Estradiol. Medical search

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estradiol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate DNA transcription.

A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or action of estradiol.

Enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of estradiol at the 17-hydroxyl group in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to yield estrone and NADH or NADPH. The 17-hydroxyl group can be in the alpha- or beta-configuration. EC 1.1.1.62

Steroidal compounds related to ESTRADIOL, the major mammalian female sex hormone. Estradiol congeners include important estradiol precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with estrogenic activities.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.

The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.

One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has marked affinity for ESTRADIOL. Its expression and function differs from, and in some ways opposes, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA.

A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the action or biosynthesis of estrogenic compounds.

Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring A of C19 androgens and converts them to C18 estrogens. In this process, the 19-methyl is removed. This enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene, and functions in complex with NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE in the cytochrome P-450 system.

One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has greater affinity for ISOFLAVONES than ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA does. There is great sequence homology with ER alpha in the DNA-binding domain but not in the ligand binding and hinge domains.

An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.

A hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxyl group at C3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During PREGNANCY, a large amount of estriol is produced by the PLACENTA. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.

Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.

The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.

The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).

The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

2- or 4-Hydroxyestrogens. Substances that are physiologically active in mammals, especially in the control of gonadotropin secretion. Physiological activity can be ascribed to either an estrogenic action or interaction with the catecholaminergic system.

One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.

A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes.

The period of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (ESTROGENS) production, and epithelial proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM. Follicular phase begins with the onset of MENSTRUATION and ends with OVULATION.

A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

A class of enzymes that catalyzes the oxidation of 17-hydroxysteroids to 17-ketosteroids. EC 1.1.-.

The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.

An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.

Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.

The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)

Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.

The surgical removal of one or both testicles.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Region of hypothalamus between the ANTERIOR COMMISSURE and OPTIC CHIASM.

A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).

Compounds that inhibit AROMATASE in order to reduce production of estrogenic steroid hormones.

A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLES that follows METESTRUS. Diestrus is a period of sexual quiescence separating phases of ESTRUS in polyestrous animals.

Sexual activities of animals.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.

Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.

Phospholipoglycoproteins produced in the fat body of egg-laying animals such as non-mammalian VERTEBRATES; ARTHROPODS; and others. Vitellogenins are secreted into the HEMOLYMPH, and taken into the OOCYTES by receptor-mediated ENDOCYTOSIS to form the major yolk proteins, VITELLINS. Vitellogenin production is under the regulation of steroid hormones, such as ESTRADIOL and JUVENILE HORMONES in insects.

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

Non-steroidal compounds with estrogenic activity.

Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.

Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.

An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A nucleus of the middle hypothalamus, the largest cell group of the tuberal region with small-to-medium size cells.

A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.

Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The yellow body derived from the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE after OVULATION. The process of corpus luteum formation, LUTEINIZATION, is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLE that precedes ESTRUS. During proestrus, the Graafian follicles undergo maturation.

Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.

The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.

The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.

A structurally diverse group of compounds distinguished from ESTROGENS by their ability to bind and activate ESTROGEN RECEPTORS but act as either an agonist or antagonist depending on the tissue type and hormonal milieu. They are classified as either first generation because they demonstrate estrogen agonist properties in the ENDOMETRIUM or second generation based on their patterns of tissue specificity. (Horm Res 1997;48:155-63)

Compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. Permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed.

PLANT EXTRACTS and compounds, primarily ISOFLAVONES, that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.

Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS.

The transitional period before and after MENOPAUSE. Perimenopausal symptoms are associated with irregular MENSTRUAL CYCLE and widely fluctuated hormone levels. They may appear 6 years before menopause and subside 2 to 5 years after menopause.

The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.

The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty.

A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.

A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.

Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.

An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.

Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.

Occurrence or induction of ESTRUS in all of the females in a group at the same time, applies only to non-primate mammals with ESTROUS CYCLE.

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.

These compounds stimulate anabolism and inhibit catabolism. They stimulate the development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.

A state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting no ESTROUS CYCLE. Causes of anestrus include pregnancy, presence of offspring, season, stress, and pathology.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.

Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.

Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).

A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.

The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Middle portion of the hypothalamus containing the arcuate, dorsomedial, ventromedial nuclei, the TUBER CINEREUM and the PITUITARY GLAND.

Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.

Certain tumors that 1, arise in organs that are normally dependent on specific hormones and 2, are stimulated or caused to regress by manipulation of the endocrine environment.

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).

The degeneration and resorption of an OVARIAN FOLLICLE before it reaches maturity and ruptures.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.

The process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES have set the sex of the GONADS. Major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (GENITALIA) and the brain.

Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Changed levels of endogenous sex steroids in women on oral contraceptives. (1/13451)

Serum and urinary levels of unconjugated testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and oestradiol were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in 10 healthy women in the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle and in nine healthy women taking oral contraceptives. The contraceptive group had testosterone levels 1-3 times higher and dihydrotestosterone levels two times higher than those in the controls. Serum oestradiol levels in the contraceptive group were much lower than those in the controls and similar to levels in postmenopausal women. The contraceptive group had about twice the urinary excretion of unconjugated (free) testosterone and dihydrotestosterone of the controls, but their excretion of unconjugated oestradiol was 2-7 times lower. The great increase in serum and urinary androgen concentrations, as well as the suppression of oestradiol, may be related to the antiovulatory effect of oral contraceptives. (+info)

The effects of estrogens and antiestrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (2/13451)

We have established or characterized six lines of human breast cancer maintained in long-term tissue culture for at least 1 year and have examined these lines for estrogen responsiveness. One of these cell lines, MCF-7, shows marked stimulation of macromolecular synthesis and cell division with physiological concentrations of estradiol. Antiestrogens are strongly inhibitory, and at concentrations greater than 3 X 10(-7) M they kill cells. Antiestrogen effects are prevented by simultaneous treatment with estradiol or reversed by addition of estradiol to cells incubated in antiestrogen. Responsive cell lines contain high-affinity specific estradiol receptors. Antiestrogens compete with estradiol for these receptors but have a lower apparent affinity for the receptor than estrogens. Stimulation of cells by estrogens is biphasic, with inhibition and cell death at concentrations of 17beta-estradiol or diethylstilbestrol exceeding 10(-7) M. Killing by high concentrations of estrogen is probably a nonspecific effect in that we observe this response with 17alpha-estradiol at equivalent concentrations and in the otherwise unresponsive cells that contain no estrogen receptor sites. (+info)

The effects of androgens and antiandrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (3/13451)

We have examined five human breast cancer cell lines in continuous tissue culture for androgen responsiveness. One of these cell lines shows a 2- to 4-fold stimulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA, apparent as early as 10 hr following androgen addition to cells incubated in serum-free medium. This stimulation is accompanied by an acceleration in cell replication. Antiandrogens [cyproterone acetate (6-chloro-17alpha-acetate-1,2alpha-methylene-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) and R2956 (17beta-hydroxy-2,2,17alpha-trimethoxyestra-4,9,11-triene-1-one)] inhibit both protein and DNA synthesis below control levels and block androgen-mediated stimulation. Prolonged incubation (greater than 72 hr) in antiandrogen is lethal. The MCF- cell line contains high-affinity receptors for androgenic steroids demonstrable by sucrose density gradients and competitive protein binding analysis. By cross-competition studies, androgen receptors are distinguishable from estrogen receptors also found in this cell line. Concentrations of steroid that saturate androgen receptor sites in vitro are about 1000 times lower than concentrations that maximally stimulate the cells. Changes in quantity and affinity of androgen binding to intact cells at 37 degrees as compared with usual binding techniques using cytosol preparation at 0 degrees do not explain this difference between dissociation of binding and effect. However, this difference can be explained by conversion of [3H]-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to 5alpha-androstanediol and more polar metabolites at 37 degrees. An examination of incubation media, cytoplasmic extracts and crude nuclear pellets reveals probable conversion of [3H]testosterone to [3H]-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Our data provide compelling evidence that some human breast cancer, at least in vitro, may be androgen dependent. (+info)

