Estrogens. Medical search

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.

One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has marked affinity for ESTRADIOL. Its expression and function differs from, and in some ways opposes, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA.

One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has greater affinity for ISOFLAVONES than ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA does. There is great sequence homology with ER alpha in the DNA-binding domain but not in the ligand binding and hinge domains.

A pharmaceutical preparation containing a mixture of water-soluble, conjugated estrogens derived wholly or in part from URINE of pregnant mares or synthetically from ESTRONE and EQUILIN. It contains a sodium-salt mixture of estrone sulfate (52-62%) and equilin sulfate (22-30%) with a total of the two between 80-88%. Other concomitant conjugates include 17-alpha-dihydroequilin, 17-alpha-estradiol, and 17-beta-dihydroequilin. The potency of the preparation is expressed in terms of an equivalent quantity of sodium estrone sulfate.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

2- or 4-Hydroxyestrogens. Substances that are physiologically active in mammals, especially in the control of gonadotropin secretion. Physiological activity can be ascribed to either an estrogenic action or interaction with the catecholaminergic system.

The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

A structurally diverse group of compounds distinguished from ESTROGENS by their ability to bind and activate ESTROGEN RECEPTORS but act as either an agonist or antagonist depending on the tissue type and hormonal milieu. They are classified as either first generation because they demonstrate estrogen agonist properties in the ENDOMETRIUM or second generation based on their patterns of tissue specificity. (Horm Res 1997;48:155-63)

Non-steroidal compounds with estrogenic activity.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.

Steroidal compounds related to ESTRADIOL, the major mammalian female sex hormone. Estradiol congeners include important estradiol precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with estrogenic activities.

An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring A of C19 androgens and converts them to C18 estrogens. In this process, the 19-methyl is removed. This enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene, and functions in complex with NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE in the cytochrome P-450 system.

Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.

A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)

The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.

An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.

The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

PLANT EXTRACTS and compounds, primarily ISOFLAVONES, that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.

Certain tumors that 1, arise in organs that are normally dependent on specific hormones and 2, are stimulated or caused to regress by manipulation of the endocrine environment.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.

Compounds that inhibit AROMATASE in order to reduce production of estrogenic steroid hormones.

The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.

Phospholipoglycoproteins produced in the fat body of egg-laying animals such as non-mammalian VERTEBRATES; ARTHROPODS; and others. Vitellogenins are secreted into the HEMOLYMPH, and taken into the OOCYTES by receptor-mediated ENDOCYTOSIS to form the major yolk proteins, VITELLINS. Vitellogenin production is under the regulation of steroid hormones, such as ESTRADIOL and JUVENILE HORMONES in insects.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Antineoplastic agents that are used to treat hormone-sensitive tumors. Hormone-sensitive tumors may be hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, or both. A hormone-dependent tumor regresses on removal of the hormonal stimulus, by surgery or pharmacological block. Hormone-responsive tumors may regress when pharmacologic amounts of hormones are administered regardless of whether previous signs of hormone sensitivity were observed. The major hormone-responsive cancers include carcinomas of the breast, prostate, and endometrium; lymphomas; and certain leukemias. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994, p2079)

An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.

Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.

Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.

Compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. Permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed.

3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of FLAVONOIDS in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promoter and enhancer regions.

Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estradiol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate DNA transcription.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.

Exogenous agents, synthetic and naturally occurring, which are capable of disrupting the functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM including the maintenance of HOMEOSTASIS and the regulation of developmental processes. Endocrine disruptors are compounds that can mimic HORMONES, or enhance or block the binding of hormones to their receptors, or otherwise lead to activating or inhibiting the endocrine signaling pathways and hormone metabolism.

Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Proteins, generally found in the CYTOPLASM, that specifically bind ANDROGENS and mediate their cellular actions. The complex of the androgen and receptor migrates to the CELL NUCLEUS where it induces transcription of specific segments of DNA.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.

The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

Ducts that serve exclusively for the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the exterior of the body. In non-mammals, they are termed oviducts. In mammals, they are highly specialized and known as FALLOPIAN TUBES.

The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty.

An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of five double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of equilenin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.

Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

A synthetic estrogen that has been used as a hormonal antineoplastic agent.

Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

(6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Experimentally induced mammary neoplasms in animals to provide a model for studying human BREAST NEOPLASMS.

A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Material prepared from plants.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of estradiol at the 17-hydroxyl group in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to yield estrone and NADH or NADPH. The 17-hydroxyl group can be in the alpha- or beta-configuration. EC 1.1.1.62

An estrogen responsive cell line derived from a patient with metastatic human breast ADENOCARCINOMA (at the Michigan Cancer Foundation.)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A class of enzymes that catalyzes the oxidation of 17-hydroxysteroids to 17-ketosteroids. EC 1.1.-.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.

An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE and topoisomerase-II (DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II); activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 PHASE arrest in human and murine cell lines and inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The surgical removal of one or both testicles.

A pharmaceutical preparation containing a mixture of esterified estrogens derived from estrogen sulfates, principally from ESTRONE sulfate. Esterified estrogen content should be 75-85% of the estrone sulfate and 6-15% of the EQUILIN sulfate.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A nuclear receptor coactivator with specificity for ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS. It contains a histone acetyltransferase activity that may play a role in the transcriptional activation of chromatin regions.

Enzymes which transfer sulfate groups to various acceptor molecules. They are involved in posttranslational sulfation of proteins and sulfate conjugation of exogenous chemicals and bile acids. EC 2.8.2.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.

A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.

The simultaneous or sequential binding of multiple cell surface receptors to different ligands resulting in coordinated stimulation or suppression of signal transduction.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.

A nuclear receptor coactivator with specificity for ESTROGEN RECEPTORS and PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS. It contains a histone acetyltransferase activity that may play a role in CHROMATIN REMODELING during the process of nuclear receptor-induced transcription. The coactivator has been found at elevated levels in certain HORMONE-DEPENDENT NEOPLASMS such as those found in BREAST CANCER.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.

A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

A synthetic progestational hormone with no androgenic or estrogenic properties. Unlike many other progestational compounds, dydrogesterone produces no increase in temperature and does not inhibit OVULATION.

The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

An arylsulfatase with high specificity towards sulfated steroids. Defects in this enzyme are the cause of ICHTHYOSIS, X-LINKED.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

Enzyme that catalyzes the movement of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionone to a catechol or a catecholamine.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.

A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.

A transcription factor that partners with ligand bound GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS and ESTROGEN RECEPTORS to stimulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. It plays an important role in FERTILITY as well as in METABOLISM of LIPIDS.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Region of hypothalamus between the ANTERIOR COMMISSURE and OPTIC CHIASM.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

An amorphous form of carbon prepared from the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable matter, e.g., wood. The activated form of charcoal is used in the treatment of poisoning. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.

Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Derivatives of propionic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure.

The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

Amides composed of unsaturated aliphatic FATTY ACIDS linked with AMINES by an amide bond. They are most prominent in ASTERACEAE; PIPERACEAE; and RUTACEAE; and also found in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE; BRASSICACEAE; CONVOLVULACEAE; EUPHORBIACEAE; MENISPERMACEAE; POACEAE; and SOLANACEAE. They are recognized by their pungent taste and for causing numbing and salivation.

Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Plasma concentration changes in LH and FSH following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic are or dorsal anterior hypothalamic area of estrogen- or androgen-sterilized rats.(1/6438)

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Possible suppression of host resistance by estrogen therapy for prostatic cancer.(2/6438)

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The effects of estrogens and antiestrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (3/6438)

We have established or characterized six lines of human breast cancer maintained in long-term tissue culture for at least 1 year and have examined these lines for estrogen responsiveness. One of these cell lines, MCF-7, shows marked stimulation of macromolecular synthesis and cell division with physiological concentrations of estradiol. Antiestrogens are strongly inhibitory, and at concentrations greater than 3 X 10(-7) M they kill cells. Antiestrogen effects are prevented by simultaneous treatment with estradiol or reversed by addition of estradiol to cells incubated in antiestrogen. Responsive cell lines contain high-affinity specific estradiol receptors. Antiestrogens compete with estradiol for these receptors but have a lower apparent affinity for the receptor than estrogens. Stimulation of cells by estrogens is biphasic, with inhibition and cell death at concentrations of 17beta-estradiol or diethylstilbestrol exceeding 10(-7) M. Killing by high concentrations of estrogen is probably a nonspecific effect in that we observe this response with 17alpha-estradiol at equivalent concentrations and in the otherwise unresponsive cells that contain no estrogen receptor sites. (+info)

Marker molecules of human endometrial differentiation can be hormonally regulated under in-vitro conditions as in-vivo. (4/6438)

An established cell culture system of isolated human endometrial stromal and epithelial cells has been used to study the effects of oestrogen and progesterone, as well as their antagonists, upon endometrial cells. Normal hormonal regulation in vivo was investigated simultaneously in endometrial tissue samples taken at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Several marker molecules analysed by immunohistochemistry appeared to depend strongly on endocrine regulation and could be traced in culture. Immunohistochemically, basic parameters of cell biology were identified in vitro, e.g. cell proliferation (Ki-67), adhesion molecules (beta3 integrin) and paracrine factors (leukaemia inhibitory factor). The most reliable parameters to assess hormonal influences were oestrogen and progesterone receptor molecules. Immunohistochemical localization could be improved by molecular biological analysis using RT-PCR. In the presence of oestrogen, a significant expression of hormone receptors was also shown by RT-PCR, and withdrawal of oestrogens and addition of gestagen, i.e. medroxyprogesterone acetate, caused receptor downregulation. Addition of the anti-oestrogen ICI 182.780 to cell-culture medium significantly decreased the synthesis of progesterone receptors. (+info)

Modulation of oestrogenic effects by progesterone antagonists in the rat uterus. (5/6438)

