A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).
A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.
Acute and chronic neurologic disorders associated with the various neurologic effects of ETHANOL. Primary sites of injury include the brain and peripheral nerves.
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
A zinc-containing enzyme which oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals in the presence of NAD. In alcoholic fermentation, it catalyzes the final step of reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen.
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.
Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)
A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.
Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.
An ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Substrates include ETHANOL; INHALATION ANESTHETICS; BENZENE; ACETAMINOPHEN and other low molecular weight compounds. CYP2E1 has been used as an enzyme marker in the study of alcohol abuse.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.
An umbrella term used to describe a pattern of disabilities and abnormalities that result from fetal exposure to ETHANOL during pregnancy. It encompasses a phenotypic range that can vary greatly between individuals, but reliably includes one or more of the following: characteristic facial dysmorphism, FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION, central nervous system abnormalities, cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction, BIRTH DEFECTS. The level of maternal alcohol consumption does not necessarily correlate directly with disease severity.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
The instinctive tendency (or ability) to assume a normal position of the body in space when it has been displaced.
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells that is due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. The fatty changes in the alcoholic fatty liver may be reversible, depending on the amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES accumulated.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety.
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.
Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.
A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
Substances interfering with the metabolism of ethyl alcohol, causing unpleasant side effects thought to discourage the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol deterrents are used in the treatment of alcoholism.
5-Hydroxy-indole-3-ethanol.
Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.
Hydrocarbon-rich byproducts from the non-fossilized BIOMASS that are combusted to generate energy as opposed to fossilized hydrocarbon deposits (FOSSIL FUELS).
Xylose is a monosaccharide, a type of sugar, that is commonly found in woody plants and fruits, and it is used in medical testing to assess the absorptive capacity of the small intestine.
Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc.
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.
Board members of an institution or organization who are entrusted with the administering of funds and the directing of policy.
The pull on a limb or a part thereof. Skin traction (indirect traction) is applied by using a bandage to pull on the skin and fascia where light traction is required. Skeletal traction (direct traction), however, uses pins or wires inserted through bone and is attached to weights, pulleys, and ropes. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed)
The study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.

Various forms of chemically induced liver injury and their detection by diagnostic procedures. (1/9751)

A large number of chemical agents, administered for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, can produce various types of hepatic injury by several mechanisms. Some agents are intrinsically hepatotoxic, and others produce hepatic injury only in the rare, uniquely susceptible individual. Idiosyncrasy of the host is the mechanism for most types of drug-induced hepatic injury. It may reflect allergy to the drug or a metabolic aberation of the host permitting the accumulation of hepatotoxic metabolites. The syndromes of hepatic disease produced by drugs have been classified hepatocellular, hepatocanalicular, mixed and canalicular. Measurement of serum enzyme activities has provided a powerful tool for studies of hepatotoxicity. Their measurement requires awareness of relative specificity, knowledge of the mechanisms involved, and knowledge of the relationship between known hepatotoxic states and elevated enzyme activities.  (+info)

Quantitative aspects in the assessment of liver injury. (2/9751)

Liver function data are usually difficult to use in their original form when one wishes to compare the hepatotoxic properties of several chemical substances. However, procedures are available for the conversion of liver function data into quantal responses. These permit the elaboration of dose-response lines for the substances in question, the calculation of median effective doses and the statistical analysis of differences in liver-damaging potency. These same procedures can be utilized for estimating the relative hazard involved if one compares the liver-damaging potency to the median effective dose for some other pharmacologie parameter. Alterations in hepatic triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, and the activities of various hepatic enzymes can also be quantitiated in a dose-related manner. This permits the selection of equitoxic doses required for certain comparative studies and the selection of doses in chemical interaction studies. The quantitative problems involved in low-frequency adverse reactions and the difficulty these present in the detection of liver injury in laboratory animals are discussed.  (+info)

Toxicological findings in a fatal ingestion of methamphetamine. (3/9751)

This paper presents the case history of a fatality caused by the complications brought about by the presence of methamphetamine and ethanol. Drug concentrations are reported from samples obtained approximately 15 min after the subject was last observed to be chewing what was then believed to be gum, 3 h after the initial toxic symptoms were displayed, 6, 11, and 22 h later. The subjects conditions deteriorated over the course of this time, and he was declared dead 33 h after the initial display of toxic symptoms. The toxicological findings and concentration levels of the reported biological specimens concurred with the expected findings in a case of methamphetamine toxicity.  (+info)

Ciprofloxacin decreases the rate of ethanol elimination in humans. (4/9751)

BACKGROUND: Extrahepatic ethanol metabolism is postulated to take place via microbial oxidation in the colon, mediated by aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. AIMS: To evaluate the role of microbial ethanol oxidation in the total elimination rate of ethanol in humans by reducing gut flora with ciprofloxacin. METHODS: Ethanol was administered intravenously at the beginning and end of a one week period to eight male volunteers. Between ethanol doses volunteers received 750 mg ciprofloxacin twice daily. RESULTS: A highly significant (p=0.001) reduction in the ethanol elimination rate (EER) was detected after ciprofloxacin medication. Mean (SEM) EER was 107.0 (5.3) and 96.9 (4.8) mg/kg/h before and after ciprofloxacin, respectively. Faecal Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus sp. were totally absent after medication, and faecal acetaldehyde production capacity was significantly (p<0.05) decreased from 0.91 (0.15) to 0.39 (0.08) nmol/min/mg protein. Mean faecal alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was significantly (p<0. 05) decreased after medication, but ciprofloxacin did not inhibit human hepatic ADH activity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Ciprofloxacin treatment decreased the ethanol elimination rate by 9.4%, with a concomitant decrease in intestinal aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria, faecal ADH activity, and acetaldehyde production. As ciprofloxacin has no effect on liver blood flow, hepatic ADH activity, or cytochrome CYP2E1 activity, these effects are probably caused by the reduction in intestinal flora.  (+info)

Acute effects of ethanol on kainate receptors with different subunit compositions. (5/9751)

Previous studies showed that recombinant homomeric GluR6 receptors are acutely inhibited by ethanol. This study examined the acute actions of ethanol on recombinant homomeric and heteromeric kainate (KA) receptors with different subunit configurations. Application of 25 to 100 mM ethanol produced inhibition of a similar magnitude of both GluR5-Q and GluR6-R KA receptor-dependent currents in Xenopus oocytes. Ethanol decreased the KA Emax without affecting the EC50 and its effect was independent of the membrane holding potential for both of these receptors subtypes. Ethanol also inhibited homomeric and heteromeric receptors transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. In these cells, the expression of heteromeric GluR6-R subunit-containing receptors was confirmed by testing their sensitivity to 1 mM alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid. Ethanol inhibited to a similar extent KA-gated currents mediated by receptors composed of either GluR6 or GluR6 + KA1 subunits, and to a slightly lesser extent receptors composed of GluR6 + KA2 subunits. Acute ethanol's effects were tested on GluR5 KA receptors that are expressed as homomers (GluR5-Q) or heteromers (GluR5-R + KA1 and GluR5-R + KA2). Homomeric and heteromeric GluR5 KA receptors were all inhibited to a similar extent by ethanol; however, there was slightly more inhibition of GluR5-R + KA2 receptors. Thus, recombinant KA receptors with different subunit compositions are all acutely inhibited to a similar extent by ethanol. In light of recent reports that KA receptors regulate neurotransmitter release and mediate synaptic currents, we postulate that these receptors may play a role in acute ethanol intoxication.  (+info)

Ethanol exposure differentially alters central monoamine neurotransmission in alcohol-preferring versus -nonpreferring rats. (6/9751)

