Alkaloids originally isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). They include compounds that are structurally related to ergoline (ERGOLINES) and ergotamine (ERGOTAMINES). Many of the ergot alkaloids act as alpha-adrenergic antagonists.
A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
Poisoning caused by ingesting ergotized grain or by the misdirected or excessive use of ergot as a medicine.
A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses (POACEAE). The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism.
Lysergic acid is a crystalline ergoline alkaloid found in the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which is used as a precursor in the synthesis of medically important derivatives like LSD and ergotamine, but it also has hallucinogenic properties when ingested directly.
Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.
An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The common name of fescue is also used with some other grasses.
The anamorphic form of the fungus EPICHLOE. Many Neotyphodium species produce ERGOT ALKALOIDS.
A series of structurally-related alkaloids containing the ergotaman backbone structure.
Group of alkaloids containing a benzylpyrrole group (derived from TRYPTOPHAN)
An order of fungi in the phylum ASCOMYCOTA that includes a number of species which are parasitic on higher plants, insects, or fungi. Other species are saprotrophic.
A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus.
A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.
Common member of the Gramineae family used as cattle FODDER. It harbors several fungi and other parasites toxic to livestock and people and produces allergenic compounds, especially in its pollen. The most commonly seen varieties are L. perenne, L. multiflorum, and L. rigidum.
A species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic fumigatin is obtained. Its spores may cause respiratory infection in birds and mammals.
A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
A genus of ascomycetous fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae, order HYPOCREALES, which are fungal symbionts of grasses. Anamorphic forms are in the genus NEOTYPHODIUM.
Attachment of isoprenoids (TERPENES) to other compounds, especially PROTEINS and FLAVONOIDS.
A group of ALKALOIDS, characterized by a nitrogen-containing necine, occurring mainly in plants of the BORAGINACEAE; COMPOSITAE; and LEGUMINOSAE plant families. They can be activated in the liver by hydrolysis of the ester and desaturation of the necine base to reactive electrophilic pyrrolic CYTOTOXINS.
An endosymbiont that is either a bacterium or fungus living part of its life in a plant. Endophytes can benefit host plants by preventing pathogenic organisms from colonizing them.
A group of indole-indoline dimers which are ALKALOIDS obtained from the VINCA genus of plants. They inhibit polymerization of TUBULIN into MICROTUBULES thus blocking spindle formation and arresting cells in METAPHASE. They are some of the most useful ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
Poisoning caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin).
Used as a support for ion-exchange chromatography.
Disturbances of MILK secretion in either SEX, not necessarily related to PREGNANCY.
Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona.
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.
A mixture of the mesylates (methane sulfonates) of DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and the alpha- and beta-isomers of DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. The substance produces a generalized peripheral vasodilation and a fall in arterial pressure and has been used to treat symptoms of mild to moderate impairment of mental function in the elderly.
A group of related plant alkaloids that contain the BERBERINE heterocyclic ring structure.
A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.
Sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent bonds.
Alkaloids derived from TYRAMINE combined with 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde via a norbelladine pathway, including GALANTAMINE, lycorine and crinine. They are found in the Amaryllidaceae (LILIACEAE) plant family.

Mycotoxin determinations on animal feedstuffs and tissues in Western Canada. (1/107)

Results of examination of specimens of plant or animal origin for various mycotoxins are presented. Analyses for aflatoxins and ochratoxins were most frequently requested, usually on the basis of visible mouldiness. Aflatoxin B1 was found in one of 100 specimens at a level of 50 ppb in a sample of alfalfa brome hay. Ochratoxin A was detected in seven of 95 specimens comprising six samples of wheat at levels between 30 and 6000 ppb and one sample of hay at a level of 30 ppb. An overall detection rate of 4.2% involving significant levels of potent mycotoxins suggests that acute or chronic mycotoxicoses may occur in farm livestock or poultry more frequently than presently diagnosied.  (+info)

Computerised axial tomography in patients with severe migraine: a preliminary report. (2/107)

Patients suffering from severe migraine, usually for many years, have been examined by the EMI scanner between attacks. Judged by criteria validated originally by comparison with pneumoencephalography, about half of the patients showed evidence of cerebral atrophy. Perhaps of more significance than generalised atrophy was the frequency of areas of focal atrophy and of evidence of infarction.  (+info)

Alkaloid binding and activation of D2 dopamine receptors in cell culture. (3/107)

Ergot and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, either extracted from endophyte-infected tall fescue, synthesized, or purchased commercially, were evaluated in cultured cells to estimate their binding to the D2 dopamine receptor and subsequent effects on cyclic AMP production in GH4ZR7 cells, transfected with a rat D2 dopamine receptor. Ergopeptide alkaloid (alpha-ergocryptine, bromocryptine, ergotamine tartrate, and ergovaline) inhibition of the binding of the D2-specific radioligand, [3H]YM-09151-2, exhibited inhibition constants (K(I)) in the nanomolar range, whereas dopamine was less potent (micromolar). The lysergic acid amides (ergine and ergonovine) were 1/100th as potent as the ergopeptide alkaloids. Ergovaline and ergotamine tartrate were equally effective in inhibiting vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-stimulated cyclic AMP production, with consistent nanomolar effective concentration (EC50) values. The remaining ergopeptide alkaloids (alpha-ergocryptine and bromocryptine), lysergic acid amides (ergonovine and ergine), and dopamine were 1/100th as potent. Two representative pyrrolizidines, N-formylloline and N-acetylloline, exhibited no binding activity at the D2 dopamine receptor or effects on the cyclic AMP system within the concentration ranges of nanomolar to millimolar. Our results indicate that the commercially available ergot alkaloids ergotamine tartrate and ergonovine may be used interchangeably in the D2 dopamine receptor system to simulate the effects of extracted ergovaline and ergine and to examine responses in receptor binding and the inhibition of cyclic AMP.  (+info)

Urinary alkaloid excretion as a diagnostic tool for fescue toxicosis in cattle. (4/107)

Fescue toxicosis research studies have often included serum prolactin as a physiologic index of the disorder. Serum prolactin has not been used as a clinical measure of fescue toxicosis because of variation associated with sex and physiologic condition of the animal and climatic and seasonal factors. The primary excretory route of the alkaloids responsible for this toxicosis is the urine. Three pasture experiments were conducted to examine serum prolactin and urinary ergot alkaloid variability among steers continuously grazing endophyte-infected (E+) or endophyte-free (E-) tall fescue and among steers that were switched from one pasture form to the other. A fourth grazing experiment was used to examine how to best to manage the steers prior to sampling for urinary ergot alkaloid excretion. Coefficients of variability for urinary alkaloid excretion were consistently lower (46-65%) than serum prolactin (64-142%). Urinary alkaloid excretion patterns changed within 12 hours following switching steers from E+ to E- pasture or vice versa, but serum prolactin was recalcitrant to change. Because it is less variable and more dynamic than serum prolactin, urinary alkaloid excretion can be used for health assessment of steers grazing E+ and E- pastures. Regression analysis established a quadratic relationship between alkaloid excretion and average daily weight gain, with a regression coefficient of 0.86. Urinary alkaloid analysis was useful in determining whether cattle were consuming toxic tall fescue.  (+info)

Activity of 6-methyl-8-substituted ergolines against the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma. (5/107)