Progesterone inhibits estrogen-induced cyclin D1 and cdk4 nuclear translocation, cyclin E- and cyclin A-cdk2 kinase activation, and cell proliferation in uterine epithelial cells in mice. (4/13451)

The response of the uterine epithelium to female sex steroid hormones provides an excellent model to study cell proliferation in vivo since both stimulation and inhibition of cell proliferation can be studied. Thus, when administered to ovariectomized adult mice 17beta-estradiol (E2) stimulates a synchronized wave of DNA synthesis and cell division in the epithelial cells, while pretreatment with progesterone (P4) completely inhibits this E2-induced cell proliferation. Using a simple method to isolate the uterine epithelium with high purity, we have shown that E2 treatment induces a relocalization of cyclin D1 and, to a lesser extent, cdk4 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and results in the orderly activation of cyclin E- and cyclin A-cdk2 kinases and hyperphosphorylation of pRb and p107. P4 pretreatment did not alter overall levels of cyclin D1, cdk4, or cdk6 nor their associated kinase activities but instead inhibited the E2-induced nuclear localization of cyclin D1 to below the control level and, to a lesser extent, nuclear cdk4 levels, with a consequent inhibition of pRb and p107 phosphorylation. In addition, it abrogated E2-induced cyclin E-cdk2 activation by dephosphorylation of cdk2, followed by inhibition of cyclin A expression and consequently of cyclin A-cdk2 kinase activity and further inhibition of phosphorylation of pRb and p107. P4 is used therapeutically to oppose the effect of E2 during hormone replacement therapy and in the treatment of uterine adenocarcinoma. This study showing a novel mechanism of cell cycle inhibition by P4 may provide the basis for the development of new antiestrogens. (+info)

Estrogen-dependent and independent activation of the P1 promoter of the p53 gene in transiently transfected breast cancer cells. (5/13451)

Loss of p53 function by mutational inactivation is the most common marker of the cancerous phenotype. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated 17 beta estradiol (E2) induction of p53 protein expression in breast cancer cells. Although direct effects of E2 on the expression of p53 gene are not known, the steroid is a potent regulator of c-Myc transcription. In the present studies, we have examined the ability of E2 and antiestrogens to regulate the P1 promoter of the p53 gene which contains a c-Myc responsive element. Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive T47D and MCF-7 cells were transiently transfected with the P1CAT reporter plasmid and levels of CAT activity in response to serum, E2 and antiestrogens were monitored. Factors in serum were noted to be the dominant inducers of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) expression in MCF-7 cells. The levels of CAT were drastically reduced when cells were maintained in serum free medium (SFM). However, a subtle ER-mediated induction of CAT expression was detectable when MCF-7 cells, cultured in SFM, were treated with E2. In serum-stimulated T47D cells, the CAT expression was minimal. The full ER antagonist, ICI 182 780 (ICI) had no effect. Treatment with E2 or 4-hydroxy tamoxifen (OHT) resulted in P1CAT induction; OHT was more effective than E2. Consistent with c-Myc regulation of the P1 promoter, E2 stimulated endogenous c-Myc in both cell lines. Two forms of c-Myc were expressed independent of E2 stimuli. The expression of a third more rapidly migrating form was E2-dependent and ER-mediated since it was blocked by the full ER antagonist, ICI, but not by the ER agonist/antagonist OHT. These data demonstrate both ER-mediated and ER-independent regulation of c-Myc and the P1 promoter of the p53 gene, and show differential effects of the two classes of antiestrogens in their ability to induce the P1 promoter of the p53 gene in breast cancer cells. (+info)

Estrogen enhancement of anti-double-stranded DNA antibody and immunoglobulin G production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. (6/13451)

OBJECTIVE: To study the in vitro effect of estrogen on IgG anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody and total IgG production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in order to elucidate its regulatory role in SLE. METHODS: PBMC from SLE patients and normal donors were cultured with 17beta-estradiol (E2). IgG anti-dsDNA antibodies, total IgG, and cytokine activity in the culture supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: E2 enhanced production of IgG anti-dsDNA antibodies as well as total IgG in PBMC from SLE patients. Anti-dsDNA production in patients with inactive disease was less responsive to E2 than that in patients with active disease. E2 also enhanced total IgG, but not anti-dsDNA, production in the PBMC of normal donors. Antibody production was increased by E2 to a lesser extent in patients' B cells than in their PBMC. Anti-interleukin-10 (anti-IL-10) antibodies partially blocked the E2-induced increase in antibody production in patients' PBMC, but anti-IL-10 had no effect on B cells. E2 increased IL-10 production by patients' monocytes. Exogenous IL-10 acted additively with E2 in increasing antibody production in patients' B cells. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that E2 may polyclonally increase the production of IgG, including IgG anti-dsDNA, in SLE patients' PBMC by enhancing B cell activity and by promoting IL-10 production in monocytes. These findings support the involvement of E2 in the pathogenesis of SLE. (+info)

In vitro development of sheep preantral follicles. (7/13451)

Preantral ovarian follicles isolated from prepubertal sheep ovaries were individually cultured for 6 days in the presence of increasing doses of FSH (ranging from 0.01 to 1 microg/ml) and under two different oxygen concentrations, 20% and 5% O2. Follicle development was evaluated on the basis of antral cavity formation as well as the presence of healthy cumulus oocyte complexes. Follicle growth was enhanced by FSH addition to culture medium, while the use of a low oxygen concentration slightly stimulated this process. However, when follicles were cultured in the presence of high doses of FSH (1 microgram/ml) and under low oxygen concentration, a high proportion of them showed the presence of an antral cavity and of a healthy cumulus-oocyte complex. In addition, under this specific culture condition sheep preantral follicles released higher levels of estradiol as compared to those secreted at lower FSH concentrations or under 20% O2. When the meiotic competence of oocytes derived from follicles cultured at 1 microgram/ml FSH was assessed, no significant difference was recorded between the two oxygen groups. These results show that the culture conditions here identified are beneficial to in vitro growth and differentiation of sheep preantral follicles. (+info)

Delay of preterm delivery in sheep by omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturates. (8/13451)

A positive correlation has been shown between dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in late pregnancy and gestation length in pregnant women and experimental animals. To determine whether omega-3 fatty acids have an effect on preterm labor in sheep, a fish oil concentrate emulsion was continuously infused to six pregnant ewes from 124 days gestational age. At 125 days, betamethasone was administered to the fetus to produce preterm labor. Both the onset of labor and the time of delivery were delayed by the fish oil emulsion. Two of the omega-3-infused ewes reverted from contractions to nonlabor, an effect never previously observed for experimental glucocorticoid-induced preterm labor in sheep. Maternal plasma estradiol and maternal and fetal prostaglandin E2 rose in control ewes but not in those infused with omega-3 fatty acid. The ability of omega-3 fatty acids to delay premature delivery in sheep indicates their possible use as tocolytics in humans. Premature labor is the major cause of neonatal death and long-term disability, and these studies present information that may lead to a novel therapeutic regimen for the prevention of preterm delivery in human pregnancy. (+info)

... is additionally conjugated with an ester into lipoidal estradiol forms like estradiol palmitate and estradiol ... Estradiol is conjugated in the liver to form estrogen conjugates like estradiol sulfate, estradiol glucuronide and, as such, ... Though estradiol levels in males are much lower than in females, estradiol has important roles in males as well. Apart from ... Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. It is involved in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol

Estradiol propionate (EP), also known as estradiol monopropionate or estradiol 17β-propionate and sold under the brand names ... Estradiol dipropionate Estradiol 3-propionate List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters Elks J (14 November 2014). The ... For the following two groups we have chosen estradiol propionate (Akrofollin) in a dose of 3 X 5 mg. In each instance we ... It is the C17β propionate ester of estradiol. EP was provided in an oil solution and was administered by intramuscular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_monopropionate

... (ent-E2), or 1-estradiol (1-E2), is an estrogen and the 1-enantiomorph of estradiol. It is a so-called "short- ... Edgren RA, Jones RC (September 1969). "An anti-estradiol effect of ent-estradiol-17beta (1-estradiol)". Steroids. 14 (3): 335- ... acting" or "impeded" estrogen, similarly to estriol, 17α-estradiol, and dimethylstilbestrol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent-Estradiol

It is related to the estradiol monoesters estradiol acetate (estradiol 3-acetate; Femtrace) and estradiol 17β-acetate. List of ... Estradiol diacetate (EDA), or estradiol 3,17β-diacetate, is an estrogen and an estrogen ester-specifically, the C3 and C17β ... Janocko L, Larner JM, Hochberg RB (April 1984). "The interaction of C-17 esters of estradiol with the estrogen receptor". ... Estradiol esters, Prodrugs, Secondary alcohols, Synthetic estrogens, All stub articles, Steroid stubs, Genito-urinary system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_diacetate

Other common esters of estradiol used clinically include estradiol benzoate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol undecylate, and ... such as estradiol benzoate, estradiol valerate, and estradiol cypionate, whereas its duration is shorter than that of estradiol ... estradiol enantat Italian: estradiolo enantato Portuguese and Spanish: enantato de estradiol and estradiol enantato Estradiol ... Estradiol enantate is an estradiol ester, or a prodrug of estradiol. As such, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_enantate

... (brand name Eutocol), or simply estradiol succinate, also known as estradiol 17β-hemisuccinate, is an ... Estradiol hemisuccinate is also a component of estradiol hemisuccinate/progesterone (brand name Hosterona), an injectable ... Estradiol hemisuccinate/progesterone Estriol succinate List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters J. Elks (14 November 2014). ... Like other estrogens, estradiol hemisuccinate has been found to have beneficial effects on the skin, with improvement of skin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_hemisuccinate

It is a long-acting prodrug of estradiol in the body. Estradiol dienantate List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters Deb S, ... Estradiol distearate (EDS), also known as estradiol dioctadecanoate, is an estrogen and an estrogen ester which was never ... Estradiol esters, Prodrugs, Stearate esters, All stub articles, Genito-urinary system drug stubs, Steroid stubs). ... "Long-acting estrogenic responses of estradiol fatty acid esters". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 33 (6): 1111-8. doi:10.1016/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_distearate

... /testosterone ketolaurate/reserpine List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters J. Elks (14 November ... Estradiol butyrylacetate (EBA), sold under the brand names Follikosid and Klimanosid-R Depot (with testosterone ketolaurate and ... It is an estrogen ester, specifically, an ester of estradiol. It is administered by intramuscular injection and a single 10 mg ... Ein Beitrag zur Therapie mit Depotöstrogenen" [Estrogen excretion during the cycle and after injection of estradiol esters. A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_butyrylacetate

Along with estradiol valerate, estradiol undecylate, and estradiol benzoate, estradiol cypionate is used as a form of high-dose ... Both estradiol cypionate and estradiol valerate are rapidly cleaved into estradiol in the body, and estradiol valerate has been ... acting solely as a prodrug to estradiol, and estradiol cypionate is described as a prodrug of estradiol similarly. Estradiol ... Estradiol cypionate is an estradiol ester, or a prodrug of estradiol. As such, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen ...

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... exceeding that of other estradiol esters like estradiol valerate and estradiol enanthate. Due to its very long duration of ... Estradiol diundecylenate List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters Unlisted Drugs. Pharmaceutical Section, Special Libraries ... ISBN 978-0-913210-02-4. estradiol undecylate [...] Delestrec [...] SQ 9993 [...] estradiol undecylenate [...] SH 368 DE 1096904 ... The estradiol undecylenate has a more protracted effect but it releases only subthreshold doses of steroid (advantage may be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_undecylenate

... estradiol dipropionate and estradiol benzoate were the most widely used estradiol esters. Estradiol dipropionate is the generic ... Estradiol dipropionate is an estradiol ester, or a prodrug of estradiol. As such, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the ... Along with estradiol benzoate, which was introduced in 1933, estradiol dipropionate was one of the first estradiol esters to be ... Along with estradiol benzoate, estradiol dipropionate was among the most widely used esters of estradiol for many years ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_dipropionate

... , also known as estradiol trimethyl acetate (E2-TMA) and sold under the brand name Estrotate, is an estrogen ... alpha estradiol 3-trimethylacetate per cc. New York State Journal of Medicine. Medical Society of the State of New York. 1950. ... Estrotate (estradiol-3-trimethylacetate) 0.33 mg.; Folic Acid 0.46 mg.; Vitamin B12 U.S.P. 125 mcg. Howard ME (1949). Modern ... A combination of estradiol pivalate (1 mg/mL) and progesterone (10 mg/mL) in oil solution for intramuscular injection was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_pivalate

EHHB, also known as estradiol cyclohexanecarboxylate (ECHC) as well as estradiol 17β-hexahydrobenzoate or estradiol 17β- ... ISBN 978-92-827-6427-5. Oestradiol benzoate, oestradiol valerate and oestradiol hexahydrobenzoate are synthetic esters of the ... ISBN 978-0-85369-300-0. Oestradiol Hexahydrobenzoate (13039-d) Oestradiol Hexahydrobenzoate (BANM). Estradiol ... such as estradiol valerate, estradiol benzoate and estradiol cypionate. Esterification aims at either better absorption after ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_hexahydrobenzoate

... (or estradiol propanoate) may refer to: Estradiol 17β-propionate Estradiol 3-propionate Estradiol 3,17β- ... dipropionate This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Estradiol propionate. If an internal link led ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_propionate

... (brand name Esmopal), or estradiol monopalmitate, also known as estradiol 17β-hexadecanoate, is a naturally ... Estradiol stearate Estradiol undecylate List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters Hochberg RB, Pahuja SL, Larner JM, Zielinski ... It occurs in the body as a very long-lasting metabolite and prohormone of estradiol. The compound has no affinity for the ... In addition to its endogenous role, estradiol palmitate was formerly used as a fattening agent in chickens under the brand name ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_palmitate

... (E2D), or estradiol decylate, also known as estradiol 17β-decanoate, is a synthetic steroidal estrogen and ... As such, oral estradiol decanoate in oil may provide a more physiological and favorable profile of estrone and estradiol levels ... The improved estrone to estradiol ratio of oral estradiol decanoate in oil is likely related to absorption via the intestinal ... This is dependent on the fatty acid decanoate ester of estradiol decanoate, and in accordance, oral estradiol decanoate not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_decanoate

Along with estradiol cypionate, estradiol undecylate, and estradiol benzoate, estradiol valerate is used as a form of high-dose ... Other common esters of estradiol in use include estradiol cypionate, estradiol enantate, and estradiol acetate, the former two ... and estradiol cypionate (1952), estradiol valerate is one of the most widely used esters of estradiol. Estradiol valerate is ... Estradiol 17β, estrone, LH and FSH in serum after administration of estradiol 17β, estradiol benzoate, estradiol valeriate and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_valerate

... (EDBu), or estradiol dibutanoate, is an estrogen medication and an estrogen ester - specifically, a ... List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters Estradiol dibutyrate/hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate/testosterone caproate Cacciari P ... Triormon depositum (estradiol dibutyrate 3, testosterone caprylate 50, and hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate 30 mg.), administered ... It was a component of Triormon Depositum, a combination formulation of estradiol dibutyrate, testosterone caproate, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_dibutyrate