Individual differences in ethanol preference may be linked to differences in the functional activity of forebrain monoamine systems or their sensitivity to modification by ethanol. To test this hypothesis, basal extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the nucleus accumbens as well as the effects of repeated ethanol pretreatment on the basal release of these transmitters were examined in alcohol-preferring (P), alcohol-nonpreferring (NP), and genetically heterogeneous Wistar rats. All animals received i.p. injections of ethanol (1.0 g/kg) or saline for 5 consecutive days. Fifteen hours after the final pretreatment, basal extracellular concentrations and "in vivo extraction fraction" values for DA and 5-HT were determined by no-net-flux in vivo microdialysis. In ethanol-naive rats, significant line differences were observed with high basal 5-HT release in P rats, low 5-HT release in NP rats, and intermediate 5-HT levels in Wistar rats. No differences among groups were noted in basal DA release. Ethanol pretreatment decreased basal extracellular 5-HT levels in P rats whereas increasing 5-HT efflux was seen in the Wistar and NP lines. In addition, ethanol pretreatment increased extracellular DA concentrations in Wistar and P rats, but not in NP rats. The results confirm a relationship between the functional status of forebrain DA and 5-HT systems and ethanol preference or aversion. Moreover, the data suggest that ethanol exposure can alter basal DA and 5-HT in the nucleus accumbens and that vulnerability to ethanol-induced changes in monoamine neurotransmission may be a factor in genetically determined ethanol preference.  (+info)

Isocitrate lyase of Ashbya gossypii--transcriptional regulation and peroxisomal localization. (7/9751)

The isocitrate lyase-encoding gene AgICL1 from the filamentous hemiascomycete Ashbya gossypii was isolated by heterologous complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae icl1d mutant. The open reading frame of 1680 bp encoded a protein of 560 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 62584. Disruption of the AgICL1 gene led to complete loss of AgIcl1p activity and inability to grow on oleic acid as sole carbon source. Compartmentation of AgIcl1p in peroxisomes was demonstrated both by Percoll density gradient centrifugation and by immunogold labeling of ultrathin sections using specific antibodies. This fitted with the peroxisomal targeting signal AKL predicted from the C-terminal DNA sequence. Northern blot analysis with mycelium grown on different carbon sources as well as AgICL1 promoter replacement with the constitutive AgTEF promoter revealed a regulation at the transcriptional level. AgICL1 was subject to glucose repression, derepressed by glycerol, partially induced by the C2 compounds ethanol and acetate, and fully induced by soybean oil.  (+info)

Antisense RNA strategies for metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum. (8/9751)

We examined the effectiveness of antisense RNA (as RNA) strategies for metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Strain ATCC 824(pRD4) was developed to produce a 102-nucleotide asRNA with 87% complementarity to the butyrate kinase (BK) gene. Strain ATCC 824(pRD4) exhibited 85 to 90% lower BK and acetate kinase specific activities than the control strain. Strain ATCC 824(pRD4) also exhibited 45 to 50% lower phosphotransbutyrylase (PTB) and phosphotransacetylase specific activities than the control strain. This strain exhibited earlier induction of solventogenesis, which resulted in 50 and 35% higher final concentrations of acetone and butanol, respectively, than the concentrations in the control. Strain ATCC 824(pRD1) was developed to putatively produce a 698-nucleotide asRNA with 96% complementarity to the PTB gene. Strain ATCC 824(pRD1) exhibited 70 and 80% lower PTB and BK activities, respectively, than the control exhibited. It also exhibited 300% higher levels of a lactate dehydrogenase activity than the control exhibited. The growth yields of ATCC 824(pRD1) were 28% less than the growth yields of the control. While the levels of acids were not affected in ATCC 824(pRD1) fermentations, the acetone and butanol concentrations were 96 and 75% lower, respectively, than the concentrations in the control fermentations. The lower level of solvent production by ATCC 824(pRD1) was compensated for by approximately 100-fold higher levels of lactate production. The lack of any significant impact on butyrate formation fluxes by the lower PTB and BK levels suggests that butyrate formation fluxes are not controlled by the levels of the butyrate formation enzymes.  (+info)

Ethanol is the medical term for pure alcohol, which is a colorless, clear, volatile, flammable liquid with a characteristic odor and burning taste. It is the type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages and is produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts.

In the medical field, ethanol is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and it is also used as a solvent for various medicinal preparations. It has central nervous system depressant properties and is sometimes used as a sedative or to induce sleep. However, excessive consumption of ethanol can lead to alcohol intoxication, which can cause a range of negative health effects, including impaired judgment, coordination, and memory, as well as an increased risk of accidents, injuries, and chronic diseases such as liver disease and addiction.

Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants are a class of drugs that slow down the activity of the CNS, leading to decreased arousal and decreased level of consciousness. They work by increasing the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which results in sedation, relaxation, reduced anxiety, and in some cases, respiratory depression.

Examples of CNS depressants include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, and certain types of pain medications such as opioids. These drugs are often used medically to treat conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and chronic pain, but they can also be misused or abused for their sedative effects.

It is important to use CNS depressants only under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as they can have serious side effects, including addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Overdose of CNS depressants can lead to coma, respiratory failure, and even death.

Acetaldehyde is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid with a pungent odor. It is the simplest aldehyde, with the formula CH3CHO. Acetaldehyde is an important intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol and is produced by the oxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. It is also a naturally occurring compound that is found in small amounts in various foods and beverages, such as fruits, vegetables, and coffee.

Acetaldehyde is a toxic substance that can cause a range of adverse health effects, including irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, nausea, vomiting, and headaches. It has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Long-term exposure to acetaldehyde has been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer, including cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, and liver.

'Alcohol drinking' refers to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, which contain ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as the active ingredient. Ethanol is a central nervous system depressant that can cause euphoria, disinhibition, and sedation when consumed in small to moderate amounts. However, excessive drinking can lead to alcohol intoxication, with symptoms ranging from slurred speech and impaired coordination to coma and death.

Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The breakdown of ethanol produces acetaldehyde, a toxic compound that can cause damage to various organs in the body. Chronic alcohol drinking can lead to a range of health problems, including liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and increased risk of cancer.

Moderate drinking is generally defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men, where a standard drink contains about 14 grams (0.6 ounces) of pure alcohol. However, it's important to note that there are no safe levels of alcohol consumption, and any level of drinking carries some risk to health.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), alcohol-induced disorders of the nervous system are a category of conditions characterized by symptoms that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal. These disorders include:

1. Alcohol-induced neurocognitive disorder: This condition is characterized by significant impairment in cognitive functioning, including difficulties with attention, memory, and executive functions, which are caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
2. Alcohol-induced mood disorder: This condition is characterized by the presence of a mood disorder, such as depression or mania, that is directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
3. Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder: This condition is characterized by the presence of an anxiety disorder, such as panic disorder or social anxiety disorder, that is directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
4. Alcohol-induced sleep disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty sleeping or maintaining sleep that is directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
5. Alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction: This condition is characterized by the presence of sexual dysfunction, such as erectile dysfunction or decreased libido, that is directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
6. Alcohol-induced movement disorder: This condition is characterized by the presence of abnormal movements, such as tremors or ataxia, that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.

It's important to note that in order for a diagnosis of an alcohol-induced disorder to be made, the symptoms must be severe enough to cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must not be better explained by another medical condition or mental disorder.

Alcoholism is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by the excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to one's health, relationships, and daily life. It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcohol dependence.

The diagnostic criteria for AUD include a pattern of alcohol use that includes problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky behaviors or situations, and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.

Alcoholism can cause a wide range of physical and psychological health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, neurological damage, mental health disorders, and increased risk of accidents and injuries. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, medications, and support groups to help individuals achieve and maintain sobriety.