The ability of a series of 8-beta-carboxamido ergolines, 8-formamido ergolines, and 8-methyl ergolines to cause regressions of established dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas was compared to some ergot alkaloids. Although most of the ergoline derivatives depressed serum prolactin concentrations in rats, only a few had pronounced effects against the dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in rats. Some derivatives from each of the three groups of substituted ergolines gave comparable activities against the dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma.  (+info)

Bromocriptine treatment of acromegaly. (6/107)

The effects of oral bromocriptine in acromegaly have been studied. A dose of 5 mg six-hourly suppressed circulating growth hormone (GH) levels in nine out of 11 patients treated for seven to 11 weeks. This was associated with considerable clinical improvement in all patients, with abolition of excessive sweating, reduction in soft-tissue thichening, loosening of rings, decrease in shoe size, improvement in facial features, and loosening of dentures. Metabolic changes included improvement in glucose tolerance and reduction in hydroxyproline excretion. Unlike the actions of growth hormone release inhibiting hormone the suppression of GH was not accompanied by a reduction in insulin or glucagon secretion, though prolactin levels were suppressed. Side effects other than mild constipation were not seen when the full dose regimen was reached by slowly increasing the dose from 2-5 mg once daily. Bromocriptine holds promise as a safe and orally effective medical treatment to augment surgical or radiotherapeutic measures directed at the pituitary tumour. Its efficacy during longterm administration remains to be established.  (+info)

Ergot alkaloid transport across ruminant gastric tissues. (7/107)

Ergot alkaloids cause fescue toxicosis when livestock graze endophyte-infected tall fescue. It is generally accepted that ergovaline is the toxic component of endophyte-infected tall fescue, but there is no direct evidence to support this hypothesis. The objective of this study was to examine relative and potential transport of ergoline and ergopeptine alkaloids across isolated gastric tissues in vitro. Sheep ruminal and omasal tissues were surgically removed and placed in parabiotic chambers. Equimolar concentrations of lysergic acid, lysergol, ergonovine, ergotamine, and ergocryptine were added to a Kreb's Ringer phosphate (KRP) solution on the mucosal side of the tissue. Tissue was incubated in near-physiological conditions for 240 min. Samples were taken from KRP on the serosal side of the chambers at times 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min and analyzed for ergot alkaloids by competitive ELISA. The serosal KRP remaining after incubation was freeze-dried and the alkaloid species quantified by HPLC. The area of ruminal and omasal tissues was measured and the potential transportable alkaloids calculated by multiplying the moles of transported alkaloids per square centimeter of each tissue type by the surface area of the tissue. Studies were conducted to compare alkaloid transport in reticular, ruminal, and omasal tissues and to determine whether transport was active or passive. Ruminal tissue had greater ergot alkaloid transport potential than omasal tissue (85 vs 60 mmol) because of a larger surface area. The ruminal posterior dorsal sac had the greatest potential for alkaloid transport, but the other ruminal tissues were not different from one another. Alkaloid transport was less among reticular tissues than among ruminal tissues. Transport of alkaloids seemed to be an active process. The alkaloids with greatest transport potential were lysergic acid and lysergol. Ergopeptine alkaloids tended to pass across omasal tissues in greater quantities than across ruminal tissues, but their transport was minimal compared to lysergic acid and lysergol.  (+info)

Semiquantitative determination of ergot alkaloids in seed, straw, and digesta samples using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (8/107)

Ergot alkaloids present in endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue cause fescue toxicosis and other toxic effects in livestock that consume infected plant tissue, leading to significant financial losses in livestock production each year. The predominant method currently in use for quantifying ergot alkaloid content in plant tissue is through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which quantifies the amount of ergovaline, one of many ergot alkaloids in E+ plant tissue. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method used in this study detects quantities of nonspecific ergot alkaloids and therefore accounts for greater amounts of the total ergot alkaloid content in E+ tissue than does HPLC. The ELISA can also be used to more expediently analyze a larger number of forage samples without sophisticated and costly analytical equipment and therefore could be more desirable in a diagnostic setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the between-day and within-run variability of the ELISA and to determine the binding efficiency of 6 ergot alkaloids to the 15F3.E5 antibody used in the competitive ELISA to ascertain its feasibility as a quick analysis tool for ergot alkaloids. Straw samples had an average coefficient of variation (CV) for concentration of 10.2% within runs and 18.4% between runs, and the seed samples had an average CV for concentration of 13.3% within runs and 24.5% between runs. The grass tissue-based lysergic acid standard curve calculated from the ELISA had an average r2 of 0.99, with a CV of 2.1%. Ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergocornine, and ergotamine tartrate did not bind strongly to the 15F3.E5 antibody because of the presence of large side groups on these molecules, which block their binding to the antibody, whereas ergonovine and ergonovine maleate were bound much more efficiently because of their structural similarity to lysergic acid. Clarified rumen fluid was tested as an additional matrix for use in the ergot alkaloid competitive ELISA to determine whether future livestock metabolism experiments on the postingestion fate of ergot alkaloids in ruminants could utilize this assay as a quick screening tool for the presence of nonspecific ergot alkaloids in rumen fluid. HPLC and ELISA procedures were compared for their ability in determining ergot alkaloid toxicity based on the repeatability of the procedures and on the specific compounds they measure. The ratio of ELISA concentration to HPLC concentration (ergovaline) varied from 2.00 to 2.81 in seed samples and from 0.62 to 8.66 in straw samples, showing no consistent pattern between the 2 methods. Based on the lack of data at present for the identity of the toxin causing endophyte toxicosis and the lack of agreement between the ergovaline HPLC and ELISA analyses for ergot alkaloids, each method is equally valid as an indicator of toxicityand is the best means for determining the quantity of the specific toxin(s) they measure.  (+info)

Ergot alkaloids are a type of chemical compound that is produced naturally by certain fungi belonging to the genus Claviceps. These alkaloids are most famously known for being produced by the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea), which infects cereal grains such as rye and causes a condition known as ergotism in humans and animals that consume the contaminated grain.

Ergot alkaloids have a complex chemical structure and can have various effects on the human body. They are known to act as powerful vasoconstrictors, which means that they cause blood vessels to narrow and can increase blood pressure. Some ergot alkaloids also have psychoactive effects and have been used in the past for their hallucinogenic properties.

In modern medicine, certain ergot alkaloids are used in the treatment of various conditions, including migraines and Parkinson's disease. However, these compounds can be highly toxic if not used properly, and their use must be carefully monitored to avoid serious side effects.

Ergotamine is a type of ergopeptine alkaloid, derived from the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea) that parasitizes certain grains, particularly rye. It is a potent vasoconstrictor and has been used medically to prevent migraines and treat cluster headaches, as well as for other uses such as controlling postpartum hemorrhage and reducing symptoms of orthostatic hypotension.

Ergotamine works by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain and causing vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels, which can help to relieve migraine headaches. However, it can also cause serious side effects such as nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, numbness or tingling in the extremities, and in rare cases, more severe reactions such as ergotism, a condition characterized by vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels leading to gangrene.

Ergotamine is usually taken orally, but can also be administered rectally or by inhalation. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and avoid taking excessive amounts, as this can increase the risk of serious side effects. Ergotamine should not be taken during pregnancy or while breastfeeding, and it may interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting ergotamine therapy.

