Ergotism
Ergotamine
Claviceps
Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans. (1/34)
Mycotoxicoses are diseases caused by mycotoxins, i.e. secondary metabolites of moulds. Although they occur more frequently in areas with a hot and humid climate, favourable for the growth of moulds, they can also be found in temperate zones. Exposure to mycotoxins is mostly by ingestion, but also occurs by the dermal and inhalation routes. Mycotoxicoses often remain unrecognized by medical professionals, except when large numbers of people are involved. The present article reviews outbreaks of mycotoxicoses where the mycotoxic etiology of the disease is supported by mycotoxin analysis or identification of mycotoxin-producing fungi. Epidemiological, clinical and histological findings (when available) in outbreaks of mycotoxicoses resulting from exposure to aflatoxins, ergot, trichothecenes, ochratoxins, 3-nitropropionic acid, zearalenone and fumonisins are discussed. (+info)Increased responsiveness to intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge in steers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue compared with steers grazing endophyte-free tall fescue. (2/34)
Fescue toxicosis in cattle occurs as a result of consumption of ergot alkaloids in endophyte-infected (E+, Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). The condition is characterized by pyrexia, decreased weight gains, rough hair coats, and decreased calving rates. The objective of this experiment was to investigate whether steers grazing E+ fescue have altered host response to lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) challenge compared with steers grazing endophyte-free (E-) fescue. Angus steers (n=8) had continuously grazed either E+ (n=4) or E- (n=4) tall fescue grass for 8 months prior to the experiment. The E+ steers had lower body weight, depressed average daily gain, and decreased basal serum prolactin compared with the E- steers prior to LPS administration. Each steer received a single bolus i.v. injection of LPS (0.2 microgram/kg body weight; Escherichia coli; 026:B6) dissolved in sterile saline, and blood was serially collected every 30 min for 4 h and at 24 h post LPS administration. LPS increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cortisol, and haptoglobin but decreased plasma glucose and IGF-I. Importantly, however, TNF-alpha, cortisol, and IGF-I responses to LPS were greater in E+ compared with E- steers. These results indicated that animals grazing E+ fescue had altered integrated metabolic host response compared with animals grazing E- fescue. Potentially, combined exposure to E+ fescue and a bacterial LPS could have greater deleterious effects on the animal compared with exposure to only one of the two and would likely lead to increased catabolism. (+info)Ergotism related to a single dose of ergotamine tartrate in an AIDS patient treated with ritonavir. (3/34)
We report a rare case of ergotism related to a single dose of ergotamine tartrate in a man with AIDS being treated with ritonavir. He was treated with a prostacyclin analogue and made a complete recovery. (+info)Alterations in hemograms and serum biochemical analytes of steers after prolonged consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue. (4/34)
The objective of the current study was to delineate changes that occur in serum analytes and blood cellular elements in cattle that graze endophyte-infested (Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue. Tall fescue is grown on more than 35 million acres (14.2 million ha) of pasture in the United States, and three-fourths of the pastures are infected with the endophyte at a 60% or greater level. Tall fescue toxicosis caused by endophyte-produced ergot alkaloids continues to be the most important grass-related disease in the United States, in terms of economic loss to animal producers. However, the agronomic attributes of tall fescue make it an attractive forage species because of its ability to withstand cool temperatures, drought, poor soil conditions, and intensive defoliation from herbivore species, including insects. Tall fescue toxicosis is a complex disease and the need exists to understand the mechanisms of the toxic effects in order to institute effective, prophylactic control measures. Our group previously reported changes that occur in serum biochemical analytes of cattle that graze endophyte-infected tall fescue. An additional year's worth of data have been added, strengthening and corroborating these data. Consistent and significant changes associated with tall fescue toxicosis during the 3-yr study included decreased serum concentrations of cholesterol, globulin (increased albumin/globulin ratio), prolactin, total protein, and copper. The activity of alanine aminotransferase was decreased in serum, whereas an increase in serum concentrations of creatinine and total bilirubin occurred. The present report also documents comparative hemograms of cattle that grazed endophyte-infected or endophyte-free tall fescue over a prolonged period. The mean erythrocyte counts were increased in cattle that grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue, whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume were decreased, as were mean eosinophil counts. Thus, repeatable changes have been identified that occur in serum biochemical and blood cellular values of cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue that will aid in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, these consistently altered parameters can be used to assess the effectiveness of potential prophylactic treatments. (+info)Urinary alkaloid excretion as a diagnostic tool for fescue toxicosis in cattle. (5/34)