Antiprogestins can modulate oestrogenic effects in various oestrogen-dependent tissues, dependent on species, tissue, dose and duration of treatment. Enhanced oestrogenic responses to mifepristone and onapristone occur in vitro and in vivo. However, the antiprogestins mifepristone, onapristone, and ZK 137 316 can block the ability of oestradiol to increase endometrial growth in non-human primates. Our purposes were firstly, to decide whether mifepristone and onapristone had direct oestrogenic activity in vitro and in the uterus of spayed and immature rats, and secondly, to discover whether antiprogestins exhibit inhibitory effects on oestrogen action in the uterus in spayed, oestrogen-substituted rats. In transactivation assays, mifepristone induced oestrogenic response, whereas onapristone had only marginal effects on reporter gene transcription. In immature rats, onapristone and mifepristone markedly increased uterine weights, and onapristone, but not mifepristone significantly enhanced endometrial luminal epithelial height, a sensitive oestrogen parameter. Conversely, in spayed and adrenalectomized rats, neither onapristone nor mifepristone changed uterine weights or endometrial morphology, indicating that their effects in immature rats were indirect. In spayed, oestrogen-substituted rats, antiprogestins did not block oestradiol-stimulated endometrial growth and luminal and glandular epithelium were stimulated more after antiprogestin plus oestrogen, than after oestradiol alone. All compounds induced compaction of the uterine stroma. In spayed rats, onapristone and some other 13alpha-configured (type 1) antagonists (ZK 135 569, ZK 131 535) reduced oestradiol-stimulated myometrial proliferation and induced an overall uterine weight reduction in animals treated with oestrogen and antiprogestins, in comparison with oestradiol-treated controls. 13beta- configured (type II) antagonists, including mifepristone, lilopristone and ZK 112 993, were not effective. In the uteri of spayed rats, onapristone was also found to enhance the oestradiol-stimulatory effect on expression of the oestrogen-dependent proto-oncogene, c-fos. In conclusion, antiprogestins do not inhibit, but rather enhance, oestrogen-induced uterine glandular and luminal epithelium in spayed rats, contrary to their effects in primates. The rat model is unsuitable to study endometrial antiproliferative effects of antiprogestins in primate uteri. (+info)

Endometriosis: a dysfunction and disease of the archimetra. (6/6438)

Endometriosis is considered primarily a disease of the endometrial-subendometrial unit or archimetra. The clinical picture of endometriosis characterises this disease as a hyperactivation of genuine archimetrial functions such as proliferation, inflammatory defence and peristalsis. While the aetiology of the disease remains to be elucidated, a key event appears to consist in the local production of extraovarian oestrogen by a pathological expression of the P450 aromatase. The starting event may consist in a hyperactivity of the endometrial inflammatory defence, a hyperactivity of the endometrial oxytocin/oxytocin receptor system or in the pathological expression of the P450 aromatase system itself. Regardless of which of these levels the starting event is localized in, they influence each other on both the level of the archimetra and the endometriotic lesions. Locally elevated oestrogen levels inevitably up-regulate the endometrial oxytocin mRNA and increased levels of oxytocin result in uterine hyperperistalsis, increased transtubal seeding of endometrial tissue fragments and finally subfertility and infertility by impairment of the uterine mechanism of rapid and sustained sperm transport. Locally increased levels of oestrogen lead, on both the level of the endometrial-subendometrial unit and the endometriotic lesion, to processes of hyperproliferation. These processes result, on the level of the uterus, in an infiltrative growth of elements of the archimetra into the neometra and, on the level of the endometriotic lesion, in infiltrative endometriosis. There is circumstantial evidence that trauma might be an important initial event that induces the specific biochemical and cellular responses of the archimetra. This model is able to explain both the pleiomorphic appearance of endometriosis and the, up until now, enigmatic infertility associated with mild and moderate endometriosis. (+info)

Relationship between metabolism of androstenone and skatole in intact male pigs. (7/6438)

The relationship between the metabolism of androsterone and skatole, the major compounds responsible for boar taint, was investigated in F4 Swedish Yorkshire x European Wild Pig intact males. The metabolism of androstenone and skatole were studied in liver microsomes, and the testicular steroid production was measured in testes microsomes. Including androstenone in the assays of skatole metabolism reduced the formation of 6-hydroxyskatole (pro-MII), and three other skatole metabolites (P<.05). The formation of three additional metabolites was not affected. Liver microsomal incubations of androstenone produced two metabolites, I and II. The rate of the formation of metabolite I and the rate of androstenone metabolism were correlated with the rate of skatole metabolism. Liver metabolism of androstenone was not related to levels of androstenone in fat. Testicular synthesis of 16-androstene steroids was correlated with combined synthesis of estrogens and androgens, plasma levels of androstenone, levels of skatole in fat, and skatole metabolism in the liver (P<.05). Plasma levels of estrone sulfate were correlated with levels of skatole in fat and with androstenone levels in fat and plasma and were negatively correlated with synthesis of skatole metabolite F-1 and pro-MII sulfation. These results indicate that the liver metabolism of androstenone and skatole are related. However, it is likely that the relationship between levels of androstenone and skatole in fat is due more to a link between the testicular synthesis of androstenone rather than to the metabolism of androstenone and skatole in the liver. Sex steroids may affect this relationship because of their biosynthesis along with androstenone and possible inhibition of skatole metabolism in the liver. (+info)

Estrogen induction of VLDLy assembly in egg-laying hens. (8/6438)

The yolk of a 60-g chicken egg contains 6 g of triacylglycerols transported to the oocyte from the liver of the laying hen in apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing particles. With the onset of egg production, estrogen shifts hepatocytic lipoprotein production from generic VLDL to VLDLy (yolk targeted). These VLDLy are triacylglycerol-rich particles; they are reduced in size by one half, are resistant to lipoprotein lipase and are taken up intact by oocyte receptors. The VLDLy pathway for apoB provides sufficient energy for the caloric requirements of chick development. VLDLy size reduction occurs in spite of surplus liver triacylglycerols and is necessary for VLDL particles to pass through the granulosa basal lamina and reach the receptors located on the oocyte surface. New ultrastructural data show that some proximal tubule cells of bird kidney secrete generic VLDL, perhaps providing energy and other VLDL-associated nutrients to tissues bypassed by VLDLy. Birds are an apoB100-only species, providing a natural in vivo model with which to investigate mechanisms of apoB100 VLDL assembly. Preliminary studies of liver lipoprotein assembly intermediates isolated from the biosynthetic membranes (endoplasmic reticulum) of the laying hen are consistent with the presence of both putative first- and second-step precursor particles of VLDLy. These findings suggest that the two-step mechanism of apoB core lipidation is an ancient development in apoB biology, handed down to mammals from oviparous ancestors. (+info)

It is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. EEs are a ... Estrogens, esterified is the generic name of the drug and its USP. It is also known as esterified estrogens. EEs are marketed ... Esterified estrogens (EEs), sold under the brand names Estratab and Menest among others, is an estrogen medication which is ... 157-. ISBN 978-1-59486-927-3. Smith, Nicholas L. (2004). "Esterified Estrogens and Conjugated Equine Estrogens and the Risk of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterified_estrogens

CEEs are estrogens, or agonists of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. Compared to ... CEEs are a combination of estrogens, or agonists of the estrogen receptors. The major estrogen in CEEs, sodium estrone sulfate ... An estrogen preparation very similar to CEEs but differing in source and composition is esterified estrogens. In 2020, it was ... Conjugated estrogens (CEs), or conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs), sold under the brand name Premarin among others, is an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens

This is a list of steroidal estrogens or derivatives of estradiol, estrone, and estriol. Most esters of these estrogens are not ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Estrogens, Steroids, Chemistry-related lists). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_estrogens

... is considered to play a significant role in women's mental health. Sudden estrogen withdrawal, fluctuating estrogen, ... The biological importance of these minor estrogens is not entirely clear. The actions of estrogen are mediated by the estrogen ... estrogen enters passively into the cell where it binds to and activates the estrogen receptor. The estrogen:ER complex binds to ... Another type of estrogen called estetrol (E4) is produced only during pregnancy. All of the different forms of estrogen are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen

A nonsteroidal estrogen is an estrogen with a nonsteroidal chemical structure. The most well-known example is the stilbestrol ... Nonsteroidal estrogens act as agonists of the estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. Stilbestrols: benzestrol, bifluranol, dienestrol ... V. Craig Jordan (2013). Estrogen Action, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, and Women's Health: Progress and Promise. ... "Estrogen receptor beta selective nonsteroidal estrogens: seeking clinical indications". Expert Opin Ther Pat. 20 (4): 507-34. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_estrogen

Estrogens can also be used to suppress lactation after child birth. Synthetic estrogens, such as 17α-substituted estrogens like ... Estrogens are agonists of the estrogen receptors, the biological targets of endogenous estrogens like estradiol. They have ... Estrogens that have been marketed come in two major types, steroidal estrogens and nonsteroidal estrogens. Estradiol, estrone, ... 3. Estrogen preparations and combination preparations]" [Estrogen therapy in practice. 3. Estrogen preparations and combination ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)

... is a form of estrogen that is delivered by intravaginal administration. Vaginally administered estrogens are ... Estrogen administered vaginally should not be given to persons who are: Estrogen should not be used while pregnant as it could ... To effectively alleviate the symptoms of menopause, it is best to take oral estrogen instead of topical estrogen since the ... "Estrogen (Vaginal route)". Mmddic/DDIC602127.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) "Estrogen Vaginal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_estrogen

Endogenous estrogens (e.g., estradiol, estrone, estriol, estetrol) Natural estrogens (e.g., conjugated estrogens) Synthetic ... Estrogen receptors also occur within the cell nucleus, and both estrogen receptor subtypes have a DNA-binding domain and can ... Some estrogen receptors associate with the cell surface membrane and can be rapidly activated by exposure of cells to estrogen ... These mice have very low levels of estrogen and are obese. Obesity was also observed in estrogen deficient female mice lacking ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_receptor

A catechol estrogen is a steroidal estrogen that contains catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) within its structure. The catechol ... 2-Hydroxylated catechol estrogens are weak and possibly antiestrogenic estrogens, whereas their 4-hydroxylated counterparts are ... The catechol estrogens are formed from estradiol and estrone by cytochrome P450 enzymes predominantly in the liver but also in ... Under poor conditions of inactivation by phase II enzymes, catechol estrogens can undergo oxidation to reactive quinones and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol_estrogen

... (ED) is a theory about a metabolic state where the level of estrogen outweighs the level of progesterone in ... "Estrogen's Effects on the Female Body". Johns Hopkins Medicine. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2022. "Estrogen & The ... contraindications to estrogen supplementation and estrogen toxicity. Research on hormone replacement therapies have indicated ... In this scenario, estrogen becomes elevated..." However, as of 2022, no research has been conducted to validate the concept of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_dominance

