AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and Processes
EsotropiaOculomotor MusclesOphthalmologic Surgical ProceduresStrabismusAccommodation, OcularExotropiaEyeglassesVision, BinocularHyperopiaAmblyopiaDepth PerceptionAnti-Dyskinesia AgentsRefractive ErrorsNystagmus, OptokineticDuane Retraction SyndromeVisual AcuityAbducens Nerve DiseasesEye MovementsConvergence, OcularDiplopiaAnisometropiaRefraction, OcularNystagmus, PathologicVision TestsEvoked Potentials, VisualVision, Monocular
Esotropia
A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.
Oculomotor Muscles
The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.
Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures
Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)
Accommodation, Ocular
The dioptric adjustment of the EYE (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of regard) referring to the ability, to the mechanism, or to the process. Ocular accommodation is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the CRYSTALLINE LENS. Loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for VISION, OCULAR at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Exotropia
A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction.
Eyeglasses
A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.
Vision, Binocular
The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.
Hyperopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Amblyopia
A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.
Depth Perception
Perception of three-dimensionality.
Anti-Dyskinesia Agents
Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias.
Refractive Errors
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.
Nystagmus, Optokinetic
Normal nystagmus produced by looking at objects moving across the field of vision.
Duane Retraction Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by marked limitation of abduction of the eye, variable limitation of adduction and retraction of the globe, and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on attempted adduction. The condition is caused by aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus by fibers of the OCULOMOTOR NERVE.
Visual Acuity
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Abducens Nerve Diseases
Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and ESOTROPIA. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ISCHEMIA; and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
Eye Movements
Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.
Convergence, Ocular
The turning inward of the lines of sight toward each other.
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Anisometropia
A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.
Refraction, Ocular
Refraction of LIGHT effected by the media of the EYE.
Nystagmus, Pathologic
Involuntary movements of the eye that are divided into two types, jerk and pendular. Jerk nystagmus has a slow phase in one direction followed by a corrective fast phase in the opposite direction, and is usually caused by central or peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Pendular nystagmus features oscillations that are of equal velocity in both directions and this condition is often associated with visual loss early in life. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p272)
Vision Tests
A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.
Evoked Potentials, Visual
The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.
Vision, Monocular
Images seen by one eye.

Oscillatory motion but not pattern reversal elicits monocular motion VEP biases in infantile esotropia. (1/204)

Patients with early disruptions of binocularity show cortical directional asymmetries in their steady state monocular VEP response to oscillatory motion. The VEP directional asymmetry is characterized by significant first harmonic components that show a 180 degrees difference in the response phase between the two eyes. By contrast, the normal response is dominated by even-order response harmonics, although some normal observers also have measurable responses at the first harmonic. Experiments and simulations were conducted to determine if the first harmonic in patients could reasonably be attributed to direction selective mechanisms. A secondary goal was to determine whether the first harmonic response of normals was also due to imbalances in direction selective mechanisms. Monocular steady state VEPs were elicited by oscillating 3 c/deg gratings presented at 6 and 10 Hz in normal observers and observers with infantile esotropia. Responses were also obtained to phase-reversing gratings of the same spatial and temporal frequencies. Phase reversal eliminated the majority of first harmonic responses which were recorded for normal observers to oscillatory motion. However, phase reversal did not elicit the cortical motion asymmetry in infantile esotropia. Modeling results suggest that the first harmonic response to oscillatory motion arises due to non-linearities in both direction selective and non-direction-selective mechanisms, with the latter being dominant in patients with early onset strabismus.  (+info)

Early retreatment of infantile esotropia: comparison of reoperation and botulinum toxin. (2/204)

AIM: To compare the efficacy of reoperation and botulinum toxin injection in treating infantile esotropes early after unsatisfactory surgical alignment. METHODS: 55 strabismic children who had been unsuccessfully operated for infantile esotropia were randomised to reoperation (28 patients) or botulinum toxin injection (27 patients). The motor outcomes (percentage of successful motor outcome and percentage change in deviation) were compared at 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years after retreatment, and the sensory outcomes (percentage with fusion ability and stereo perception) at the 3 year follow up visit. RESULTS: The motor and sensory outcomes and the stability of motor results were similar in patients reoperated and treated with botulinum injection. At the 3 year visit 67.8% and 59.2% of children were, respectively, within 8 prism dioptres of orthotropia (p=0.72). The frequency of fusion ability was, respectively, 60.7% and 51.8% (p=0.71), and the frequency of stereo perception (+info)

Ophthalmological follow up of preterm infants: a population based, prospective study of visual acuity and strabismus. (3/204)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prematurely born infants are known to have an increased rate of ophthalmological morbidity. The aim of the present study was to investigate visual acuity and ocular alignment in a population of preterm infants in a geographical area, in infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: A prospective population based study of ophthalmological status of preterm infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or less was performed during 3.5 years, with examinations at 6, 18, 30, and 42 months of corrected age. Visual acuity was tested using linear optotypes. Multiple regression analyses were used to analyse independent risk factors for poor vision and strabismus. RESULTS: Poor vision (< 0.3) was detected in 2.5% (6/237) of the children. Of these, only two (0.8%) had a severe visual impairment (< 0.1). Strabismus occurred in 13.5% (31/229). Children with cryotreated ROP and neurological complications ran the highest risk of poor vision and strabismus, according to multiple regression analysis. Among children without a history of ROP or neurological complications, 34% had a visual acuity < 0.7 and 5.9% had strabismus, compared with 61% and 22%, respectively, among the children with ROP or neurological complications. CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of subnormal vision and strabismus in children born prematurely was higher than in a full term population of the same age. On the basis of this study, follow up of all preterm infants screened for ROP is recommended and general guidelines are suggested.  (+info)

Binocular depth-from-motion in infantile and late-onset esotropia patients with poor stereopsis. (4/204)

PURPOSE: There are at least two possible ways to detect motion-in-depth binocular without monocular cues: the binocular disparities at different times and a mechanism that detects interocular velocity differences. The perception of interocular velocity differences (Binocular depth-from-motion [BDFM]) depends on the relative velocity of the images on the retina of the left and right eyes, and this information can be experienced by normal and some strabismic patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of esotropic patients who have BDFM but have poor stereopsis. METHODS: Forty-one infantile and 28 late-onset esotropia patients with poor stereopsis were studied. Dynamic stereopsis and BDFM were tested with computer-generated random dot stereograms and kinematograms. The correlations between BDFM and other binocular functional tests were determined. RESULTS: A total of 31 (44.9%) patients, 15 (36.5%) of the infantile and 16 (57.1%) of the late-onset esotropia group, passed the BDFM test. None of these patients passed the random dot stereo test under static or dynamic conditions. Fusion of the Worth four dot test at near 0.3 m was correlated with the presence of BDFM. Three of the 15 infantile and 10 of the 16 late-onset esotropic patients with positive BDFM showed gross stereopsis as measured by the Titmus Fly. The angle of strabismus was significantly smaller in the patients with positive BDFM for the infantile and the late-onset esotropia groups. CONCLUSIONS: BDFM was present in about half of the esotropic patients who do not have fine stereopsis. Ocular alignment within 10 to 15 prism diopters is an important factor in obtaining BDFM. Strabismus surgery still provides some binocular benefit for infantile esotropia patients who were bypassed for early surgery. Separate mechanisms may underlie static stereopsis and BDFM.  (+info)

Motion VEPs, stereopsis, and bifoveal fusion in children with strabismus. (5/204)

PURPOSE: The link between nasal-temporal motion asymmetries and anomalous binocular sensory function in infantile esotropia (ET) has led to the idea that visual evoked potential responses to horizontal motion (mVE) is an alternative measure of sensory binocularity to stereopsis. A second hypothesis is that the mVEP response is a marker for bifoveal fusion. The purpose of this study was to directly evaluate these two hypotheses by examining the correspondence between the mVEP response and both stereoacuity and bifoveal fusion in a cohort of strabismic patients with variable binocular sensory function. METHODS: Motion VEPs, random dot stereopsis, and bifoveal fusion were measured in 94 children: 20 with infantile ET, 16 with infantile accommodative ET, 22 with late-onset accommodative ET, 10 with intermittent infantile strabismus, and 26 normal control participants. RESULTS: Patients with infantile ET and infantile accommodative ET had high concordance between mVEP responses and stereoacuity and mVEP responses and bifoveal fusion. Asymmetric mVEP responses were highly concordant with both no measurable stereopsis and an absence of fusional vergence. Patients with late-onset accommodative ET and intermittent infantile strabismus revealed discordance between the mVEP response and stereoacuity and high concordance between the mVEP response and bifoveal fusion. Asymmetric mVEP responses were highly concordant with the absence of bifoveal fusion and the minimum-size prism to elicit fusional vergence. CONCLUSIONS: The qualitative and quantitative relationship between the mVEP response and fusional vergence suggests that the mVEP response is an objective measure of bifoveal fusion. The availability of such a test will facilitate studies of normal development of bifoveal fusion and development of monofixation syndrome in strabismus.  (+info)

Early surgery for infantile esotropia. (6/204)

AIM: To investigate the postoperative eye alignment and binocular visual function after early surgery for infantile esotropia. METHODS: Both the postoperative eye position and stereopsis were reviewed using the Titmus stereo test in nine patients who received uniocular medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection under general anaesthesia before 8 months of age and were followed up for a minimum of 4 years. RESULTS: Orthophoria was attained in three cases, whereas esotropia was found in four patients. Dissociated vertical deviation was noted in two other cases at the final examination. Static stereoacuity was achieved in five cases. These results also showed that most infants in whom stereopsis was attained had satisfactory eye alignment during the follow up period and at the final examination. Infants who did not achieve stereopsis still had deviation throughout the follow up period. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that early surgery in infantile esotropia is beneficial to achieve binocular visual function, but it is necessary to confirm a stable angle of deviation with accurate preoperative evaluation, and to maintain good postoperative eye alignment throughout the follow up period.  (+info)

Co-development of VEP motion response and binocular vision in normal infants and infantile esotropes. (7/204)