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a group of enzymes responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, and reducing equivalents such as NAD+ to NADH. In humans, ADH plays a crucial role in the metabolism of ethanol, converting it into acetaldehyde, which is then further metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) into acetate. This process helps to detoxify and eliminate ethanol from the body. Additionally, ADH enzymes are also involved in the metabolism of other alcohols, such as methanol and ethylene glycol, which can be toxic if allowed to accumulate in the body.

Substance Withdrawal Syndrome is a medically recognized condition that occurs when an individual who has been using certain substances, such as alcohol, opioids, or benzodiazepines, suddenly stops or significantly reduces their use. The syndrome is characterized by a specific set of symptoms that can be physical, cognitive, and emotional in nature. These symptoms can vary widely depending on the substance that was being used, the length and intensity of the addiction, and individual factors such as genetics, age, and overall health.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, provides the following diagnostic criteria for Substance Withdrawal Syndrome:

A. The development of objective evidence of withdrawal, referring to the specific physiological changes associated with the particular substance, or subjective evidence of withdrawal, characterized by the individual's report of symptoms that correspond to the typical withdrawal syndrome for the substance.

B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

C. The symptoms are not better explained by co-occurring mental, medical, or other substance use disorders.

D. The withdrawal syndrome is not attributable to another medical condition and is not better accounted for by another mental disorder.

The DSM-5 also specifies that the diagnosis of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome should be substance-specific, meaning that it should specify the particular class of substances (e.g., alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines) responsible for the withdrawal symptoms. This is important because different substances have distinct withdrawal syndromes and require different approaches to management and treatment.

In general, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome can be a challenging and potentially dangerous condition that requires professional medical supervision and support during the detoxification process. The specific symptoms and their severity will vary depending on the substance involved, but they may include:

* For alcohol: tremors, seizures, hallucinations, agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia.
* For opioids: muscle aches, restlessness, lacrimation (tearing), rhinorrhea (runny nose), yawning, perspiration, chills, mydriasis (dilated pupils), piloerection (goosebumps), nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
* For benzodiazepines: anxiety, irritability, insomnia, restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome. They can provide appropriate medical care, support, and referrals for further treatment as needed.

Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts carbohydrates into alcohol or organic acids using enzymes. In the absence of oxygen, certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi convert sugars into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and various end products, such as alcohol, lactic acid, or acetic acid. This process is commonly used in food production, such as in making bread, wine, and beer, as well as in industrial applications for the production of biofuels and chemicals.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Alcoholic intoxication, also known as alcohol poisoning, is a condition that occurs when a person consumes a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time. This can lead to an increase in the concentration of alcohol in the blood, which can affect the normal functioning of the body's organs and systems.

The symptoms of alcoholic intoxication can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but they may include:

* Confusion or disorientation
* Slurred speech
* Poor coordination
* Staggering or difficulty walking
* Vomiting
* Seizures
* Slow or irregular breathing
* Low body temperature (hypothermia)
* Pale or blue-tinged skin
* Unconsciousness or coma

Alcoholic intoxication can be a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment. If you suspect that someone has alcohol poisoning, it is important to seek medical help right away. Treatment may include supportive care, such as providing fluids and oxygen, and monitoring the person's vital signs. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

It is important to note that alcoholic intoxication can occur even at relatively low levels of alcohol consumption, especially in people who are not used to drinking or who have certain medical conditions. It is always best to drink in moderation and to be aware of the potential risks associated with alcohol consumption.

Alcohol withdrawal seizures are a type of seizure that can occur as a result of alcohol withdrawal in individuals who have developed physical dependence on alcohol. These seizures typically occur within 48 hours after the last drink, but they can sometimes happen up to five days later. They are often accompanied by other symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, such as tremors, anxiety, nausea, and increased heart rate.

Alcohol withdrawal seizures are caused by changes in the brain's chemistry that occur when a person who is dependent on alcohol suddenly stops or significantly reduces their alcohol intake. Alcohol affects the neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. When a person drinks heavily and frequently, the brain adjusts to the presence of alcohol by reducing the number of GABA receptors and increasing the number of glutamate receptors.

When a person suddenly stops drinking, the brain is thrown out of balance, and the reduced number of GABA receptors and increased number of glutamate receptors can lead to seizures. Alcohol withdrawal seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate treatment to prevent complications such as status epilepticus (prolonged seizures) or brain damage. Treatment typically involves administering benzodiazepines, which help to calm the brain and reduce the risk of seizures.

Cyanamide is a chemical compound with the formula NH2CN. It is a colorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and has an ammonia-like odor. Cyanamide is used as a reagent in organic synthesis and as a fertilizer.

In a medical context, cyanamide may be used as a drug to treat certain conditions. For example, it has been used as a muscle relaxant and to reduce muscle spasms in people with multiple sclerosis. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for alcohol dependence, as it may help to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

It is important to note that cyanamide can be toxic in high doses, and it should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Drug tolerance is a medical concept that refers to the decreased response to a drug following its repeated use, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. This occurs because the body adapts to the presence of the drug, leading to changes in the function or expression of targets that the drug acts upon, such as receptors or enzymes. Tolerance can develop to various types of drugs, including opioids, benzodiazepines, and alcohol, and it is often associated with physical dependence and addiction. It's important to note that tolerance is different from resistance, which refers to the ability of a pathogen to survive or grow in the presence of a drug, such as antibiotics.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

In chemistry, an alcohol is a broad term that refers to any organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. This means that alcohols are essentially hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl group. The simplest alcohol is methanol (CH3OH), and ethanol (C2H5OH), also known as ethyl alcohol, is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

In the context of medical definitions, alcohol primarily refers to ethanol, which has significant effects on the human body when consumed. Ethanol can act as a central nervous system depressant, leading to various physiological and psychological changes depending on the dose and frequency of consumption. Excessive or prolonged use of ethanol can result in various health issues, including addiction, liver disease, neurological damage, and increased risk of injuries due to impaired judgment and motor skills.

It is important to note that there are other types of alcohols (e.g., methanol, isopropyl alcohol) with different chemical structures and properties, but they are not typically consumed by humans and can be toxic or even lethal in high concentrations.

Self-administration, in the context of medicine and healthcare, refers to the act of an individual administering medication or treatment to themselves. This can include various forms of delivery such as oral medications, injections, or topical treatments. It is important that individuals who self-administer are properly trained and understand the correct dosage, timing, and technique to ensure safety and effectiveness. Self-administration promotes independence, allows for timely treatment, and can improve overall health outcomes.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 is a specific isoform of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, which is involved in the metabolism of various xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This enzyme is primarily located in the liver and to some extent in other organs such as the lungs, brain, and kidneys.

CYP2E1 plays a significant role in the metabolic activation of several procarcinogens, including nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and certain solvents. It also contributes to the oxidation of various therapeutic drugs, such as acetaminophen, anesthetics, and anticonvulsants. Overexpression or induction of CYP2E1 has been linked to increased susceptibility to chemical-induced toxicity, carcinogenesis, and alcohol-related liver damage.

The activity of CYP2E1 can be influenced by various factors, including genetic polymorphisms, age, sex, smoking status, and exposure to certain chemicals or drugs. Understanding the regulation and function of this enzyme is crucial for predicting individual susceptibility to chemical-induced toxicities and diseases, as well as for optimizing drug therapy and minimizing adverse effects.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

Saccharin is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is widely used as an artificial sweetener. Medically speaking, saccharin is classified as an intense sugar substitute, meaning it is many times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar) but contributes little to no calories when added to food or drink.

Saccharin is often used by people with diabetes or those who are trying to reduce their calorie intake. It has been in use for over a century and has undergone extensive safety testing. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified saccharin as generally recognized as safe (GRAS), although it once required a warning label due to concerns about bladder cancer. However, subsequent research has largely dismissed this risk for most people, and the warning label is no longer required.