An estrogen conjugate is a conjugate of an endogenous estrogen. They occur naturally in the body as metabolites of estrogens ... Estrogen conjugates have been used as pharmaceutical estrogens, as in estrone sulfate as estropipate (piperazine estrone ... Estrogen conjugates include sulfate and/or glucuronide conjugates of estradiol, estrone, and estriol: Sulfated: Estrone 3- ... They serve as a circulating reservoir for estrogen, particularly in the case of orally administered pharmaceutical estradiol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_conjugate

Estrogen therapies, including the use of an estrogen patch, can be used to alleviate these symptoms by increasing estrogen ... An estrogen patch (oestrogen patch) is a transdermal delivery system for estrogens such as estradiol and ethinylestradiol which ... During menopause, the ovaries stop producing estrogen which causes estrogen levels to fall. The sudden change in estrogen ... Estrogen patches may be effective in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Research suggests that estrogen patches ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_patch

An estrogen ester is an ester of an estrogen, most typically of estradiol but also of other estrogens such as estrone, estriol ... estrogen esters do not bind to the estrogen receptor except at extremely high concentrations. The residual affinity of estrogen ... Estrogen esters are rapidly hydrolyzed into their parent estrogen by esterases once they have been released from the depot. ... Estrogen esters are used in hormone therapy, hormonal contraception, and high-dose estrogen therapy (e.g., for prostate cancer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_ester

... and esterified estrogens (Estratab, Menest). List of estrogens § Equine estrogens Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and ... Equine estrogens, or horse estrogens, are estrogens found in horses. They include the following: Estradiol Estrone Equilin (Δ7- ... Bhavnani BR (June 2003). "Estrogens and menopause: pharmacology of conjugated equine estrogens and their potential role in the ... Equine estrogens are found in the human medications conjugated estrogens (Premarin) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_estrogen

In the typical estrogen pathway (i) estrogen or other selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are bound to the estrogen ... There are two main types of estrogen receptors: estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) also known as NR3B1, and estrogen receptor beta ( ... The estrogen receptor test (ERT) uses the estrogen receptor (ER) tumor marker that allows for immunohistochemical techniques to ... Growing exposure of the mammary epithelium to estrogen is related to risk of breast cancer as the binding of estrogen to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_test

Endogenous estrogens (e.g., estradiol, estrone, estriol, estetrol) Natural estrogens (e.g., conjugated estrogens) Synthetic ... "Differential response of estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta to partial estrogen agonists/antagonists". ... Luo T, Kim JK (August 2016). "The Role of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors on Cardiomyocytes: An Overview". The Canadian Journal ... Pettersson K, Gustafsson JA (2001). "Role of estrogen receptor beta in estrogen action". Annual Review of Physiology. 63: 165- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_beta

Estrogen is a critical sex hormone for women (in conjunction with progesterone). Estrogen is responsible for all different ... This termination of menses is associated with a dramatic drop in estrogen levels. The estrogen levels stated previously ... Androgen-dependent condition Estrogen insensitivity syndrome "Estrogen: Hormone, Function, Levels & Imbalances". Cleveland ... An estrogen-dependent condition can be that relating to the differentiation in the steroid sex hormone that is associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen-dependent_condition

... (EIS), or estrogen resistance, is a form of congenital estrogen deficiency or hypoestrogenism ... June 2001). "Congenital estrogen deficiency: in search of the estrogen role in human male reproduction". Molecular and Cellular ... the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) - that results in an inability of estrogen to mediate its biological effects in the body. ... which are known to be elevated by estrogen, were all within normal ranges in spite of the extremely high levels of estrogen, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_insensitivity_syndrome

The estrogen provocation test, also known as the estrogen stimulation test or estrogen challenge test, is a diagnostic ... Estrogens that have been used in the estrogen provocation test include estradiol benzoate, estradiol valerate, ethinylestradiol ... Shaw RW, Butt WR, London DR, Marshall JC (May 1975). "The oestrogen provocation test: a method of assessing the hypothalamic- ... It involves the administration of a large amount of estrogen, resulting in estrogenic exposure similar to or greater than ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_provocation_test

ERRalpha+estrogen-related+receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) estrogen+receptor- ... They are named because of sequence homology with estrogen receptors, but do not appear to bind estrogens or other tested ... Wang T, McDonald C, Petrenko NB, Leblanc M, Wang T, Giguere V, Evans RM, Patel VV, Pei L (April 2015). "Estrogen-related ... Schreiber SN, Emter R, Hock MB, Knutti D, Cardenas J, Podvinec M, Oakeley EJ, Kralli A (April 2004). "The estrogen-related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor

Endogenous estrogens (e.g., estradiol, estrone, estriol, estetrol) Natural estrogens (e.g., conjugated equine estrogens) ... that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. In humans, ERα is encoded by the gene ESR1 (EStrogen Receptor 1). The estrogen ... October 1994). "Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man". The New England Journal of ... Estrogen insensitivity syndrome is a very rare condition characterized by a defective ERα that is insensitive to estrogens. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_alpha

Estrogen insensitivity syndrome, a condition in which the estrogen receptor is defective and unable to respond to estrogens. ... Congenital estrogen deficiency is a congenital form of hypoestrogenism in which the body is unable to produce or use estrogens ... June 2001). "Congenital estrogen deficiency: in search of the estrogen role in human male reproduction". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol ... a condition in which aromatase is absent and androgens cannot be converted into estrogens. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_estrogen_deficiency

Estrogens are agonists of the estrogen receptors (ERs), the biological target of endogenous estrogens such as estradiol. When ... High-dose estrogen (HDE) is a type of hormone therapy in which high doses of estrogens are given. When given in combination ... Unlike synthetic estrogens, bioidentical estrogens are efficiently inactivated in the liver even at high dosages or high ... The following steroidal estrogens have been used in HDE therapy: Conjugated estrogens (Premarin) Estradiol and estradiol esters ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dose_estrogen

An estrogen synthesis inhibitor is a type of drug which inhibits the enzymatic synthesis of estrogens, such as estradiol. They ... of inactive estrogen sulfates into active estrogens like estradiol Inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis can also reduce estrogen ... including estrogens 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors (17β-HSD inhibitors): inhibit the interconversion of estrogens ... Estrogen synthesis inhibitors have medical applications in the treatment of breast cancer, precocious puberty, gynecomastia, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_synthesis_inhibitor

... presents as a cyclic skin disorder, that may appear eczematous, papular, bullous, or urticarial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_estrogen_dermatitis

... s (mERs) are a group of receptors which bind estrogen. Unlike the estrogen receptor (ER), a nuclear ... Membrane steroid receptor Soltysik K, Czekaj P (April 2013). "Membrane estrogen receptors - is it an alternative way of ... Micevych PE, Kelly MJ (2012). "Membrane estrogen receptor regulation of hypothalamic function". Neuroendocrinology. 96 (2): 103 ... "Membrane and Nuclear Estrogen Receptor Alpha Actions: From Tissue Specificity to Medical Implications". Physiol Rev. 97 (3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_estrogen_receptor

SERMs act by mimicking estrogen and replacing estrogen on estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from binding and preventing ... Tamoxifen selectively blocks the effect of estrogen in breast tissue but acts as an estrogen agonist in the uterus and in bone ... Modalities include antiestrogens or estrogen blockers such as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like tamoxifen, ... which is using estrogen and/or progesterone supplements to relieve symptoms of menopause. Estrogen feeds breast cancer cells, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_deprivation_therapy

A tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC) is a combination of an estrogen, such as estradiol or conjugated estrogens, and a ... v t e (Combination drugs, Estrogens, Selective estrogen receptor modulators, All stub articles, Genito-urinary system drug ... Lello S, Capozzi A, Scambia G (2017). "The Tissue-Selective Estrogen Complex (Bazedoxifene/Conjugated Estrogens) for the ... It is thought to have different tissue pattern of estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects than that of either the estrogen or the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue-selective_estrogen_complex

"Estrogen-related receptor-gamma and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha regulate estrogen- ... "Entrez Gene: ESRRG estrogen-related receptor gamma". Eudy JD, Yao S, Weston MD, Ma-Edmonds M, Talmadge CB, Cheng JJ, Kimberling ... Estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERR-gamma), also known as NR3B3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group B, member 3), is a ... Heard DJ, Norby PL, Holloway J, Vissing H (Mar 2000). "Human ERRgamma, a third member of the estrogen receptor-related receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_gamma

This is a list of estrogen esters, or ester prodrugs of estrogens. It includes esters, as well as ethers, of steroidal ... for efficient oral estrogen treatment and abolished effects on estrogen modulated liver functions". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. ... Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. ... "Relative duration of action of natural and synthetic estrogens administered parenterally in women with estrogen deficiency". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters

Estrogen Receptor Alpha Ligand Binding Domain in Complex with Lasofoxifene ... Estrogen receptor. A, B, C, D. 249. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 3 Gene Names: ESR1, ESR, NR3A1. ... Estrogen Receptor Alpha Ligand Binding Domain in Complex with Lasofoxifene. *PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb6VJD/pdb ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/6VJD

Estrogen: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before taking estrogen,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to any brand of oral estrogen, any other estrogen ... Some brands of estrogen are also to relieve symptoms of low estrogen in young women who do not produce enough estrogen ... Estrogen comes as a tablet to take by mouth. It is usually taken with or without food once a day. Estrogen is sometimes taken ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682922.html

... Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1978;15(6):515-21. doi: 10.1002/j.1879-3479.1977.tb00745.x. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29799/

Cite this: Estrogen Benefits Bones in Transgender Hormone Conversion - Medscape - Jun 01, 2016. ... The most marked effect was seen in those who took estrogen for male-to-female conversion. ... "This confirms the notion that estrogen is the main regulator of bones," asserted Dr Wiepjes. ... an increase in bone-mineral density was seen only in women who were postmenopausal at the time of conversion and whose estrogen ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/864091

Osteoporosis Among Estrogen-Deficient Women -- United States, 1988-1994 Each year in the United States, hip fractures result in ... Editorial Note: The findings in this report indicate that 93% of estrogen-deficient women with osteoporosis as defined by BMD ... The new act authorized standardized coverage for persons at high risk for osteoporosis, such as estrogen-deficient women, ... TABLE 1. Comparison of osteoporosis prevalence among estrogen-deficient women with selected characteristics by bone mineral ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00055690.htm