Ergotism is a condition that results from the consumption of ergot alkaloids, which are found in ergot fungus that infects grains such as rye. There are two types of ergotism: convulsive and gangrenous. Convulsive ergotism can cause seizures, muscle spasms, vomiting, and mental disturbances. Gangrenous ergotism, on the other hand, can lead to constriction of blood vessels, resulting in dry gangrene of the extremities, which can ultimately require amputation. Ergotism has been known since ancient times and was once a significant public health problem before modern agricultural practices were implemented.

'Claviceps' is a genus of filamentous fungi that are commonly known as ergots. These fungi infect the grasses and grains in the family Poaceae, which includes important crop plants such as wheat, rye, barley, and corn. The most well-known species in this genus is Claviceps purpurea, which causes a disease called ergotism in humans and animals that consume contaminated grains.

Ergotism is a serious condition that can cause a range of symptoms, including convulsions, hallucinations, gangrene, and death. The fungus produces alkaloids that can affect the nervous system and blood vessels, leading to these symptoms. Historically, ergotism was a significant public health problem in Europe, where it was known as "St. Anthony's Fire" because of the burning sensations it caused in the limbs.

Today, ergotism is rare thanks to improved grain storage and monitoring practices. However, Claviceps species continue to be important in agriculture and medicine. Some of the alkaloids produced by these fungi have been used in pharmaceuticals to treat conditions such as migraines and Parkinson's disease.

Lysergic acid is not a medical term per se, but it is a key component in the chemical structure of several psychedelic drugs, including LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). Medically, lysergic acid itself does not have any approved uses. However, I can provide you with a definition of LSD:

LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) is a potent synthetic hallucinogenic drug, derived from lysergic acid, a compound found in the ergot fungus that grows on grains. LSD is typically consumed orally, often by placing it on absorbent paper, which is then dried and cut into small squares known as "blotters."

LSD is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States and in many other countries, indicating that it has a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use, and a lack of safety under medical supervision. Its effects on perception, mood, and thought are highly unpredictable and can vary greatly among users and even between experiences had by the same user.

Alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. They are often found in plants, and are known for their complex ring structures and diverse pharmacological activities. Many alkaloids have been used in medicine for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine, nicotine, and caffeine.

Ergolines are a group of ergot alkaloids that have been widely used in the development of various pharmaceutical drugs. These compounds are known for their ability to bind to and stimulate specific receptors in the brain, particularly dopamine receptors. As a result, they have been explored for their potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, migraine, and depression.

However, ergolines can also have significant side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, and changes in blood pressure. In addition, some ergot alkaloids have been associated with a rare but serious condition called ergotism, which is characterized by symptoms such as muscle spasms, vomiting, and gangrene. Therefore, the use of ergolines must be carefully monitored and managed to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Some specific examples of drugs that contain ergolines include:

* Dihydroergotamine (DHE): used for the treatment of migraine headaches
* Pergolide: used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
* Cabergoline: used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and certain types of hormonal disorders

It is important to note that while ergolines have shown promise in some therapeutic areas, they are not without their risks. As with any medication, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before using any drug containing ergolines to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for an individual's specific needs.

Ergonovine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called ergot alkaloids. It is derived from the ergot fungus and is used in medical settings as a uterotonic agent, which means it causes the uterus to contract. Ergonovine is often used after childbirth to help the uterus return to its normal size and reduce bleeding.

Ergonovine works by binding to specific receptors in the smooth muscle of the uterus, causing it to contract. It has a potent effect on the uterus and can also cause vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) in other parts of the body. This is why ergonovine is sometimes used to treat severe bleeding caused by conditions such as uterine fibroids or ectopic pregnancy.

Like other ergot alkaloids, ergonovine can have serious side effects if not used carefully. It should be administered under the close supervision of a healthcare provider and should not be used in women with certain medical conditions, such as high blood pressure or heart disease. Ergonovine can also interact with other medications, so it's important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before receiving this drug.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Festuca" is not a medical term. It is actually the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as fescue grasses. These grasses are often used in lawns, pastures, and meadows. If you have any questions about a medical term or concept, I would be happy to help if I can!

"Neotyphodium" is not a medical term, but rather it is a genus of fungi that belongs to the family Clavicipitaceae. These endophytic fungi form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with various grass species, including important forage and turfgrasses. They colonize the interior of grass leaves and stems without causing apparent harm to the host plant, while receiving nutrients in return. Some Neotyphodium species produce alkaloids, which can provide the host grass with resistance to insect pests and certain diseases. However, these alkaloids may have negative effects on livestock that graze on the infected grasses, causing various toxicities or neurological disorders.

Ergotamines are a type of medication that is derived from the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea). They are primarily used to treat migraines and cluster headaches. Ergotamines work by narrowing blood vessels around the brain, which helps to alleviate the symptoms of migraines and headaches.

Ergotamines are available in various forms, including tablets, suppositories, and injectable solutions. They can be taken orally, rectally, or intravenously, depending on the severity of the symptoms and the patient's medical history. Ergotamines should be used with caution, as they can cause serious side effects such as nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, and weakness.

Ergotamines are also used in the treatment of other conditions, including postpartum hemorrhage, heart failure, and high blood pressure during pregnancy. However, their use in these conditions is typically reserved for cases where other treatments have been ineffective or contraindicated.

It's important to note that ergotamines can interact with a variety of medications, including certain antidepressants, antibiotics, and HIV medications. Therefore, it's essential to inform your healthcare provider about all the medications you are taking before starting treatment with ergotamines.

Indole alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compound that contain an indole structural unit, which is a heterocyclic aromatic ring system consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring. These compounds are produced by various plants and animals as secondary metabolites, and they have diverse biological activities. Some indole alkaloids have important pharmacological properties and are used in medicine as drugs or lead compounds for drug discovery. Examples of medically relevant indole alkaloids include reserpine, which is used to treat hypertension, and vinblastine and vincristine, which are used to treat various types of cancer.

Hypocreales is an order of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. This group includes many species that are saprophytic (growing on dead or decaying organic matter) as well as pathogenic, causing various diseases in plants and animals. Some notable members of Hypocreales include the genera Trichoderma, Hypocrea, Nectria, and Fusarium. These fungi are characterized by their perithecial ascomata (sexual fruiting bodies) and often produce colorful, flask-shaped structures called ascostromata. Some species in this order produce toxic compounds known as mycotoxins, which can have harmful effects on humans and animals if ingested or inhaled.

"Acremonium" is a genus of filamentous fungi that are commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation, and water. Some species of Acremonium can cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. These infections can affect various organs and tissues, including the skin, nails, lungs, and eyes.

The medical definition of "Acremonium" is therefore a type of fungus that can cause a variety of infectious diseases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. It's important to note that Acremonium infections are relatively rare, but they can be serious and require prompt medical treatment.

Poaceae is not a medical term but a taxonomic category, specifically the family name for grasses. In a broader sense, you might be asking for a medical context where knowledge of this plant family could be relevant. For instance, certain members of the Poaceae family can cause allergies or negative reactions in some people.