Fescue toxicosis research studies have often included serum prolactin as a physiologic index of the disorder. Serum prolactin has not been used as a clinical measure of fescue toxicosis because of variation associated with sex and physiologic condition of the animal and climatic and seasonal factors. The primary excretory route of the alkaloids responsible for this toxicosis is the urine. Three pasture experiments were conducted to examine serum prolactin and urinary ergot alkaloid variability among steers continuously grazing endophyte-infected (E+) or endophyte-free (E-) tall fescue and among steers that were switched from one pasture form to the other. A fourth grazing experiment was used to examine how to best to manage the steers prior to sampling for urinary ergot alkaloid excretion. Coefficients of variability for urinary alkaloid excretion were consistently lower (46-65%) than serum prolactin (64-142%). Urinary alkaloid excretion patterns changed within 12 hours following switching steers from E+ to E- pasture or vice versa, but serum prolactin was recalcitrant to change. Because it is less variable and more dynamic than serum prolactin, urinary alkaloid excretion can be used for health assessment of steers grazing E+ and E- pastures. Regression analysis established a quadratic relationship between alkaloid excretion and average daily weight gain, with a regression coefficient of 0.86. Urinary alkaloid analysis was useful in determining whether cattle were consuming toxic tall fescue. (+info)Chronic ergot toxicity: A rare cause of lower extremity ischemia. (6/34)
Chronic ergot toxicity is a rare cause of lower extremity ischemia. The cornerstone of therapy in ergot toxicity is to discontinue the use of caffeine, cigarettes, and all ergot-containing medications. Although multiple different therapies have been recommended for acute toxicity, no specific treatment is uniformly recommended in chronic toxicity. We present a case of long-term ergot use for migraine headaches in a woman who had severe chronic lower extremity claudication. This case demonstrates the unique features associated with the diagnosis and management of chronic ergot toxicity. We recommend a conservative approach consisting of observation, antiplatelet agents, and the discontinuance of ergots. If symptoms progress to rest pain or gangrene, surgical treatment should be considered. (+info)A simple thin-layer chromatographic method for the detection of ergovaline in leaf sheaths of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) infected with Neotyphodium coenophialum. (7/34)
A relatively simple and inexpensive thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method is described for the detection and semiquantitative measurement of ergovaline in leaf sheaths of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Samples were finely ground and extracted with methanol. The extracts were filtered and the methanol was evaporated. The aqueous residue was extracted with hexane, followed by chloroform at pH 9. The chloroform extract was concentrated and further purified on a preparative silica gel TLC plate, developed with toluene/ethyl acetate/acetonitrile (50:10:40). The ergovaline band was scraped and eluted with methanol. The eluant was concentrated and an aliquot was applied to a silica gel TLC plate. The plate was developed successively with chloroform/acetone/acetic acid (90:10:5) and chloroform/ethanol (9:1). Ergovaline was visualized with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and sulfuric acid. Semiquantitation of ergovaline was achieved by comparison with a known standard of ergotamine, which was shown to have the same Rf as ergovaline in this system. Spike recovery of ergotamine averaged 60%, with a limit of detection of 200 microg/kg of dry tall fescue leaf sheaths. The method was applied to 15 tall fescue samples with varying degrees of fungal infection, and ergovaline was identified in all contaminated samples with endophyte infection above 15%. Thin-layer chromatography may be also applicable for tall fescue seed, where the ergovaline content is usually higher and the amount of interfering pigments is much lower. (+info)Ergotism associated with HIV antiviral protease inhibitor therapy. (8/34)
Ergotism is a rare condition of acute vasospasm found classically in young and middle-aged women taking ergot alkaloid agents to treat migraine headache. We report the case of a young man with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positivity and describe the drug interaction between protease inhibitors and ergot alkaloid agents, which most likely predisposed to development of ergot toxicity. The HIV-positive population receiving antiviral therapy may be an under-recognized group at risk for ergotism through decreased hepatic metabolism of ergot preparations. (+info)Ergotism is a condition that results from the consumption of ergot alkaloids, which are found in ergot fungus that infects grains such as rye. There are two types of ergotism: convulsive and gangrenous. Convulsive ergotism can cause seizures, muscle spasms, vomiting, and mental disturbances. Gangrenous ergotism, on the other hand, can lead to constriction of blood vessels, resulting in dry gangrene of the extremities, which can ultimately require amputation. Ergotism has been known since ancient times and was once a significant public health problem before modern agricultural practices were implemented.