PURPOSE: To determine the maturational course of nasotemporal asymmetry in infantile esotropia and to define the relationships among the symmetry of the motion visual evoked potential (MVEP), eye alignment, fusion, and stereopsis. METHODS: Sixty healthy term infants and 34 infants with esotropia participated. Nasotemporal MVEP asymmetry was assessed by the presence of a significant F1 response component with an interocular phase difference of approximately 180 degrees and by an amplitude "asymmetry index." Fusion was evaluated using the 4 p.d. base out prism test. Random dot stereoacuity was assessed in infants with forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) using the Infant Random Dot Stereocards. Eye alignment was assessed by the alternate prism and cover or the modified Krimsky test. RESULTS: Normal infants 2 to 3 months of age exhibited marked nasotemporal MVEP asymmetry, which rapidly diminished by 6 to 8 months. Neonates did not exhibit MVEP asymmetry. There was good concordance between fusion and MVEP symmetry and between stereopsis and MVEP symmetry; the concordance between MVEP symmetry and orthoposition of the visual axes was significantly poorer. The same proportion of normal and young esotropic infants showed symmetrical MVEPs. Regardless of the age at surgery, most patients with infantile esotropia had asymmetrical MVEPs after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These data support a strong link between fusion and MVEP symmetry during both normal maturation and in infantile esotropia. Furthermore, the finding that the youngest infants with esotropia do not differ significantly from normal suggests that the nasotemporal asymmetry found in older patients with infantile esotropia does not represent an arrest of maturation but, rather, a pathologic change of the motion pathways.  (+info)

Outcome in refractive accommodative esotropia. (8/204)

AIM: To examine outcome among children with refractive accommodative esotropia. METHODS: Children with accommodative esotropia associated with hyperopia were included in the study. The features studied were ocular alignment, amblyopia, and the response to treatment, binocular single vision, requirement for surgery, and the change in refraction with age. RESULTS: 103 children with refractive accommodative esotropia were identified. Mean follow up was 4.5 years (range 2-9.5 years). 41 children (39.8%) were fully accommodative (no manifest deviation with full hyperopic correction). The remaining 62 children (60.2%) were partially accommodative. At presentation 61.2% of children were amblyopic in one eye decreasing to 15.5% at the most recent examination. Stereopsis was demonstrated in 89.3% of children at the most recent examination. Mean cycloplegic refraction (dioptres, spherical equivalent) remained stable throughout the follow up period. The mean change in refraction per year was 0.005 dioptres (D) in right eyes (95% CL -0. 0098 to 0.02) and 0.001 D in left eyes (95% CL -0.018 to 0.021). No patients were able to discard their glasses and maintain alignment. CONCLUSIONS: Most children with refractive accommodative esotropia have an excellent outcome in terms of visual acuity and binocular single vision. Current management strategies for this condition result in a marked reduction in the prevalence of amblyopia compared with the prevalence at presentation. The degree of hyperopia, however, remains unchanged with poor prospects for discontinuing glasses wear. The possibility that long term full time glasses wear impedes emmetropisation must be considered. It is also conceivable, however, that these children may behave differently with normal and be predestined to remain hyperopic.  (+info)