It's important to note that while saccharin and other artificial sweeteners can be helpful for some individuals, they should not be used as a replacement for a balanced diet and regular exercise. Additionally, excessive consumption of these sugar substitutes may have negative health consequences, such as altering gut bacteria or contributing to metabolic disorders.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is a term used to describe a range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities, and can vary in severity and combination from one individual to another.

The four diagnostic categories within FASD are:

1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): This is the most severe form of FASD and is characterized by a specific pattern of facial features, growth deficiencies, and central nervous system dysfunction.
2. Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS): This category includes individuals who have some, but not all, of the features of FAS.
3. Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND): This category includes individuals who have functional or cognitive impairments due to prenatal alcohol exposure, but do not meet the criteria for FAS or pFAS.
4. Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD): This category includes individuals who have physical birth defects due to prenatal alcohol exposure.

It is important to note that FASD is a completely preventable condition, and there is no known safe amount or safe time to drink alcohol during pregnancy.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

A righting reflex is a type of involuntary response that helps to maintain the body's position and orientation in space. These reflexes are critical for maintaining balance and preventing falls, especially during movement.

Righting reflexes involve a complex network of sensory receptors, including those in the inner ear, muscles, joints, and skin, which detect changes in the body's position or orientation. When these receptors detect a change, they send signals to the brainstem, which rapidly activates specific muscle groups to restore balance and maintain an upright posture.

Examples of righting reflexes include:

* The labyrinthine righting reflex, which helps to keep the head in a stable position relative to the body, even when the body is moving or changing position.
* The tonic neck reflex, which causes the arms and legs to extend when the head is turned to one side.
* The asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, which causes the arm and leg on the same side as the head turn to bend, while the opposite limbs extend.

Righting reflexes are present from birth and are critical for normal motor development. However, they can also be affected by brainstem or cerebellar injuries, leading to balance and coordination problems.

Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is a condition in which there is accumulation of fat in the liver due to heavy and prolonged alcohol consumption. The medical definition of "alcoholic fatty liver" is:

"A buildup of fat in the liver (steatosis) caused by excessive alcohol consumption, leading to inflammation, damage, and possible progression to more severe liver diseases such as alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis."

Excessive alcohol intake causes the liver to prioritize metabolizing alcohol over its other functions, which leads to an accumulation of fatty acids in the liver cells (hepatocytes). Over time, this can result in inflammation, scarring, and ultimately liver failure if not treated or if alcohol consumption continues.

AFLD is often reversible if the individual stops consuming alcohol, allowing the liver to recover and repair itself. However, continued alcohol use will exacerbate the condition and may lead to more severe liver diseases.

Drinking behavior refers to the patterns and habits related to alcohol consumption. This can include the frequency, quantity, and context in which an individual chooses to drink alcohol. Drinking behaviors can vary widely among individuals and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural norms, personal beliefs, mental health status, and genetic predisposition.

Problematic drinking behaviors can include heavy drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol use disorder (AUD), which is characterized by a pattern of alcohol use that involves problems controlling intake, being preoccupied with alcohol, continuing to use alcohol even when it causes problems, having to drink more to get the same effect, or having withdrawal symptoms when rapidly decreasing or stopping alcohol.

It's important to note that drinking behaviors can have significant impacts on an individual's health and well-being, as well as their relationships, work, and other aspects of their life. If you are concerned about your own drinking behavior or that of someone else, it is recommended to seek professional help from a healthcare provider or addiction specialist.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a term that encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption. The three main stages of ALD are:

1. Fatty Liver: This is the earliest stage of ALD, characterized by the accumulation of fat droplets within liver cells (hepatocytes). It's often reversible with abstinence from alcohol.

2. Alcoholic Hepatitis: This is a more severe form of ALD, characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver cells. It can range from mild to severe, and severe cases can lead to liver failure. Symptoms may include jaundice, abdominal pain, and fever.

3. Cirrhosis: This is the most advanced stage of ALD, characterized by widespread scarring (fibrosis) and nodular transformation of the liver. It's irreversible and can lead to complications such as liver failure, portal hypertension, and increased risk of liver cancer.

The development and progression of ALD are influenced by various factors, including the amount and duration of alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition, nutritional status, and co-existing viral hepatitis or other liver diseases. Abstaining from alcohol is the most effective way to prevent and manage ALD.

Solvents, in a medical context, are substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing other materials, often used in the preparation of medications and solutions. They are commonly organic chemicals that can liquefy various substances, making it possible to administer them in different forms, such as oral solutions, topical creams, or injectable drugs.

However, it is essential to recognize that solvents may pose health risks if mishandled or misused, particularly when they contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Prolonged exposure to these VOCs can lead to adverse health effects, including respiratory issues, neurological damage, and even cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to handle solvents with care and follow safety guidelines to minimize potential health hazards.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences, either reinforcing or punishing the behavior. It was first described by B.F. Skinner and involves an association between a response (behavior) and a consequence (either reward or punishment). There are two types of operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, in which a desirable consequence follows a desired behavior, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will occur again; and negative reinforcement, in which a undesirable consequence is removed following a desired behavior, also increasing the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

For example, if a child cleans their room (response) and their parent gives them praise or a treat (positive reinforcement), the child is more likely to clean their room again in the future. If a child is buckling their seatbelt in the car (response) and the annoying buzzer stops (negative reinforcement), the child is more likely to buckle their seatbelt in the future.

It's important to note that operant conditioning is a form of learning, not motivation. The behavior is modified by its consequences, regardless of the individual's internal state or intentions.

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is a volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor similar to that of ethanol (drinking alcohol). It is used in various industrial applications such as the production of formaldehyde, acetic acid, and other chemicals. In the medical field, methanol is considered a toxic alcohol that can cause severe intoxication and metabolic disturbances when ingested or improperly consumed. Methanol poisoning can lead to neurological symptoms, blindness, and even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

"Long-Evans" is a strain of laboratory rats commonly used in scientific research. They are named after their developers, the scientists Long and Evans. This strain is albino, with a brownish-black hood over their eyes and ears, and they have an agouti (salt-and-pepper) color on their backs. They are often used as a model organism due to their size, ease of handling, and genetic similarity to humans. However, I couldn't find any specific medical definition related to "Long-Evans rats" as they are not a medical condition or disease.

Alcohol deterrents, also known as alcohol deterrent devices or ignition interlock devices, are breathalyzer devices that are installed in vehicles to prevent a driver from starting the vehicle if their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is above a certain limit. These devices are often used as a condition of license reinstatement for individuals who have been convicted of drunk driving or other alcohol-related offenses.

The driver must blow into the device, and if their BAC is above the programmed limit, the vehicle will not start. Some devices also require periodic rolling retests while the vehicle is in motion to ensure that the driver remains sober throughout the trip. The use of alcohol deterrents has been shown to reduce recidivism rates among drunk drivers and improve overall road safety.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hydroxytryptophol" is not a recognized or established term in medicine or biochemistry. It seems like it might be a combination of "hydroxytryptophan," which is a naturally occurring amino acid, and "-ol," which is a suffix often used to denote an alcohol. However, I can't find any scientific literature or studies referring to a compound named "Hydroxytryptophol." It's possible there might be a spelling mistake or a misunderstanding in the term. If you have more context or information, I'd be happy to help further!

GABA-A receptors are ligand-gated ion channels in the membrane of neuronal cells. They are the primary mediators of fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. When the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binds to these receptors, it opens an ion channel that allows chloride ions to flow into the neuron, resulting in hyperpolarization of the membrane and decreased excitability of the neuron. This inhibitory effect helps to regulate neural activity and maintain a balance between excitation and inhibition in the nervous system. GABA-A receptors are composed of multiple subunits, and the specific combination of subunits can determine the receptor's properties, such as its sensitivity to different drugs or neurotransmitters.

Biofuels are defined as fuels derived from organic materials such as plants, algae, and animal waste. These fuels can be produced through various processes, including fermentation, esterification, and transesterification. The most common types of biofuels include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.