In a medical definition, Poaceae would be defined as:

The family of monocotyledonous plants that includes grasses, bamboo, and sedges. These plants are characterized by narrow leaves with parallel veins, jointed stems (called "nodes" and "internodes"), and flowers arranged in spikelets. Some members of this family are important food sources for humans and animals, such as rice, wheat, corn, barley, oats, and sorghum. Other members can cause negative reactions, like skin irritation or allergies, due to their silica-based defense structures called phytoliths.

"Lolium" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is actually the genus name for a group of plants that are more commonly known as ryegrasses. These plants belong to the family Poaceae and include several species that are widely used as pasture, hay, or lawn grasses.

While not directly related to human health, these plants can have indirect effects on health, particularly in agricultural settings. For example, certain ryegrass species can host a parasitic nematode called "Haemonchus contortus," which can infect and cause disease in livestock that graze on the grass.

However, without further context, it's challenging to provide a specific medical definition for "Lolium." If you have more information or if this term is being used in a specific medical context, please provide those details so I can give a more accurate response.

'Aspergillus fumigatus' is a species of fungi that belongs to the genus Aspergillus. It is a ubiquitous mold that is commonly found in decaying organic matter, such as leaf litter, compost, and rotting vegetation. This fungus is also known to be present in indoor environments, including air conditioning systems, dust, and water-damaged buildings.

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen, which means that it can cause infections in people with weakened immune systems. It can lead to a range of conditions known as aspergillosis, including allergic reactions, lung infections, and invasive infections that can spread to other parts of the body.

The fungus produces small, airborne spores that can be inhaled into the lungs, where they can cause infection. In healthy individuals, the immune system is usually able to eliminate the spores before they can cause harm. However, in people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation, or those with certain underlying medical conditions like asthma or cystic fibrosis, the fungus can establish an infection.

Infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus can be difficult to treat, and treatment options may include antifungal medications, surgery, or a combination of both. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes in people with aspergillosis.

Methylergonovine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called ergot alkaloids. It is primarily used to prevent and treat uterine bleeding after childbirth. Medically, it is defined as a semi-synthetic ergopeptide analog with oxytocic properties, which stimulates myometrial contractions and reduces postpartum hemorrhage.

Methylergonovine works by stimulating the smooth muscle of the uterus, causing it to contract. This helps to return the uterus to its pre-pregnancy size and also helps to control bleeding after childbirth. It is important to note that methylergonovine should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have serious side effects if not used properly.

Epichloe is a genus of fungi that are commonly found as endophytes (symbiotic fungi living inside plant tissues) in grasses. These fungi can form mutualistic relationships with their host plants, providing them with resistance to various stressors such as drought, pests, and pathogens. Some Epichloe species can also produce alkaloids that are toxic to livestock, which can have both positive and negative effects on the animals that graze on the grasses.

Epichloe fungi typically infect the above-ground tissues of their host plants, such as leaves and stems, and can form visible structures called sclerotia, which are compact masses of fungal tissue that can survive in the soil for extended periods. These sclerotia can serve as a source of infection for new grass hosts, allowing the Epichloe fungi to spread throughout populations of grasses.

Overall, Epichloe fungi play important roles in the ecology and evolution of grassland ecosystems, and have potential applications in agriculture and conservation.

Prenylation is a post-translational modification process in which a prenyl group, such as a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl group, is added to a protein covalently. This modification typically occurs at a cysteine residue within a CAAX motif (C is cysteine, A is an aliphatic amino acid, and X is any amino acid) found at the carboxyl-terminus of the protein. Prenylation plays a crucial role in membrane association, protein-protein interactions, and intracellular trafficking of proteins, particularly those involved in signal transduction pathways.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds found in various plants, particularly in the families Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. These compounds have a pyrrolizidine ring structure and can be toxic or carcinogenic to humans and animals. They can contaminate food and feed sources, leading to poisoning and health issues. Chronic exposure to PAs has been linked to liver damage, veno-occlusive disease, and cancer. It is important to avoid consumption of plants containing high levels of PAs and to monitor food and feed sources for PA contamination.

Endophytes are microorganisms, typically bacteria or fungi, that live inside the tissues of plants without causing any visible disease or harm to the plant. They can be found in almost all plant species and are known to exist in a mutualistic relationship with their host plants. Endophytes can provide various benefits to the plants such as growth promotion, increased resistance to pathogens, and protection against herbivores. Some endophytic fungi also produce bioactive compounds that have potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.

Vinca alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemicals derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant, Catharanthus roseus. They are known for their antineoplastic (cancer-fighting) properties and are used in chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer. Some examples of vinca alkaloids include vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine. These agents work by disrupting the normal function of microtubules, which are important components of the cell's structure and play a critical role in cell division. By binding to tubulin, a protein that makes up microtubules, vinca alkaloids prevent the formation of mitotic spindles, which are necessary for cell division. This leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells. However, vinca alkaloids can also affect normal cells, leading to side effects such as neurotoxicity, myelosuppression, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Mycotoxicosis is not a specific medical condition itself, but rather a term that refers to the toxic effects on livestock or human health due to the consumption of food or feed contaminated with mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain types of mold (fungi) that can grow on various agricultural products before and after harvest, during storage, or in contaminated animal feeds.

Mycotoxicosis can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the specific mycotoxin involved, the amount and duration of exposure, and the overall health of the individual. These symptoms may include acute gastrointestinal distress, immunosuppression, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and even cancer in severe cases.

Some common mycotoxins that can lead to mycotoxicosis include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and patulin. Preventing mold growth and mycotoxin production in food and feed through proper agricultural practices, storage conditions, and monitoring is crucial to prevent mycotoxicosis.

DEAE-Dextran is a water-soluble polymer that is often used in biochemistry and molecular biology research. The acronym "DEAE" stands for diethylaminoethyl, which is a type of charged group that can bind to and interact with negatively charged molecules such as DNA. Dextran is a type of sugar polymer that makes the DEAE groups more soluble in water.

In research settings, DEAE-Dextran is commonly used to precipitate DNA or to create complexes with DNA that can be used for various purposes, such as transfection (the process of introducing genetic material into cells). The positive charge of the DEAE groups allows them to interact strongly with the negative charges on the DNA molecule, forming a stable complex that can be taken up by cells.

It's important to note that DEAE-Dextran is not used in clinical medicine, but rather as a research tool in laboratory settings.

Lactation disorders are conditions or problems that affect a woman's ability to breastfeed her baby. These disorders can make it difficult for the mother to produce enough milk, or cause pain and discomfort during breastfeeding. Some common lactation disorders include:

1. Insufficient Glandular Tissue (IGT): This condition occurs when a woman has limited breast tissue, which can make it difficult for her to produce enough milk to fully breastfeed her baby.
2. Engorgement: This happens when the breasts become overly full of milk, causing them to feel hard, swollen, and painful. Engorgement can make it difficult for the baby to latch on properly, which can lead to nipple damage and mastitis.
3. Mastitis: An infection of the breast tissue that can cause pain, redness, warmth, and flu-like symptoms. Mastitis often occurs when a milk duct becomes blocked, allowing bacteria to enter and infect the tissue.
4. Plugged Ducts: This condition occurs when a milk duct becomes clogged or blocked, causing milk to back up and leading to pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area.
5. Nipple Vasospasm: This is a painful spasm of the blood vessels in the nipples, which can cause burning, stinging, or throbbing sensations during or after breastfeeding.
6. Low Milk Supply: This condition occurs when a woman is unable to produce enough milk to meet her baby's needs. Low milk supply can have various causes, including hormonal imbalances, poor latch, and infrequent feedings.
7. Oversupply: This condition occurs when a woman produces too much milk, which can lead to engorgement, plugged ducts, and mastitis.