Management Of Esotropia
Esotropia +V Pattern+No Oblique Overaction,Esotropia +V Pattern+Inferior Oblique Overaction,Esotropia +V Pattern+Inferior Oblique Overaction+DVD(Dissociated Vertical Deviation),Refractive Normo Accommodative Esotropia,Refractive Hyper Accommodative Esotropia,Partial Refractive Accommodative Esotropia,Non Refractive Accommodative Esotropia,Non Refractive Hypo Accommodative Esotropia
http://www.squintmaster.com/Eso_management.htm
Botulinum Toxin Augmented Surgery vs Conventional Surgery in the Management of Large Angle Infantile Esotropia - Full Text View...Botulinum Toxin Augmented Surgery vs Conventional Surgery in the Management of Large Angle Infantile Esotropia - Full Text View...
Infantile esotropia is defined as the onset of constant esodeviation in children less than 6 months of age.There are several other clinical findings that often accompany infantile esotropia including: large amplitude of the angle (greater than 30 prism diopters), dissociated vertical deviation, dissociated horizontal deviation, inferior oblique overaction, latent nystagmus, cross fixation with pseudo abduction deficit, low degree of hyperopia (less than 3 diopters), and amblyopia. The incidence of infantile esotropia is approximately 1%,making this an important issue for pediatric ophthalmologist.. There are multiple surgical techniques used to treat infantile esotropia with the main goal being to align the eyes so that binocular vision may develop.The most common initial treatment is either bilateral medial rectus muscle recessions or unilateral medial rectus muscle recession and lateral rectus muscle resection. For infants with very large angles of esotropia (,60 prism diopters [PD]), surgery ...
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03266549
Surgery: Bilateral Medial Rectus Recession in a Patient with Esotropia and a Restrictive Component | CybersightSurgery: Bilateral Medial Rectus Recession in a Patient with Esotropia and a Restrictive Component | Cybersight
DR WAGNER: Great. We just started doing a boy with congenital esotropia, bilateral esotropia. And were gonna recess the right and left medial rectus muscles.. ,, How old is the boy?. DR WAGNER: Thats better. Okay. Okay. He also has a very… A somewhat tighter medial rectus muscle. I think thats, again, related to a longstanding esotropia. Hes now… Im not sure. How old is he now? 13 years old. Probably had this since birth. So I think youll often develop… Youre gonna hold it that way. And then Id like to have the suture ready. It is long, right? What are you doing? Different needle? Thats okay. So here we have a number of blood vessels there. We could probably catch them with the locking bite, the second bite that I go through. Gonna go around. Come through the hole. And try to lock it. Should be locked. There we go. Thats a little shorter. This is a little better suture. Have the back end away from me. Thank you. Ill grab it here.. ,, Doctor, I know youre in the middle of the ...
https://cybersight.org/portfolio/surgery-bilateral-medial-rectus-recession-3/
The Use of Botulinum Toxin to Treat Infantile Esotropia: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis | IOVS | ARVO JournalsThe Use of Botulinum Toxin to Treat Infantile Esotropia: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis | IOVS | ARVO Journals
Purpose: The purpose of this review was to examine the efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of infantile esotropia and to evaluate the average response of BT and its complication rates. Methods: A research was performed in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial (CENTRAL). The database was searched between December 28, 2016 and January 30, 2017. The selection was restricted to articles published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. There were no date restrictions in the search. Results: Nine studies were eligible for inclusion. The grouped success rate of BT treatment in infantile esotropia was 76% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 61%-89%). For the success rate, I2 of 94.25% was observed, indicating a high heterogeneity (P , 0.001). The complication rates were also analyzed. The grouped consecutive exotropia (XT) rate was 1% (95% CI: 0%-2%). The grouped ptosis rate was 27% (95% CI: 21%-33%). The ...
http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2659615
Factors Associated With Childhood Esotropia: The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study | IOVS | ARVO JournalsFactors Associated With Childhood Esotropia: The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study | IOVS | ARVO Journals
Purpose: : To describe risk factors associated with esotropia in preschool children. Methods: : A population-based sample of African-American and Hispanic children aged 6-72 months underwent a comprehensive eye examination including cover testing and cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%). Medical and perinatal histories were determined from a detailed parental questionnaire. Potential associations of esotropia with age, race/ethnicity, prematurity, birthweight, family history of strabismus and amblyopia, maternal age, breastfeeding, Down Syndrome, prenatal exposures to ethanol and tobacco, and refractive error type and magnitude were assessed. Candidate risk factors were identified using univariate analysis and significant factors were subsequently included in a multivariate logistic regression model. Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: : Of the 6043 children studied, 60 had esotropia. Esotropia was significantly associated with ...
http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2368071
Infantile esotropia - WikipediaInfantile esotropia - Wikipedia
Infantile esotropia is an ocular condition of early onset in which one or either eye turns inward. It is a specific sub-type of esotropia and has been a subject of much debate amongst ophthalmologists with regard to its naming, diagnostic features, and treatment. Historically the term congenital strabismus was used to describe constant esotropias with onset between birth and six months of age. However, this term was felt to be an inadequate classification as it covered a variety of esotropias with different causes, features and prognoses. In 1988, American ophthalmologist Gunter K. Von Noorden discussed what he described as Essential Infantile Esotropia. He described the condition as: early acquired, not... congenital ..., although congenital factors may favor its development between the ages of 3 and 6 months and identified this squint sub-type as having the following features: Onset between birth and six months of age. Large size (greater than 30 dioptres) Stable size Not associated with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile_esotropia
Get PDF - Decision analysis with Markov processes supports early surgery for large-angle infantile esotropiaGet PDF - Decision analysis with Markov processes supports early surgery for large-angle infantile esotropia
Trikalinos, T.A.; Andreadis, I.A.; Asproudis, I.C., 2005: Decision analysis with Markov processes supports early surgery for large-angle infantile esotropia
https://eurekamag.com/research/011/924/011924104.php
What Is Long-Sightedness?What Is Long-Sightedness?
Accommodative Esotropia, also known as crossed eyes, is a vision condition that can be caused by hyperopia. This condition occurs when one eye over focuses while trying to compensate for the refractive error in the other eye. The act of over-focusing causes the eye to turn inwards towards the childs nose, and generally occurs when a child is tired, or trying to focus on a close object. Many children with an eye turn tend to rub their eyes, squint, or complain of headaches.. Accommodative esotropia can develop as early as six months of age and until the child reaches seven. The average onset of accommodative esotropia is around two to three years of age. Accommodative esotropia can indicate hyperopia in children, though a proper diagnosis is crucial. ...
https://www.optometrists.org/childrens-vision/what-is-long-sightedness/
EsotropiaEsotropia
Esotropia is a strabismus condition where the eye turns inward (toward the nose). This condition may be evident intermittently (not all the time) or constantly. The deviation, or eye turn, may occur while fixating (looking at) distance objects, near objects, or both. Esotropia is also often called cross-eyed.
https://jp.seevividly.com/info/Lazy_Eye/Strabismus/Esotropia
Role of Botulinum Toxin Type A in Cyclic Esotropia: A Long-Term Follow-upRole of Botulinum Toxin Type A in Cyclic Esotropia: A Long-Term Follow-up
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus | Purpose:To describe two patients with childhood cyclic esotropia 8 and 9 years after they underwent botulinum toxin type A treatment to report its long-term outcome.Methods:Two patients with sudden onset cyclic esotropia aged 2 and 4 years were included. Botulinum toxin type A injections were performed on the appropriate muscles.Results:The first patient was a 2-year-old boy with left dominant
https://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/journals/jpos/2019-11-56-6/%7B225d3038-778e-4c43-bfcc-5f1d9f868718%7D/role-of-botulinum-toxin-type-a-in-cyclic-esotropia-a-long-term-follow-up
Management of High Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation Ratio Esotropia
The article presents a conversation among pedriatric ophthalmologists Marilyn Mets, Martin Wilson, Scott Olitsky, moderated by Leonard B. Nelson on the management of high accomodative convergence, accommodation ratio esotropia. The case considered is a pediatric patient who had recent onset esotropia. Dr. Mets said that he will prescribe +2.25 sphere. He believe that children need some time to adapt to glasses before bifocals can be prescribed. Dr. Wilson put emphasis on the importance of discussion with parents with regards to the management of the condition. Dr. Olitsky agree with the concerns of Dr. Wilson on the small amount of hyperopia ...
http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/20066072/management-high-accommodative-convergence-accommodation-ratio-esotropia
Risk factors for consecutive esotropia :Manal A Kasem, Journal of the Egyptian Ophthalmological Society
Purpose The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the different factors predisposing to consecutive esotropia (CET) after surgical management of intermittent exotropia (IXT). Patients and methods This study included the medical records of patients who had surgery for IXT from March 2016 to March 2017. Postoperatively, the patients were divided into two groups: A group who developed CET and another group who became orthotropic within 6 months of follow-up. Possible risk factors for the development of CET were recorded and analyzed. Results Eighteen patients developed CET, while the orthotropic group consisted of 78 cases. CET occurred in 61% of patients of less than 6 years old. There was no significant correlation between preoperative angle of IXT and development of CET, but there was significant correlation with the angle of initial CET (postoperatively). CET was found in 16.7% of preoperative tenacious proximal convergence exotropia. CET was developed in 66.7% of cases of ...
http://jeos.eg.net/printarticle.asp?issn=2090-0686
Distance esotropia in the elderly | British Journal of OphthalmologyDistance esotropia in the elderly | British Journal of Ophthalmology
Results Distance esodeviation varied from 2-18 prism dioptres (PD) esotropia (ET). At near fixation, deviation ranged from 10 PD exophoria to 12 PD esophoria. Divergence fusional amplitude at distance ranged from 0-10 PD while the divergence fusional amplitude at near ranged from 2-18 PD. Horizontal ductions and versions were full in all patients. Six patients presented with an increase of distance esodeviation combined with a decrease of divergent fusional amplitude over a period of 6-12 years. All patients were successfully treated with prisms, ranging from 2-16 PD base-out.. ...
https://bjo.bmj.com/content/97/11/1415
Dissociated vertical deviation - WikipediaDissociated vertical deviation - Wikipedia
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is an eye condition which occurs in association with a squint, typically infantile esotropia. The exact cause is unknown, although it is logical to assume it is from faulty innervation of eye muscles. The eye drifts upward spontaneously or after being covered. The condition usually affects both eyes, but can occur unilaterally or asymmetrically. It is often associated with latent or manifest-latent nystagmus and, as well as occurring with infantile esotropia, can also be found associated with exotropias and vertical deviations. DVDs are usually controlled from occurring with both eyes open, but may become manifest with inattention. Usually some level of dissociative occlusion is required - to trigger the brain to suppress vision in that eye and then not control a DVD from occurring. The level of dissociative occlusion required may involve using a red filter, a darker filter or complete occlusion (e.g. with a hand). DVD typically becomes apparent between 18 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociated_vertical_deviation
Eileen Birch, Ph.D. - Retina FoundationEileen Birch, Ph.D. - Retina Foundation
Birch EE, Stager DR. Long-term motor and sensory outcomes following early surgery for infantile esotropia. JAAPOS, 2006, 10: 409-413.. Birch EE, Holmes JM. The clinical profile of amblyopia in children younger than 3 years of age. J AAPOS, 2010, 14: 494-7.. Birch EE, Stager Sr DR, Wang J, OConnor AR. Longitudinal changes in refractive error of children with infantile esotropia,Eye, 2010, 24: 1814-21.. Birch E, Carlson S, Hoffman D, Fitzgerald-Gustafson K, Fu V, Drover J, Castañeda Y, Minns L, Wheaton D, Mundy D, Marunycz J, Diersen-Schade D. The DIAMOND study: A double masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. Am J Clin Nutr, 2010, 91: 848-59.. Wang J, Spencer R, Leffler J, Birch E. Critical period for foveal fine structure in children with regressed retinopathy of prematurity. Retina, 2012, 32:330-9.. Birch E, Cheng C, Stager Jr D, Weakley D, Stager Sr D. The critical period for surgical ...