Biodiesel is a type of fuel that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be used in diesel engines with little or no modification and can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels.

Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is produced through the fermentation of sugars found in crops such as corn, sugarcane, and switchgrass. It is typically blended with gasoline to create a fuel known as E85, which contains 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.

Biogas is a type of fuel that is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials such as food waste, sewage sludge, and agricultural waste. It is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide and can be used to generate electricity or heat.

Overall, biofuels offer a renewable and more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease dependence on non-renewable resources.

Xylose is a type of sugar that is commonly found in plants and wood. In the context of medical definitions, xylose is often used in tests to assess the function of the small intestine. The most common test is called the "xylose absorption test," which measures the ability of the small intestine to absorb this sugar.

In this test, a patient is given a small amount of xylose to drink, and then several blood and/or urine samples are collected over the next few hours. The amount of xylose that appears in these samples is measured and used to determine how well the small intestine is absorbing nutrients.

Abnormal results on a xylose absorption test can indicate various gastrointestinal disorders, such as malabsorption syndromes, celiac disease, or bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "gasoline" is not a medical term. It is a petroleum-derived liquid used as fuel in internal combustion engines. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare, serious and potentially life-threatening skin reaction that usually occurs as a reaction to medication but can also be caused by an infection. SJS is characterized by the detachment of the epidermis (top layer of the skin) from the dermis (the layer underneath). It primarily affects the mucous membranes, such as those lining the eyes, mouth, throat, and genitals, causing painful raw areas that are prone to infection.

SJS is considered a severe form of erythema multiforme (EM), another skin condition, but it's much more serious and can be fatal. The symptoms of SJS include flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and fatigue, followed by a red or purplish rash that spreads and blisters, eventually leading to the detachment of the top layer of skin.

The exact cause of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is not always known, but it's often triggered by medications such as antibiotics, anti-convulsants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antiretroviral drugs. Infections caused by herpes simplex virus or Mycoplasma pneumoniae can also trigger SJS.

Treatment for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome typically involves hospitalization, supportive care, wound care, and medication to manage pain and prevent infection. Discontinuing the offending medication is crucial in managing this condition. In severe cases, patients may require treatment in a burn unit or intensive care unit.

I apologize for any confusion, but "trustees" is not a medical term. In general terms, trustees are individuals or entities appointed to manage and distribute the assets held in a trust for the benefit of the beneficiaries, according to the terms of the trust agreement. The duties and responsibilities of a trustee may include managing investments, filing tax returns, keeping records, and distributing income and principal to the beneficiaries. Trustees are often appointed in estate planning to manage assets for the benefit of heirs or to carry out charitable purposes.

Traction, in medical terms, refers to the application of a pulling force to distract or align parts of the body, particularly bones, joints, or muscles, with the aim of immobilizing, reducing displacement, or realigning them. This is often achieved through the use of various devices such as tongs, pulleys, weights, or specialized traction tables. Traction may be applied manually or mechanically and can be continuous or intermittent, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. Common indications for traction include fractures, dislocations, spinal cord injuries, and certain neurological conditions.

Neuroendocrinology is a branch of biomedical science that explores the interplay between the nervous system and the endocrine system. It focuses on how the nervous system regulates the endocrine system through the synthesis, release, and transport of hormones, as well as how these hormones in turn influence the functioning of the nervous system.

The hypothalamus, a region in the brain, plays a crucial role in neuroendocrinology as it receives information from various parts of the body and integrates this information to regulate hormone release. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the secretion of pituitary hormones, which then act on other endocrine glands to regulate their functions.

Neuroendocrinology has important implications for understanding various physiological processes such as growth, development, reproduction, stress response, metabolism, and behavior. It also provides insights into the pathophysiology of several diseases, including diabetes, obesity, hormonal disorders, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

Acupuncture points, also known as "acupoints," are specific locations on the body that are used in acupuncture therapy. These points are believed to correspond to underlying pathways, or meridians, through which vital energy, or "qi" (pronounced "chee"), flows.

Acupuncture points are typically found along these meridians and are thought to have specific therapeutic properties. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, stimulating these points with needles, heat, pressure, or electrical impulses can help restore the balance of qi and promote healing in the body.

There are over 360 acupuncture points identified in TCM, each with its own name, location, and set of indications for use. Modern research has attempted to identify the anatomical structures underlying these points, with some studies suggesting that they may correspond to nerve bundles, blood vessels, or other physiological features. However, the exact mechanisms by which acupuncture works remain a topic of ongoing scientific investigation and debate.