Prompt identification and management of lactation disorders are essential for ensuring the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Women who experience difficulty breastfeeding should consult their healthcare provider or a lactation consultant for guidance and support.

Cinchona alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that are found in the bark of Cinchona trees, which are native to South America. These alkaloids have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, most notably malaria. The main cinchona alkaloids include quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine.

Quinine is the most well-known of these alkaloids and has been used for centuries as an effective antimalarial agent. It works by interfering with the reproduction of the malaria parasite in the red blood cells. Quinine is also used to treat other medical conditions, such as leg cramps and restless legs syndrome.

Quinidine is another important cinchona alkaloid that is used primarily as an antiarrhythmic agent to treat irregular heart rhythms. It works by slowing down the electrical conduction in the heart and stabilizing its rhythm.

Cinchonine and cinchonidine have more limited medical uses, mainly as bitter-tasting ingredients in tonics and other beverages. However, they also have some medicinal properties, such as being used as antimalarial agents and antiarrhythmic drugs in some countries.

It is important to note that cinchona alkaloids can have serious side effects if not used properly, so they should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

Dihydroergotamine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called ergot alkaloids. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of ergotamine, which is found naturally in the ergot fungus. Dihydroergotamine is used to treat migraines and cluster headaches.

The drug works by narrowing blood vessels around the brain, which helps to reduce the pain and other symptoms associated with migraines and cluster headaches. It can be administered via injection, nasal spray, or oral tablet. Dihydroergotamine may cause serious side effects, including medication overuse headache, ergotism, and cardiovascular events such as heart attack or stroke. Therefore, it is important to use this medication only as directed by a healthcare provider.

Animal feed refers to any substance or mixture of substances, whether processed, unprocessed, or partially processed, which is intended to be used as food for animals, including fish, without further processing. It includes ingredients such as grains, hay, straw, oilseed meals, and by-products from the milling, processing, and manufacturing industries. Animal feed can be in the form of pellets, crumbles, mash, or other forms, and is used to provide nutrients such as energy, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to support the growth, reproduction, and maintenance of animals. It's important to note that animal feed must be safe, nutritious, and properly labeled to ensure the health and well-being of the animals that consume it.

Ergoloid mesylates are a type of medication that is used to treat symptoms of dementia, particularly in the elderly. They are a combination of several ergot alkaloids, which are derived from a type of fungus called Claviceps purpurea. These alkaloids have been chemically modified to create a preparation that can help improve cognitive function and reduce confusion in people with dementia.

Ergoloid mesylates work by stimulating certain receptors in the brain, which can help improve blood flow and increase the availability of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. This can help improve mental clarity, memory, and overall cognitive function. The medication can also help reduce agitation and aggression in people with dementia.

Ergoloid mesylates are typically prescribed in low doses and are taken orally, usually several times a day. Common side effects of the medication include dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting. In some cases, ergoloid mesylates may interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting this treatment.

It's worth noting that the use of ergoloid mesylates for dementia has been a subject of controversy in recent years, as some studies have suggested that they may not be effective in improving cognitive function or reducing behavioral symptoms. Therefore, it is important to discuss the potential benefits and risks of this medication with your healthcare provider before deciding whether to use it.

Berberine alkaloids are a type of natural compound found in several plants, including the Berberis species (such as barberry and tree turmeric), goldenseal, Oregon grape, and phellodendron. The most well-known and researched berberine alkaloid is berberine itself, which has a yellow color and is commonly used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating diarrhea, reducing inflammation, and combating bacterial and fungal infections.

Berberine alkaloids have a complex chemical structure that includes a nitrogen atom, making them basic in nature. They are known to interact with several biological targets, including enzymes and receptors, which contributes to their diverse pharmacological activities. Some of the key mechanisms of action of berberine alkaloids include:

1. Inhibition of DNA gyrase: Berberine alkaloids can interfere with bacterial DNA replication by inhibiting the activity of DNA gyrase, an enzyme that helps to unwind and supercoil DNA during replication. This makes them effective against a wide range of bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE).
2. Interaction with cell membranes: Berberine alkaloids can interact with the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, disrupting their integrity and increasing permeability. This can lead to the death of bacteria, fungi, and cancer cells.
3. Modulation of gene expression: Berberine has been shown to regulate the expression of various genes involved in metabolic processes, inflammation, and cell growth. For example, it can activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key enzyme that regulates energy metabolism, which may contribute to its potential benefits in treating diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
4. Inhibition of inflammatory mediators: Berberine alkaloids can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are involved in the development of various inflammatory diseases.
5. Antioxidant activity: Berberine alkaloids have antioxidant properties, which can help protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). This may contribute to their potential benefits in treating neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

In summary, berberine alkaloids exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects. These properties make them promising candidates for the development of new therapeutic agents to treat various diseases, such as infections, inflammation, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. However, further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential side effects before they can be safely and effectively used in clinical settings.

Bromocriptine is a dopamine receptor agonist drug, which means it works by binding to and activating dopamine receptors in the brain. It has several therapeutic uses, including:

* Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Bromocriptine can be used alone or in combination with levodopa to help manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control.
* Suppression of lactation: Bromocriptine can be used to suppress milk production in women who are not breastfeeding or who have stopped breastfeeding but still have high levels of prolactin, a hormone that stimulates milk production.
* Treatment of pituitary tumors: Bromocriptine can be used to shrink certain types of pituitary tumors, such as prolactinomas, which are tumors that secrete excessive amounts of prolactin.
* Management of acromegaly: Bromocriptine can be used to manage the symptoms of acromegaly, a rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal growth and enlargement of body tissues, by reducing the production of growth hormone.

Bromocriptine is available in immediate-release and long-acting formulations, and it is usually taken orally. Common side effects of bromocriptine include nausea, dizziness, lightheadedness, and drowsiness. Serious side effects are rare but can include hallucinations, confusion, and priapism (prolonged erection).

Biosynthetic pathways refer to the series of biochemical reactions that occur within cells and living organisms, leading to the production (synthesis) of complex molecules from simpler precursors. These pathways involve a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, where each reaction builds upon the product of the previous one, ultimately resulting in the formation of a specific biomolecule.

Examples of biosynthetic pathways include:

1. The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) - an essential metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2. Glycolysis - a process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate to generate ATP and NADH.
3. Gluconeogenesis - the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and certain amino acids.
4. Fatty acid synthesis - a process that produces fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA through a series of reduction reactions.
5. Amino acid synthesis - the production of various amino acids from simpler precursors, often involving intermediates in central metabolic pathways like the Krebs cycle or glycolysis.
6. Steroid biosynthesis - the formation of steroids from simple precursors such as cholesterol and its derivatives.
7. Terpenoid biosynthesis - the production of terpenes, terpenoids, and sterols from isoprene units (isopentenyl pyrophosphate).
8. Nucleotide synthesis - the generation of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, through complex biochemical pathways involving various precursors and cofactors.

Understanding biosynthetic pathways is crucial for comprehending cellular metabolism, developing drugs that target specific metabolic processes, and engineering organisms with desired traits in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering applications.

Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring chemical compounds that are found in plants belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, which includes amaryllis, snowdrop, and daffodil species. These alkaloids have diverse pharmacological activities and have been studied for their potential medicinal properties. Some well-known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids include lycorine, galanthamine, and haemantamine.

Lycorine has been shown to have antiviral, antimalarial, and anti-cancer properties. Galanthamine is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Haemantamine has been studied for its potential as an anti-arrhythmic agent.

It is important to note that while Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown promise in preclinical studies, further research is needed to determine their safety and efficacy in humans before they can be approved for medical use. Additionally, some of these alkaloids can be toxic in high concentrations, so it is important to exercise caution when handling or consuming plants that contain them.

"Ergot alkaloids. LXVII. β-Ergocryptine, a new alkaloid of the ergotoxin series". Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae. 43 (8): 497-509 ... Ergocryptine is an ergopeptine and one of the ergoline alkaloids. It is isolated from ergot or fermentation broth and it serves ... Haarmann T, Machado C, Lübbe Y, Correia T, Schardl CL, Panaccione DG, Tudzynski P (June 2005). "The ergot alkaloid gene cluster ... Walzel B, Riederer B, Keller U (March 1997). "Mechanism of alkaloid cyclopeptide synthesis in the ergot fungus Claviceps ...
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He said this would be a threshold dose based on the dosages of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found the effects to be much ... Schiff PL (October 2006). "Ergot and its alkaloids". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 70 (5): 98. doi:10.5688/ ... an alkaloid found in ergot, a fungus that infects grain. LSD was the 25th of various lysergamides Hofmann synthesized from ... Switzerland as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. The abbreviation " ...
Rowell PP, Larson BT (July 1999). "Ergocryptine and other ergot alkaloids stimulate the release of [3H]dopamine from rat ... Schiff PL (October 2006). "Ergot and its alkaloids". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 70 (5): 98. doi:10.5688/ ... is a mixture of the methanesulfonate salts of three dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids (dihydroergocristine, dihydroergocornine, ... "Ergot derivatives: restricted use" (PDF). WHO Drug Information. 27 (3): 225. 2013.[dead link] Helsen V, Decoutere L, Spriet I, ...
Schiff PL (October 2006). "Ergot and its alkaloids". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 70 (5): 98. doi:10.5688/ ...
... received its name as it was a product of the lysis of various ergot alkaloids. Lysergic acid is generally ... Schiff, P. L. (Oct 15, 2006). "Ergot and its alkaloids". Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 70 (5): 98. doi:10.5688/aj700598. PMC 1637017. ... is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and found in the seeds of Turbina ...
Psychoactive ergot alkaloid drugs have subsequently been extracted from or synthesised starting from ergot; these include ... Schiff, Paul L. (September 2006). "Ergot and Its Alkaloids". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 70 (5): 98. doi: ... The history of bread-making records deadly ergotism caused by ergot, most commonly Claviceps purpurea, a parasite of cereal ...
The biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids". Journal of the Chemical Society: 421-425. Cordell GA (2002). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and ... Agroclavine belongs to the group of ergot alkaloids, such as ergotamine. Historically, the main use of agroclavine was to ... oxidize it to elymoclavine, which can then be used for ergot-based drug synthesis. Bhattacharji, S.; Birch, A. J.; Brack, A.; ...
Communication on ergot alkaloids]. Helvetica Chimica Acta (in German). 40 (6): 1706-1720. doi:10.1002/hlca.19570400619. ...
Stoll A, Hoffmann A (1965). "Chapter 21: The Ergot Alkaloids". In Manske RH (ed.). Indole alkaloids. The alkaloids: chemistry ... Ergocornine is a crystalline ergopeptine and one of the ergot alkaloids separated from ergotoxine. It is also a dopamine ... Ergot alkaloids, Oxazolopyrrolopyrazines, Lactams, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ...
Timmis as the cleavage product of ergot alkaloids. Additionally, Guarin and Youngkin reportedly isolated the crude alkaloid in ... The alkaloids of ergot. Part III. Ergine, a new base obtained by the degradation of ergotoxine and ergotinine". Journal of the ... The Alkaloids of Ergot. Part III. Ergine, a New Base obtained by the Degradation of Ergotoxine and Ergotinine". J. Chem. Soc. ... Alkaloids found in fungi, Lysergamides, Plant toxins, Quinoline alkaloids, Serotonin receptor agonists, Tryptamine alkaloids, ...
... is an ergopeptine and one of the ergot alkaloids. As of February 24, 2010 ergocristine has been federally ... Stoll A (1952). "Recent investigations on ergot alkaloids". Fortschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe: 114-174 (159). " ... Ergot alkaloids, Oxazolopyrrolopyrazines, Lactams, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ...
Ergot alkaloids are compounds produced as a toxic mixture of alkaloids in the sclerotia of species of Claviceps, which are ... Ergot alkaloids have been used pharmaceutically. Patulin is a toxin produced by the P. expansum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and ... and ergot alkaloids such as ergotamine. One mold species may produce many different mycotoxins, and several species may produce ... The ingestion of ergot sclerotia from infected cereals, commonly in the form of bread produced from contaminated flour, causes ...
Triptans use is limited to less than ten times per month in order to reduce Medication Overuse Headache (MOH). Ergot alkaloids ... Similar to the triptans and ergots alkaloids, their use should be limited to less than 10x per month to reduce MOH. ... Tfelt-Hansen PC (September 2013). "Triptans and ergot alkaloids in the acute treatment of migraine: similarities and ... Examples of specific antimigraine drug classes include triptans (first line option), ergot alkaloids, ditans and gepants. ...
Ergoline alkaloids (which are ergot alkaloids, named after the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea, a close relative of the ... such as ergot alkaloids, indole-diterpenoids (e.g., lolitrem B), loline alkaloids, and the unusual guanidinium alkaloid, ... Among the most abundant ergot alkaloids in epichloë-symbiotic grasses is ergovaline, comprising an ergoline moiety attached to ... ISBN 978-0-8138-0189-6. Schardl CL, Panaccione DG, Tudzynski P (2006). Ergot alkaloids - biology and molecular biology. pp. 45- ...
Schardl CL, Panaccione DG, Tudzynski P (2006). "Ergot alkaloids--biology and molecular biology". The Alkaloids. Chemistry and ... Ergotamine is a secondary metabolite (natural product) and the principal alkaloid produced by the ergot fungus, Claviceps ... is an ergopeptine and part of the ergot family of alkaloids; it is structurally and biochemically closely related to ergoline. ... catalyzing the first step in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis, i.e., the prenylation of L-tryptophan. Further reactions, involving ...