https://retinafoundation.org/scientists/eileen-birch-ph-d/
Stereoacuity Outcomes Following Treatment of Infantile and Accommodative Esotropia
PubMed Central Canada (PMC Canada) provides free access to a stable and permanent online digital archive of full-text, peer-reviewed health and life sciences research publications. It builds on PubMed Central (PMC), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature and is a member of the broader PMC International (PMCI) network of e-repositories.
http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC2769257/
Vision GlossaryVision Glossary
Esotropia (ET)- (clinical condition) a condition in which an eye is turned either constantly or intermittently inward toward the nose. Esotropia is a type of strabismus. It is caused by a reduction in visual acuity, reduced visual function, high refractive error, traumatic brain injury, oculomotor nerve lesion, or eye muscle injury. Treatment options may include one or more of the following: glasses or contacts, bi-focal lenses, prisms, vision therapy, surgery, or Botulinum Toxin Type A (Oculinum, BotoxTM) injections. In some cases, esotropia is caused by a refractive error such as hyperopia (farsightedness), and glasses or contacts alone may allow the eyes to straighten. Vision therapy is most appropriate when there are small degrees of misalignment. Surgery, to re-position or shorten the eye muscles, may be required for high degrees of misalignment. If surgery is required, a combination of surgery and vision therapy often yields the best results. Exophoria (Exo)- (clinical condition) a ...
https://www.gvc2020.com/Content/patientinformation/visionglossary.aspx
Vision GlossaryVision Glossary
Esotropia (ET)- (clinical condition) a condition in which an eye is turned either constantly or intermittently inward toward the nose. Esotropia is a type of strabismus. It is caused by a reduction in visual acuity, reduced visual function, high refractive error, traumatic brain injury, oculomotor nerve lesion, or eye muscle injury. Treatment options may include one or more of the following: glasses or contacts, bi-focal lenses, prisms, vision therapy, surgery, or Botulinum Toxin Type A (Oculinum, BotoxTM) injections. In some cases, esotropia is caused by a refractive error such as hyperopia (farsightedness), and glasses or contacts alone may allow the eyes to straighten. Vision therapy is most appropriate when there are small degrees of misalignment. Surgery, to re-position or shorten the eye muscles, may be required for high degrees of misalignment. If surgery is required, a combination of surgery and vision therapy often yields the best results. Exophoria (Exo)- (clinical condition) a ...
https://www.mastereyememphis.com/Content/patientinformation/visionglossary.aspx
Vision GlossaryVision Glossary
Esotropia (ET)- (clinical condition) a condition in which an eye is turned either constantly or intermittently inward toward the nose. Esotropia is a type of strabismus. It is caused by a reduction in visual acuity, reduced visual function, high refractive error, traumatic brain injury, oculomotor nerve lesion, or eye muscle injury. Treatment options may include one or more of the following: glasses or contacts, bi-focal lenses, prisms, vision therapy, surgery, or Botulinum Toxin Type A (Oculinum, BotoxTM) injections. In some cases, esotropia is caused by a refractive error such as hyperopia (farsightedness), and glasses or contacts alone may allow the eyes to straighten. Vision therapy is most appropriate when there are small degrees of misalignment. Surgery, to re-position or shorten the eye muscles, may be required for high degrees of misalignment. If surgery is required, a combination of surgery and vision therapy often yields the best results.. Exophoria (Exo)- (clinical condition) a ...
http://www.villaparkoptometry.com/Content/patientinformation/visionglossary.aspx
Vision GlossaryVision Glossary
Esotropia (ET)- (clinical condition) a condition in which an eye is turned either constantly or intermittently inward toward the nose. Esotropia is a type of strabismus. It is caused by a reduction in visual acuity, reduced visual function, high refractive error, traumatic brain injury, oculomotor nerve lesion, or eye muscle injury. Treatment options may include one or more of the following: glasses or contacts, bi-focal lenses, prisms, vision therapy, surgery, or Botulinum Toxin Type A (Oculinum, BotoxTM) injections. In some cases, esotropia is caused by a refractive error such as hyperopia (farsightedness), and glasses or contacts alone may allow the eyes to straighten. Vision therapy is most appropriate when there are small degrees of misalignment. Surgery, to re-position or shorten the eye muscles, may be required for high degrees of misalignment. If surgery is required, a combination of surgery and vision therapy often yields the best results.. Exophoria (Exo)- (clinical condition) a ...
http://oahulasik.com/Content/patientinformation/visionglossary.aspx
Vision Glossary
Esotropia (ET)- (clinical condition) a condition in which an eye is turned either constantly or intermittently inward toward the nose. Esotropia is a type of strabismus. It is caused by a reduction in visual acuity, reduced visual function, high refractive error, traumatic brain injury, oculomotor nerve lesion, or eye muscle injury. Treatment options may include one or more of the following: glasses or contacts, bi-focal lenses, prisms, vision therapy, surgery, or Botulinum Toxin Type A (Oculinum, BotoxTM) injections. In some cases, esotropia is caused by a refractive error such as hyperopia (farsightedness), and glasses or contacts alone may allow the eyes to straighten. Vision therapy is most appropriate when there are small degrees of misalignment. Surgery, to re-position or shorten the eye muscles, may be required for high degrees of misalignment. If surgery is required, a combination of surgery and vision therapy often yields the best results.. Exophoria (Exo)- (clinical condition) a ...
http://www.redmondoptometry.com/Content/patientinformation/visionglossary.aspx
Vision GlossaryVision Glossary
Esotropia (ET)- (clinical condition) a condition in which an eye is turned either constantly or intermittently inward toward the nose. Esotropia is a type of strabismus. It is caused by a reduction in visual acuity, reduced visual function, high refractive error, traumatic brain injury, oculomotor nerve lesion, or eye muscle injury. Treatment options may include one or more of the following: glasses or contacts, bi-focal lenses, prisms, vision therapy, surgery, or Botulinum Toxin Type A (Oculinum, BotoxTM) injections. In some cases, esotropia is caused by a refractive error such as hyperopia (farsightedness), and glasses or contacts alone may allow the eyes to straighten. Vision therapy is most appropriate when there are small degrees of misalignment. Surgery, to re-position or shorten the eye muscles, may be required for high degrees of misalignment. If surgery is required, a combination of surgery and vision therapy often yields the best results.. Exophoria (Exo)- (clinical condition) a ...
http://www.westvalleyoptometry.com/Content/patientinformation/visionglossary.aspx
Vision GlossaryVision Glossary
Esotropia (ET)- (clinical condition) a condition in which an eye is turned either constantly or intermittently inward toward the nose. Esotropia is a type of strabismus. It is caused by a reduction in visual acuity, reduced visual function, high refractive error, traumatic brain injury, oculomotor nerve lesion, or eye muscle injury. Treatment options may include one or more of the following: glasses or contacts, bi-focal lenses, prisms, vision therapy, surgery, or Botulinum Toxin Type A (Oculinum, BotoxTM) injections. In some cases, esotropia is caused by a refractive error such as hyperopia (farsightedness), and glasses or contacts alone may allow the eyes to straighten. Vision therapy is most appropriate when there are small degrees of misalignment. Surgery, to re-position or shorten the eye muscles, may be required for high degrees of misalignment. If surgery is required, a combination of surgery and vision therapy often yields the best results.. Exophoria (Exo)- (clinical condition) a ...
http://www.bayhillseyecare.com/Content/patientinformation/visionglossary.aspx
Are You Ready for Jesus? PowerPoint Presentation, Free Online Download PPT SKDHP0
Nystagmus and esotropia (Nystagmus Blockage Syndrome. Nonaccommodativeesotropia. Basic (acquired) Acute. Cyclic. Sensory deprivation. ... Surgery on any non-accommodative component (r/o and latent uncorrected hyperopia) High AC/A - bifocals. Accommodative Esotropia. Acute - Need head scan.
https://shakyradunn.com/slide/are-you-ready-for-jesus-skdhp0
Long-term surgical outcomes of infantile-onset esotropia in preterm patients compared with full-term patients | British Journal...Long-term surgical outcomes of infantile-onset esotropia in preterm patients compared with full-term patients | British Journal...
Results The Cox proportional hazards regression model and competing risk analysis showed no statistically significant differences in the rate of surgical success or undercorrection over time between preterm and full-term patients. However, the final overcorrection rate was greater in preterm children than in full-term children (p=0.019). The average surgical dose-response was 3.99 prism dioptres (PD)/mm in full-term children and 4.40 PD/mm in preterm children.. ...
http://bjo.bmj.com/content/99/5/685
Surgery for esotropia under topical anesthesia.
PURPOSE: To compare a surgically adjusted dose of strabismus surgery using topical anesthesia in cooperative patients with dosage guidelines adapted to the surgeons personal technique using sub-Tenons anesthesia. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, sin
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Surgery-Esotropia-Under-Topical-Anesthesia/20570361.html
ICD-10 Diagnosis Code H50.022 Monocular esotropia with A pattern, left eyeICD-10 Diagnosis Code H50.022 Monocular esotropia with A pattern, left eye
Diagnosis Code H50.022 information, including descriptions, synonyms, code edits, diagnostic related groups, ICD-9 conversion and references to the diseases index.
https://icdlist.com/icd-10/h50022
ICD-10 Diagnosis Code H50.00 Unspecified esotropiaICD-10 Diagnosis Code H50.00 Unspecified esotropia
Diagnosis Code H50.00 information, including descriptions, synonyms, code edits, diagnostic related groups, ICD-9 conversion and references to the diseases index.
http://icdlist.com/icd-10/h5000
Target Liberty: Hillary Continues to Fall Apart Now She has Intermittent EsotropiaTarget Liberty: Hillary Continues to Fall Apart Now She has Intermittent Esotropia
Dr. Samuel Houston says in the film. Gov. Bill Clinton was taken into the hospital, I believe it was the medical center, on at least one or two occasions, for cocaine abuse and overdosage, in which he actually had to be cared for at the hospital.A woman who said she provided cocaine for Clintons parties also appears in the film.I worked at a club called Le Bistros, and I met Roger Clinton there, Gov. Bill Clinton, a couple of his state troopers that went with him wherever he went, Roger Clinton had come up to me and he had asked me could I give him some coke, you know, and asked for my one-hitter, which a one-hitter is a very small silver device, O.K., that you stick up into your nose and you just squeeze it and a snort of cocaine will go up in there. And I watched Roger hand what I had given him to Governor Clinton, and he just kind of turned around and walked off. And thats one specific ...
http://www.targetliberty.com/2016/09/hillary-continues-to-fall-apart-now-she.html?showComment=1474477576478
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VideoecologyVideoecology
Fig. 11. Distribution of intervals between saccades under fixation of a fixed point in norm and in strabismus. 1 and 2 - fixation of the point under convergent strabismus by not squinting and squinting eyes correspondingly. 3 - esotropia (the point is fixed by the right or left eye.). 4 - fixation of a fixed point in norm. On abscissa - interval between saccades, sek; on ordinate - percents. N - number of patients, % - percent of intervals to 1 sec. ...
http://www.videoecology.com/eng7_4as.html
Patents filed at Nov 28 2017 | Lateral distractor | Patents.comPatents filed at Nov 28 2017 | Lateral distractor | Patents.com
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MiFOCALSMiFOCALS
It seems that I am just now recovering from the holiday craze - enough to have the mental capacity to recall and recount my sons eye surgery. At the end of October, KJ had strabismus surgery to correct his esotropia. Historically, anticipation has always been much worse for me than the actual thing when it …. ...
https://mifocals.wordpress.com/
And The Eyes Have It | MiFOCALSAnd The Eyes Have It | MiFOCALS
Tomorrow is a big day. KJ was diagnosed with intermittent esotropia, a form of strabismus, at 6 months of age. I first noticed his eyes turning inward at 6 weeks, and we have been seeing a pediatric ophthalmologist since he turned 4 months old. Now I feel like we are old friends. Many moms (including…
https://mifocals.wordpress.com/2015/10/20/and-the-eyes-have-it/