... surface tension of ethanol Ethanol History A look into the history of ethanol ChemSub Online: Ethyl alcohol Industrial ethanol ... Ethanol fireplaces can be used for home heating or for decoration. Ethanol can also be used as stove fuel for cooking. Ethanol ... Ethanol is a byproduct of the metabolic process of yeast. As such, ethanol will be present in any yeast habitat. Ethanol can ... The most ethanol-tolerant yeast strains can survive up to approximately 18% ethanol by volume. To produce ethanol from starchy ...
Petroleum derived ethanol (synthetic ethanol) is chemically identical to bio-ethanol and can be differentiated only by ... see also Ethanol fuel by country). Most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 15% ethanol, and ethanol ... potential ethanol competitor biofuel) Dimethyl ether Energy crop Ethanol effect Ethanol from coal Flexible-fuel vehicle Food vs ... This mixture is called hydrous ethanol and can be used as a fuel alone, but unlike anhydrous ethanol, hydrous ethanol is not ...
CYP2E1, another enzyme involved in ethanol oxidation, is upregulated by ethanol exposure, meaning that ethanol is capable of ... ΔGf = Σ ΔGfp − ΔGfo C2H6O(ethanol) + NAD+ → C2H4O(acetaldehyde) + NADH + H+ Ethanol: −174.8 kJ/mol Acetaldehyde: −127.6 kJ/mol ... per molecule of ethanol. The first three steps of the reaction pathways lead from ethanol to acetaldehyde to acetic acid to ... exhibits high activity for ethanol oxidation and plays a major role in ethanol catabolism. Three genes encoding alpha, beta and ...
... is ethanol produced from corn biomass and is the main source of ethanol fuel in the United States, mandated to be ... Cellulosic ethanol Ethanol fuel Ethanol fuel in the United States Smil, Vaclav (2017). Energy Transitions: Global and National ... Corn ethanol has yet to be proven to be as cost effective as gasoline due to corn ethanol being much more expensive to create ... Currently, corn ethanol is mainly used in blends with gasoline to create mixtures such as E10, E15, and E85. Ethanol is mixed ...
... causes bread dough to rise. Yeast organisms consume sugars in the dough and produce ethanol and carbon ... In Japan, it has been proposed to use rice normally made into sake as an ethanol source. Ethanol can be made from mineral oil ... Ethanol fermentation is the basis for alcoholic beverages, ethanol fuel and bread dough rising. The chemical equations below ... Less than 2% ethanol remains after baking. Ethanol contained in alcoholic beverages is produced by means of fermentation ...
... (C2D5OD) is a form (called an isotopologue) of ethanol (C2H5OH) in which the hydrogen atom ("H") is replaced ... "Ethanol-d6". Sigma-Aldrich. March, Raymond E.; Todd, John F. J. (2010). Practical Aspects of Trapped Ion Mass Spectrometry: ... Ethanol, All stub articles, Chemical compound stubs, Nuclear magnetic resonance stubs). ... with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope ("D"). Deuterated ethanol is an uncommon solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. " ...
Ethanol is much less polar than water, with a dielectric constant of 24.3 (at 25 °C). This means that adding ethanol to ... bitesizebio.com The Basics: How Ethanol Precipitation of DNA and RNA Works Zeugin JA, Hartley JL (1985). "Ethanol Precipitation ... "Ethanol Precipitation of DNA" (PDF). Focus. 7 (4): 1-2. Retrieved 2008-09-10. Crouse J, Amorese D (1987). "Ethanol ... Ethanol precipitation is a method used to purify and/or concentrate RNA, DNA, and polysaccharides such as pectin and xyloglucan ...
Ethanol is a chemical and intoxicant with the formula C 2H 5OH. Ethanol (data page) Ethanol may also refer to: For ethanol ... Look up ethanol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... specifically as a drug, see alcohol (drug) Ethanol fuel, used ... to power vehicles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ethanol. If an internal link led you here, ...
Ethanol Plants Cellulosic Ethanol Path is Paved With Various Technologies The Transition to Second Generation Ethanol USDA & ... Interest in cellulosic ethanol is driven by its potential to replace ethanol made from corn or sugarcane. Since these plants ... Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the ... Cellulosic ethanol can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 85% over reformulated gasoline. By contrast, starch ethanol (e.g., ...
An ethanol fireplace (also bio-ethanol fireplace, bio fireplace), is a type of fireplace which burns ethanol fuel. They are ... Ethanol may also generate odors. Ethanol fireplaces are available in several different designs. There are manual ethanol ... Table-top ethanol fireplaces are the smallest versions of ethanol fireplaces and are often used as a decoration. Biofuel Biogas ... Ethanol for these fires is often marketed as bioethanol (ethanol produced from biomass).[clarification needed] The main part of ...
The Minnedosa Ethanol Plant is an ethanol plant located in Minnedosa, Manitoba. The plant is owned by Cenovus Energy and ... In Canada, ethanol is blended into gasoline. The plant feedstock for the facility is non-food feed-grade wheat purchased from ... The feed-stock is milled, cooked, fermented, distilled and dehydrated resulting in ethanol fuel and the remaining waste ... new plant came on line in 2008 replacing an older plant on the site that from 1981 had produced 10 million litres of ethanol ...
... is a possible treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Also used for thyroid and parathyroid ... October 2012). "Percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma: 20-year outcome and prognostic factors". Liver ... Bennedbaek FN, Karstrup S, Hegedüs L (March 1997). "Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in the treatment of thyroid and ...
"Ethanol". webbook.nist.gov. Retrieved 7 December 2021. Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Julio (2010). Atkins' Physical Chemistry (9th ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethanol. External MSDS Data obtained from Lange 1967 These data correlate as ...
... is the ethanol produced using coal as its carbon source. The anaerobic bacterium Clostridium ljungdahlii ... Distillation: Ethanol is separated from hydrogen and water. Green car Springerlink Resting cells Ethanol from coal advancing ( ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Coal, Ethanol, Synthetic fuels, Ethanol fuel). ... Early studies with C. ljungdahlii showed that relatively high concentrations of ethanol were produced. This process involves ...
The Jigawa ethanol program is a program to produce ethanol from agricultural products in Jigawa, Nigeria. The ethanol programme ... Nigeria portal Energy portal Jigawa to flag off ethanol programme[permanent dead link], Vanguard, January 30, 2006 FG to make ... Ethanol fuel, Agriculture in Nigeria, Biofuel in Nigeria, All stub articles, Energy stubs, Nigeria stubs). ... use of ethanol in fuel compulsory, Business Day, September 8, 2006 http://www.unep.org/cpi/briefs/2006Apr10.doc Nigeria to ...
Ethanol fuel in the United States Ethanol fermentation Corn ethanol Cellulosic ethanol Biofuel "Blue Flint Ethanol: Home page ... "Ethanol Production Using Waste Heat" (PDF). Blue Flint Ethanol. Retrieved 2008-07-29. "Headwaters and GRE to Create Blue Flint ... Although the Blue Flint Ethanol plant is the first in the United States to utilize waste heat for ethanol production, other ... Jessen, Holly (2012-01-06). "Full ownership of Blue Flint Ethanol passes to Great River Energy". Ethanol Producer Magazine. ...
Sunoco's Fulton ethanol plant in Fulton, New York is the first such facility owned by the company. The plant is spread over an ... "Sunoco Ethanol Fuel Plant, New York, USA". Chemicals-technology.com. Retrieved 12 September 2011. "Air State Facility Permit" ( ... The plant has the capacity to produce 85m gallons of ethanol annually. Northeast Biofuels opened the plant in 2008; however, ... The refurbished facility became fully operational with the production of the first batch of ethanol in June 2010. Facility ...
... s or DEFCs are a category of fuel cell in which ethanol is fed directly into the cell. They have been ... Ethanol is a hydrogen-rich liquid and it has a high specific energy (8.0 kWh/kg) compared to methanol (6.1 kWh/kg). Ethanol can ... DEFC uses Ethanol in the fuel cell instead of the more toxic methanol. Ethanol is an attractive alternative to methanol because ... Bio-generated ethanol (or bio-ethanol) is thus attractive since growing crops for biofuels absorbs much of the carbon dioxide ...
... by country Ethanol fuel by country Ethanol fuel in Australia Ethanol fuel in the Philippines Ethanol fuel in Sweden Ethanol ... low-interest loans for agro-industrial ethanol firms, and fixed gasoline and ethanol prices where hydrous ethanol sold for 59% ... The ethanol share in the transport fuel market decreased from 55% in 2008 to 35% in 2012. As a result of higher ethanol prices ... This hydrous ethanol is the fuel used by ethanol-only and flex vehicles in the country. Further dehydration is normally done by ...
... , also known under many trade names, is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH. ... It is produced by the ethoxylation of ethanol (CH3CH2OH). It is a solvent for dyes, nitrocellulose, paints, inks, and resins. ...