Learn about sources of estrogen and its functions. ... Estrogen is a hormone that both males and females produce. It ... Premarin, which contains estrogens from the urine of pregnant mares Estrogen therapy. Estrogen therapy can help manage ... This type of estrogen is present in the body after menopause. It is a weaker form of estrogen and one that the body can convert ... Ovaries: Estrogen helps stimulate the growth of the egg follicle.. Vagina: In the vagina, estrogen maintains the thickness. of ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/277177?utm_source=ReadNext

OTHER EFFECTS OF ESTROGENS In addition to the serious known risks of estrogens described above, estrogens have the following ... ESTROGENS, ESTERIFIED (UNII: 3ASP8Q3768) (ESTROGENS, ESTERIFIED - UNII:3ASP8Q3768) ESTROGENS, ESTERIFIED. 0.625 mg. ... ESTROGENS, ESTERIFIED (UNII: 3ASP8Q3768) (ESTROGENS, ESTERIFIED - UNII:3ASP8Q3768) ESTROGENS, ESTERIFIED. 1.25 mg. ... THE DANGERS OF ESTROGENS * Cancer of the uterus. If estrogens are used in the postmenopausal period for more than a year, there ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=46c1158c-b553-4ed1-af58-66df2e09a858&type=display

JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Estrogens&type=mesh

Estrogen receptor blockers. Class Summary. These agents cause increased hypothalamic secretion of GnRH owing to blockage of ... Chua ME, Escusa KG, Luna S, Tapia LC, Dofitas B, Morales M. Revisiting oestrogen antagonists (clomiphene or tamoxifen) as ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436829-medication

Estrogen. Edited by: Wahid Ali Khan. ISBN 978-1-83880-866-2, eISBN 978-1-83880-867-9, PDF ISBN 978-1-83880-868-6, Published ... 3. Estrogen for Male Function: Effect of Changes in the Sex Hormone Milieu on Erectile Function By Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori ... This short book contains the most up to date thinking on estrogen and its related functions. Here, the reader will find ... Dear Librarian, I would like to recommend the following IntechOpen book to be added to our library catalog: TITLE: Estrogen ...

https://www.intechopen.com/books/6891

New Estrogen Patch Approved. Feminist Majority Foundation Blog , January 13, 1999 A new small, translucent, and water resistant ... estrogen patch that can be worn while bathing has been approved by the FDA and will be available for sale in the U.S. by mid- ...

https://feminist.org/news/new-estrogen-patch-approved/

Of all hormones that decline with age, estrogens have the most dramatic effect on the skin. Estrogens are known to protect ... Estrogens: The Skin Connection. It is often noticed that after the menopause women begin to age faster. Wrinkles spread rapidly ... While going on estrogen replacement is a complex decision requiring the analysis of ones medical history, women after ... The recommendations regarding the use of estrogen creams to treat wrinkles and other signs of aging are detailed in the Skin ...

http://www.smartskincare.com/treatments/topical/estrog.html

Estrogen was shown to work by preserving bones essential micro-architecture. ... After two years of estrogen replacement "the women in this study had a 14% change in the ratio of plates to rods," he said. ... "By analyzing these specimens in a side-by-side manner we were able to determine the true effect of estrogen on the micro- ... After two years of estrogen replacement, a second biopsy was performed with a sample taken from the other side of the iliac ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/445571

Estrogen a Culprit in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. by Nancy Walsh, Staff Writer, MedPage Today May 20, 2012 ... Estrogen is thought to have various effects on the intestinal barrier, modifying colonic permeability and mediating ... Note that it is unknown why the effects on inflammatory bowel disease would be different for estrogen levels associated with ... As to why the effects would be different for estrogen levels associated with oral contraceptives compared with those with ...

https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/ddw/32794

... is a treatment for women that helps replenish low estrogen levels. This therapy involves taking the hormone estrogen on a ... Estrogen therapy (ET) is a treatment for women that helps replenish low estrogen levels. This therapy involves taking the ... Estrogen therapy is also called unopposed estrogen therapy because a second hormone (progestin) is not used along with the ... Estrogen used alone can cause cancer of the lining of the uterus (endometrial cancer). For this reason, unless a woman has had ...

https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/estrogen-therapy-et-menopause

... by Don Michael, MD. August 25, 2008. A 37-year-old patient has tested for estrogen levels less than 32 ... A lack of natural estrogens (those estrogens that are naturally found in people) can cause a wide variety of symptoms; and, ... A very common situation is that the foreign estrogens (those not naturally found in the human body) may work well for some of ... In addition to considering hormone replacement with bioidentical hormones if a low estrogen status is found, it would be a good ...

https://project-aware.org/Resource/articlearchives/estrogensandmeno.shtml

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Noting that declining estrogen levels can cause sexual dysfunction and adversely affect quality of life, Yale School of ... Included were 670 women who were given either oral conjugated equine estrogens (o-CEE), transdermal 17?-estradiol (t-E2), or ... In addition, no variation was documented in overall sexual function score between the oral and transdermal estrogen therapies, ... No significant difference in overall sexual function score was detected with oral estrogen treatment compared with placebo, ...

https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/transdermal-estrogen-promising-for-improved-postmenopausal-sexual-function

Estrogen and Progestin (Oral Contraceptives): learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Estrogen and progestin are two female sex hormones. Combinations of estrogen and progestin work by preventing ovulation (the ... These tablets may contain an inactive ingredient, or they may contain a very low dose of estrogen. Start your new packet the ... Estrogen and Progestin (Oral Contraceptives). pronounced as (ess troe jen) (proe jes tin) ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601050.html

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Both males and females produce estradiol, and it is the most common type of estrogen in females during their reproductive years. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Dr. Schmidt and colleagues, from the University of Vienna Medical School, Austria, studied the effects of topical estrogen treatment with 0.01% estradiol or 0.3% estriol in 59 postmenopausal women. (smartskincare.com)
Combination injectable contraceptives include depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) 25 mg plus estradiol cypionate (E 2 C) 5 mg, as well as norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) 50 mg plus estradiol valerate (E 2 V) 5 mg. (cochrane.org)
An alternative to standard hormone therapy (ADT) using luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs like leuprolide (Lupron®, Eligard®), goserelin (Zoladex®), triptorelin (Trelstar®), and histrelin (Vantas®) for men with advanced prostate cancer, but often not used is estradiol (a form of estrogen). (malecare.org)
Saliva testing is an excellent method to inexpensively test the important male hormones including estradiol, the most active form of estrogen. (antiaging-systems.com)
With this novel approach, the researchers successfully measured the fecal levels of estradiol, a type of estrogen. (brightsurf.com)
Most premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer assigned to adjuvant treatment with the aromatase inhibitor exemestane plus triptorelin had large reductions in estrogen levels (estradiol [E2]) during the first year of treatment, according to the results of a preplanned interim analysis of the SOFT-EST substudy. (cancernetwork.com)
Inhibit estrogen-receptor replenishment and activate 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in endometrial cells, converting estradiol to the less-active estrone. (medscape.com)
The recent study is among the first large, long-term clinical trial to examine the cognitive effects of estradiol, a type of estrogen, on women both close to and long after menopause. (eurasiareview.com)
Estradiol is the main type of estrogen produced by women in their reproductive years. (eurasiareview.com)
Henderson noted that the study only addressed the effects of estradiol, just one type of estrogen, and did not examine its use in women with existing mild cognitive impairment or dementia. (eurasiareview.com)
Estrogen itself exists in one of three forms: estrone, estradiol and estriol. (natures-source.com)
Their metabolic activity differs (for example estrone is a weaker estrogen than estradiol) and they exist in higher proportions depending on the stage of life a woman is in (estradiol is prevalent in non-pregnant women, estriol is prevalent in pregnant women and estrone is produced during menopause). (natures-source.com)
Studies have shown that administration of 17β-estradiol (estrogen) after traumahemorrhage normalized cardiac IL-6 levels and restored cardiac functions under those conditions. (uthscsa.edu)
Even in trace amounts, estrogens such as 17beta- estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estriol (E3), and 17alpha- ethinyl estradiol (EE2) may have adverse effects on humans and the aquatic ecosystem . (bvsalud.org)
Compuestos que interactúan con los RECEPTORES ESTROGÉNICOS en los tejidos donde actúan para dar lugar efectos similares a los del ESTRADIOL. (bvsalud.org)
Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL . (bvsalud.org)

If you have not had a hysterectomy (surgery to remove the uterus), you should be given another medication called a progestin to take with estrogen. (medlineplus.gov)
Do not take estrogen alone or with a progestin to prevent heart disease, heart attacks, strokes, or dementia. (medlineplus.gov)
While progestin addition to estrogen mitigates endometrial cancer risk, the magnitude of the effect on incidence, specific endometrial cancer histologies, and endometrial cancer mortality remains unsettled. (medscape.com)
These issues were assessed by analyses after extended follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized clinical trial evaluating continuous combined estrogen plus progestin use. (medscape.com)
There was a statistically nonsignificant reduction in deaths from endometrial cancer in the estrogen plus progestin group (5 vs 11 deaths, HR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.15 to 1.22). (medscape.com)
In postmenopausal women, continuous combined estrogen plus progestin decreases endometrial cancer incidence. (medscape.com)
[ 6 ] While a few case-control studies describe increased endometrial cancer risk with long-duration combined hormone therapy, [ 7 , 8 ] a recent meta-analysis of published cohort studies found a statistically significantly lower endometrial cancer risk with continuous combined estrogen plus progestin use. (medscape.com)
Against this background, in earlier reports from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating continuous combined estrogen plus progestin fewer endometrial cancers were seen with combined hormone therapy use, but the differences were not statistically significant. (medscape.com)
[ 13 , 14 ] Recently, with median cumulative follow-up of 13 years in this trial, estrogen plus progestin use was found to statistically significantly decrease endometrial cancer incidence. (medscape.com)
[ 15 ] In the current report, we extend that finding by providing analyses on estrogen plus progestin effects on endometrial cancer type, findings in relevant clinical subgroups, and information on endometrial cancer-related mortality. (medscape.com)
The treatment may consist solely of estrogen (estrogen replacement therapy, or ERT), or it may involve a combination of estrogen and progestin, a synthetic form of progesterone. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The Women's Health Initiative was halted last summer after the study's safety monitoring board determined that women taking the estrogen-progestin combination (Prempro) had an increased risk for breast cancer, stroke, and heart disease. (medscape.com)
Estrogen therapy is also called unopposed estrogen therapy because a second hormone (progestin) is not used along with the estrogen. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Estrogen and progestin are two female sex hormones. (medlineplus.gov)
Combinations of estrogen and progestin work by preventing ovulation (the release of eggs from the ovaries). (medlineplus.gov)
Many 28-tablet packets have certain color tablets that contain different amounts of estrogen and progestin, but also may have other color tablets which contain an inactive ingredient or a folate supplement. (medlineplus.gov)
If we are talking about therapy of estrogen replacement in case of women who didn't have their uterus removed, there is also the need of extra progestin to avoid the overgrowth of the lining of the uterus as a result of estrogen because this could lead to endometrial cancer. (womenhealthzone.com)
Previous studies from the WHI, for example, have clearly shown that combination therapy with estrogen plus progestin increases breast cancer incidence and death, as well as lung cancer mortality . (cancer.gov)
And just 2 months ago, British researchers reporting on longer-term follow-up from the Million Women Study (MWS) also found that combination estrogen and progestin therapy, when started immediately after menopause, increased breast cancer risk regardless of hysterectomy status. (cancer.gov)
Use of menopausal hormone therapy has continued to decline since the early 2000s, when the initial findings of the WHI clinical trial of estrogen plus progestin showed an increased risk of breast cancer and serious cardiac events with the combination. (cancer.gov)
Birth control methods that can be injected may contain two hormones, a progestin and an estrogen. (cochrane.org)
OCPs containing estrogen and progestin used to treat acute hemorrhagic uterine bleeding. (medscape.com)
This time the focus of the analysis was to explore whether pretreatment levels of sex hormones modify the effect of estrogen + progestin (E+P) on breast cancer [1]. (imsociety.org)
Sex hormone levels and risk of breast cancer with estrogen plus progestin. (imsociety.org)
Although many women take short-acting contraceptives containing estrogen and progestin, concerns persist about side effects, said Mitchell Creinin, MD, of the University of California, in the press release. (medscape.com)
CombiPatch is a prescription medicine patch (Transdermal System) that contains 2 kinds of hormones, estrogen and progestin. (blueskydrugs.com)