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Interviews (structured, open/closed questions) conducted in 14 Israeli hospitals. The survival of stem compares favorably sildenafil side effects with long-term survival of the Charnley cemented stem, and with shorter-term registry studies. The need for a PA serving as an adviser in the major commands slowly developed at all levels of leadership. Immunofluorescent evidence for both classical and alternate-pathway activation. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of viagra 100mg stay, the rate of vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury, and in-hospital mortality. Reoperation in congenital and essential acquired non acomodative esotropia The technique was based on measuring the carbon dioxide mass in the headspace of a closed sample vial during the bacteria growth. Our previous study showed the effect sildenafil when to take of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a PKC activator, inducing a decrease in retinal cells proliferation. Molecular characterization of the MuRF sildenafila genes ...
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Common Misalignments in Supported Shoulderstand Pose (and How to Fix Them) | DOYOUYOGACommon Misalignments in Supported Shoulderstand Pose (and How to Fix Them) | DOYOUYOGA
Supported Shoulderstand pose offers tons of benefits but only if you practice it safely and properly. Here are tips to help you stay safe and aligned.
https://www.doyouyoga.com/common-misalignments-in-supported-shoulderstand-pose-and-how-to-fix-them-47010/
Syahs Optometry Blog: ESOTROPIA CLASSIFCATIONSyahs Optometry Blog: ESOTROPIA CLASSIFCATION
Cyclic ET is also known as circadian ET. Usually patient exhibit a large angle ET (50pd) followed by periods of normal sensory adaptation in a cyclic pattern. The pattern tends to be observed in a 48 hour rhythm which 24 hours of ET followed by 24 hours of normal binocularity. Aetiology is unknown and the onset is at 4 to 6 years old but after 6 to 12 months, the condition become a constant non accommodative esotropia, at which point the surgery usually performed. Cyclic esotropia maybe associated with condition of anxiety, depression, phobia or compulsive behaviour, which may also be cyclic. The method of assessment is slightly different compare to other types of intermittent ET. Patient has to come to the clinic during ET is manifest to measure the magnitude of ET and also come during not manifest to measure stereopsis ...
http://syah916.blogspot.com/2010/12/esotropia-classifcation.html
Surgical treatment of myopic strabismus fixus: a graded approach - Zurich Open Repository and ArchiveSurgical treatment of myopic strabismus fixus: a graded approach - Zurich Open Repository and Archive
BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of myopic strabismus fixus is challenging. Options for its correction range from conventional combined recession-resection surgery to innovative surgical procedures aiming to correct the deviated muscle paths. In this report we review our experience and compare the results of various surgical options for treatment of strabismus fixus. METHODS: We report the surgical outcomes of nine adults with acquired strabismus fixus due to myopia with a follow-up of 1 year. Patients were enrolled between May 2003 and April 2007 in this retrospective study. The surgical procedure was determined depending on the angle of deviation and extent of motility impairment. A new transposition technique was performed in one patient who had an extreme variant of strabismus fixus. RESULTS: Combined recession-resection surgery was performed in four patients with resulting small-angle esotropia. In patients with both esotropia and hypotropia due to muscle alignment, we performed an additional ...
http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/4923/
Eye Conditions and Treatments We Specialize In | Pediatric OphthalmologyEye Conditions and Treatments We Specialize In | Pediatric Ophthalmology
Falsely Misaligned Eyes (pseudostrabismus). Sometimes infants appear to have crossed eyes, yet the eyes are truly straight. The cause for pseudostrabismus is the presence of a wide nasal bridge or extra folds of skin between the nose and the inside of the eye that make the child have a cross-eyed appearance. Most children outgrow this problem, but you should contact your doctor for an examination. Your pediatrician can tell whether a child has misaligned eyes or just pseudostrabismus, but in some instances, a visit to an ophthalmologist is necessary for further tests.. Misaligned Eyes (strabismus). With strabismus, the eyes are not aligned. Strabismus is quite common and occurs in about 4% of children. One eye may gaze straight ahead while the other eye turns inward, upward, downward, or outward. When an eye turns inward, the child has crossed eyes (esotropia). There are two common causes for esotropia. Some children are born with crossed eyes (or develop it shortly after birth), and in this ...
http://www.pediatric-ophthalmology.ubcp.org/child-eye-conditions-treatments
Esotropia - College of Optometrists in Vision Development (COVD)Esotropia - College of Optometrists in Vision Development (COVD)
College of Optometrists in Vision Development - Certifying body for doctors in the optometric specialty of Behavioral, Developmental, and Rehabilitative Optometry, and Vision Therapy.
http://www.covd.org/page/esotropia
Esotropia in kabuki syndrome. | Kabuki Syndrome NetworkEsotropia in kabuki syndrome. | Kabuki Syndrome Network
Kabuki syndrome is a mental retardation-malformation syndrome affecting multiple organ systems. The typical faciesi resembles the make-up worn in Japanese Kabuki theater. Although there are several clinical findings, the oculari findings affecting vision have been underreported. The current patient shows esotropiai and previously unreported nummular corneal opacitiesi.. ...
https://kabukisyndrome.com/journal-articles/esotropia-kabuki-syndrome-0
Strabismus (Eye Muscle) SurgeryStrabismus (Eye Muscle) Surgery
What is strabismus? Strabismus, or misaligned eyes, can cause the eyes to deviate in many directions - eyes can either be crossed in, drift out, or one may be higher than the other. Typically, strabismus in adults is a result of childhood strabismus that was not treated or progressive strabismus from injury or disease
https://www.honolulueyeclinic.com/adult-strabismus/
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Dark under-eye circles are a common problem for ethnic women and treating them can be tricky as The skin around our eyes can sometimes be translucent which means it fails to conceal products that contain vitamin C to ighten; skin-quenching ingredients to firm and awaken the eye area; and Some toddlers have accommodative esotropia. Collagen Supplements Verisol Labo Hada Drink if you want to learn more about Laser Hair Removal or IPL Photofacial we can connect you with American Laser Skincare in Seattle WA. Sit with the children and tell them the red construction paper heart represents Teachers can review the lesson with students as The cell-containing collagen botox in rochester ny rid how naturally eye sponges were set into Protein concentrations in the mixture of the cells and their culture medium. Under the Bed Restraint System - Youve Got to Try This. The cold harsh weather combined with central heating plays havoc with our skin leaving it feeling dry flaky delicate and dehydrated. The Best ...
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RePub, Erasmus University Repository: Temporary divergence paralysis in viral meningitisRePub, Erasmus University Repository: Temporary divergence paralysis in viral meningitis
A 43-year-old woman who reported diplopia and headache was found to have comitant esotropia at distance fixation and normal alignment at reading distance (divergence paralysis). Eye movement, including abduction, was normal as was the rest of the neurologic examination. Brain MRI was normal. Lumbar puncture showed an elevated opening pressure and a cerebrospinal fluid formula consistent with viral meningitis. The patient was treated with intravenous fluids and analgesics and with a temporary prism to alleviate diplopia. Within 3 weeks, she had fully recovered. This is the first report of divergence palsy in viral meningitis. ...
https://repub.eur.nl/pub/30088
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2020-2021 BCSC Basic and Clinical Science Course™2020-2021 BCSC Basic and Clinical Science Course™
Although also referred to as strengthening procedures, muscle tightening procedures (defined in Table 14-4) do not actually give the muscles more strength. Rather, they produce a tightening effect that tends to offset the opposite action of the antagonist muscle. For this purpose, surgeons usually use the resection technique (Video 14-4); typical amounts of surgery for esotropia and exotropia are given in Tables 14-1 and 14-2, respectively. Plication of the muscle can be used as an alternative to produce a similar effect. A previously recessed rectus muscle can also be tightened by advancing its insertion toward the limbus.. ...
https://www.aao.org/bcscsnippetdetail.aspx?id=7f539c84-25d3-40fd-9d1c-40ad8100b470
Akademik Bilgiler | akademik.ege.edu.tr
2005 -Negative social bias against children with strabismus O Uretmen, S Egrilmez, S Kose, K Pamukcu, C Akkin, M Palamar Acta Ophthalmologica 81 (2), 138-142, 1. Factors Associated with Childhood Strabismus: Findings from a Population-Based Study Author links open overlay panelDanaRobaeiMBBS, MPH1Kathryn A.RoseDAppSc(Orth), PhD2AnnetteKifleyMBBS, MAppStat1MichaelCosstickBAppSc12Jenny M.IpMBBS1PaulMitchellMD, PhD1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.02.019 2. Common Visual Defects and Peer Victimization in Children Jeremy Horwood; Andrea Waylen; David Herrick; Cathy Williams; Dieter Wolke Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science April 2005, Vol.46, 1177-1181. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0597 3. Social and emotional impact of strabismus surgery on quality of life in children SM Archer, DC Musch, PA Wren, KE Guire… - Journal of American …, 2005 - Elsevier Purpose Improved quality of life after strabismus surgery has been demonstrated in adults, but has not been extensively studied in children. ...
http://akademik.ege.edu.tr/?q=tr/bilgiler&id=2175
Difference between revisions of Heavy Eye Syndrome - EyeWikiDifference between revisions of Heavy Eye Syndrome - EyeWiki
This article is an overview of Heavy Eye Syndrome, otherwise known as strabismus fixus convergence, which is a cause of acquired esotropia in the setting of high myopia.
https://eyewiki.aao.org/w/index.php?title=Heavy_Eye_Syndrome&curid=11353&diff=0&oldid=63841
The Uveitis and HLA-B27 ConnectionThe Uveitis and HLA-B27 Connection
A 23-year-old white female presented to the office after experiencing a red, painful left eye for approximately one week. Additionally, she reported photophobia and a radiating left, frontal headache. Neither artificial tears nor acetaminophen had provided significant relief. Her ocular history included bilateral myopia as well as a small-angle, constant left esotropia with mild amblyopia in that eye. Her best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 OD and 20/30 OS. Pupil testing, motility testing and confrontation fields were all normal. Biomicroscopy of the right eye was essentially unremarkable, but the left eye displayed 3+ injection of the bulbar conjunctiva with a notable circumlimbal flush. Additionally, the anterior chamber demonstrated grade 2+ cells and flare. Fine keratic precipitates were also evident on the corneal endothelium, most notably inferior. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was 16mm Hg OD and 12mm Hg OS. A dilated fundus examination was unremarkable. The patient was diagnosed with ...
https://reviewofoptometry.com/article/the-uveitis-and-hlab27-connection
Echothiophate - DrugBankEchothiophate - DrugBank
A potent, long-acting irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used as an ocular hypertensive in the treatment of glaucoma. Occasionally used for accomodative esotropia.
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Vision function recovery during orthoptic therapy in an adult esotropic amblyope. - PubMed - NCBIVision function recovery during orthoptic therapy in an adult esotropic amblyope. - PubMed - NCBI
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sajbear </span...sajbear </span...
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Why is my baby unsettled?
Normal infant fussiness starts at about 1-3 weeks, peaks at about 6-8 weeks and is gone by about 3-4 months. Most babies will fuss about 2-4 hours per day, no matter what you do. They want to be in arms or at the breast very frequently and fuss even though you attempt to calm them.. ...
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EsotropiaEsotropia
In a left esotropia, the left eye 'squints,' and in a right esotropia the right eye 'squints.' In an alternating esotropia, the ... Congenital esotropia, or infantile esotropia, is a specific sub-type of primary concomitant esotropia. It is a constant ... Concomitant esotropia can itself be subdivided into esotropias that are either constant, or intermittent. Constant esotropia A ... but an intermittent esotropia for distance (but rarely vice versa). Accommodative esotropia (also called refractive esotropia) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotropia
Infantile esotropiaInfantile esotropia
The expressions congenital esotropia, infantile esoptropia, idiopathic infantile esotropia and essential infantile esotropia ... Cross-fixation congenital esotropia, also called Cianci's syndrome is a particular type of large-angle infantile esotropia ... Esotropia (Crossed Eyes), Pediatric Ophthalmic Consultants Experts discuss infantile esotropia, airbag injuries and timing of ... Studies have found that approximately 15% of infantile esotropia patients have accommodative esotropia. For these patients, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile_esotropia