Ergotamine is a type of ergopeptine alkaloid, derived from the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea) that parasitizes certain grains, particularly rye. It is a potent vasoconstrictor and has been used medically to prevent migraines and treat cluster headaches, as well as for other uses such as controlling postpartum hemorrhage and reducing symptoms of orthostatic hypotension.
Ergotamine works by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain and causing vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels, which can help to relieve migraine headaches. However, it can also cause serious side effects such as nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, numbness or tingling in the extremities, and in rare cases, more severe reactions such as ergotism, a condition characterized by vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels leading to gangrene.
Ergotamine is usually taken orally, but can also be administered rectally or by inhalation. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and avoid taking excessive amounts, as this can increase the risk of serious side effects. Ergotamine should not be taken during pregnancy or while breastfeeding, and it may interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting ergotamine therapy.
'Claviceps' is a genus of filamentous fungi that are commonly known as ergots. These fungi infect the grasses and grains in the family Poaceae, which includes important crop plants such as wheat, rye, barley, and corn. The most well-known species in this genus is Claviceps purpurea, which causes a disease called ergotism in humans and animals that consume contaminated grains.
Ergotism is a serious condition that can cause a range of symptoms, including convulsions, hallucinations, gangrene, and death. The fungus produces alkaloids that can affect the nervous system and blood vessels, leading to these symptoms. Historically, ergotism was a significant public health problem in Europe, where it was known as "St. Anthony's Fire" because of the burning sensations it caused in the limbs.
Today, ergotism is rare thanks to improved grain storage and monitoring practices. However, Claviceps species continue to be important in agriculture and medicine. Some of the alkaloids produced by these fungi have been used in pharmaceuticals to treat conditions such as migraines and Parkinson's disease.
Neurologic manifestations refer to the signs and symptoms that occur due to a disturbance or disease of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These manifestations can vary widely depending on the specific location and nature of the underlying problem. They may include motor (movement-related) symptoms such as weakness, paralysis, tremors, or difficulty with coordination; sensory symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or pain; cognitive or behavioral changes; seizures; and autonomic symptoms such as changes in blood pressure, heart rate, or sweating. Neurologic manifestations can be caused by a wide range of conditions, including infections, injuries, degenerative diseases, strokes, tumors, and autoimmune disorders.
Ergotism
Ergot
Proto-Surrealism
Ergotamine
Fungi in art
Linnda R. Caporael
Salem witch trials
Ergometrine
Betty Parris
Medical explanations of bewitchment
Karl Nikolaus Lang
Abigail Williams
Claviceps purpurea
Drug culture
Medicinal fungi
Antimigraine drug
Joan of Arc
Montford Johnson
Rye
Mushroom poisoning
LSD
Tarantism
Mycotoxin
People's Crusade
Retrospective diagnosis
Claviceps sorghi
857
850s
1374
Sclerotium
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Risk of ergotism2
- increased risk of ergotism. (renalandurologynews.com)
- Coadministration of letermovir and ergot alkaloids is contraindicated due to risk of ergotism. (medscape.com)
Symptoms7
- Symptoms of ergotism are exacerbated by cold weather. (iastate.edu)
- Patients who are being treated with MEDIHALER ERGOTAMINE should be informed adequately of the symptoms of ergotism. (nih.gov)
- Human and cattle ergotism since 1900: symptoms, outbreaks, and regulations. (avcr.cz)
- Men are cialis roxithromycin with vasoconstrictive farmacia canada online cialis In some releasing natural Hoodia symptoms or ergotism made a withdrawal. (headfonia.com)
- Many symptoms of ergotism and plague are similar. (witchtrials.co.uk)
- Bewitching symptoms are oddly similar to that of ergotism, leading us to believe this sickness was due to consumption of contaminated rye after an unfortunate harvest. (evergreen.edu)