The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is an alternate pathway of ethanol metabolism that occurs in the smooth ... The MEOS pathway converts ethanol to acetaldehyde by way of a redox reaction. In this reaction, ethanol is oxidized (losing two ... nine calories per gram of ethanol to metabolize versus 7 calories per gram of ethanol ingested. This results in a net loss of 2 ... Ethanol's affinity for CYP2E1 is lower than its affinity for alcohol dehydrogenase. It has delayed activity in non-chronic ...
... a total of 230.5 million gallons of ethanol, representing 54.1% of U.S. fuel ethanol imports. Brazil began exporting ethanol to ... Ethanol use as fuel dates back to Henry Ford, who in 1896 designed his first car, the "Quadricycle" to run on pure ethanol. ... Due to ethanol's greater stability under pressure it is used by Shell in their 100 octane fuel. Similarly IFS add 10% ethanol ... Colombia's ethanol program began in 2002, based on a law approved in 2001 mandating a mix of 10% ethanol with regular gasoline ...
Aside from ethanol, Fox River Valley Ethanol produces a number of high quality by-products such as CO2, corn oil, and wet and ... Fox River Valley Ethanol is a privately owned ethanol fuel plant located in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Opened in the spring of 2003 by ... Ace Ethanol acquired the facilities of Utica Energy LLC in 2013. The plant was renamed ″Fox River Valley Ethanol" at that time ... Fox River Valley Ethanol Ace Ethanol LLC 43°58′52″N 88°39′13″W / 43.98111°N 88.65361°W / 43.98111; -88.65361 (Coordinates ...
The plant is owned by Husky Energy and produces 130 million litres of ethanol per year. In Canada ethanol is blended into ... The Husky Lloydminster Ethanol Plant is located in Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, Canada next to the Husky Lloydminster Upgrader ... The feed-stock is milled, cooked, fermented, distilled and dehydrated resulting in ethanol fuel and the remaining waste ...
Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, also known as the Weizmann process, is a process that uses bacterial fermentation ... Kraemer K, Harwardt A, Bronneberg R, Marquardt W (May 2011). "Separation of butanol from acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation ... Ezeji TC, Qureshi N, Blaschek HP (February 2004). "Acetone butanol ethanol (ABE) production from concentrated substrate: ... differently from ethanol, it can be directly and efficiently used in gasoline engines. Moreover, it has the advantage that it ...
The process and technology was similar to a proposal by Clear Fuels, without the sugar to ethanol element. Food-based ethanol ... ethanol (E-10). In 2015, the requirement was repealed (Act 161, Session Laws of Hawaii 2015). In 2010, E-85 (85% ethanol) ... Ethanol is not presently manufactured in Hawaii. Between April 2, 2006, and June 26, 2015, Hawaii State law (Hawaii Revised ... Pacific West proposed to run an ethanol plant and a waste to electricity plant on Kauai and even reached a power agreement with ...
... , also known under trade names Methyl carbitol, is an industrial solvent and is also commonly used as ...
energy portal Butanol fuel Ethanol fuel Ethanol fuel energy balance Ethanol fuel in Brazil Biofuel in Sweden Ethanol fuel in ... fuel-grade ethanol. The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures, as ethanol- ... E100 is pure ethanol fuel. Straight hydrous ethanol as an automotive fuel has been widely used in Brazil since the late 1970s ... Hydrous ethanol or E100 is used in Brazilian neat ethanol vehicles and flex-fuel light vehicles and hydrous E15 called hE15 for ...
The farm equipment and ethanol plant use an ethanol engine, biodiesel, air engine or electricity cogenerated during ethanol ... Both have been exceptionally critical of ethanol and other biofuels. Their studies contend that ethanol, and biofuels in ... Depending on the ethanol study you read, net energy returns vary from .7-1.5 units of ethanol per unit of fossil fuel energy ... said that ethanol plants produce 15 percent more ethanol from a bushel of corn and use about 20 percent less energy in the ...
... ethanol fuel mixtures Ethanol fuel by country Ethanol fuel in Australia Ethanol fuel in Brazil Ethanol fuel in Sweden Ethanol ... Fuel Ethanol Industry (All articles with unsourced statements, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Ethanol ... In 2005, Seaoil pioneered the use of ethanol as gasoline blend in the country, and the first to offer E10 Fuel in the market in ... The new law is expected to bring a number of benefits to the country: "Commercial production of ethanol from sugarcane, cassava ...
... surface tension of ethanol Ethanol History A look into the history of ethanol ChemSub Online: Ethyl alcohol Industrial ethanol ... Ethanol fireplaces can be used for home heating or for decoration. Ethanol can also be used as stove fuel for cooking. Ethanol ... Ethanol is a byproduct of the metabolic process of yeast. As such, ethanol will be present in any yeast habitat. Ethanol can ... The most ethanol-tolerant yeast strains can survive up to approximately 18% ethanol by volume. To produce ethanol from starchy ...
The post Ethanol Poisoning in Cats: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments appeared first on CatTime. ... Ethanol poisoning in cats happens when a cat is exposed to ethanol. Technically, this can happen either orally or through a ... Ethanol poisoning in cats happens when a cat is exposed to ethanol. Technically, this can happen either orally or through a ... Generally, ethanol products can be found around the house. For example, paint, drinks, and disinfectants often contain ethanol ...
Ethanol is a 2-carbon-chain alcohol; the chemical formula is CH2 CH3 OH. It is ubiquitous throughout the world and is a leading ... encoded search term (Pediatric Ethanol Toxicity) and Pediatric Ethanol Toxicity What to Read Next on Medscape ... Effects of ethanol on hippocampal function during adolescence: a look at the past and thoughts on the future. Alcohol. 2010 Feb ... Pediatric Ethanol Toxicity Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Mar 09, 2021 * Author: Elizabeth Fernandez, MD; Chief Editor: ...
... is the ethanol industrys premier trade journal. With its commitment to editorial excellence and high ... Ethanol Producer Magazine is the magazine ethanol producers turn to. ... it is widely recognized as the business-to-business publication of note throughout the global ethanol industry. With compelling ...
Other names: β-Ethoxyethanol; Cellosolve; Emkanol; Ethyl cellosolve; Ethylene glycol ethyl ether; Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether; Glycol monoethyl ether; Oxitol; Plastiazan 60; Poly-Solv EE; 2-Ethoxyethanol; HOCH2CH2OC2H5; Cellosolve solvent; 2-Ethoxyethyl alcohol; Ethyl-2-hydroxyethyl ether; Dowanol EE; Ether monoethylique de lethylene-glycol; Ethyl glycol; Ethylethylene glycol; Etoksyetylowy alkohol; Glycol ethyl ether; Hydroxy ether; NCI-C54853; 2EE; EE solvent; EGEE; Ektasolve EE; Ethoxyethanol; Ethyl icinol; Glycol ether EE; Jeffersol EE; Bikanol E 1; NSC 8837; Solvid; 2-ethoxyethanol (cellosolve ...
... is the ethanol industrys premier trade journal. With its commitment to editorial excellence and high ... Ethanol Producer Magazine is the magazine ethanol producers turn to. ... it is widely recognized as the business-to-business publication of note throughout the global ethanol industry. With compelling ... The 2006 National Ethanol Conference: Policy & Marketing, the ethanol industrys premier winter event, was sold out and buzzing ...
"These findings should serve as a wake-up call that its time to act with purpose and urgency to fix the ethanol mandate and ... The corn ethanol mandate has led to the loss of important wildlife habitat, particularly in regions critical for monarch ... The overwhelming majority of that fuel is corn ethanol, and today 40 percent of the corn produced in the United States goes ... "This cropland expansion driven in part by the ethanol mandate has far-reaching impacts on the climate through its effects on ...
Global warming is largely caused by carbon dioxide. Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory just figured out a way to change it into something better ...
... a retired mechanic who says ethanol emissions may have caused the state ... OConnor believes the veto was because ethanol and gas producers would both lose money. She said making ethanol-free gasoline ... Maine retiree fueling governors questions about ethanol. Ralph Stevens, a retired mechanic who says ethanol emissions may have ... doesnt believe there are substantial health issues with ethanol emissions. He also said theres no great support for ethanol ...
2008 A group of Brazilian ethanol producers has signed the first deal to export certified sustainable ethanol, reports Reuters ... Four firms - Cosan, Guarani, NovAmerica and Alcoeste - will sell 115 million liters of anhydrous ethanol certified to […] ... Brazil signs sustainable ethanol deal with Sweden Brazil signs sustainable ethanol deal with Sweden mongabay.com June 27, ... A group of Brazilian ethanol producers has signed the first deal to export certified sustainable ethanol, reports Reuters. ...