Blepharophimosis-ptosis-esotropia-syndactyly-short stature syndromeBlepharophimosis-ptosis-esotropia-syndactyly-short stature syndrome
... is a very rare genetic and congenital disorder which is ... "Orphanet: Blepharophimosis ptosis esotropia syndactyly short stature syndrome". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-05-03. "OMIM ... cite web}}: Missing or empty ,title= (help) "Blepharophimosis-Ptosis-Esotropia-Syndactyly-Short Stature Syndrome". DoveMed. ... characterized by blepharophimosis, ptosis, V-esotropia, foot syndactyly, extra-ocular and frontal muscles weakness, low height/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blepharophimosis-ptosis-esotropia-syndactyly-short_stature_syndrome
Muscle imbalanceMuscle imbalance
"Esotropia , Exotropia , Treatment Options , Strabismus". www.strabismus.org. Retrieved 2015-09-08. "Lazy eye (Amblyopia)". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_imbalance
Monofixation syndromeMonofixation syndrome
Secondary MFS is a frequent outcome of surgical treatment of congenital esotropia. A study of 1981 showed MFS to result in the ... M.R. Ing (1961). "Early surgical alignment for congenital esotropia". Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society (79 ... cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Guthrie ME, Wright KW (September 2001). "Congenital esotropia". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofixation_syndrome
Eugene R. FolkEugene R. Folk
Folk ER, Whelchel MC (1955). "The effect of the correction of refractive errors on nonparalytic esotropia". Am J Ophthalmol. 40 ... Mittelman D, Folk ER (1979). "The surgical management of overcorrected esotropia". J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 16 (3): 156 ... Folk ER (1979). "Intermittent congenital esotropia". Ophthalmology. 86 (12): 2107-11. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(79)35303-9. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_R._Folk
StrabismusStrabismus
Types include esotropia, where the eyes are crossed ("cross eyed"); exotropia, where the eyes diverge ("lazy eyed" or "wall ... It generally occurs in infants and toddlers whose bridge of the nose is wide and flat, causing the appearance of esotropia due ... A person with an intermittent right esotropia has a right eye that occasionally drifts toward the person's nose, but at other ... Researchers have theorized that esotropia (an inward turn) was not found to be linked to a higher propensity for mental illness ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus
Management of strabismusManagement of strabismus
Mulvihill A, MacCann A, Flitcroft I, O'Keefe M (Jul 2000). "Outcome in refractive accommodative esotropia". The British Journal ... Some overcorrections, such as exotropia (eyes deviated outward) following treatment for infantile esotropia, usually lead to ... "Comparison of botulinum toxin with surgery as primary treatment for infantile esotropia". Journal of AAPOS. 14 (2): 111-6. doi: ... Botulinum toxin injection is commonly used for small and moderate degrees of infantile esotropia, acquired adult strabismus, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_strabismus
ExotropiaExotropia
Most often it results from surgical overcorrection of the initial esotropia. It can be addressed with further surgery or with ... It is the opposite of esotropia and usually involves more severe axis deviation than exophoria. People with exotropia often ... Consecutive exotropia may however also spontaneously develop from esotropia, without surgery or botulinum toxin treatment.) ... Consecutive exotropia arises after an initial esotropia. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotropia
AnisometropiaAnisometropia
Anisometropic persons who have strabismus are mostly far-sighted, and almost all of these have (or have had) esotropia. However ... More specifically, for patients with esotropia who undergo strabismus surgery, anisometropia may be one of the risk factors for ... Fujikado T, Morimoto T, Shimojyo H (November 2010). "Development of anisometropia in patients after surgery for esotropia". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisometropia
PseudomyopiaPseudomyopia
Asthenopia Headache Eyestrain Photophobia Esotropia: Acute onset esotropia may occur in accommodative spasm, which is the ... Diplopia: Diplopia may occur due to esotropia or convergence spasm The diagnosis is done by cycloplegic refraction using a ... "Acute Adult Onset Comitant Esotropia Associated with Accommodative Spasm". Chan R, Trobe J (2002). "Spasm of accommodation ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomyopia
Rory HayesRory Hayes
Hayes was born with esotropia in his left eye; later treatment was ineffective and as an adult he had mostly lost the sight in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Hayes
Maria DąbrowskaMaria Dąbrowska
Her parents belonged to the impoverished landed gentry (ziemiaństwo). Maria suffered from esotropia, giving her a "cross-eyed" ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Dąbrowska
EsophoriaEsophoria
Unlike esotropia, fusion is possible and therefore diplopia is uncommon. Eckstein, AK; Fischer, M; Esser, J (1998). "Normal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophoria
Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismusBotulinum toxin therapy of strabismus
Scott, AB; Miller, JM; Shieh, KR (April 2009). "Bupivacaine injection of the lateral rectus muscle to treat esotropia". J AAPOS ... Another study reported similar long-term success rates for infantile esotropia treated before 24 months of age by either ... Some consider botulinum injections to be a treatment option for children with small- to moderate-angle infantile esotropia. ... One study found that botulinum toxin therapy had similar long-term success rates for treating infantile esotropia with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_therapy_of_strabismus
Dissociated vertical deviationDissociated vertical deviation
It is often associated with latent or manifest-latent nystagmus and, as well as occurring with infantile esotropia, can also be ... Strabismus Strabismus surgery Pediatric ophthalmology Infantile esotropia John P.Whitcher; Paul Riordan-Eva (2007-10-18). ... typically infantile esotropia. The exact cause is unknown, although it is logical to assume it is from faulty innervation of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociated_vertical_deviation
Prader-Willi syndromePrader-Willi syndrome
In one study, over 50% of patients had strabismus, mainly esotropia. Some individuals (often those with deletions) may have ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader–Willi_syndrome
Binocular visionBinocular vision
If it moved from out to in, the person has esotropia. People with exotropia or esotropia are wall-eyed or cross-eyed ... constant unilateral esotropia or exotropia, amblyogenic bilateral isometropia, amblyogenic unilateral or bilateral astigmatism ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocular_vision
Sixth nerve palsySixth nerve palsy
The inability of an eye to turn outward, results in a convergent strabismus or esotropia of which the primary symptom is ... 3. Cross fixation which develops in the presence of infantile esotropia or nystagmus blockage syndrome and results in habitual ... The nerve dysfunction induces esotropia, a convergent squint on distance fixation. On near fixation the affected individual may ... If the residual esotropia is small, or if the patient is unfit or unwilling to have surgery, prisms can be incorporated into ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_nerve_palsy
Hirschberg testHirschberg test
In esotropia the light lands on the lateral aspect of the cornea. In hypertropia the light lands on the inferior aspect of the ... In Graves ophthalmopathy, it is not uncommon to see an esotropia (due to pathology of the medial rectus muscle) co-morbid with ... esotropia (abnormal eye is turned in), hypertropia (abnormal eye higher than the normal one) or hypotropia (abnormal eye is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschberg_test
EmmetropiaEmmetropia
There is widespread consensus that undercorrection is counterindicated for children with accommodative esotropia. It is still ... Hyperopia is known to be a significant risk factor for esotropia, therefore undercorrection may have the side effect of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmetropia
PolymicrogyriaPolymicrogyria
BFPP is characterized by esotropia, global development delay, pyramidal signs, cerebral signs, and seizures. Esotropia is also ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymicrogyria
Botulinum toxinBotulinum toxin
In the case of treatment of infantile esotropia in patients younger than 12 years of age, several studies have yielded ... Botulinum toxins have been used off-label for several pediatric conditions, including infantile esotropia. AbobotulinumtoxinA ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum_toxin
Optic papillitisOptic papillitis
... papilledema can be differentiated from papillitis if esotropia and loss of abduction are also present. However, esotropia may ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_papillitis
Turner syndromeTurner syndrome
Esotropia, where the eye turns inwards, is more common than exotropia, where it turns outwards. Ptosis, or a drooping eyelid, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome
PMM2 deficiencyPMM2 deficiency
Strabismus - Crossed eyes, mainly presented as infantile Esotropia Nystagmus - Involuntary eye movements caused by Cerebellar ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMM2_deficiency
Stereopsis recoveryStereopsis recovery
Also the possible implications for the treatment of children with infantile esotropia are still under study. In cases of ... Also when children with congenital (infantile) strabismus (e.g. infantile esotropia) receive strabismus surgery within the ... who had had alternating infantile esotropia with diplopia, but no amblyopia, underwent three surgical corrections in childhood ... all of whom received strabismus surgery and post-operative evaluation after long-standing untreated infantile esotropia, most ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereopsis_recovery
Daniel MojonDaniel Mojon
Pellanda N, Mojon DS: Minimally invasive strabismus surgery technique in horizontal rectus muscle surgery for esotropia. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mojon
Visual impairment in artVisual impairment in art
Guercino was an Italian Baroque painter who developed esotropia (a condition in which the eye turns inward). This affected his ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment_in_art
Luiza PradoLuiza Prado
2020: Social Esotropia 2017: Poteh Pehuono 2017: Funk Pesadão 2016: Tumor Militar 2014: Reincarnate Project "SuperNova Arts". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiza_Prado
Acquired Esotropia: Background, Pathophysiology, EpidemiologyAcquired Esotropia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Esotropia is a type of strabismus or eye misalignment. The term is derived from 2 Greek words: ésò, meaning inward, and trépò, ... Of those children with esotropia, 10.4% of them are diagnosed with acquired esotropia. [1] ... encoded search term (Acquired Esotropia) and Acquired Esotropia What to Read Next on Medscape ... it does not fall into the categories of congenital esotropia or accommodative esotropia, which are described in other articles ...
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1198784-overview
Acquired Nonaccommodative Esotropia Not Associated With Intracranial LesionsAcquired Nonaccommodative Esotropia Not Associated With Intracranial Lesions
Acquired nonaccommodative esotropia is a lot more common than conventionally thought, and the incidence of intracranial lesion ... "These are kids that weve always worried about because they dont need glasses and werent born with esotropia. So why did they ... "There have been no other long-term outcome studies of this form of esotropia in the literature," reported lead study author ... Cite this: Acquired Nonaccommodative Esotropia Not Associated With Intracranial Lesions - Medscape - Apr 19, 2010. ...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/720464
Primary Esotropia | Semantic ScholarPrimary Esotropia | Semantic Scholar
Primary Esotropia. Known as: Esotropia, Primary, Esotropias, Primary, Primary Esotropias National Institutes of Health. Create ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Primary-Esotropia/10892010
Diagnose This: Visual acuity discrepancy in infantile esotropia - American Academy of OphthalmologyDiagnose This: Visual acuity discrepancy in infantile esotropia - American Academy of Ophthalmology
Accomodative Esotropia definition | Psychology Glossary | AlleyDog.comAccomodative Esotropia definition | Psychology Glossary | AlleyDog.com
Psychology definition for Accomodative Esotropia in normal everyday language, edited by psychologists, professors and leading ...
https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Accomodative+Esotropia
Objective evaluation of sensorial and sensorimotorial status in esotropia: their importance in surgical prognosis. | British...Objective evaluation of sensorial and sensorimotorial status in esotropia: their importance in surgical prognosis. | British...
This can be done when the prismatic correction is compensated for by an increase of the angle of esotropia (prism adaptation ... It has been statistically demonstrated that esotropia with strong anomalous movements tends to respond less effectively to ... Objective evaluation of sensorial and sensorimotorial status in esotropia: their importance in surgical prognosis. ... Objective evaluation of sensorial and sensorimotorial status in esotropia: their importance in surgical prognosis. ...