Some brands of estrogen are also used to treat vaginal dryness, itching, or burning, or to prevent osteoporosis (a condition in which the bones become thin and weak and break easily) in women who are experiencing or have experienced menopause. (medlineplus.gov)
This type of estrogen is present in the body after menopause . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Estrogen therapy can help manage menopause symptoms as part of hormone therapy, which people usually refer to as hormone replacement therapy . (medicalnewstoday.com)
To a large degree this seems to result from the decline in estrogen levels after the menopause. (smartskincare.com)
While going on estrogen replacement is a complex decision requiring the analysis of one's medical history, women after menopause can get the skin benefits of estrogen with topical preparations. (smartskincare.com)
The body naturally produces less estrogen after menopause, when the ovaries are removed, or as a result of some other health conditions. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Estrogen replacement therapy is also known as ERT and it is meant to increase the levels of estrogen in the body in case of the women who enter menopause. (womenhealthzone.com)
As it has been mentioned before, ERT is used in order to increase the estrogen levels of the women who have gone through menopause or have no uterus. (womenhealthzone.com)
The younger women who experience early menopause as a result of the removal of their uterus use estrogen replacement therapy in order to make sure that they will be able to avoid osteoporosis or early bone loss. (womenhealthzone.com)
The WHI estrogen-alone clinical trial, launched in 1993, randomly assigned more than 10,739 women between the ages of 50 and 79-all of whom were past menopause and had had a hysterectomy-to take daily estrogen or a placebo. (cancer.gov)
In absolute terms, the current analysis indicated, there would be eight fewer cases of breast cancer for every 10,000 women who had undergone menopause and had a hysterectomy if they took estrogen daily for 6 years. (cancer.gov)
In the MWS-which was an observational study and not a randomized clinical trial like the WHI estrogen-alone trial-there was an increased breast cancer risk in women who began estrogen-only therapy within 5 years of menopause. (cancer.gov)
Estrogen has long been prescribed to women dealing with menopause and osteoporosis. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Contrary to popular belief, taking estrogen after menopause may not affect the memory and thinking abilities of healthy women no matter when the treatment is started. (eurasiareview.com)
Millions of women take estrogen to treat hot flashes, night sweats and other symptoms caused by menopause. (eurasiareview.com)
Our results suggest that healthy women at all stages after menopause should not take estrogen to improve memory. (eurasiareview.com)
For women, it helps battle excess estrogen in your system that can make menopause symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats worse. (babyhopes.com)
The reason is that during menopause, estrogen levels drop-and estrogen is what keeps your arteries flexible and strengthens your arterial walls. (healthydirections.com)
The drop in body estrogen levels when a woman is between 45 and 55 years old causes the "change of life" or menopause (the end of monthly menstrual periods). (blueskydrugs.com)
This medicine is also used to treat moderate to severe menopausal changes in and around your vagina and to treat certain conditions in women before menopause if their ovaries do not make enough estrogens naturally. (blueskydrugs.com)

Estrogen is in a class of medications called hormones. (medlineplus.gov)
The use of female sex hormones, both estrogens and progestogens, during early pregnancy may seriously damage the offspring. (nih.gov)
Of all hormones that decline with age, estrogens have the most dramatic effect on the skin. (smartskincare.com)
According to this, when having estrogen replacement therapy at the beginning you could have a higher dosage and then receive fewer hormones towards the end of the week. (womenhealthzone.com)
The term 'estrogen dominance' refers to when estrogen is in higher quantities than needed, and it's usually higher in relation to the other sex hormones. (natures-source.com)
This article focuses on estrogen dominance, but it should be noted that deficiencies or excess of any of the four hormones listed above can cause issues. (natures-source.com)
In order to fully understand the concept of estrogen dominance, it is important to understand that the term 'estrogen' is actually describing a family of hormones. (natures-source.com)
Instead of having your hormones converted into higher levels of estrogen, the anti estrogen ingredients promote a healthier hormone balance. (babyhopes.com)
Some help regulate hormones, such as estrogen. (cancer.net)
For example, researchers in one 2013 study studied the effects of estrogen and progesterone on female and male mice to determine if the hormones caused constipation. (healthline.com)
Estrogens are hormones made by a woman's ovaries. (blueskydrugs.com)

Three independent case control studies have reported an increased risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women exposed to exogenous estrogens for prolonged periods.1-3 This risk was independent of the other known risk factors for endometrial cancer. (nih.gov)
Several studies indicate that postmenopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy develop less wrinkles and have better skin texture and elasticity than those not taking estrogens. (smartskincare.com)
New Haven, CT- Postmenopausal sexual function is a problem many women might be hesitant to address with pharmacists or other healthcare professionals, but new research suggests that a type of estrogen therapy appears to help. (uspharmacist.com)
An article in JAMA Internal Medicine reports that sexual function in early postmenopausal women showed some improvement with use of transdermal estrogen therapy. (uspharmacist.com)
In a group of 37 postmenopausal women treated with conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone for 12 months, urinary zinc and magnesium loss was reduced in those women who began the study with signs of osteoporosis and elevated zinc and magnesium excretion. (peacehealth.org)
The society published a clinical guide on low-dose vaginal estrogens for postmenopausal vaginal atrophy also including a summary of recommendations. (health.am)
These and other recommendations presented in the EMAS clinical guide are published in the article: "EMAS clinical guide: Low-dose vaginal estrogens for postmenopausal vaginal atrophy" by Margaret Rees, Faustino R. Pérez-López, Iuliana Ceasu, Herman Depepyre, Tamer Erel, Irene Lambrinoudaki, Karin Schenck-Gustafsson, Tommaso Simoncini, Yvonne van der Schouw, and Florence Tremollieres (10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.06.009). (health.am)
Even with serial estrogen and gonadotropin assessments, establishing a definitive menopausal status remains elusive, and the possibility of a later recovery still exists, as illustrated by E2 levels greater than 2.72 pg/mL observed during triptorelin plus exemestane among women with baseline postmenopausal levels. (cancernetwork.com)
OBJECTIVE: To describe the association between postmenopausal estrogen-only therapy use and risk of ovarian carcinoma, specifically with regard to disease histotype and duration and timing of use. (harvard.edu)
CONCLUSION: We found evidence of an increased risk of serous and endometrioid ovarian carcinoma associated with postmenopausal estrogen-only therapy use, particularly of long duration. (harvard.edu)
At the same time, women need not particularly be concerned about negative effects of postmenopausal estrogen supplements on memory when used for less than five years. (eurasiareview.com)
Vaginal estrogen therapy, if not contraindicated, should be recommended to perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with rUTIs to decrease the risk of future UTI. (medscape.com)

Since these anti-estrogens interfere with the transcriptional activity of the estrogen receptor and block promotion of estrogen receptor-dependent gene expression, it appears that this process is not involved in micronucleus formation. (bl.uk)
Caberlin 0.5 against the background of other Anti Estrogens stands out for its power. (steroidsforsale.click)
Arimidex tends to work quite differently than the traditional anti-estrogens. (raw-hormonepowders.com)
Anti-estrogens like Clomid or Nolvadex tend to intercept estrogen receptors in certain tissues while activating them in others. (raw-hormonepowders.com)

Estrogen is thought to have various effects on the intestinal barrier, modifying colonic permeability and mediating inflammation through effects on estrogen receptors, which could lead to changes in gut immunity. (medpagetoday.com)
Excess estrogen can saturate testosterone receptors in the hypothalamus in the brain therefore reducing the signal sent to the pituitary gland. (antiaging-systems.com)
We examined 20-month-old male rats, in which abnormalities of the HPA axis included altered response to stress, reduced effectiveness of the steroid negative feedback and low expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Estrogen treatment of aging rats normalized the response to stress, restored the dexamethasone inhibition of the stress response and increased GR density in defined hippocampal areas. (conicet.gov.ar)
[4] , [5] The biological effects of estrogens are mediated by estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α), a member of the superfamily of nuclear receptors that function as ligand-inducible transcription factors. (carcinogenesis.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Free estrogens and progestogens in benign prostatic hypertrophy. (who.int)

Exogenous estrogen use increases endometrial cancer risk. (medscape.com)
The well-known importance of estradiol's role in postnatal development of the body, brain and behavior has in recent years raised specific concerns about how exogenous estrogens, or environmental estrogens, such as those found in soy, fruits and vegetables, plastics and common household items, affect lifelong health. (brightsurf.com)
Epidemiology of exogenous estrogens. (cdc.gov)