Why is Ethanol Important?Where is Ethanol Made?How is Ethanol Made?Ethanol Co-ProductsEnergy IndependenceRural Economy ... View All Markets and StatisticsAnnual Ethanol ProductionWeekly & Monthly Ethanol Supply & DemandEthanol & Co-Product Trade ... Blaming ethanol or aromatics or other fuel additives for this situation is wrong. Unfortunately, blaming ethanol for "fill-in- ... Events ListingNational Ethanol ConferenceVeterans for Renewable FuelsFlex Fuel EVYoung Professionals NetworkEthanol Safety ...
... the latest in a series of ethanol-production delays. ... Ethanol Margins Suffer VeraSun suspends construction of an ... The delays are evidence that higher corn prices and lower ethanol prices are crunching margins for ethanol companies. ... "While ethanol has gotten quite decent subsidies and will continue to do so, its a question of how much to put into it, ... "Right now, were seeing buyers backing off of ethanol, but I really expect buyers to step in, in the next month or two, and buy ...
Ethanol is a 2-carbon-chain alcohol; the chemical formula is CH2 CH3 OH. It is ubiquitous throughout the world and is a leading ... Furthermore, ethanol is also an N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate antagonist in the CNS. Ethanol also has direct effects ... Ethanol is primarily metabolized in the liver. Approximately 90% of an ethanol load is broken down in the liver; the remainder ... Ethanol use in countries other than the United States is common; however, literature about the incidence of ethanol ...
The main metabolic pathway for ethanol involves the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (AL … ... ethanol) on the body are determined largely by the rate at which it and its main breakdown product, acetaldehyde, are ... The effects of beverage alcohol (ethanol) on the body are determined largely by the rate at which it and its main breakdown ... For example, certain ADH1B and ADH1C variants that are commonly found in East Asian populations lead to more rapid ethanol ...
Scientists have found that injecting small amounts of ethanol fuel into a regular gasoline engine during moments of peak demand ... Ethanol injection improves vehicle efficiency. Ralph Hanson October 27, 2006 Comment Now! Scientists have found that injecting ... Cost of the ethanol injection system would add roughly $1000 to the cost of manufacturing a car, and early estimates put the ... Both the Big Three and Washington are supported the expansion of ethanol based fuels, but its limited supply is holding back ...
The trend is ethanols friend: White Paper urges regulators to re-think corn ethanols carbon value. Posted on 01/15/2015 ... ACE 2023 Awards Honor Ethanol Industry Contributors * ACE 2023 Conference Featured Tax Experts Covering How to Maximize on IRA ... Ron Alverson, President of the ACE Board of Directors reveals in a White Paper how corn ethanols carbon value is decreasing. ... ACE Sets the Record Straight on GHG Impacts of Ethanol in Response to SAB Letter Regarding RFS Set Rule ...
... has together with the Finnish energy company St1 tested different high-volume ethanol fuel (E85) samples in order to find the ... As a reference, new Euro-quality 95 RON petrol with 10% ethanol was used. Volatility of each sample was adjusted according to ... Already at −7°C with "straight" E85 mixture composed of ethanol and petrol, the unburned hydrocarbon emissions were very high. ... Citation: Laurikko, J., Nylund, N., and Aakko-Saksa, P., "High-Volume Ethanol Fuel Composition Optimized for Cold Driving ...
... so the presence of hydrogen bonding in ethanol will give ethanol the greater intermolecular forces and hence the higher surface ... Ethanol---it has stronger intermolecular forces due to its ability to hydgrogen bond (because it has an -OH group) that propane ... because water has strong hydrogen bonding than ethanol.As water forms two hydrogen bonds n ethanol forms one n also ethanol has ... For ethanol the term soluble is not so adequate: water and ethanol are totally miscible. ...
... will deal a new blow to efforts to commercialize advanced biofuels such as ethanol made from woody plant waste, or diesel made ... Earlier this year a few large-scale cellulosic ethanol plants, including ones operated by Poet-DSM, DuPont, and Abengoa, became ... The EPA cited market saturation due to lower-than-expected demand for gasoline, limiting the amount of ethanol that can be ... Cheap Oil Could Kill Off Cellulosic Ethanol. Inexpensive oil could increase the pressure to reduce mandates for biofuels. ...
The Pollution Control Department will sue Rajburi Ethanol Co for allowing molasses wastewater to leak into the Mae Klong River ... He said Rajburi Ethanol earlier admitted there was a leak from its last pond of treated molasses wastewater at 8.50am on Sept ... Molasses wastewater leaked from Rajburi Ethanol on Sept 30 continued to accumulate in the Mae Klong River at least until Sept 7 ... The Pollution Control Department will sue Rajburi Ethanol Co for allowing molasses wastewater to leak into the Mae Klong River ...
... a 1,000-acre switchgrass field in the Oklahoma Panhandle that researchers plan to use in the production of cellulosic ethanol. ... Farming for cellulosic ethanol gets started. Work has started on the planting of a 1,000-acre switchgrass field in the Oklahoma ... "However, cellulosic ethanol from sources like switchgrass and sorghum are noncompetitive with food sources for animals and ... Switchgrass seed was planted in an Oklahoma field to test the viability of producing cellulosic ethanol.Nobel Foundation. ...
Metabolic engineering of yeasts for high ethanol biofuel production may generate toxic metabolites and pose unique threats to ... Yeasts Targeted for High Ethanol Production. Metabolic engineering of yeasts for high ethanol biofuel production may generate ... Production of ethanol during fermentation has been limited by the inability of yeast to grow at high ethanol levels, and a ... Ingram LO, Conway T & Alterthum F. Ethanol production by Escherichia coli strains co-expressing Zymomonas PDC and ADH genes. US ...
Big EthanolDaniel HorowitzDonald Trumpenvironmental protection agencyEPAEthanolethanol lobbyFeaturedGeorge W BushRenewable Fuel ... Barack ObamaDGAC reportDietary Guideline Advisory CommitteeenvironmentEthanolglobal warmingIowa EthanolThe Cato Institute ... Barack ObamaEPAEthanolethanol subsidiesIowaMitt RomneyWall Street Journal ... Bakari SellersEthanolgas pricesHugh LeathermanRay ClearySouth CarolinaSouth Carolina Gas Prices ...
... and announce ethanol as the answer to oil dependency. ... Most of the Ethanol, biodiesel, methanol, butanol and hydrogen ... While ethanol production is to be increased in the future today George Bushs speech caused the biggest one-day jump in oil ... George Bushs claims his enthusiasm for ethanol comes from a desire to import less oil from countries the US deems unstable in ... Others have pointed out that ethanol currently costs more to produce that it sells for on the open market. The difference is ...
The state-run Maharatna will invest the money in the second-generation ethanol space ... "In 2G ethanol space, we are looking at an investment of about ₹8,000 crore," he said, adding that the company has also received ... Oil India to invest ₹8,000 crore in ethanol. 2 min read 14 Sep 2023, 07:51 PM IST Join us ... Overall, the company is investing ₹25,000 crore to achieve net zero by 2040, in areas including 2G ethanol, green hydrogen, ...
Ford is pushing the use of ethanol in some of its 1999... ... has begun a fuel coupon program to encourage the use of ethanol ... along with coupons to be used toward the purchase of ethanol fuel. Ethanol emits up to 30% less greenhouse emissions than ... Ford is pushing the use of ethanol in some of its 1999 Ford Ranger pickups. All Ford Ranger vehicles with 3.0-liter engines are ... Ford is pushing the use of ethanol in some of its 1999 Ford Ranger pickups. All Ford Ranger vehicles with 3.0-liter engines are ...
"Ethanol and wind energy have much in common: they are both expensive, inefficient, and less-than-green," said Ben Lieberman, ... Washington, D.C., October 26, 2010 - Ethanol subsidies are set to expire at the end of the year, and, so far, American ... According to the Congressional Budget Office, all the ethanol subsidies and mandates cost $1.78 for each additional gallon of ... Read the CEI OnPoint, Is Wind the Next Ethanol? One "Renewable" Energy Source Follows Anothers History of Failure ...
I am extremely bullish on ethanol and renewable fuels because we make ethanol, they take oil. We can make forever. You have a ... A few years ago, I was frustrated that the value of the RINs and the value of the ethanol and the price discount wasnt making ... I was introduced to ethanol when Golden Grain Energy was getting up and going. My father was serving on the board there. They ... We know that when the consumer has access to ethanol, they choose it. Thats a big component-identifying what we need to do to ...
Taxation of ethanol production. Published. 2016. South-East Asia. Bhutan. No. Taxation of ethanol production. Published. 2016. ... Taxation of ethanol production. Published. 2016. South-East Asia. India. Yes. Taxation of ethanol production. Published. 2016. ... Taxation of ethanol production. Published. 2016. South-East Asia. Nepal. Yes. Taxation of ethanol production. Published. 2016. ... Taxation of ethanol production. Published. 2016. Africa. Kenya. Yes. Taxation of ethanol production. Published. 2016. Africa. ...

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