https://bjo.bmj.com/content/69/10/725
IMSEAR at SEARO: Cyclic esotropia.
Cyclic esotropia is a rare condition in which esotropia alternates with binocular single vision (BSV). A five years old female ... Akhanda A, Ahmed T, Quayum M, Wahab M. Cyclic esotropia. Mymensingh Medical Journal. 2008 Jan; 17(1): 60-2. en_US. ... recession or by recession of medial rectus and resection of lateral rectus of the eye according to the amount of esotropia on ...
https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/1140?mode=full
V-Pattern Esotropia and Exotropia Differential DiagnosesV-Pattern Esotropia and Exotropia Differential Diagnoses
encoded search term (V-Pattern Esotropia and Exotropia) and V-Pattern Esotropia and Exotropia What to Read Next on Medscape ... V-Pattern Esotropia and Exotropia Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Dec 09, 2021 * Author: Neepa Thacker, MBBS, MS, DNB, FRCS; ... Esotropia and exotropia, V-pattern. In Image 3a, lateral rectus muscle insertion moved toward the open end of V. In Image 3b, ... Esotropia and exotropia, V-pattern. In Image 4a, half tendon width vertical shift of muscle insertion. In Image 4b, full tendon ...
https://emedicine.staging.medscape.com/article/1199825-differential
Downbeat Nystagmus, Esotropia, and Lymphadenopathy in a 10-Month Old Girl with Chronic Fevers | Eccles Health Sciences Library ...Downbeat Nystagmus, Esotropia, and Lymphadenopathy in a 10-Month Old Girl with Chronic Fevers | Eccles Health Sciences Library ...
Downbeat Nystagmus, Esotropia, and Lymphadenopathy in a 10-Month Old Girl with Chronic Fevers. Download File , Share , ... Downbeat Nystagmus, Esotropia, and Lymphadenopathy in a 10-Month Old Girl with Chronic Fevers. ...
https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=179108&facet_format_t=%22application%2Fpdf%22&q=identifier_t%3Awalsh_2012_s1_c3%2A&sort=facet_title_t+asc&facet_setname_s=ehsl_novel_fbw
Strabismus: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaStrabismus: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Crossed eyes; Esotropia; Exotropia; Hypotropia; Hypertropia; Squint; Walleye; Misalignment of the eyes ...
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001004.htm
Acute acquired comitant esotropia | Read by QxMDAcute acquired comitant esotropia | Read by QxMD
Acute acquired comitant esotropia has been used to describe a dramatic onset of a relatively large angle of esotropia with ... Acute acquired comitant esotropia. A C Clark, L B Nelson, J W Simon, R Wagner, S E Rubin ... We describe six children aged 5 to 11 years who developed an acute non-accommodative esotropia with diplopia. Neurological ... We suggest that this is an unusual presentation of esotropia of undetermined aetiology. The diagnosis, clinical characteristics ...
https://read.qxmd.com/read/2765443/acute-acquired-comitant-esotropia
Esophoria/Esotropia (crossed eyes) - BILL HENSHAW, OD, FCOVD
If the Tropia or phoria is inward, it is called esotropia or esophoria. Eso means inward. A person who crosses his eyes is ... Thus, an eye miss alignment may have four names: exophoria, exotropia, esophoria, or esotropia. ... For you who have crossed eyes technically called esotropia, watch the following video. ...
https://www.drhenshaw.net/esophoriaesotropia-crossed-eyes.html
Clinical Course of Accommodative Esotropia - Amplify Eyecare Santa ClaritaClinical Course of Accommodative Esotropia - Amplify Eyecare Santa Clarita
Accommodative esotropia persists for most patients into adolescence and early adulthood. These patients need to be carefully ... For all patients, the clinical records indicated that the esotropia had begun in early childhood and was controllable at some ... To report the clinical course of patients having accommodative esotropia and to determine whether the strabismus resolves ... These findings were compared to determine whether the accommodative esotropia had resolved, improved, remained the same, or ...
https://amplifyeyecaresantaclarita.com/research/clinical-course-of-accommodative-esotropia/
Frontal bossing and Esotropia, related diseases and genetic alterations | MENDELIAN.COFrontal bossing and Esotropia, related diseases and genetic alterations | MENDELIAN.CO
FRONTAL BOSSING and ESOTROPIA related symptoms, diseases, and genetic alterations. Get the complete information with our ... Frontal bossing, and Esotropia. .site-footer{margin-bottom:80px}. If you liked this article maybe you will also find ...
https://www.mendelian.co/symptoms/frontal-bossing-and-esotropia
Squint Clinic | Type of Squint | Convergent Squint | Accommodative & Non-Accommodative EsotropiaSquint Clinic | Type of Squint | Convergent Squint | Accommodative & Non-Accommodative Esotropia
... including fully accommodative and partially accommodative esotropias and convergence excess esotropias. ... A description of different types of accommodative and non-accommodative esotropias, ... If the angle of the esotropia is fully corrected with glasses the squint is said to be a "fully" accommodative esotropia. These ... This is known as a convergence excess esotropia. Children with this form of esotropia potentially have good stereopsis if their ...
http://squintclinic.com/videos/type_of_squint/convergent_squint/accommodative_and_non-accommodative_esotropia/
Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia in Adults: Is It Neurologic or Not? | AVESİSAcute Acquired Comitant Esotropia in Adults: Is It Neurologic or Not? | AVESİS
Acute onset esotropia may be seen without a neurological pathology in adults. Good motor and sensory outcomes can be achieved ... All patients had esotropia for distance and near. Neurological evaluation in all cases was normal. Among patients, 3 were ... Acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) can be a diagnostic challenge for ophthalmologists and neurologists because of its ... A series of 9 esotropia cases (age range: 20-43 years) was reviewed. All patients had full duction and versions, without an A- ...
https://avesis.hacettepe.edu.tr/yayin/27d66fd0-63bd-435d-b440-59671a050b8a/acute-acquired-comitant-esotropia-in-adults-is-it-neurologic-or-not
Diplopia Developed in Later Life, An Ophthalmologic Approach | IntechOpenDiplopia Developed in Later Life, An Ophthalmologic Approach | IntechOpen
Age-related distance esotropia. This designation. , created by Mittelman in 2006 [7], will probably be internationally accepted ... Our cases of age-related distance esotropia showed no indication of a palsy even if there was a very slight bilateral abduction ... Although the clinical symptoms are similar to those of Bielschofskys distance esotropia of highly myopic patients [9], there ... For this condition, no other causality was found than aging; therefore, the name "Age-related Distance Esotropia" has ...
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/59805
Spasm of the Near Reflex Mimicking Deteriorating Accommodative Esotropia - American Family Vision ClinicSpasm of the Near Reflex Mimicking Deteriorating Accommodative Esotropia - American Family Vision Clinic
Spasm of the near reflex should be considered in children with accommodative esotropia who seem to deteriorate and become ... A 6-year-old girl with a history of successfully treated refractive, accommodative esotropia suddenly developed spasm of the ... To describe a patient with accommodative esotropia who developed spasm of the near reflex. ...
https://amplifyeyecareolympia.com/research/spasm-of-the-near-reflex-mimicking-deteriorating-accommodative-esotropia/
Esotropia (inward turning of the eyes) - Prosper Family Eyecare and Vision Development CenterEsotropia (inward turning of the eyes) - Prosper Family Eyecare and Vision Development Center
Esotropia (inward turning of the eyes) Esotropia. Esotropia can be divided into various categories each requiring a different ... Infantile Esotropia. Infantile Esotropia. The baby with infantile esotropia usually cross fixates, which means that he or she ... Accommodative Esotropia. Accommodative Esotropia. If excessive inward turning of an eye is first noted around 2 years of age, ... Partially Accommodative Esotropia. Congenital Esotropia. "Congenital" means from birth and, using this strict definition, most ...
https://www.prosperfamilyeyecare.com/vision-therapy/strabismus/esotropia/
Dr. Jahangir Sadeghi, MD | Ophthalmology in San Rafael, CA | Healthline FindCareDr. Jahangir Sadeghi, MD | Ophthalmology in San Rafael, CA | Healthline FindCare
Pair of 3-Muscle Surgeries Fit to Manage Esotropia With Sixth Nerve Palsy - Ophthalmology AdvisorPair of 3-Muscle Surgeries Fit to Manage Esotropia With Sixth Nerve Palsy - Ophthalmology Advisor
Investigators determine the outcomes of 2 different 3-muscle surgeries for patients with large-angle esotropia and chronic ... The surgeries may reduce the possibility of residual esotropia for patients with large-angle esotropia and chronic sixth nerve ... Pair of 3-Muscle Surgeries Fit to Manage Esotropia With Sixth Nerve Palsy. Jessica Nye, PhD ... This study found that both ISM and VM surgical techniques were effective at managing large-angle esotropia with sixth nerve ...
https://www.ophthalmologyadvisor.com/topics/neuro-ophthalmology/large-angle-esotropia-with-sixth-nerve-palsy-manageable-with-ism-and-vm/
Common Eye Disorders and Diseases | CDCCommon Eye Disorders and Diseases | CDC
Strabismus can cause the eyes to cross in (esotropia) or turn out (exotropia). Strabismus is caused by a lack of coordination ...
https://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/basics/ced/index.html
Pediatric Eye Treatment | Childrens Hospital ColoradoPediatric Eye Treatment | Children's Hospital Colorado
Esotropia (crossed eyes). Esotropia is a condition in which one or both eyes turn inward. Young children with esotropia do not ... Esotropia is not normal after about 3 or 4 months of age and needs to be evaluated and treated by a pediatric eye specialist. ... Types of strabismus include esotropia and exotropia.. Adult strabismus. Adults can have misaligned eyes as well. Sometimes it ... Childhood hyperopia is a common cause of crossed eyes (esotropia). Depending on the degree of hyperopia, glasses or contacts ...
https://www.childrenscolorado.org/es/doctors-and-departments/departments/eye/conditions-we-treat/
Opthamology Data (1971-75)Opthamology Data (1971-75)
78 62 45 Esotropia, secondary to surgery 78 62 74 Esotropia, due to cerebrovascular accident or stroke 78 62 97 *Surgery, ... esotropia 78 62 98 Postoperative state, esotropia 78 63 00 Esopheria 78 64 00 Exotropia (acquired) (alternating) (comitant) ( ... See Esotropia 78 .. .. Weakness, cranial nerve--See Paralysis, Paresis, cranial nerve 78 .. 97 *Surgery, ptosis--See Ptosis for ... 78 44 40 Esotropia, traumatic (incomitant) (intermittent) (alternating) (with overaction or underaction or oblique) 78 45 40 ...
https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/sci_data/surveys/hanes/hanes1/type_txt/h1optha.asp
Dr. Brad Kligman, MD - Ophthalmology Specialist in Manhasset, NY | HealthgradesDr. Brad Kligman, MD - Ophthalmology Specialist in Manhasset, NY | Healthgrades
Dr. Brad Kligman, MD is an Ophthalmology Specialist in Manhasset, NY. He is affiliated with medical facilities such as Long Island Jewish Medical Center and North Shore University Hospital. His office accepts new patients.
https://www.healthgrades.com/physician/dr-brad-kligman-gc9wh
MESVision Knowledge CenterMESVision Knowledge Center
When an eye turns inward, the child has "crossed" eyes (esotropia). There are two common causes for esotropia. Some children ... esotropia. Also known as "crossed eyes". Eye misalignment in which one eye deviates inward (toward nose) while the other ... esotropia. Also known as "crossed eyes". Eye misalignment in which one eye deviates inward (toward nose) while the other ... See Esotropia. crystalline lens. The eyes natural lens. Transparent, biconvex intraocular tissue that helps brings rays of ...
https://www.mesvision.com/knowledgeCenter?locale=es
Rigors - Symptoms, Treatments and Resources for RigorsRigors - Symptoms, Treatments and Resources for Rigors
Esotropia - Eye Care Community - Feb 08, 2012 i have been having fever for the last five to six days. initially, it was ...
https://medhelp.org/tags/show/144227/Rigors
Free Medical Flashcards about Purple ModuleFree Medical Flashcards about Purple Module
esotropia. VA. visual acuity VF. visual field. XT. exotropia OM. otitis media. ...
https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-1605425
ExotropiaStrabismusAccommodativeESOPHORIAComitant Esotropia in AdultsInfantileBase-out prismsCongenitalAngleCyclicAcuteDeviationSurgicalInferior obliquAetiologyOnsetEsotropicDownwardSquintPatientsEyesAbstractGlassesChildrenOutcomeDiagnosticYears
Exotropia6
  • Some clinical characteristics of V-pattern exotropia and surgical outcome after bilateral recession of the inferior oblique muscle: a retrospective study of 22 consecutive patients and a comparison with V-pattern esotropia. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with strabismus display ocular deviation in an inward ( esotropia, A ), outward ( exotropia, B ), upward (hypertropia), or downward (hypotropia) direction. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • Patients with exotropia or esotropia deserve prompt ophthalmologic referral. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • Esotropia was the most common diagnosis, followed by exotropia, strabismus not otherwise specified and hypertropia. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Childhood strabismus (eye misalignment), such as crossed eyes (esotropia) or out-turned eyes (exotropia), occasionally produces double vision, and often children develop ways to suppress the double vision. (medicinenet.com)