Before you begin taking estrogen, tell your doctor if you have or have ever had cancer and if you have unusual vaginal bleeding. (medlineplus.gov)
Call your doctor immediately if you have abnormal or unusual vaginal bleeding during your treatment with estrogen. (medlineplus.gov)
In the vagina, estrogen maintains the thickness of the vaginal wall and promotes lubrication. (medicalnewstoday.com)
It has been shown that females exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol, a non-steroidal estrogen, have an increased risk of developing in later life a form of vaginal or cervical cancer that is ordinarily extremely rare. (nih.gov)
This guide provides the evidence for the clinical use of low-dose vaginal estrogens for this condition, focusing on publications since the 2006 Cochrane systematic review. (health.am)
The guide concludes that low-dose vaginal estrogens are effective and that there is no need for added progestogens for endometrial protection if topical estrogens are used in the recommended doses. (health.am)
Declining levels of the hormone oestrogen can lead to vaginal tightness, dryness and atrophy. (goodhousekeeping.com)

By analyzing these specimens in a side-by-side manner we were able to determine the true effect of estrogen on the micro-architecture," Genant told Medscape. (medscape.com)
A subset of that study, which is tracking the effect of estrogen alone in women who have had hysterectomies, is still underway. (medscape.com)
A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. (webref.org)
In a career spanning decade, renowned scientist Adriana Maggi has been at the forefront of research into the effect of estrogen on the central nervous system. (siemens-healthineers.com)

While a man's five o'clock shadow fluctuates fairly well with his relative testosterone level, a women's periods reflect the estrogen levels for the entire time since her last period. (project-aware.org)
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A poster presentation of a phase II trial showed that transdermal estrogen patches drove down testosterone and PSA levels to a similar extent as an LHRH analog. (malecare.org)
Along with this decline in testosterone with age and lifestyle, many men also experience increases in the levels of estrogen. (antiaging-systems.com)
The result is a testosterone/estrogen imbalance that directly causes many of the debilitating health problems associated with normal aging. (antiaging-systems.com)
The end result is that these high levels of estrogen can cause reduced levels of testosterone, fatigue, loss of muscle tone, increased body fat, loss of libido and sexual function and an enlarged prostate. (antiaging-systems.com)
In youth, small amounts of estrogen are used to reduce the cell-stimulating effects of testosterone. (antiaging-systems.com)
But when there is too little testosterone present, estrogen attaches to testosterone cell receptor sites throughout the body. (antiaging-systems.com)
Subsequently, as estrogen levels increase with age, testosterone is not able to stimulate the cells causing reduced sexual arousal and sensation as well the loss of libido. (antiaging-systems.com)
3) A reduced effectiveness of the testosterone replacement therapy due to excess aromatization of testosterone medications to estrogen. (antiaging-systems.com)
The evidence is clear that it is essential for men who are concerned about healthy aging, who are suffering from symptoms of low testosterone or undergoing testosterone replacement therapy need to take aggressive action and assess their estrogen levels and reduce any excessive estrogen to a safe range. (antiaging-systems.com)
Fat cells, especially in the abdominal region, produce the aromatase enzyme, which converts testosterone into estrogen. (antiaging-systems.com)
Case and control subjects had their sex hormone levels measured at baseline (estrogens, testosterone, progesterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)) and at year 1 (estrogens and SHBG) using sensitive assays. (imsociety.org)
Both Chrysin and DIM work as aromatase inhibitors - meaning they inhibit the aromatase enzyme from converting testosterone into estrogen in a man's body. (babyhopes.com)
Slowing down this conversion will free up some testosterone, balance out estrogen levels, and keep your hormone levels at normal healthy levels. (babyhopes.com)
From inside the people, with low levels out-of testosterone, and higher estrogen levels, bone bulk, but not full mix-sectional town, tends to improve faster when it comes to muscle town. (clinicadereabilitacaoduquedecaxias.com)

This therapy involves taking the hormone estrogen on a regular basis. (healthlinkbc.ca)
The female sex hormone estrogen is present in cows' milk and with more than 160 million tons of the milk produced in the EU in 2016 alone, it is a common component of our diet. (news-medical.net)
However, scientists from Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City have described the hormone estrogen as a potential key negative player in about half of all prostate cancers. (malecare.org)
The hormone estrogen peaks just before ovulation. (clevelandclinic.org)

The longer you take estrogen, the greater the risk that you will develop endometrial cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
These studies are further supported by the finding that incidence rates of endometrial cancer have increased sharply since 1969 in eight different areas of the United States with population-based cancer reporting systems, an increase which may be related to the rapidly expanding use of estrogens during the last decade. (nih.gov)
The three case control studies reported that the risk of endometrial cancer in estrogen users was about 4.5 to 13.9 times greater than in nonusers. (nih.gov)
Estrogen used alone can cause cancer of the lining of the uterus (endometrial cancer). (healthlinkbc.ca)
You might have some problems with therapy of estrogen replacement in case you have a medical history of ovarian cancer, breast cancer or endometrial cancer. (womenhealthzone.com)

Harry K. Genant, MD, professor of radiology and medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, said that after two years of estrogen replacement therapy, "trabecular bone appears to retain most of its plate structure," which suggests that the resorption process associated with osteoporosis is slowed or halted. (medscape.com)
Note that it is unknown why the effects on inflammatory bowel disease would be different for estrogen levels associated with oral contraceptives compared with those with hormone replacement therapy. (medpagetoday.com)
As to why the effects would be different for estrogen levels associated with oral contraceptives compared with those with hormone replacement therapy, he observed that "estrogen has pleiotropic effects," and there may be different risk factors at different ages, but said he had no specific mechanism to offer. (medpagetoday.com)
Estrogen therapy (ET) is a treatment for women that helps replenish low estrogen levels. (healthlinkbc.ca)
In general, according to the article, the proportion of women with low sexual function declined after transdermal treatment compared with placebo, but there was no significant reduction in the odds of low sexual function with oral estrogen therapy. (uspharmacist.com)
Home Women's Health Estrogen Replacement Therapy - How Should It Be Administered? (womenhealthzone.com)
How the therapy of estrogen replacement works? (womenhealthzone.com)
If the therapy of estrogen replacement is done through the vagina, it could have an effect on the urinary and genital areas. (womenhealthzone.com)
Why to use therapy of estrogen replacement? (womenhealthzone.com)
When not to use estrogen replacement therapy? (womenhealthzone.com)
Estrogen therapy decreased the risk of heart disease and mortality among women in their 50s but markedly increased these risks for women in their 70s. (cancer.gov)
Depending on age group and hysterectomy status, the consequences [of estrogen-only therapy] can vary dramatically. (cancer.gov)
The article described a large cohort study of women who were put on an anti-estrogen therapy. (malecare.org)
The study concluded that those women on the anti-estrogen therapy had a lower risk of melanoma. (malecare.org)
The occasionally discussed, but not often used, alternative hormone therapy, transdermal estrogen might be ready to soon move on to a phase III trial. (malecare.org)
CAUTION, some doctors use estrogen patches as a form of first line hormone blockade therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer. (malecare.org)
For instance, acute bleeding postpartum does not respond to progesterone therapy, while anovulatory bleeding worsens with high-dose estrogen. (medscape.com)
The main conclusion was that women with lower pretreatment endogenous estrogen levels were at greater risk for breast cancer during E+P therapy compared with those with higher levels. (imsociety.org)
Continue below to learn about new research on the relationship between estrogen therapy and gum disease. (dentalproductsreport.com)
While previous studies have described the link between osteoporosis and tooth loss, this is the first study to examine the relationship between estrogen therapy and gum disease. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Of these women, 356 were diagnosed with osteoporosis, and 113 received estrogen therapy as a part of their treatment for a minimum of six months. (dentalproductsreport.com)
It was shown that the women who received estrogen treatments had less periodontal probing depth, less clinical attachment loss and less gum bleeding compared to women who did not receive estrogen therapy. (dentalproductsreport.com)
However, estrogen therapy has been associated with adverse effects like an increased risk of heart disease and breast cancer. (dentalproductsreport.com)
RESULTS: Forty-three and a half percent of the women in the control group reported previous use of estrogen-only therapy. (harvard.edu)
Compared with them, current or recent estrogen-only therapy use was associated with an increased risk for the serous (51.4%, odds ratio [OR] 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27-2.09) and endometrioid (48.6%, OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.17-3.41) histotypes. (harvard.edu)
These findings emphasize that risk may be associated with extended estrogen-only therapy use. (harvard.edu)
Abstract The present study compares the cost of antitumor therapy and adverse cardiovascular effects during the first year of treatment with oral estrogens, nonoral estrogens, or surgical castration in patients with prostatic cancer. (semanticscholar.org)
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have therefore provided an effective targeted therapy to treat ER-α positive breast cancer patients. (carcinogenesis.com)
About 60 - 70% of human breast cancers are ER-positive and estrogen-dependent, [8] and ER and progesterone receptor (PR) expression is an important indicator of potential responses to hormonal therapy. (carcinogenesis.com)
Tumor size, lymph node involvement, and grade are anatomical prognostic factors, while estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 status are predictive of response to therapy. (cancer.gov)
Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Menopausal Therapy. (who.int)

Esterified Estrogens, USP is a mixture of the sodium salts of the sulfate esters of the estrogenic substances, principally estrone, that are of the type excreted by pregnant mares. (nih.gov)
An amorphous preparation containing water - soluble , conjugated forms of mixed estrogens obtained either wholly or partly from the urine of pregnant mares or synthetically from ESTRONE and EQUILIN. (dictionary.net)
The principal estrogen present is sodium estrone sulfate. (dictionary.net)

It is a weaker form of estrogen and one that the body can convert to other forms of estrogen, as necessary. (medicalnewstoday.com)

