
Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) is a chemical widely used to induce mutations at loci that regulate economically essential traits ... ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), ethyl nitrosourea (ENU), 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU); ... Jeong, H.J.; Kwon, J.K.; Pandeya, D.; Hwang, J.; Hoang, N.H.; Bae, J.H.; Kang, B.C. A survey of natural and ethyl methane ... Arisha, M.H.; Shah, S.N.M.; Gong, Z.H.; Jing, H.; Li, C.; Zhang, H.X. Ethyl methane sulfonate induced mutations in M2 ...
Chinese cabbage buds were soaked with Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) was used to soak to induce mutagenesis. The influence of ... Chinese cabbage buds were soaked with Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to induce mutagenesis. The influence of different EMS ... Chinese cabbage buds were soaked with Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to induce mutagenesis. The influence of different EMS ... Microspore Induced Doubled Haploids Production from Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS) Soaked Flower Buds Is an Efficient Strategy ...
comparison of gamma radiation and ethyl methanesulfonate in ... Comparison of gamma-radiation and ethyl-methane-sulphonate (EMS ... ethyl methanesulfonate and methyl methanesulfonate Mutation Research 212(2): 269-274. Hussein, H.A.S.; Abdalla, M.M.F. 1974: ... Abdalla, M.M.F.; Hussein, H.A.S. 1977: Effects of single and combined treatments of gamma rays and ethyl methanesulfonate on ... comparison of gamma radiation and ethyl methanesulfonate in production of morphological mutants. Filippetti, A.; De-Pace, C.. ...
Definition of Ethyl Methanesulfonate. Ethyl methanesulfonate is a type of mutagen that has a chemical nature and is responsible ... The chemical formula of ethyl methanesulfonate is C3H8SO3. It is known to cause mutations, ageing as well as cancers in the ... for adding the alkyl groups i.e. methyl, ethyl etc. to the nitrogenous bases. ...
Return to Article Details Keragaman Morfologi Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) KR 11 Mutan EMS (Ethyl Methanesulfonate) ...
Methyl methanesulfonate. 4.1. 1.7E-05. 100 ppm. PADEP as ethyl methanesulfonate ...
... ethyl methanesulfonate The quantity I need is: Purity Request: Other Request: ...
ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate. n. number of oocytes. N. number of oocyte-donor frogs. ... tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) for 20 min and a piece of ovary was drawn out aseptically. Animal handling was carried out ... and 1-ethyl-4-(3-(bromo)phenyl)piperazine, which promotes α7 desensitization, reduce pro-inflammatory responses [38]. We have ...
Ethyl Methanesulfonate] .We manufacture and distribute chemical reagents for research use only or various antibodies. ...
other: ethyl methane sulfonate; 3-(20-)methylcholanthrene. Details on test system and experimental conditions:. METHOD OF ... Ethyl methane sulfonate and 3-(20-)methylcholanthrene were used as positive control substances. Preliminary tests show the test ... Ethyl methane sulfonate and 3-(20-)methylcholanthrene were used as positive control substances. Preliminary tests show the test ... other: methyl methanesulphonate, cyclophosphamide. Details on test system and experimental conditions:. METHOD OF APPLICATION: ...
ethyl methanesulfonate. 2180. formaldehyde +. 3670. fumonisin B1. 370. fumonisin B2. 1. furan +. 3673. ...
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). 62-50-0. Methylmethanesulfonate (MMS). 66-27-3. Monomethylhydrazine ...
2-(N-methylmethylsulfonamido)ethyl methanesulfonate 1392481-58-1 N,N-diethyl-2-hydroxy-N-(2-(methylsulfonamido)ethyl) ... mono-2-diethylamino-ethyl ether of ethylene glycol mono-2-diethylamino-ethyl ether of ethylene glycol ... mono-2-diethylamino-ethyl ether of diethylene glycol mono-2-diethylamino-ethyl ether of diethylene glycol ... mono-2-diethylamino-ethyl ether of triethylene glycol mono-2-diethylamino-ethyl ether of triethylene glycol ...
Of the chemical mutagens, EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate) is today the most widely used. EMS selectively alkylates guanine bases ... identified large allelic series for symbiosis genes and revealed a bias in functionally defective ethyl methanesulfonate ... causing the DNA-polymerase to favor placing a thymine residue over a cytosine residue opposite to the O-6-ethyl guanine during ...
5 Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Karl Ekwall and Geneviève Thon. CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION. ...
5 Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Karl Ekwall and Geneviève Thon. CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION. ...
5 Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Karl Ekwall and Geneviève Thon. CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION. ...