- The common name for ergotism is "St. Anthony's fire" referring to the symptoms, such as severe burning sensations in the limbs [4] . (wikidoc.org)
Epidemic2
- The largest recorded epidemic of ergotism , also known as "Saint Anthony's Fire, kills 40,000 people in France. (wikipedia.org)
- A transcendent, visionary impulse comingles here with dark, macabre fatality, grounded in plague time, since the painting contains references to the Saint Anthony's fire epidemic (aka ergotism ). (hyperallergic.com)
Ergot alkaloids1
- 1995. History of Ergot Alkaloids from Ergotism to Ergometrine. (evergreen.edu)
Claviceps1
- Historically, eating grain products, particularly rye, contaminated with the fungus Claviceps purpurea was the cause of ergotism. (wikipedia.org)
Ergotamine1
- This patient developed severe ergotism after taking 3 mg ergotamine over 5 days, a low dose in terms of the recommended safe dosage of ergot (up to 6 mg a day or 10 mg a week during chronic administration). (erowid.org)
Anthony's5
- Ergotism, (also known as St. Anthony's fire) is a disease that develops from consuming ergoty grain. (no-tillfarmer.com)
- The last time ergotism-or what's colorfully known as Saint Anthony's Fire -had reportedly struck France, it was 1816. (mentalfloss.com)
- The phrase "St. Anthony's Fire" refers to both ergotism and the horrible burning feeling that ergot triggers by constricting blood vessels. (livescience.com)
- Though there is no conclusive evidence it is suggested that a possible reason for this condition was not related to witchcraft but rather to Ergotism otherwise known as St Anthony's Fire, which is a condition affecting people who eat ergot-infected bread. (mediamatic.net)
- A child suffering from St. Anthony's Fire (ergotism) stands with a crutch and fire coming from his hand, appealing to St. Anthony the Great. (cppdigitallibrary.org)
Fungus2
- The fungus produces three major alkaloids that cause ergotism. (iastate.edu)
- Now, The Telegraph reports that the incident was not 'ergotism' caused by the fungus, as previously believed, but was actually a bad trip caused by the CIA, which had spiked the village bread with LSD, or maybe just sprayed LSD into the air. (discovermagazine.com)
Outbreaks1
- The 12th-century chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois recorded the mysterious outbreaks in the Limousin region of France, where the gangrenous form of ergotism was associated with the local Saint Martial. (wikipedia.org)
Middle Ages1
- Ergotism, or ergot poisoning, was a more common in the middle ages. (evergreen.edu)
Severe3
- Ergotism is a severe complication of chronic abuse or acute intoxication with ergot derivatives. (erowid.org)
- Occasional cases have been reported in patients taking usual doses of ergot combined with drugs that interact with it.1 2 We report a case of severe ergotism associated with the anti-HIV drug ritonavir. (erowid.org)
- Ergotism is the name for sometimes severe pathological syndromes affecting humans or animals that have ingested ergot alkaloid-containing plant material, such as ergot-contaminated grains. (wikidoc.org)
Gangrenous1
- In 1977 1978, Ethiopia saw the lastrecorded outbreak of gangrenous ergotism striking 140 persons of whom 34 % died (15). (modernrel.ru)
Grains1
- Diagnosis of ergotism is based on lesions coupled with the gross or microscopic identification of significant numbers of ergot sclerotia in grains or the ground feed. (iastate.edu)
Poisoning2
- Ergotism is the effect of long-term[citation needed] ergot poisoning. (wikipedia.org)
- Whilst Swedish toxicologist Bo Holmstedt still insists the poisoning was in fact due to ergotism. (witchtrials.co.uk)
Animals1
- Ergotism in animals continues to be reported even today. (no-tillfarmer.com)
Main1
- Rye, the main vector (route) for transmitting ergotism, was not grown much around the Mediterranean. (wikipedia.org)
Common1
- For example, malaria is only present in certain temperate climates, the prevalence of the influenza virus varies with the seasons, tuberculosis is associated with overcrowded living conditions, diarrhoea occurs in unsanitary conditions with polluted water, and ergotism is caused by a toxin previously common in cereal products such as bread. (lu.se)
Major1
- 1862 Ergotism breaks out in Finland, where rye bread is a major component of peasant diets. (modernrel.ru)
High1
- All I had, I'm sorry to say, is hoary ergotism lore gleaned from high school readings of Hermann Hesse. (inthemedievalmiddle.com)
Child1
- citation needed] The alkaloids can pass through lactation from mother to child, causing ergotism in infants. (wikipedia.org)
Epidemics of ergotism4