... (brand name Estrolent), or estradiol diundecanoate, also known as 17β-estradiol 3,17β-diundecylate, is ... Estradiol diundecylate/hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate/testosterone cyclohexylpropionate Estradiol diundecylenate Estradiol ... It was described, along with a variety of other estradiol esters such as estradiol undecylate, by Karl Junkmann of Schering AG ... Estradiol esters, Undecanoate esters, All stub articles, Genito-urinary system drug stubs, Steroid stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_diundecylate

... (EDC), also known as estradiol 3,17β-dicypionate, is an estrogen ester which was never marketed. It is ... List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters Derz FW, ed. (1976). ChemPRODUCTindex, Volumes 1-2. De Gruyter. pp. 881-. ISBN 978-3 ... Estradiol esters, Phenols, Prodrugs, Synthetic estrogens, All stub articles, Steroid stubs, Genito-urinary system drug stubs). ... the C3 and C17β cypionate (cyclopentylpropionate) diester of estradiol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_dicypionate

... , also known as chlorphenacyl estradiol diester, as well as estradiol 3,17β-bis(4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino) ... For this reason, estradiol mustard and other cytostatic-linked estrogens like estramustine phosphate have reduced toxicity ... List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters J. Elks (14 November 2014). The ... Estradiol esters, Nitrogen mustards, Prodrugs, Synthetic estrogens, All stub articles, Steroid stubs, Genito-urinary system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_mustard

... , or estradiol 17β-D-glucuronide, is a conjugated metabolite of estradiol. It is formed from estradiol in ... Approximately 7% of estradiol is excreted in the urine as estradiol glucuronide. Estradiol glucuronide is transported into ... Estradiol glucuronide can be converted back into estradiol, and a large circulating pool of estrogen glucuronide and sulfate ... Estradiol glucuronide shows about 300-fold lower potency in activating the estrogen receptors relative to estradiol in vitro. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_glucuronide

... , or estradiol 3-acetylsalicylate, is a synthetic estrogen and estrogen ester - specifically, the C3 ... However, a subsequent study found that the oral bioavailability of estradiol and estradiol acetylsalicylate did not differ ... the oral bioavailability of estradiol acetylsalicylate was found to be 17-fold higher than that of unmodified estradiol. ... List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters Hussain MA, Aungst BJ, Shefter E (January 1988). "Prodrugs for improved oral beta- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_acetylsalicylate

He rates estradiol-3-benzoate, estradiol-3-furoate, estradiol dipropionate, estradiol-17-caprylate, estradiol-3-benzoate-17- ... estradiol benzoate and estradiol dipropionate were the most widely used esters of estradiol for many years. However, estradiol ... Estradiol 17β, estrone, LH and FSH in serum after administration of estradiol 17β, estradiol benzoate, estradiol valeriate and ... estradiol benzoate, estradiol valerate, and estradiol undecylate in women: the progression of serum estradiol-17β, estrone, LH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_benzoate

... , or estradiol 3-salicylate, is a synthetic estrogen and estrogen ester - specifically, the C3 salicylic ... It is a metabolite of estradiol acetylsalicylate, which appears to be very rapidly hydrolyzed into estradiol salicylate. List ... Estradiol esters, Prodrugs, Salicylic acids, All stub articles, Steroid stubs, Genito-urinary system drug stubs). ... "Prodrugs for improved oral beta-estradiol bioavailability". Pharm. Res. 5 (1): 44-7. doi:10.1023/A:1015863412137. PMID 3244608 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_salicylate

... , or estradiol 17β-phosphate, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol 17β-(dihydrogen phosphate), is ... It is an estrogen ester, specifically an ester of estradiol with phosphoric acid, and acts as a prodrug of estradiol in the ... Estradiol phosphate is contained within the chemical structures of two other estradiol esters, polyestradiol phosphate (a ... List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters Franco Cavalli; Stan B. Kaye`; Heine H Hansen; James O Armitage, Martine Piccart- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_phosphate

Unlike estradiol and other estradiol esters, due to its unique sulfamate ester, E2MATE is not hydrolyzed during the first pass ... Estradiol sulfamate (E2MATE; developmental code names J995, PGL-2, PGL-2001, ZK-190628, others), or estradiol-3-O-sulfamate, is ... It is the C3 sulfamate ester of estradiol, and was originally thought to be a prodrug of estradiol. The drug was first ... It is obvious from estrogenicity studies that this property impairs the release of estrone and [estradiol] in a species varied ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_sulfamate

In contrast to the long-chain esters, the half-lives of short-chain estradiol esters such as estradiol acetate and estradiol ... As such, whereas short-chain estradiol esters are rapidly hydrolyzed, long-chain estradiol esters like estradiol stearate are ... estradiol stearate has a greatly increased terminal half-life relative to estradiol (6 hours vs. 2 minutes). Estradiol stearate ... "Estradiol esters esterified in 3-position and process of making same". "Estradiol higher fatty acid ester". v t e v t e ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_stearate

... , or estradiol 3-anthranilate, is a synthetic estrogen and estrogen ester - specifically, the C3 ... In dogs, the oral bioavailability of estradiol anthranilate was found to be 5-fold higher than that of unmodified estradiol. ... However, a subsequent study found that the oral bioavailability of estradiol and estradiol anthranilate did not differ ... List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters Hussain MA, Aungst BJ, Shefter E (January 1988). "Prodrugs for improved oral beta- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_anthranilate

... such as estradiol valerate, estradiol benzoate and estradiol cypionate. Esterification aims at either better absorption after ... Estradiol levels after an intramuscular injection of 10 mg estradiol valerate in oil or Climacteron (1 mg estradiol benzoate, ... EDE is an estradiol ester, or a prodrug of estradiol. As such, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors. EDE ... Estradiol benzoate/estradiol dienanthate/testosterone enanthate benzilic acid hydrazone J. Elks (14 November 2014). The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_dienantate

Estradiol Topical: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Estradiol gel may catch fire. When you apply estradiol gel, do not smoke or go near a fire or open flame until the gel dries. ... To use estradiol gel, follow these steps: *Before you use your first dose of estradiol gel, remove the large cover of the pump ... Topical estradiol comes as a gel, a spray, and an emulsion to apply to the skin. It is usually applied once a day. Estradiol ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605041.html

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Estradiol pretreatment attenuated anticholinergic drug-induced memory impairment in younger postmenopausal women, in a recent ... "It looks like estradiol improves cholinergic functioning to some extent, and progesterone tends to block that, which isnt ... Estradiol pretreatment significantly reduced the drug-induced impairment on a test of episodic memory (the Buschke Selective ... Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 17-beta estradiol (1 mg/day for 1 month followed by 2 mg/day for 2 months) or ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/572055

Generic Estradiol/Norethindrone and Canada prescription drugs from our generic pharmacy Blue Sky. Buy CombiPatch online or toll ... CombiPatch (Estradiol/Norethindrone) Product. Manufacturer. Country. Dosage. Qty. Price(USD). CombiPatch Novartis. Canada. 0.05 ... Generic name: Estradiol/Norethindrone. Used: To help reduce symptoms of menopause. Availability: Brand CombiPatch (Novartis), ... Estradiol/Norethindrone Possible side effects. Contact your doctor or pharmacist if you experience side effects and they are ...