"The Chemistry of Peptide Ergot Alkaloids. Part 2. Analytical Methods for Determining Ergot Alkaloids". Pharm. Chem. J. 35 (10 ... Elymoclavine is an ergot alkaloid (ergoline alkaloid). It can be produced from C. fusiformis from Pennisetum typhoideum. It is ... Ergot alkaloids are natural products derived from L-tryptophan. They are often toxic for humans and animals. Despite that they ... Schardl, C. L.; Panaccione D. G.; Tudzynski P. "The Alkaloids - Chemistry and Biology". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ...
Ergot alkaloids, Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings, Nitrogen heterocycles, All stub articles, Alkaloid stubs). ... Cycloclavine is an ergot alkaloid. It was first isolated in 1969 from seeds of Ipomoea hildebrandtii vatke. The first total ... "New routes to clavine-type ergot alkaloids. Part 2: Synthesis of the last, so far not yet synthesized member of the clavine ... Stauffacher, D; Niklaus, P; Tscherter, H; Weber, H.P; Hofmann, A (1969). "Cycloclavin, ein neues alkaloid aus Ipomoea ...
Ergot alkaloids are a class of hemiterpenoid indole alkaloids related to lysergic acid, which, in turn, is formed in a ... Pirroloindole alkaloids are synthesized in living organisms in a similar way. Biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids begins with the ... Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloids containing a structural moiety of indole; many indole alkaloids also include isoprene ... and the alkaloid ergotamine, one of the main active ingredients of ergot, was isolated in 1918. The first indole alkaloid, ...
... is an ergot alkaloid. J. E. Saxton (1960). "The Indole Alkaloids". In The Alkaloids, Vol. VII, (R. H. F. Manske, Ed ... Total syntheses of the Ergot alkaloids rugulovasines a and B and setoclavine". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 123 ( ... Ergot alkaloids, All stub articles, Alkaloid stubs). ...
... is an ergot alkaloid. Pertz, H (1996). "Naturally occurring clavines: Antagonism/partial agonism at 5-HT2A receptors ... Alkaloid stubs, Ergot alkaloids, Vinylidene compounds). ...
... is an ergot alkaloid. Alongside dihydroergocristine and dihydroergocryptine, it is one of the three ... Ergot alkaloids, Lysergamides, Oxazolopyrrolopyrazines, Lactams, All stub articles, Cardiovascular system drug stubs). ...
... is an ergot alkaloid. Alongside dihydroergocornine and dihydroergocryptine, it is one of the components of ... Ergot alkaloids, Isopropyl compounds, Lactams, Lysergamides, Oxazolopyrrolopyrazines, Vasodilators, All stub articles, ...
... is an ergot alkaloid. Bacon, CW; Porter, JK; Robbins, JD (1979). "Laboratory production of ergot alkaloids by ... Ergot alkaloids, All stub articles, Alkaloid stubs). ...
Additive vasoconstricting effects occur with ergot alkaloids, and oxytocin. Potentially fatal drug interactions are the risk of ...
In: Ergot Alkaloids and Related Compounds (Berde, B. & Schild, H.O., eds.) Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Rowan, D.D.; Hunt, M.B.; ... For example, the ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps spp. have been dangerous contaminants of rye crops for centuries. When ... The toxic properties of ergot alkaloids also make them useful in the treatment of headaches and throughout the process of ... Clay, K.; Cheplick, G.P. (1989). "Effect of ergot alkaloids from fungal endophyt-infected grasses on fall armyworm (Spodoptera ...
... is an ergot alkaloid precursor. "The role of paliclavine in the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids". Helv. Chim. Acta ...
Rigbers O, Li SM (October 2008). "Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. Overproduction and biochemical ... 4-dimethylallyl-L-abrine The enzyme catalyses a step in the pathway leading to biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids in certain fungi ...
... is an ergopeptine and one of the ergot alkaloids. It is usually found in endophyte-infected species of grass like ... Schnitzius JM, Hill NS, Thompson CS, Craig AM (May 2001). "Semiquantitative determination of ergot alkaloids in seed, straw, ... Ergot alkaloids, Oxazolopyrrolopyrazines, Lactams, Suspected female reproductive toxins, All stub articles, Cardiovascular ...
In early times, ergot alkaloids have been used for medicinal purposes. For example, ergot was used as a form of abortion in ... The sclerotium is an overwinter structure, which contains ergot alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea's life cycle is an interesting ... from ergot alkaloid. Despite side effects of the drug such as paranoia, loss of judgment and flashbacks, psychotherapists and ... In the Middle Ages Claviceps purpurea sclerotia contaminated rye grain used in bread led to ergot poisoning by way of which ...
Hofmann A Historical View On Ergot Alkaloids. Pharmacology (Basel) 1978 16(Suppl 1):1-11 ... Lonitzer mentioned ergot as a remedy used by midwives for aiding childbirth. In 1906 ergotoxine was the first ergot alkaloid ... A historical review of ergot alkaloids is presented. Ergot has been known for centuries and numerous outbreaks of ergotism ... Synthesis of these alkaloids are mentioned and chemical modifications of these alkaloids - discussed. These modifications led ...
Spano PF Ergot Alkaloids and Cyclic Nucleotides in the CNS Pharmacology 1978 16(Supp. 1):150-55 ... Ergot alkaloids (EAs) and cyclic nucleotides in the CNS are discussed. EAs act through different mechanisms. Neuroleptics block ... "Ergot Alkaloids and Cyclic Nucleotides in the CNS" Pharmacology. 1978;16(Supp. 1):150-55. ...
Ergot alkaloids and derivatives. Class Summary. These are direct vasoconstrictors of smooth muscle in cranial blood vessels. ...
Rothlin E Influence of ergot alkaloids and lysergic acid derivatives on an inherited behavior anomaly in mice. XIX ... "Influence of ergot alkaloids and lysergic acid derivatives on an inherited behavior anomaly in mice.". ... "Influence of ergot alkaloids and lysergic acid derivatives on an inherited behavior anomaly in mice." XIX International ...
Tall fescue toxins (endophyte toxins): lolitrems, peramine, ergot alkaloid (ergovaline). The main groups of natural ergot ... This fungus produces the ergot responsible for the ergot alkaloid group of mycotoxins and parasitizes the seed heads of plants ... a combined alkaloid effect has been suggested by Klotz et al. (2008). Chronic exposure to moderate amounts of ergot alkaloids ... The term ergot alkaloid refers to a diverse group of about forty different toxins which are formed by Claviceps spp. on grains ...
A matching exericse concerning ergot alkaloids is presented. ... Non-ergot alkaloid with beta-blocking properties that may be ... An example of an amine ergot alkaloid that is an effective prophylactic drug for migraine. ???. amitriptyline. ergonovine. ... Non-ergot alkloid, classified as a first-generation antidepressant, that may be effective for migraine prophylaxis.. ???. ... An example of a biologically active, non-ergot, agent produced by Claviceps purpurea.. ???. amitriptyline. ergonovine. ...
In 2021, Top exporters of Alkaloids, vegetable; of rye ergot and their derivatives; salts thereof are European Union ($ ... HS Code 293960: Alkaloids, vegetable; of rye ergot and their derivatives; salts thereof. Please note: Exports is gross exports ... Alkaloids, vegetable; of rye ergot and their derivatives; salts thereof. 2021. World. 48,615.76. 7,615. Kg. ... Alkaloids, vegetable; of rye ergot and their derivatives; salts thereof. 2021. World. 14,654.56. 2,353. Kg. ...
... the objective of the study was to determine if ruminally dosed ergot alkaloids impact rumen motility. Cannulated steers were ... INFLUENCE OF ERGOT ALKALOIDS ON RUMEN MOTILITY: TIME AND CONCENTRATION OF ERGOVALINE + ERGOVALININE REQUIRED TO IMPACT ... Riccioni, Kara, "INFLUENCE OF ERGOT ALKALOIDS ON RUMEN MOTILITY: TIME AND CONCENTRATION OF ERGOVALINE + ERGOVALININE REQUIRED ... the objective of the study was to determine if ruminally dosed ergot alkaloids impact rumen motility. Cannulated steers were ...