In a large study, women who took estrogen with progestins had a higher risk of heart attacks, strokes, blood clots in the lungs or legs, breast cancer, and dementia (loss of ability to think, learn, and understand). (medlineplus.gov)
Women who take estrogen alone may also have a higher risk of developing these conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
Some brands of estrogen are also to relieve symptoms of low estrogen in young women who do not produce enough estrogen naturally. (medlineplus.gov)
Women age 50 to 79 years with intact uteri with normal endometrial biopsy at entry were randomly assigned to once-daily 0.625mg conjugated equine estrogen plus 2.5mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (n = 8506) as a single pill or matching placebo (n = 8102). (medscape.com)
the findings indicate that most estrogen-deficient women in the United States who had femoral osteoporosis based on BMD were unaware of having this condition, reflecting the evolving nature of research and clinical practice regarding osteoporosis. (cdc.gov)
Close clinical surveillance of all women taking estrogens is important. (nih.gov)
Estrogens are known to protect women from heart disease, and now it seems that they also slow down skin aging. (smartskincare.com)
Many experts believe that estrogen creams could also improve the signs of aging in premenopausal women and in men although further studies are needed to confirm that. (smartskincare.com)
After two years of estrogen replacement "the women in this study had a 14% change in the ratio of plates to rods," he said. (medscape.com)
Soy and flax are excellent sources of plant estrogen for menopausal women. (mofga.org)
Trans women are in the middle of a hormone crisis due to a nation-wide shortage of injectable estrogen. (cosmopolitan.com)
Included were 670 women who were given either oral conjugated equine estrogens (o-CEE), transdermal 17? (uspharmacist.com)
In 2004, the study was stopped early because of an increased risk of stroke and blood clots in women receiving estrogen. (cancer.gov)
In fact, studies have shown that the estrogen levels of the average 54-year-old man is higher than those of the average 59-year-old women! (antiaging-systems.com)
Interestingly, they discovered that caffeine affects estrogen levels differently among women of different races. (prevention.com)
Moderate daily caffeine intake-about two cups of coffee or 200 mg a day-lowered estrogen levels among white women, potentially offering protection from diseases linked to higher estrogen, such as reproductive cancers. (prevention.com)
On the other hand, Black and Asian women who drank the same amount of caffeine experienced elevated estrogen levels. (prevention.com)
Plus, since the majority of the women in the study also drank soda on a daily basis, researchers plan on investigating what components in soda, such as added sugars, may contribute to the elevated estrogen levels. (prevention.com)
In a new study from the University of Buffalo, researchers have discovered that estrogen used as part of treatment for osteoporosis - a condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile as a result of a loss of bone tissue - could also help women over the age of 50 avoid severe periodontitis. (dentalproductsreport.com)
The results of the study showed that women 50 years old or older who are treated with estrogen for osteoporosis are 44 percent less likely to have severe periodontitis compared to women who do not receive such treatment. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Many women are prescribed estrogen along with other supplements, like calcium and vitamin D, to help prevent bone loss. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Researchers at the National Institute of Health, along with other institutions, have released a study online in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, stating that Asian women have higher estrogen levels when drinking 200 milligrams or more of caffeine a day. (ironmagazine.com)
On the other hand, white women who drank the same amount tended to have lower estrogen levels than those who did not drink this amount of caffeine. (ironmagazine.com)
The study goes on to say that African American women who drank equally as much as both the Asian women and the white women also had higher levels of estrogen, but the statistics could not confirm whether this was enough to go by. (ironmagazine.com)
Coffee seemed to make the most difference in the estrogen levels of all of the women. (ironmagazine.com)
Asian women had higher levels of estrogen, white women had lower, and African American women's levels could not be determined. (ironmagazine.com)
Soda and green tea, however, were shown to produce high estrogen women in Asians, whites, and African Americans. (ironmagazine.com)
None of the estrogen levels of the women who were observed changed any of their menstruation patterns, as the researches may have thought. (ironmagazine.com)
The results indicate that caffeine consumption among women of child-bearing age influences estrogen levels. (ironmagazine.com)
Cameron Carter, MD, Editor of Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, said of the work: "This study sheds light on the well-known differences between men and women in their vulnerability to anxiety disorders and shows that aspects of fear learning and extinction that contribute to vulnerability in women are related to differences in estrogen levels. (medicalxpress.com)
Estrogen dominance is a clinical phenomenon that may affect a women (or man) at any point during their life. (natures-source.com)
Although estrogen is generally considered the main female sex hormone, there is such a thing as too much in women. (natures-source.com)
Estrogen dominance is more often an issue in women, so the focus of this article will be estrogen dominance in women. (natures-source.com)
Once again, estrogens circulate in men, only at a lower level than in women. (natures-source.com)
Likewise, estrogen-which is dominant in women is the female sex hormone that gives women all their wonderful feminine characteristics, making them softer, more round and curvier. (perfectimage4life.com)
Research has shown that the estrogen hormone is responsible for the creation of breast cancer tumors in women. (raw-hormonepowders.com)
Chrysin and DIM used in our cream are used by men and women trying to regain normal hormone balance and reduce the amount of excess estrogen in their bodies. (babyhopes.com)
These therapies can be combined with ovarian suppression in premenopausal women which reduces the production of estrogen. (stopbreastcancer.org)
The EMERALD trial is examining the use of a new investigational oral selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), elacestrant, for the treatment of women with estrogen receptor-positive/HER2-negative (ER+/HER2-) metastatic breast tumors that have progressed on prior endocrine and targeted therapies. (stopbreastcancer.org)
Plus, as women reach the age of 45 they begin to lose their natural hormonal protection against heart disease , estrogen. (healthydirections.com)
Plus, estrogen is associated with the production of "good" HDL cholesterol that protects against heart disease in women-therefore, as estrogen declines, so can HDL cholesterol. (healthydirections.com)
When estrogen levels begin dropping, some women get very uncomfortable symptoms, such as feelings of warmth in the face, neck, and chest or sudden strong feelings of heat and sweating (hot flashes). (blueskydrugs.com)
1995. Organochlorine compounds and estrogen-related cancers in women. (cdc.gov)

Talk to your doctor regularly about the risks and benefits of taking estrogen. (medlineplus.gov)

Take the lowest dose of estrogen that controls your symptoms and only take estrogen as long as needed. (medlineplus.gov)
Some brands of estrogen are also used to relieve the symptoms of certain types of breast and prostate (a male reproductive gland) cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
3 In view of these findings, when estrogens are used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, the lowest dose that will control symptoms should be utilized and medication should be discontinued as soon as possible. (nih.gov)
ET can help reverse the effects of low estrogen, which may include severe menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes and insomnia, and long-term problems, such as weak and brittle bones (osteoporosis). (healthlinkbc.ca)

The endocrine (pronounced: EN-duh-krin) system influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies. (kidshealth.org)
Triclosan is an endocrine disruptor which exhibits estrogen disruptive and thyroid suppressive activity in rats. (greenmedinfo.com)

Other experts think higher estrogen levels may lead to constipation. (healthline.com)

Noting that declining estrogen levels can cause sexual dysfunction and adversely affect quality of life, Yale School of Medicine researchers investigated whether estrogen delivered through the skin could help. (uspharmacist.com)

The paper, entitled "Estrogens in consumer milk - is there a risk to human reproductive health? (news-medical.net)
Professor Gregor Majdic and Professor Tomaz Snoj from the University of Ljubljana in Slovenia found that the majority of studies where rats ingested milk or milk-derived estrogens, showed no differences in cancer risk or reproductive health. (news-medical.net)
Some studies did report changes in reproductive health and other adverse health effects, but in those studies, the level of estrogen assessed far exceeded the level that people would usually ingest. (news-medical.net)
The majority of studies we reviewed concluded that the concentrations of estrogens found naturally in milk are too low to pose a risk to reproductive health or cancer development in adults. (news-medical.net)
The method, previously used in nonhuman primates, will allow researchers to learn more about the association between estrogen levels in human infants and their long-term reproductive development as well as the development of sex-specific behaviors, such as toy preference or cognitive differences. (brightsurf.com)
Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS . (bvsalud.org)

Dec. 3, 2002 (Chicago) -- A three-dimensional glimpse of bone micro-architecture suggests that estrogen replacement is an effective treatment for osteoporosis because it "protects and retains bone structure, rather than laying down new bone," according to results of small observational study using new micro-computed tomography (CT) technology. (medscape.com)

Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). (stopbreastcancer.org)

Estrogens and androgens. (cdc.gov)
This information profile on estrogens (57636) and androgens (57852) is part of a group of 46 such profiles that provide information about chemicals or industrial processes considered to be potential occupational hazards. (cdc.gov)

Estrogen enhances and maintains the mucous membrane that lines the uterus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Norethindrone is a form of progesterone, a female hormone important for regulating ovulation and menstruation and to reduce the risk of cancer of the uterus which can be caused by using estrogen. (blueskydrugs.com)

No significant difference in overall sexual function score was detected with oral estrogen treatment compared with placebo, however. (uspharmacist.com)

Studies on the presence of free estrogens and progestogens in human prostates clearly differentiate the benign hypertrophied prostates from normals. (who.int)

I take estrogen Everyday & prometrium two weeks of the month. (progesteronetherapy.com)

Estrogen Dominance: Everything You Need to Know! (natures-source.com)
Likewise, men do in fact require small amountsof estrogen - butthey too can suffer from estrogen dominance. (natures-source.com)
It may take a trained healthcare provider to properly assess and diagnose estrogen dominance. (natures-source.com)
The take home message is there are good estrogens versus bad estrogens and the goal of a woman with estrogen dominance is not to shut down estrogen production all together - rather, it's to shunt the metabolism away from the bad estrogen and promote making the good estrogen. (natures-source.com)
When you have the mirena, progesterone is continuously released into your uterine lining, causing "harmonious" light bleeding for people like me with estrogen dominance. (babycenter.com)

A substudy of the SOFT trial found that a number of patients assigned to adjuvant treatment with the aromatase inhibitor exemestane plus triptorelin do not achieve complete reductions in their estrogen levels. (cancernetwork.com)
Considering that treatment with a GnRHa plus aromatase inhibitor will be increasingly adopted, knowing whether a patient has suboptimal estrogen suppression in real time will become clinically important. (cancernetwork.com)
A potent selective triazole aromatase inhibitor, which inhibits the biosynthesis of estrogen by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme C-450, which is a major factor in stimulating the growth of breast cancer cells. (raw-hormonepowders.com)
Arimidex can be referred to as an aromatase inhibitor which helps prevent estrogen production in females. (raw-hormonepowders.com)
Arimidex is the drug administered to intercept the enzyme aromatase, which is a substance that assists the body tissues in producing estrogen. (raw-hormonepowders.com)
Aromatase inhibitors work by reducing the production of estrogen in the body. (stopbreastcancer.org)
Since the cancer was estrogen positive, my doctor prescribed aromatase inhibitors. (drfuhrman.com)

In addition, no variation was documented in overall sexual function score between the oral and transdermal estrogen therapies, on average, over 4 years of analysis. (uspharmacist.com)