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... estradiol patch, weight loss (obesity/overweight) - Answer: I have been using the Sandoz estradiol Transdermal 0.05 mg/day... ... estradiol patch, weight loss (obesity/overweight), estradiol, weight, dosage, patch, minivelle. Further information. *Estradiol ... Hi i have been on estradiol patch for 12 years since complete hysterectomy. weight gain is my big issue and i want to come off ... I am now on Estradiol; still the same. I have gained 30 lbs. since I have started taking it about 6 months ago. I feel bloated ...

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Get information on Estradiol Vaginal Tablets including uses, dosage details, medication side-effects and drug interaction facts ... ESTRADIOL (es tra DYE ole) reduces the vaginal symptoms of menopause, such as vaginal irritation, dryness, and pain during sex ...

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19707-estradiol-vaginal-tablets

Find patient medical information for estradiol transdermal on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions, ... Before using estradiol, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This ... How to use estradiol transdermal Read the Patient Information Leaflet if available from your pharmacist before you start using ... Estradiol Patch, Transdermal Semiweekly - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Common Brand(S): Alora, Estraderm, Minivelle, Vivelle ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-1312-9027/estradiol-transdermal/estradiol-semiweekly-transdermal/details

ETHINYL ESTRADIOL (UNII: 423D2T571U) (ETHINYL ESTRADIOL - UNII:423D2T571U) ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. 0.03 mg. ... 2.1 How to Start Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets 2.2 How to Take Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets 2.3 ... levonorgestrel 0.15 MG / ethinyl estradiol 0.03 MG Oral Tablet. PSN. 2. 238019. ethinyl estradiol 0.03 MG / levonorgestrel 0.15 ... How should I store levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets? •. Store levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets at room ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=af93fc89-c813-4a8c-9909-44729ab25a64&audience=consumer

Labcorp test details for Estradiol, Sensitive, LC/MS ... Estradiol is responsible for the regulation of the estrous and ... The testes may directly secrete too much estradiol due to a Leydif-cell or Sertoli-cell tumor. They may also secrete estradiol ... estradiol is present at low concentrations in blood, but it is extraordinarily high in semen.4 Estradiol plays an important ... 25 The importance of estradiol in bone health is further supported by the fact that estradiol levels correlate better with bone ...

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Estradi ol (E2 or 17?-estradiol, also oestradiol) is a sex hormone. MedChem Express HY-B0141. ... alpha-Estradiol and Deuterated analog also available. Tocris Bioscience 2824. Estradiol (E2) is a potent mammalian estrogenic ... Estradiol (Cat. No. 2823) als o available. Tocris Bioscience 2824. Endogenous estrogen receptor (ER) agonist (Ki values are ... Estradiol (Cat. No. 2823) also available. Tocris Bioscience 2824. Endogenous estrogen receptor (ER) agonist (Ki values are 0.12 ...

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This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience ...

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Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone combination is used to prevent pregnancy. It is a birth control pill that contains two ... If you smoke while using norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol combination, you increase your risk of having a blood clot, heart ... No information is available on the relationship of age to the effects of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone combination in the ... Appropriate studies on the relationship of age to the effects of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone combination have not been ...

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Read the side effects of Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol as described in the medical literature. In case of any doubt consult ... Drug Name : Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol. Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol(Apri ) generic is an oral contraceptive, ... Trade Names for Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol. India : Femilon , Elogen , Femilon , Elogen , Intimacy Plus 2 , Novelon , ... Read the side effects of Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol as described in the medical literature. In case of any doubt consult ...

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Estradiol Transdermal System) may treat, side effects, dosage, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and ... MINIVELLE (estradiol transdermal system), 0.025 mg per day -each 1.65 cm2 system contains 0.41 mg of estradiol USP for nominal ... MINIVELLE (estradiol transdermal system), 0.05 mg per day -each 3.3 cm2 system contains 0.83 mg of estradiol USP for nominal* ... MINIVELLE (estradiol transdermal system), 0.1 mg per day -each 6.6 cm2 system contains 1.65 mg of estradiol USP for nominal* ...

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Ethinyl Estradiol and Norelgestromin - Last updated on December 3, 2022. All rights owned and reserved by Memorial Sloan ...

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Hints: Click on a [map] link to show a map of that region. Click on a [studies] link to search within your current results for studies in that region. Use the back button to return to this list and try another region. Studies with no locations are not included in the counts or on the map. Studies with multiple locations are included in each region containing locations ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results/map?term=DROSPIRENONE+AND+ETHINYL+ESTRADIOL&map=NA%3AUS

ethinyl estradiol Ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol Levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol Norethindrone acetate and ethinyl ... Aranelle® (as a combination product containing Ethinyl Estradiol, Norethindrone) ... Balziva® (as a combination product ... FemHRT® (as a combination product containing Ethinyl Estradiol, Norethindrone) ... Jinteli® (as a combination product ...

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CanMED: NDC. The Cancer Medications Enquiry Database (CanMED) is a two-part resource for cancer drug treatment related studies.

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Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone HRT (hormone replacement therapy)... ... Ethinyl estradiol is a form of estrogen. Estrogen is a female sex hormone necessary for many processes in the body. ... What is ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone?. Ethinyl estradiol is a form of estrogen. Estrogen is a female sex hormone ... It can greatly increase your risk of blood clots, stroke, or heart attack while using ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone. ...

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Learn more about Depo-Estradiol at EverydayHealth.com. ... Find everything you need to know about Depo-Estradiol, ... Some forms of estradiol injection are used in men to treat the symptoms of prostate cancer. Estradiol treats only the symptoms ... Can I take Depo-Estradiol (Intramuscular) if Im pregnant or breastfeeding?. Do not use estradiol if you are pregnant. Tell ... What is the most important information I should know about Depo-Estradiol (Intramuscular)?. You should not use estradiol if you ...

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Canadian regulations limit the scope of information we are permitted to give on prescription drugs via the Internet or other means. Please consult a qualified health professional for more detailed information.Please contact Pfizer Canada Medical Information at 1 800 463-6001 with any comments or inquiries.If you encounter technical difficulties in viewing our product

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... estradiol and an ER inhibitor prevented this effect. Collectively, our findings indicate that 17-estradiol participates in ... In the present study, we explored the effects of 17β-estradiol treatment on expression of IFN (interferons)-stimulated genes ... Further our data revealed that 17-estradiol significantly increased the percentage of CD3+CD69+ and CD3+IFN+ T cells; whereas ... In the present study, we explored the effects of 17-estradiol treatment on expression of IFN (interferons)-stimulated genes ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.725325/full

Estradiol Dose for Treating Vasomotor Symptoms by M. Notelovitz et al. ... Micronized 17β-Estradiol for Oral Estrogen Therapy in Menopausal Women. *M. R. Callantine, Martin Pl, O. Bolding, P. Warner, G ... Ultra-low-dose estradiol and dydrogesterone: a phase III study for vasomotor symptoms in China. *M. Ren, X. Ruan, L. Gu, C. ... 1.0 mg estradiol in combination with drospirenone for the treatment of hot flushes. *C. Gerlinger, K. Gude, T. Schmelter, M. ...