Discover the harmful ergot alkaloids, produced by fungi that infect various cereal grains. Learn how to manage this risk and ... Ergot alkaloids Produced by fungi in the Claviceps genera, particularly C. purpurea, ergot is a term that describes the ... Interestingly, the ergot body size is not directly correlated to the concentration of ergot alkaloids. However, the European ... Additionally, in the same report, the absence of sclerotia did not exclude the presence of ergot alkaloids in the grain. ...
Find GMP-Certified API Suppliers for Ergot alkaloids. ✅ Compare Prices and Verified Certifications to Find the Leading API ... Ergot alkaloids. Ergot alkaloids are a prominent category of pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that ... In summary, ergot alkaloids represent a significant pharmaceutical API category with diverse applications in migraine ... Furthermore, ergot alkaloids find application in obstetrics and gynecology. Ergometrine (ergonovine) and methylergometrine ( ...
Chronic intake of cereals contaminated with ergot alkaloids can cause ergotism and result in the loss of toes and fingers or ... However, all these effects are not strong enough to change the composition of ergot alkaloids in feed substantially and to ... The results suggest that ergotamine and ergosine are very stable ergot alkaloids, and neither their concentrations, nor their ... In addition, the total concentration of all ergot alkaloids is reduced through heating. ...
The risk of ergot toxicity (e.g., severe peripheral vasospasm with possible ischemia, potentially leading to gangrene, cyanosis ... The risk of ergot toxicity (e.g., severe peripheral vasospasm with possible ischemia, potentially leading to gangrene, cyanosis ... Action to be taken: Caution with close monitoring for ergot toxicity (e.g., severe peripheral vasospasm with possible ischemia ... Action to be taken: Caution with close monitoring for ergot toxicity (e.g., severe peripheral vasospasm with possible ischemia ...
WebMD provides information about interactions between Benadryl Allergy/Cold Oral and sympathomimetics-ergot-alkaloids. ... Ergot Alkaloids/Sympathomimetics Interactions. This information is generalized and not intended as specific medical advice. ...
Recalls: Ergot alkaloids, acrylamide and glass 28-Sep-2017. By Joseph James Whitworth ...
Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour answers are found in the Cochrane Abstracts powered by Unbound ... "Prophylactic Use of Ergot Alkaloids in the Third Stage of Labour." Cochrane Abstracts, Evidence Central, evidence. ... Prophylactic Use of Ergot Alkaloids in the Third Stage of Labour [Internet]. In: Cochrane Abstracts. [cited 2023 November 28]. ... TY - ELEC T1 - Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour ID - 431630 BT - Cochrane Abstracts UR - https ...
"Ergot alkaloids. LXVII. β-Ergocryptine, a new alkaloid of the ergotoxin series". Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae. 43 (8): 497-509 ... Ergocryptine is an ergopeptine and one of the ergoline alkaloids. It is isolated from ergot or fermentation broth and it serves ... Haarmann T, Machado C, Lübbe Y, Correia T, Schardl CL, Panaccione DG, Tudzynski P (June 2005). "The ergot alkaloid gene cluster ... Walzel B, Riederer B, Keller U (March 1997). "Mechanism of alkaloid cyclopeptide synthesis in the ergot fungus Claviceps ...
This system could also be applied to small ergot alkaloids in an ergot contaminated flour sample.. ... Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins produced by fungi of the genus Claviceps, which infect cereal crops and grasses. The uptake of ... In order to compensate for the lack of rapid tests for the detection of ergot alkaloids, the aim of this study was to develop a ... For food safety assessment, analytical techniques are currently used to determine the presence of ergot alkaloids in food and ...
18) getting probably the most notable.169,170 Ergot alkaloids are frequently linked with the illness ergotism, known ... 54 is isolated from numerous fungi together with the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea (Fig. ... Roduct belonging to a class of diverse molecules broadly known as ergot alkaloids. ... underlining the psychoactivity of ergot alkaloids.171 Ergot alkaloids, derived from L-tryptophan 11, are characterized by a ...
Ergot alkaloids. Class Summary. Also in the category of uterotonics and used almost exclusively for treatment of postabortal ...
Ergot alkaloids: Ergot alkaloids work in a similar way to triptans. An example of an ergot alkaloid used in a migraine cocktail ... Ergot alkaloids: These may be used in situations when triptans dont work to ease symptoms. Some examples include ...
Medications called ergot alkaloids are used to stop excessive uterine bleeding. By producing vasoconstriction (narrowing of the ... The best indicator of a therapeutic response to ergot alkaloids would be............... ... What would be the best indication of a therapeutic response to ergot alkaloids for a client with uterine bleeding? ... SOLVED) Best indication of a therapeutic response to ergot alkaloids for a client with uterine bleeding? ...
Endophyte-associated ergot alkaloids (Popular Publication) (9-May-11) Protein degradation of smooth bromegrass switchgrass and ... Effect of ergot alkaloids on contractility of bovine right ruminal artery and vein (Peer Reviewed Journal) (12-Apr-11) ...
Ergot Alkaloids for Migraine Ergot alkaloids are headache medicines that are used only to treat severe headaches like migraine ...
... ergot alkaloid derivatives; certain cardiac drugs (e.g., quinidine or amiodarone); or sedative-hypnotics (e.g., triazolam or ... ergot alkaloid derivatives; cisapride; sedative-hypnotics (e.g., alprazolam, clorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flurazepam ... ergot alkaloid derivatives; or sedative- hypnotics (e.g., triazolam or midazolam). ... ergot alkaloid derivatives, or sedative- hypnotics (e.g., midazolam or triazolam). ...
Ergot Alkaloids Ergot alkaloids may also reverse the pressor effects of epinephrine. ...
Ergot alkaloid toxicity in the late-gestation mare. A number of fungi, both saprophytic and endophyte, can produce mycotoxins ... Fescue Toxicity is the form of ergot alkaloid toxicity that has been widely seen in the U.S. It is caused by the endophytic ... The primary clinical signs of ergot alkaloid poisoning in the late-gestation mare include:. *an extended gestation length from ... For further information, see the article Ergot Alkaloid (ergopeptine) Toxicity in Horse Hay and Pasture under "Horses" in the ...
ergot alkaloids used in migraine headaches. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed. ...
ergot alkaloids or ergotamines. Anti-CGRP tablets have proven effective at reducing pain of migraine both with and without aura ... Triptans and ergot alkaloid are known to cause overuse headaches. People with cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure ... and in general are better-tolerated than triptans and ergot alkaloid medications. ...
Ergot Alkaloids. Elevated concentrations of ergot alkaloids can cause ergotism, i.e., a risk for vasospasm potentially leading ... Concomitant administration of ergot alkaloids such as dihydroergotamine and ergotamine with ketoconazole tablets is ... Vinca Alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine). Ketoconazole may inhibit the metabolism of vinca alkaloids metabolized ...
Ergot alkaloids. Claviceps. Moniliformin. Fusarium. species (mainly F. proliferatum. ). Table 5.. The major mycotoxins and ...

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