Synergistic activation of estrogen receptor with combinations of environmental chemicals. (cdc.gov)

The ovaries, adrenal glands, and fat tissues produce estrogen. (medicalnewstoday.com)
[6] A related ER, termed ER-β, encoded by a distinct gene, has been identified and may mediate estrogen signaling in some tissues. (carcinogenesis.com)

A review of studies looking into the health effects of consuming estrogen-containing cows' milk has found that the milk is likely to be safe for human consumption. (news-medical.net)
Some studies have also suggested that drinking the milk can affect the level of growth hormone in children, but it is not clear whether the link is related to consuming estrogens or whether there are any other adverse health effects. (news-medical.net)
However, there were some notable differences in estrogen effects by age. (cancer.gov)
Although Zhou Top 5 Best natural estrogen enhancers Bo was a lieutenant, the garrison of the capital was controlled natural estrogen enhancers Best Sex Enhancer by Lu total body enhancement machine side effects Chan and Lu Lu. (health.go.ug)
Works as an antiestrogen by minimizing estrogen effects on target cells. (medscape.com)
Short term, these variations in estrogen levels among different groups do not appear to have any pronounced effects. (ironmagazine.com)
Although estrogens could influence the hippocampus of aging animals directly, their effects could be also mediated by estrogen-sensitive forebrain cholinergic neurons projecting to the hippocampus. (conicet.gov.ar)
These effects may be important for the regulation of the HPA axis, in the context that hippocampal function as a whole was normalized by estrogen action. (conicet.gov.ar)
This has prompted us to investigate whether these effects are linked to activation of the estrogen receptor alpha. (bl.uk)
Our findings may have some relevance in explaining the effects of estrogens in the later stages of breast carcinogenesis. (bl.uk)
this is evident in research showing the protective effects of flax versus the damaging effects alcohol has in certain estrogen dependant disease processes. (natures-source.com)
These results indicate that the beneficial effects of estrogen on cardiac function after trauma-hemorrhage seem to be mediated by the inhibition of HIF-1α expression and activity. (uthscsa.edu)
Aim: To investigate the effects of estrogen deficiency associated with chronic alcohol consumption on the mandibular condyle in rats. (bvsalud.org)
This study investigated some of the effects of oestrogen and progesterone on the testis of adult male Wistar rats. (who.int)

Has any body used Natural estrogen blocker with propecia to stop weight gain like dim? (baldtruthtalk.com)
Well on propecia gives me weight gain but great hair, I'm going to try a natural estrogen blocker see if this works? (baldtruthtalk.com)

A very common situation is that the foreign estrogens (those not naturally found in the human body) may work well for some of the things that estrogen does, for example, get rid of hot flushes or bring about a period, but they may not help the brain with mood or memory in the same manner as bioidentical estrogens. (project-aware.org)
The review suggests that the level of estrogens that occur naturally in cows' milk are too low to pose a risk to adults and that people do not need to be concerned. (news-medical.net)

With the help of babies and more than 5,000 of their diapers, Emory University researchers have developed an accurate, noninvasive method to determine estrogen levels in infants. (brightsurf.com)

One of the more commonly used estrogens is extracted from the urine of horses. (project-aware.org)

If the presence of tumor is confirmed, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) expression/amplification should be evaluated. (cancer.gov)
In a male breast cancer series, 99% of the tumors were estrogen receptor positive, 82% were progesterone receptor positive, 9% were HER2 positive, and 0.3% were triple negative. (cancer.gov)

But due to aging, body fat, hormonal replacement, pesticides, nutritional deficiencies, prescription medications and excessive alcohol intake many men experience high levels of estrogen which are detrimental to their health. (antiaging-systems.com)

There is no evidence at present that "natural" estrogens are more or less hazardous than "synthetic" estrogens at equiestrogenic doses. (nih.gov)
and, much of the time, the synthetic estrogens (chemicals not found in people) do not have the same beneficial effect on the brain. (project-aware.org)
Use Trigger, a ready-to-use synthetic estrogen cream that mimics a female's ovulation. (proxpedition.com)

Estrogen contributes to cognitive health , bone health, the function of the cardiovascular system , and other essential bodily processes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Dr. Genant and colleagues developed a computer-generated structural model index based on the relative numbers of plates and rods present in the bone before and after estrogen replacement. (medscape.com)
Three to 8 tablespoons will approximate a bone-protective dose of pharmaceutical estrogen. (mofga.org)
Estrogen deficiency and chronic alcohol consumption may have a synergistic and deleterious effect on bone tissue. (bvsalud.org)

Capesaris is a novel oral selective estrogen receptor alpha agonist which GTx is developing for first line treatment of advanced prostate cancer. (malecare.org)

Mohibi S, Mirza S, Band H, Band V. Mouse models of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. (carcinogenesis.com)
This week we highlight a couple of other findings from SABCS, regarding metastatic estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, with a focus on patients who develop treatment resistance through an estrogen receptor (ESR1) mutation. (stopbreastcancer.org)

The body uses estrogen in the formation of breast tissue. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Of the three primary forms of estrogen, plant estrogen (lignans), appear to protect against breast cancer, while the other two stronger forms of estrogen promote cancer. (mofga.org)
Estrogen-only treatment was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the risk of breast cancer. (cancer.gov)
In contrast, the decreased breast cancer risk associated with estrogen use was seen regardless of age. (cancer.gov)
Earlier analyses from the WHI estrogen-alone trial suggested that there may be a reduction in breast cancer incidence, but it was only with longer-term follow-up that this trend reached statistical significance, according to Leslie Ford, M.D., of NCI's Division of Cancer Prevention and the Institute's WHI liaison. (cancer.gov)
Sister Xiang thought Seeing that this black barbarian is not coming penis erection pills names Viagra Pill out, I want Ministry of Health natural estrogen enhancers to bovine ovary for male breast enlargement win a wife in vain. (health.go.ug)
We know that variations in estrogen levels are associated with such disorders as endometriosis, osteoporosis, and endometrial, breast, and ovarian cancers. (ironmagazine.com)
Molecular mechanisms underlying estrogen-induced micronucleus formation in breast cancer cells Aneuploidy, or numerical changes of chromosomes, has been documented in almost all solid tumours and the frequency of micronucleus formation is commonly taken as a biomarker of aneuploidy. (bl.uk)
Co-administration of tamoxifen and the pure estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 to breast cancer MCF-7 cells with estrogenic agents did not lead to significant reductions in micronucleus frequencies. (bl.uk)
Further on, using anti-kinetochore CREST antibody staining, a high proportion of micronucleus containing kinetochores was observed when the breast cancer cells were treated with compounds able to activate non-genomic signaling pathways, indicating that such processes are relevant to the induction of micronuclei by estrogens. (bl.uk)
About 60 - 70% of breast cancers are Estrogen Receptor alpha (ER-α) positive and are dependent on estrogen for growth. (carcinogenesis.com)
In most mouse models of breast cancer, the tumors that form are typically ER-negative and independent of estrogen for their growth. (carcinogenesis.com)
Arimidex is generally used for all stages and forms of breast cancer which are classified to be estrogen receptor positive. (raw-hormonepowders.com)
Chrysin with DIM blocks too much estrogen which causes breast tissue to grow. (babyhopes.com)
There are multiple ways in which resistance can occur, but one common way in ER+/HER2- breast cancer is the development of mutations in a gene that codes for the estrogen receptor (ESR1). (stopbreastcancer.org)

The findings reinforce the concept that "estrogen affects many organ systems in the body and changes the risk of many diseases," said the study's lead investigator, Andrea LaCroix, Ph.D., of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. (cancer.gov)

Estrogen increases before ovulation and makes your cervix produce the fertile, egg white mucus. (clevelandclinic.org)

On average, there are 2,100 searches every month in the US for estrogen face cream, which is very low volume in search compared to other moisturizer products. (happi.com)

Talk to your doctor every 3 to 6 months to decide if you should take a lower dose of estrogen or should stop taking the medication. (medlineplus.gov)
These tablets may contain an inactive ingredient, or they may contain a very low dose of estrogen. (medlineplus.gov)

Anatomy20

Organisms3

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs77

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes35

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Health Care2

Plasma concentration changes in LH and FSH following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic are or dorsal anterior hypothalamic area of estrogen- or androgen-sterilized rats.(1/6438)

Possible suppression of host resistance by estrogen therapy for prostatic cancer.(2/6438)

The effects of estrogens and antiestrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (3/6438)

Marker molecules of human endometrial differentiation can be hormonally regulated under in-vitro conditions as in-vivo. (4/6438)

Modulation of oestrogenic effects by progesterone antagonists in the rat uterus. (5/6438)

Endometriosis: a dysfunction and disease of the archimetra. (6/6438)

Relationship between metabolism of androstenone and skatole in intact male pigs. (7/6438)

Estrogen induction of VLDLy assembly in egg-laying hens. (8/6438)

Estrogens

Receptors, Estrogen

Estrogen Receptor alpha

Estrogen Receptor beta

Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)

Estradiol

Estrogens, Catechol

Ovariectomy

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

Estrogens, Non-Steroidal

Breast Neoplasms

Tamoxifen

Estradiol Congeners

Aromatase

Receptors, Progesterone

Diethylstilbestrol

Uterus

Estrone

Postmenopause

Progesterone

Ethinyl Estradiol

Progestins

Phytoestrogens

Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent

RNA, Messenger

Hydroxyestrones

Aromatase Inhibitors

Menopause

Vitellogenins

Cell Line, Tumor

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal

Nafoxidine

Castration

Gonadal Steroid Hormones

Testosterone

Immunohistochemistry

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Phenols

Benzhydryl Compounds

Isoflavones

Signal Transduction

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Response Elements

Receptors, Estradiol

Gene Expression Regulation

Transcription, Genetic

Sex Characteristics

Endocrine Disruptors

Androgens

Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic

Endometrium

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Receptors, Androgen

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Ovary

Breast

Estrous Cycle

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Oviducts

Premenopause

Equilenin

Drug Implants

Pregnancy

Cell Proliferation

Dihydrotestosterone

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Hexestrol

Endometrial Neoplasms

Menstrual Cycle

Medroxyprogesterone

Transcriptional Activation

Cells, Cultured

Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental

Receptor, erbB-2

Blotting, Western

Plant Preparations

Cell Division

Estradiol Dehydrogenases

MCF-7 Cells