- citation needed] Notable epidemics of ergotism occurred into the 19th century. (wikipedia.org)
- Notable epidemics of ergotism, at first seen as a punishment from God, occurred up into the 19th century. (artandpopularculture.com)
- The authors find a [superficial] similarity between the effects of LSD and the psychic symptoms observed in epidemics of ergotism. (erowid.org)
- In the Middle Ages it was the cause of epidemics of ergotism, which cost tens of thousands of people their lives. (karger.com)
Anthony's Fire4
- Poisonings due to consumption of seeds treated with mercury compounds are sometimes misidentified as ergotism, such as the case of mass-poisoning in the French village Pont-Saint-Esprit in 1951: The incident is described in John Grant Fuller 's book The Day of St Anthony's Fire . (artandpopularculture.com)
- St Anthony had a disease named in his honour, St Anthony's Fire, which was caused by the growth of a mould on damp rye, the consumption of which gave rise to ergotism. (newenglishreview.org)
- Ergotism, a condition sometimes called St. Anthony's Fire, is caused by toxic doses of alkaloids produced by purple masses of spores called sclerotia. (microscopyu.com)
- When eaten with grain these sclerotia are the cause of the illness known as ergotism, with such notorious symptoms as St Anthony's Fire. (first-nature.com)
Ergot Alkaloids1
- Increased ergot alkaloids concentrations may lead to ergotism. (merckconnect.com)
Ischemia2
- Ergotism with acute limb ischemia, provoked by HIV protease inhibitors interaction with ergotamine, rescued by multisite transluminal balloon angioplasty. (harvard.edu)
- Clinical ergotism with lingual ischemia induced by clarithromycin- ergotamine interaction. (webmd.com)
Symptoms3
- Symptoms of ergotism are poor hair condition, gangrene or loss of extremities, and poor performance. (mold-help.org)
- What are the signs and symptoms of ergotism? (bridgitmendlermusic.com)
- The Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony (monks) specialized in treating ergotism victims with symptoms, such as severe burning sensations in the limbs. (hcmionline.com)
Ergotamine3
- Ergotism with therapeutic doses of ergotamine tartrate. (webmd.com)
- 13.Monsarrat M, Lefebvre D, Parraguette J, Vaysse C, Bastide G. Acute ergotism caused by an ergotamine-oleandomycin combination. (webmd.com)
- 9. Ergotism is poisoning of rye flour that is infected with ergotamine. (mens-corner.net)
Extremities1
- Ergotism, or numbness and tingling in the extremities, is another side-effect. (diseasepdf.com)
Gangrene1
- The most common cause of death from ergotism from gangrene infections. (tripsitter.com)
Alkaloids3
- citation needed] The alkaloids can pass through lactation from mother to child, causing ergotism in infants. (wikipedia.org)
- The sclerotia or ergot bodies contain a variety of ergopeptine and clavine alkaloids that, when consumed regularly in small amounts, result in a complex of signs collectively called ergotism. (mold-help.org)
- This fungus grows on rye and related plants, and produces alkaloids that can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals who consume grains contaminated with its fruiting structure. (hcmionline.com)
19311
- Ergot could have induced hallucinations and convulsions in nuns who ate bread made from contaminated flour, but it is highly unlikely that ergotism would cause remorseless bouts of dancing (Berger, 1931). (bps.org.uk)
Acute1
- Precipitation of acute ergotism by triacetyloleandomycin. (webmd.com)
Illness1
- Ergotism is an illness caused by eating grains that have been contaminated. (iasbook.com)
Commonly1
- When the sclerotium is then ingested, most commonly through bread, ergotism happens. (tripsitter.com)
English1
- The blight, named from the cock's spur it forms on grasses, was identified and named by Denis Dodart who reported the relation between ergotized rye and bread poisoning in a letter to the French Royal Academy of Sciences in 1676 ( John Ray mentioning ergot for the first time in English the next year), but "ergotism" in this modern sense was first recorded in 1853. (artandpopularculture.com)
Term1
- Ergotism is the effect of long-term[citation needed] ergot poisoning. (wikipedia.org)
Features1
- Headaches, vertigo, hallucinations, mania, psychosis, convulsions (ranging from simple seizures to painful muscular contractions and tetanus-like cramps) and coma are constitutive features of ergotism. (bridgitmendlermusic.com)
People1
- ergotism also caused dramatic visual hallucinations that led people to behave in bizarre ways. (newenglishreview.org)