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Estradiol Reverses a Calcium-Related Biomarker of Brain Aging in Female Rats. Lawrence D. Brewer, Amy L. S. Dowling, Meredith A ... 2003) Estradiol regulates the slow Ca2+-activated K+ current in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 23:6338-6344. ... 1992) Estradiol mediates fluctuation in hippocampal synapse density during the estrous cycle in the adult rat. J Neurosci 12: ... 1996) Estradiol reduces calcium currents in rat neostriatal neurons via a membrane receptor. J Neurosci 16:595-604. ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/19/6058

Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone combination is used to prevent pregnancy. (mayoclinic.org)
It is a birth control pill that contains two types of hormones, ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone, and when taken properly, prevents pregnancy. (mayoclinic.org)
Appropriate studies on the relationship of age to the effects of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone combination have not been performed in the pediatric population. (mayoclinic.org)
No information is available on the relationship of age to the effects of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone combination in the geriatric patients. (mayoclinic.org)
Did you mean methyl estradiol norethindrone ? (nih.gov)
What is the most important information I should know about ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone? (adventisthealthcare.com)
Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone should not be used to prevent heart disease, stroke, or dementia. (adventisthealthcare.com)
What is ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone? (adventisthealthcare.com)
Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone HRT (hormone replacement therapy) is a combination medicine used to treat symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes, and vaginal dryness, burning, and irritation. (adventisthealthcare.com)
Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. (adventisthealthcare.com)
What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone? (adventisthealthcare.com)
Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone should not be used to prevent heart disease, stroke, or dementia, because this medicine may actually increase your risk of developing these conditions. (adventisthealthcare.com)
Using ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone may increase your risk of cancer of the breast, uterus, or ovaries. (adventisthealthcare.com)
How should I take ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone? (adventisthealthcare.com)
Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone may increase your risk of developing a condition that can lead to uterine cancer. (adventisthealthcare.com)
Any doctor or surgeon who treats you should know that you are using ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone. (adventisthealthcare.com)
What should I avoid while taking ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone? (adventisthealthcare.com)

Standardization of total estradiol (E2) measurements in serum will be established through method comparison and bias estimation between the CDC Reference Laboratory and the testing laboratory. (cdc.gov)
We hypothesized that low serum estradiol (E2) levels are related to MAC-LD as most patients with MAC-LD are postmenopausal women. (biomedcentral.com)
To address this, concentrations of testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, androstanediol glucuronide (a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone) and estradiol were measured in stored serum specimens from men selected for the 1/3 subsample where organochlorine pesticide levels were determined. (cdc.gov)
The DetectX Serum Estradiol ELISA Kit is designed to quantitatively measure free 17β-estradiol present in serum and plasma samples. (proteomicsresource.org)
However, there was no correlation between serum adiponectin and proteinuria or estradiol and progesterone levels. (who.int)
Serum prolactin, FSH, estradiol, and thyrotropin levels should also be measured routinely in the initial evaluation of amenorrhea once pregnancy has been excluded. (medscape.com)
Serum estradiol levels undergo wide fluctuations during the normal menstrual cycle. (medscape.com)

However, the molecular mechanisms and the effect of estradiol on candidate target genes and their pathways remains poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
The effect of estradiol, but not progesterone, on the production of cytokines in stimulated whole blood, is concentration-dependent. (nel.edu)

In a related poster, Paul A. Newhouse, MD, from the University of Vermont College of Medicine, and colleagues showed that preliminary data suggest that the addition of progesterone to estradiol appears to partially or completely counteract the ability of estrogen to enhance psychomotor speed, reaction time, and verbal memory after cholinergic blockade. (medscape.com)
It looks like estradiol improves cholinergic functioning to some extent, and progesterone tends to block that, which isn't totally surprising, because estrogen and progesterone have opposite effects in some tissues, Dr. Newhouse told Medscape Psychiatry . (medscape.com)
In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic oestradiol, progesterone, MPA and the co-administration of each progestin with oestradiol on neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus of adult ovariectomised female rats. (nih.gov)
200 mg/kg) injection, female rats were repeatedly administered either progesterone (1 or 4 mg), MPA (1 or 4 mg), oestradiol benzoate (EB), progesterone or MPA in combination with EB (10 μg), or vehicle for 21 days. (nih.gov)
One hundred seventy-seven women have been studied over the periovulatory period, in order to obtain detailed information on temporal relationships between ovulation and defined changes in the concentrations of estradiol-17β (E 2 ), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and progesterone (P) in peripheral plasma. (ajog.org)
BIJUVA is the first and only FDA-approved combination of bio-identical hormones, offering a proven balance of bio-identical estradiol to reduce moderate to severe hot flashes combined with bio-identical progesterone to reduce the risks to the endometrium. (apnews.com)
The approval of BIJUVA finally supports the science of combination bio-identical estradiol and progesterone," said Kelly S. Selby, R.Ph. (apnews.com)
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of estradiol and progesterone on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) productions in polyclonal activators (phytohemagglutinin+lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated whole blood cultures. (nel.edu)
Blood samples were drawn, diluted, and cultured for 24h with different concentrations of estradiol, progesterone or hydrocortisone and then PHA+LPS was added for another 24 h. (nel.edu)

These highlights do not include all the information needed to use LEVONORGESTREL AND ETHINYL ESTRADIOL TABLETS safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
Levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets are contraindicated in women over 35 years old who smoke. (nih.gov)
Levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets are an estrogen/progestin COC indicated for use by women to prevent pregnancy. (nih.gov)
Levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets, USP consist of 84 round, white to off-white tablets containing 0.15 mg of levonorgestrel and 0.03 mg of ethinyl estradiol, and 7 round, green inert tablets. (nih.gov)
Thrombotic disorders and other vascular problems: Stop levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets if a thrombotic event occurs. (nih.gov)
Liver disease: Discontinue levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets if jaundice occurs. (nih.gov)
High blood pressure: If used in women with well-controlled hypertension, monitor blood pressure and stop levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets if blood pressure rises significantly. (nih.gov)
Carbohydrate and lipid metabolic effects: Monitor prediabetic and diabetic women taking levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets. (nih.gov)
Headache: Evaluate significant change in headaches and discontinue levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets if indicated. (nih.gov)
Levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets can decrease milk production. (nih.gov)

In a large study, women who took estrogens (a group of medications that includes estradiol) by mouth with progestins had a higher risk of heart attacks, strokes, blood clots in the lungs or legs, breast cancer, and dementia (loss of ability to think, learn, and understand). (medlineplus.gov)

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If you have not had a hysterectomy (surgery to remove the uterus), you should be given another medication called a progestin to take with topical estradiol. (medlineplus.gov)
Do not use topical estradiol alone or with a progestin to prevent heart disease, heart attacks, or strokes. (medlineplus.gov)

estradiol 0.5 mg is concluded to be the lowest dose with demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of postmenopausal women with moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms. (semanticscholar.org)
Pulsed estrogen therapy, achieved by intranasal estradiol 150 μg/day and 300 μg/ day, significantly reduced the incidence of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms, compared with placebo, and therefore offers the best efficacy/safety ratio when initiating treatment with intranAsal Estradiol. (semanticscholar.org)

Effective relief from hot flushes can be reached within 12 weeks with estradiol doses of 0.5 and 1 mg in combination with different drospirenone doses. (semanticscholar.org)
Drospirenone - ethinyl estradiol is also used to treat moderate acne for women over 14 years of age who also want birth control and have started menstruating. (medbroadcast.com)
Each brown-to-reddish-brown, round, biconvex, film-coated tablet, debossed with 'E3' on one side, contains 3 mg of drospirenone and 0.02 mg of ethinyl estradiol. (medbroadcast.com)
The active chemical ingredients in Yaz are Drospirenone and Ethinyl Estradiol. (northdrugstore.com)
Drospirenone and Ethinyl Estradiol should not be taken by pregnant or nursing women. (northdrugstore.com)

Ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel contains a combination of female hormones that prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from an ovary). (health32.com)
Ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel is used as contraception to prevent pregnancy. (health32.com)
What other drugs affect Ethinyl Estradiol Norgestrel? (health32.com)

Read the side effects of Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol as described in the medical literature. (medindia.net)
Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol(Apri ) generic is an oral contraceptive, prescribed for prevention of pregnancy in women who elect to use this product as a method of contraception. (medindia.net)