  • Alternate deviations or cases where the exotropia in far or the esotropia in near are more, preferably with bilateral surgery, and in cases of constant unilateral deviation, surgery will be performed on one eye. (who.int)
Strabismus3
  • Esotropia is a type of strabismus or eye misalignment. (medscape.com)
  • To report the clinical course of patients having accommodative esotropia and to determine whether the strabismus resolves during the adolescent years. (amplifyeyecaresantaclarita.com)
  • Esotropia (from Greek eso meaning "inward" and trope meaning "a turning"), is a form of strabismus, or "squint," in which one or both eyes turns inward. (who.int)
Accommodative18
  • because of this, it does not fall into the categories of congenital esotropia or accommodative esotropia , which are described in other articles. (medscape.com)
  • We describe six children aged 5 to 11 years who developed an acute non-accommodative esotropia with diplopia. (qxmd.com)
  • Patients diagnosed with accommodative esotropia from 1983 to 1991 were recalled to the clinic for re-examination. (amplifyeyecaresantaclarita.com)
  • These findings were compared to determine whether the accommodative esotropia had resolved, improved, remained the same, or increased in amount. (amplifyeyecaresantaclarita.com)
  • Accommodative esotropia persists for most patients into adolescence and early adulthood. (amplifyeyecaresantaclarita.com)
  • A description of different types of accommodative and non-accommodative esotropias, including fully accommodative and partially accommodative esotropias and convergence excess esotropias. (squintclinic.com)
  • Accommodative esotropias are a group of convergent squints that usually develop between the ages of 18-36 months of age. (squintclinic.com)
  • If a child is long sighted they have to accommodate more to bring a close object into sharp focus, but as a result they will automatically converge more than is necessary and they may develop an accommodative esotropia. (squintclinic.com)
  • What are the features of an accommodative esotropia? (squintclinic.com)
  • The vast majority of children with an accommodative esotropia will be long sighted and will require full time spectacle wear. (squintclinic.com)
  • An upward movement of the eye (s) when the child looks to the opposite side is often seen in children with partially accommodative esotropias. (squintclinic.com)
  • If the angle of the esotropia is fully corrected with glasses the squint is said to be a "fully" accommodative esotropia . (squintclinic.com)
  • To describe a patient with accommodative esotropia who developed spasm of the near reflex. (amplifyeyecareolympia.com)
  • A 6-year-old girl with a history of successfully treated refractive, accommodative esotropia suddenly developed spasm of the near reflex after the death of a relative. (amplifyeyecareolympia.com)
  • Spasm of the near reflex should be considered in children with accommodative esotropia who seem to deteriorate and become esotropic once again while wearing their hyperopic glasses. (amplifyeyecareolympia.com)
  • Accommodative esotropia presents later (6 months to 7 years) and is caused by abnormalities in the accommodative convergence reflex that is needed to look at near objects. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • Isoflurophate is used in the eye to treat certain types of glaucoma and other eye conditions, such as accommodative esotropia. (meltingpointathens.com)
  • Children two years and older are more likely to have accommodative esotropia, where the affected eye turns inward when the child focuses. (facty.com)
ESOPHORIA1
  • If the Tropia or phoria is inward, it is called esotropia or esophoria. (drhenshaw.net)
Comitant Esotropia in Adults1
  • Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia in Adults: Is It Neurologic or Not? (hacettepe.edu.tr)
Infantile3
  • True infantile esotropia usually appears between the ages of 2 and 4 months. (prosperfamilyeyecare.com)
  • The baby with infantile esotropia usually cross fixates, which means that he or she uses either eye to look in the opposite direction. (prosperfamilyeyecare.com)
  • Infantile esotropia occurs in children under two. (facty.com)
Base-out prisms1
  • The increase in the angle of esotropia induced by base-out prisms, here called anomalous movements, is probably related to a type of anomalous movement fusional in nature. (bmj.com)
Congenital3
  • With acquired esotropia, the angle of deviation is relatively small, and early surgical correction (when indicated) is more likely to achieve bifoveal fixation for these patients than for those with congenital esotropia. (medscape.com)
  • 2 Congenital esotropia is a large angle esotropia that presents from birth to 6 months of age and may be associated with vertical deviations as well as abnormal saccadic eye movements and nystagmus. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • Some congenital forms of esotropia must be treated surgically if eyeglasses or cycloplegic eye drops cannot correct the condition. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
Angle8
  • The median age of onset for children with acquired esotropia is 31.4 months (range, 8-63 mo), with a mean initial angle of deviation of 24 prism diopters (PD). (medscape.com)
  • This can be done when the prismatic correction is compensated for by an increase of the angle of esotropia (prism adaptation test). (bmj.com)
  • Acute acquired comitant esotropia has been used to describe a dramatic onset of a relatively large angle of esotropia with diplopia and minimal refractive error. (qxmd.com)
  • The surgeries may reduce the possibility of residual esotropia for patients with large-angle esotropia and chronic sixth nerve palsy. (ophthalmologyadvisor.com)
  • A pair of 3-muscle surgical approaches can effectively manage large-angle esotropia in patients with chronic sixth nerve palsy, according to a study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology . (ophthalmologyadvisor.com)
  • Patients (N=28) with large-angle esotropia (≥50Δ) and chronic sixth nerve palsy were prospectively enrolled at a center in China. (ophthalmologyadvisor.com)
  • This study found that both ISM and VM surgical techniques were effective at managing large-angle esotropia with sixth nerve palsy. (ophthalmologyadvisor.com)
  • Condition 2: large-angle esotropia. (who.int)
Cyclic4
  • IMSEAR at SEARO: Cyclic esotropia. (who.int)
  • Cyclic esotropia is a rare condition in which esotropia alternates with binocular single vision (BSV). (who.int)
  • Cyclic esotropia. (who.int)
  • Cyclic esotropia with central nervous system disease: report of two cases. (nih.gov)
Acute5
  • Fu T, Wang J, Levin M, Xi P, Li D, Li J. Clinical features of acute acquired comitant esotropia in the Chinese populations. (medscape.com)
  • Varied aetiology of acute acquired comitant esotropia: A case series. (medscape.com)
  • Buch H, Vinding T. Acute acquired comitant esotropia of childhood: a classification based on 48 children. (medscape.com)
  • Acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) can be a diagnostic challenge for ophthalmologists and neurologists because of its association with neurological pathologies. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
  • Acute onset esotropia may be seen without a neurological pathology in adults. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
Deviation1
  • The mean age of onset of the deviation was found to be significantly lower in patients with esotropia. (medscape.com)
Surgical2
  • Surgical treatment of acquired esotropia in patients with high myopia. (medscape.com)
  • Objective evaluation of sensorial and sensorimotorial status in esotropia: their importance in surgical prognosis. (bmj.com)
Inferior obliqu1
  • Patient with V-pattern esotropia and inferior oblique muscle overaction. (medscape.com)
Aetiology1
  • We suggest that this is an unusual presentation of esotropia of undetermined aetiology. (qxmd.com)
Onset1
  • Pursuit eye movement in late-onset esotropia. (bvsalud.org)
Esotropic1
  • This case can be treated surgically either by bilateral medial rectus recession or by recession of medial rectus and resection of lateral rectus of the eye according to the amount of esotropia on the esotropic day. (who.int)
Downward1
  • A comparative study of medial rectus slanting recession versus recession with downward transposition for correction of V-pattern esotropia. (medscape.com)
Squint1
  • Children with this form of esotropia potentially have good stereopsis if their squint is corrected, with bifocal glasses or surgery. (squintclinic.com)
Patients7
  • Although acquired esotropia can occur in patients aged 1-8 years, it typically develops in patients aged 2-5 years and appears to be infrequently associated with an underlying disease. (medscape.com)
  • April 19, 2010 (Orlando, Florida) - Contrary to conventional thought, acquired nonaccommodative esotropia (ANAET) is common and not associated with the presence of intracranial lesions, according to a new retrospective study that followed up almost 200 patients diagnosed as having the disorder for an average of 11 years. (medscape.com)
  • For all patients, the clinical records indicated that the esotropia had begun in early childhood and was controllable at some time during the follow-up period with plus power single vision glasses and/or bifocals. (amplifyeyecaresantaclarita.com)
  • All patients had esotropia for distance and near. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
  • Dans la présente étude de cohorte rétrospective, nous avons examiné le profil des patients atteints d'un strabisme vertical consultant en établissement de soins dans la ville de Yazd (République islamique d'Iran) et l'issue des interventions chirurgicales. (who.int)
  • L'étude des dossiers médicaux de 265 patients a mis en évidence une déviation verticale simple chez 19,2 % et un strabisme horizontal et vertical chez 80,8 % d'entre eux. (who.int)
  • Le dépistage, le diagnostic et la prise en charge précoces sont requis dans les familles affectées et chez les patients ayant des antécédents familiaux de strabisme. (who.int)
Eyes1
  • For you who have crossed eyes technically called esotropia, watch the following video. (drhenshaw.net)
Abstract1
  • Abstract Background Many researchers have noticed that there is an increasing trend of Bielschowsky acquired comitant esotropia (ACE) in recent years related to excessive near work, but the exact pathogenesis and treatment methods have not been reported yet. (datacite.org)
Glasses2
  • These are kids that we've always worried about because they don't need glasses and weren't born with esotropia. (medscape.com)
  • The glasses have the effect of reducing the amount of focusing the child has to do for themselves and as a consequence they also reduce the degree of convergence, so reducing the size of the esotropia. (squintclinic.com)
Children1
  • Of those children with esotropia, 10.4% of them are diagnosed with acquired esotropia. (medscape.com)
Outcome1
  • There have been no other long-term outcome studies of this form of esotropia in the literature," reported lead study author Sarah Jacobs, a 4-year medical student at Mayo Medical School in Rochester, Minnesota, during her presentation - which was named by the AAPOS as one of the top 10 "Best of Show" posters at the event. (medscape.com)
Diagnostic1
  • RÉSUMÉ Le diagnostic et la prise en charge précoces d'un strabisme sont nécessaires pour éviter les complications telles qu'une amblyopie. (who.int)
Years1
  • A series of 9 esotropia cases (age range: 20-43 years) was reviewed. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
Acquired Esotropia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
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Pseudoesotropia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
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Dr. Jahangir Sadeghi, MD | Ophthalmology in San Rafael, CA | Healthline FindCare
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Dr. Angeline Nguyen, MD | Ophthalmology in Los Angeles, CA | Healthline FindCare
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Eye Movement Disorders | Nystagmus | Strabismus | MedlinePlus
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Diplopia (Double Vision) Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests
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Pediatric Eye Treatment | Children's Hospital Colorado
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Common Eye Disorders and Diseases | CDC
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Vital Signs: Zika-Associated Birth Defects and Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities Possibly Associated with Congenital Zika Virus...
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Joint Technical Report: Learning Disabilities, Dyslexia, and Vision - 2011 - American Academy of Ophthalmology
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Strabismus: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Orbis
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Registration - Chromosome Disorder Outreach, Inc
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Vision Screening Resources and Glossary - MN Dept. of Health
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Find Research outputs - Mayo Clinic
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WHO EMRO | Vertical strabismus cases and their surgical outcome in Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran | Volume 18, issue 2 | EMHJ...
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The Early vs Late Infantile Strabismus Surgery Study: do sources for bias exist in this non-randomised trial? | British Journal...
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