IUPAC Name: [1-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)-2-(4-formylphenoxy)ethyl] methanesulfonate , CAS Registry Number: 646519-99-5. Synonyms: ... BENZALDEHYDE, 4-[2-(2,6-DICHLORO-4-METHYLPHENOXY)ETHYL]- (3 suppliers). IUPAC Name: 4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethyl] ... Synonyms: CTK3H0697, Benzaldehyde, 4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethyl]- Molecular Formula: C16H14Cl2O2. Molecular Weight ... IUPAC Name: 5-(N-ethyl-4-formylanilino)pentyl acetate , CAS Registry Number: 583873-04-5. Synonyms: Benzaldehyde, 4-[[5-( ...
Inhibition by β-caryophyllene of ethyl methanesulfonate-induced clastogenicity in cultured human lymphocytes. Author:. Di Sotto ...
Witt, T. W., Ulloa, M., Pelletier, M. G., Mendu, V., & Ritchie, G. L. (2018). Exploring ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) treated ... improved fiber quality through ethyl methane sulfonate treatments and selection. Journal of Plant Registrations, 14(2), 159-164 ... improved fiber quality through ethyl methane sulfonate treatments and selection. Journal of Plant Registrations, 14(2), 159-164 ... improved fiber quality through ethyl methane sulfonate treatments and selection. Journal of Plant Registrations, 14(2), 159-164 ...
The Analysis of Physiological Variations in M2 Generation of Solanum melongena L. Mutagenized by Ethyl Methane Sulfonate. Xi-Ou ...
Ethyl methacrylate (97-63-2). Ethyl methanesulfonate (62-50-0). Hexachloropropene (1888-71-7). Isodrin (465-73-6). Isosafrole ( ... Parathion (ethyl parathion) (56-38-2). Phorate (298-02-2). Quinoline (91-22-5). Sulfotepp (3689-24-5). α-Terpineol (98-55-5). o ... Methyl methanesulfonate (66-27-3). 1,4-Naphthoquinone (130-15-4). 4-Nitroquinoline-N-oxide (56-57-5). Pentachlorobenzene (608- ...
These are single point mutants in the itpr gene that were generated in an EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate) screen. Detailed ...
Concentration of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) used for mutagenesis Sugarcane Saccharum spp.. 32. mM. 109869. Mahlanza T, ...
The compounds include:- the alkylating agent, ethyl methane sulphonate; the pairs, methyl nitroso urea/ethyl nitroso urea and ... The compounds include:- the alkylating agent, ethyl methane sulphonate; the pairs, methyl nitroso urea/ethyl nitroso urea and ... hycanthone methane sulphonate. There is a quantitative relationship between SCE and point-mutational damage of a base- ... hycanthone methane sulphonate. There is a quantitative relationship between SCE and point-mutational damage of a base- ...
The ability of isophorone to enhance the covalent binding of tritiated ethyl methanesulfonate (3H-EMS) to spermatocytes was ... Evidence was subsequently presented for enhanced ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced alkylation of DNA taken from epididymal ... methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and isophorone. Mutat Res, 206: 149-161. Olson CT, Yu KO, & Serve MP (1986) ...
... several mutant lines were generated for the PIKFYVE gene with the ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis technique. In both ...
Using independent ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) generated msh7-3D mutants crossed with wheat wild relative Aegilops variabilis, ...
  • Chinese cabbage buds were soaked with Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to induce mutagenesis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Development and Characterization of an Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) Induced Mutant Population in Capsicum annuum L. (mdpi.com)
  • Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) is a chemical widely used to induce mutations at loci that regulate economically essential traits. (mdpi.com)
  • Ethyl methanesulfonate is a type of mutagen that has a chemical nature and is responsible for adding the alkyl groups i.e. methyl, ethyl etc. to the nitrogenous bases. (courseeagle.com)
  • Treating the seed or pollen of plants with the chemical mutagen EMS (Ethyl methanesulfonate) is one of the most commonly used approaches to generating large numbers of mutants. (frontiersin.org)
  • The mod mutants were isolated by visually screening leaves from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenized M. truncatula population [Penmetsa and Cook, 2000] using a light microscope and partially polarized light for increased druse crystal abundance in the mesophyll cells. (usda.gov)
  • In this work, we aim to extend TILLING resources available in A. thaliana by developing a new population of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) induced mutants in the second commonest reference strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The chemical formula of ethyl methanesulfonate is C3H8SO3. (courseeagle.com)
  • Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic organic compound with formula C3H8SO3. (wikipedia.org)
  • ChEBI: 2-diethylaminoethanol is a member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups. (lookchem.com)
  • An overview of Genetic Toxicology Rodent Cytogenetics study conclusions related to Ethyl methanesulfonate (62-50-0). (nih.gov)
  • Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic organic compound with formula C3H8SO3. (wikipedia.org)
  • A study was conducted to reduce the mimosine content ofLeucaena leucocephalaleaves by using ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS). (unimas.my)