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the blood transport protein for testosterone and estradiol. (cdc.gov)
SHBG has a high binding affinity to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), medium affinity to testosterone and estradiol, and only a low affinity to estrone, DHEA, androstendione, and estriol. (cdc.gov)
New fathers show changes in hormonal levels (decreased levels of testosterone and estradiol and increased levels of prolactin and cortisol) around the birth of their infants that resemble those in their partners (Storey et al. (fatherhoodinstitute.org)
Gonadotropin, estradiol, and testosterone profiles in homosexual men. (bvsalud.org)

March 27, 2008 (Orlando, Florida) - Estradiol pretreatment significantly attenuated anticholinergic drug-induced memory impairment in younger postmenopausal women, but it increased the impairment in older postmenopausal women, in a recent study. (medscape.com)
Previously, the researchers showed that 3 months of low-dose (1-mg/day) estradiol administered to postmenopausal women reduced the impairment induced by 2 anticholinergic drugs - the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine and the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine - in tests of attention and speed. (medscape.com)
The current study sought to investigate how 2-mg/day estradiol interacts with the cholinergic system to affect verbal memory in younger and older postmenopausal women. (medscape.com)

Weight gain and estradiol patch- Minivelle? (drugs.com)

Sulfation of estrone and 17 beta-estradiol in human liver. (aspetjournals.org)
Estrogen itself exists in one of three forms: estrone, estradiol and estriol. (natures-source.com)
Their metabolic activity differs (for example estrone is a weaker estrogen than estradiol) and they exist in higher proportions depending on the stage of life a woman is in (estradiol is prevalent in non-pregnant women, estriol is prevalent in pregnant women and estrone is produced during menopause). (natures-source.com)

Estradiol is in a class of medications called estrogen hormones. (medlineplus.gov)
Deprivation of gonadal hormones resulted in median increase of glycan age for 9.1 years (IQR 6.8 - 11.5 years, p = 3.73×10 -8 ), which was completely prevented by transdermal estradiol therapy (change in glycan age = -0.23 years, IQR (-2.20 - 2.98). (aging-us.com)
These results suggest that IgG glycans and consequently also the glycan age are under strong influence of gonadal hormones and that estradiol therapy can prevent the increase of glycan age that occurs in the perimenopausal period. (aging-us.com)
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Ethinyl Estradiol is used for contraception, it is also used in the treatment of post menopausal osteoporosis, prostate cancer, hormone replacement therapy (hrt) and failure of ovarian development. (buy-pharma.md)
Antagonizes sertraline, paroxetine (monitor levels), ethinyl estradiol (use backup contraception). (clinicaladvisor.com)

Use the lowest dose of topical estradiol that controls your symptoms and only use topical estradiol as long as needed. (medlineplus.gov)
ESTRADIOL (es tra DYE ole) reduces the vaginal symptoms of menopause, such as vaginal irritation, dryness, and pain during sex. (clevelandclinic.org)
Estradiol injection is used to treat certain symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness, burning, or irritation. (everydayhealth.com)
Some forms of estradiol injection are used in men to treat the symptoms of prostate cancer. (everydayhealth.com)
Estradiol treats only the symptoms of prostate cancer but does not treat the cancer itself. (everydayhealth.com)
Do combinations of 1 mg estradiol and low doses of NETA effectively control menopausal symptoms? (semanticscholar.org)
Estradiol is an estrogen replacement therapy that is intended to relieve symptoms that are associated with menopause, including vaginal itching, hot flashes, vaginal inflammation, mood swings and vaginal dryness. (drugsdb.com)
Estradiol alleviates the symptoms connected with menopause such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness and mood swings. (drugsdb.com)
In post-menopausal women, Ethinyl Estradiol works by reducing the post-menopausal symptoms and risk of weakening bones and bone fracture. (buy-pharma.md)

In women, treatment with 17β-estradiol-containing medications increases risk for SLE and clinical flares ( 14 - 17 ). (frontiersin.org)
Estradiol reduces the level of cholesterol in blood and slightly increases that of triglycerides. (drugsdb.com)
Another important feature of estradiol is that it increases the concentration of the proteins that take part in blood clotting. (drugsdb.com)
We have previously shown that estradiol (E2) increases VEGF in breast cancer. (greenmedinfo.com)

I have been using the Sandoz estradiol Transdermal 0.05 mg/day patch for 3 years approximately. (drugs.com)

Menopausal women are at higher risk of osteoporosis, heart diseases and depression due to the lack of endogenous estradiol production. (drugsdb.com)
In healthy menopausal women, estradiol levels are routinely lower than 20 pg/mL. (medscape.com)

Estradiol is available in a number of formulations - tablets, injection solutions (for intramuscular administration), vaginal globules, vaginal rings, creams and transdermal preparations. (drugsdb.com)
He has a general of the possibility of combined with a white square tablets, take your menstrual cycle, Ethinyl Estradiol On Line Purchase . (pineriverfootball.com)

Talk to your doctor every 3-6 months to decide if you should use a lower dose of topical estradiol or should stop using the medication. (medlineplus.gov)

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While IL-10 levels kept increasing at pregnancy estradiol concentrations, IFN-gamma, IL-12 levels and IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio decreased significantly. (nel.edu)
The present study shows that those pregnancy estradiol concentrations (and higher) enhance the production of IL-10 and reduce IL-12, IFN-gamma levels and IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio in stimulated whole blood cells. (nel.edu)

In a preliminary study, blood levels of magnesium decreased in women taking an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel. (peacehealth.org)

At preovulatory concentrations, estradiol enhanced significantly IFN-gamma, IL-12 and IL-10, but not TNF-alpha, production levels and reversed the suppressive effect of hydrocortisone in PHA+LPS stimulated whole blood. (nel.edu)
During the preovulatory estradiol surge, levels in the range of 400 pg/mL are not uncommon. (medscape.com)

Grapefruit may interact with estradiol and lead to unwanted side effects. (everydayhealth.com)

Estradiol topical gel is also used to treat vaginal dryness, itching, and burning in women who are experiencing menopause. (medlineplus.gov)
On the basis of these findings, decreases in sex hormone levels, especially estradiol (E2), after menopause might represent a risk factor for MAC-LD. (biomedcentral.com)

Estradiol medications are available in a wide variety of forms, all of which must be prescribed and monitored by a doctor. (drugsdb.com)
Some doctors may occasionally prescribe estradiol medications as part of a comprehensive breast cancer treatment plan for women and, less frequently, to treat advanced forms of prostate cancer in men. (drugsdb.com)

Ethinyl estradiol is a form of estrogen. (adventisthealthcare.com)
Estradiol is a form of estrogen, a female sex hormone that regulates many processes in the body. (everydayhealth.com)
The estradiol prescribed by your doctor is a synthesized form of estrogen that is produced in a medical laboratory. (drugsdb.com)

Estradiol pretreatment significantly reduced the drug-induced impairment on a test of episodic memory (the Buschke Selective Reminding Task) for the younger women, but it increased the impairment in this test in the older women. (medscape.com)
Furthermore, we found significantly increased plasma levels of IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, stem cell factor (SCF), and IL-21/IL-23 in SLE patients compared to healthy controls, and those levels positively correlated with the plasma levels of 17β-estradiol. (frontiersin.org)

Women who use topical estradiol alone or with progestins may also have a higher risk of developing these conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
Although the effects of oestradiol have been well studied, little is known about the effects of natural and synthetic progestins alone and in combination with oestradiol on adult neurogenesis in females. (nih.gov)
The results of the present study demonstrate that different progestins alone and in combination with oestradiol can differentially affect neurogenesis (via cell survival) and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. (nih.gov)

Recent evidence suggests the existence of a nexus between inflammatory pathways and the female sex hormone 17β-estradiol, resulting in increased interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), autoantibodies, and dysregulation of immune cells in SLE. (frontiersin.org)
The role of type 1 IFNs and the female sex hormone 17β-estradiol in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity has been described earlier ( 4 , 5 , 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
Estradiol is a prescription form of the female sex hormone, estrogen. (drugsdb.com)

Ethinyl Estradiol is a synthetic form of the naturally occurring hormone in the body and it helps in development and maintenance of menstrual cycle. (buy-pharma.md)
Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether AMH levels are constant throughout the menstrual cycle, compared with those of FSH, LH, and estradiol. (eur.nl)
Conclusions: AMH levels measured through a full menstrual cycle did not show consistent fluctuation patterns in contrast to levels of FSH, LH, and estradiol. (eur.nl)

Estradiol gel 0.1% (Divigel ®) is a low-dose, 'patchless' transdermal formulation of a bioidentical estrogen that has been demonstrated to be effective and well tolerated in the treatment of moderateto-severe hot flushes. (semanticscholar.org)
if they may contribute to participate in Joint Strategic Needs Assessments and Ethinyl Estradiol On line Purchase dose Ethinyl Estradiol On line Purchase suggested YAZ after taking the minimum necessary and making a time of day until the Testing is typical and whether you stop taking combination of assets less than 6 days with that reporting of nutrients. (pineriverfootball.com)

Estradiol levels tend to fluctuate dramatically during the perimenopausal transition. (labcorp.com)
Our previous work suggests that female SLE patients have increased estradiol levels compared to healthy controls. (frontiersin.org)
Binge eating was assessed with the Minnesota Eating Behaviors Survey, whereas afternoon saliva samples were assayed for estradiol levels using standard enzyme immunoassays. (salimetrics.com)
Twin moderation models showed substantial differences in genetic influences on binge eating across estradiol levels. (salimetrics.com)
Stronger genetic effects were observed at lower (rather than higher) estradiol levels, even when controlling for the effects of age, body mass index, the physical changes of puberty, and the onset of menses. (salimetrics.com)
Overall, findings suggest that comparatively lower levels of estradiol during this critical period may disrupt normative developmental processes and enhance genetic influences on binge eating. (salimetrics.com)
In 15 of them estradiol was supplemented, while 21 received placebo resulting in very low estrogen levels during intervention. (aging-us.com)
Estradiol Sphinx Pharma Dianabol levels, produced by the dominant follicle, rise to peak levels and affected your ability to use English. (pdxfoodpress.com)

In some cases, doctors may prescribe an injectable form of estradiol, known as Delestrogen. (drugsdb.com)

What is Depo-Estradiol (Intramuscular) used for? (everydayhealth.com)
Can I take Depo-Estradiol (Intramuscular) if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding? (everydayhealth.com)

In the present study, we explored the effects of 17β-estradiol treatment on expression of IFN (interferons)-stimulated genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. (frontiersin.org)
segesterone/ethinyl estradiol decreases effects of elagolix by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
Jurić J , Kohrt WM , Kifer D , Gavin KM , Pezer M , Nigrovic PA , Lauc G , . Effects of estradiol on biological age measured using the glycan age index. (aging-us.com)
To investigate the effects of 17-ß estradiol (E(2)) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) W83 on the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLC). (bvsalud.org)

Before you begin using topical estradiol, tell your doctor if you have or have ever had cancer and if you have abnormal or unusual vaginal bleeding. (medlineplus.gov)
Call your doctor immediately if you have abnormal or unusual vaginal bleeding during your treatment with topical estradiol. (medlineplus.gov)
You can take steps to decrease the risk that you will develop a serious health problem while you are using topical estradiol. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor may tell you to stop using topical estradiol 4-6 weeks before the surgery or bedrest to decrease the risk that you will develop blood clots. (medlineplus.gov)
Talk to your doctor regularly about the risks and benefits of using topical estradiol. (medlineplus.gov)
Topical estradiol comes as a gel, a spray, and an emulsion to apply to the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
In addition to vaginal creams, estradiol comes as a topical cream that is designed for non-vaginal use. (drugsdb.com)

La resonancia conception, RACC1: manuscript magnética describe presencia de estructura de aspecto tubular bilobulada compuesta por dos imágenes nodulares, las design, literature search, data collection, data or software cuales se ubican adyacentes a la pared vesical en su aspecto posterior, lateral y superior derecho de 27,4 × 15,4 × 11,0 mm. management. (bvsalud.org)

Estradiol is also available in the form of a weekly transdermal patch, such as Climera Vivelle. (drugsdb.com)

In this study, the AFB1-interacting protein, estradiol 17 beta-dehydrogenase 5 (Akr1c6), was identified with an immobilized affinity chromatography technique and LC-MS/MS. The interaction between Akr1c6 and AFB1 was confirmed with ELISA, and the results showed that Akr1c6 could efficiently bind AFB1. (tubitak.gov.tr)

After this, the women were switched to the other treatment (estradiol or placebo) for 3 months followed by 3 challenges. (medscape.com)
Jill Becker , a senior research scientist at the University of Michigan who studies gender differences in addiction, has found that women increase their drug use much more rapidly than men and that the hormone estradiol plays a critical role in the escalation, especially during ovulation. (umich.edu)

A positive relationship between estrogen dosage and thromboembolic disease has been demonstrated, and oral products containing 50-mcg ethinyl estradiol should not be used unless medically indicated. (pdr.net)

A type of steroid, estradiol is derived from cholesterol that is produced by the liver. (drugsdb.com)

Anatomy16

Organisms5

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs68

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes32

Information Science1

Health Care2

Changed levels of endogenous sex steroids in women on oral contraceptives. (1/13451)

The effects of estrogens and antiestrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (2/13451)

The effects of androgens and antiandrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (3/13451)

Progesterone inhibits estrogen-induced cyclin D1 and cdk4 nuclear translocation, cyclin E- and cyclin A-cdk2 kinase activation, and cell proliferation in uterine epithelial cells in mice. (4/13451)

Estrogen-dependent and independent activation of the P1 promoter of the p53 gene in transiently transfected breast cancer cells. (5/13451)

Estrogen enhancement of anti-double-stranded DNA antibody and immunoglobulin G production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. (6/13451)

In vitro development of sheep preantral follicles. (7/13451)

Delay of preterm delivery in sheep by omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturates. (8/13451)

Estradiol

Receptors, Estradiol

Ethinyl Estradiol

Ovariectomy

Progesterone

Estrogens

Testosterone

Estradiol Antagonists

Estradiol Dehydrogenases

Estradiol Congeners

Luteinizing Hormone

Estrone

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Gonadal Steroid Hormones

Receptors, Estrogen

Uterus

Estrogen Receptor alpha

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin

Estrogen Antagonists

Drug Implants

Aromatase

Estrogen Receptor beta

Ovarian Follicle

Estriol

Ovary

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Androstenedione

Castration

Estrus

Estrous Cycle

Ovulation

Menstrual Cycle

Estrogens, Catechol

Tamoxifen

Dihydrotestosterone

Pregnancy

Follicular Fluid

Follicular Phase

Prolactin

Steroids

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

Postmenopause

Trenbolone Acetate

Inhibins

Radioimmunoassay

Hormones

Gonadotropins

Granulosa Cells

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Breast Neoplasms

Endometrium

Estrogen Replacement Therapy

Sheep

Diethylstilbestrol

Sexual Maturation

Orchiectomy

Cattle

Pituitary Gland

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Preoptic Area

Chorionic Gonadotropin

Aromatase Inhibitors

Diestrus

Sexual Behavior, Animal

RNA, Messenger

Luteal Phase

Receptors, Progesterone

Vitellogenins

Progestins

Estrogens, Non-Steroidal

Sex Characteristics

Organ Size

Ovulation Induction

Androgens

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Hypothalamus

Menopause

Nafoxidine

Time Factors

Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus