Ephedrine
Ephedra
Phenylpropanolamine
Anesthesia, Obstetrical
Pseudoephedrine
Ephedra sinica
Hypotension
Sympathomimetics
Metaraminol
Doping in Sports
Phenylephrine
Central Nervous System Stimulants
Regional patterns of myocardial sympathetic denervation in dilated cardiomyopathy: an analysis using carbon-11 hydroxyephedrine and positron emission tomography. (1/263)
OBJECTIVE: To assess presynaptic function of cardiac autonomic innervation in patients with advanced congestive heart failure using positron emission tomography (PET) and the recently developed radiolabelled catecholamine analogue carbon-11 hydroxyephedrine (HED) as a marker for neuronal catecholamine uptake function. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: 29 patients suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy with moderate to severe heart failure were compared with eight healthy controls. Perfusion scan was followed by HED dynamic PET imaging of cardiac sympathetic innervation. The scintigraphic results were compared with markers of disease severity and the degree of sympathetic dysfunction assessed by means of heart rate variability. RESULTS: In contrast to nearly normal perfusions, mean (SD) HED retention in dilated cardiomyopathy patients was abnormal in 64 (32)% of the left ventricle. Absolute myocardial HED retention was 10.7 (1.0)%/min in controls v 6.2 (1.6)%/min in dilated cardiomyopathy patients (p < 0.001). Moreover, significant regional reduction of HED retention was demonstrated in apical and inferoapical segments. HED retention was significantly correlated with New York Heart Association functional class (r = -0.55, p = 0. 002) and ejection fraction (r = 0.63, p < 0.001), but not, however, with plasma noradrenaline concentrations as well as parameters of heart rate variability. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, using PET in combination with HED in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, not only global reduction but also regional abnormalities of cardiac sympathetic tracer uptake were demonstrated. The degree of abnormality was positively correlated to markers of severity of heart failure. The pathogenetic mechanisms leading to the regional differences of neuronal damage as well as the prognostic significance of these findings remain to be defined. (+info)A possible mode of cardiovascular actions of dopamine in dogs. (2/263)
A possible mode of cardiovascular actions of dopamine was studied using ephedrine. In the dog pretreated with repeated administrations of ephedrine (total dose, 40 or 80 mg/kg, i.v.) or with combined administrations of ephedrine (total dose, 90 mg/kg, s.c. and i.v.) and reserpine (2 mg/kg, s.c., 24 hr previously), pressor responses to dopamine were eliminated and reversed to depressor responses whereas depressor responses to dopamine were potentiated. Positive chronotropic effects of dopamine were almost eliminated. Pressor and positive chronotropic effects of tyramine were almost abolished. Sympathomimetic effect of noradrenaline and adrenaline were potentiated while those of isoprenaline were inhibited. In the heart-lung preparation of ephedrine-treated dogs (total dose, 40 mg/kg, i.v.), cardiac stimulating effects of dopamine and tyramine were strongly depressed, and those of noradrenaline, adrenaline and isoprenaline were reduced to some extent. In the open-chest dogs, after pretreatment of cocaine (4 mg/kg, i.v.), pressor, positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of noradrenaline were potentiated, whilst those of tyramine were inhibited. Those of dopamine were not visibly altered, but depressor, negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of dopamine appeared at small doses. In the ephedrine-pretreated dogs, these sympathomimetic effects of dopamine and tyramine after cocaine were strongly depressed and those of noradrenaline were inhibited to a certain degree. The results obtained with ephedrine suggest that dopamine differs from other catecholamines and tyramine in the mode of cardiovascular actions. (+info)Heterogeneous cardiac sympathetic denervation and decreased myocardial nerve growth factor in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: implications for cardiac sympathetic dysinnervation complicating diabetes. (3/263)
Heterogeneous myocardial sympathetic denervation complicating diabetes has been invoked as a factor contributing to sudden unexplained cardiac death. In subjects with diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN), distal left ventricular (LV) denervation contrasts with preservation of islands of proximal innervation, which exhibit impaired vascular responsiveness. The aims of this study were to determine whether this heterogeneous pattern of myocardial sympathetic denervation occurs in a rat model of diabetes and to explore a potential association with regional fluctuations in myocardial nerve growth factor (NGF) protein. Myocardial sympathetic denervation was characterized scintigraphically using the sympathetic neurotransmitter analog C-11 hydroxyephedrine ([11C]HED) and compared with regional changes in myocardial NGF protein abundance and norepinephrine content after 6 and 9 months in nondiabetic (ND) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (STZ-D) rats. In ND rats, no difference in [11C]HED retention or norepinephrine content was detected in the proximal versus distal myocardium. After 6 months, compared with ND rats, myocardial [11C]HED retention had declined in the proximal segments of STZ-D rats by only 9% (NS) compared with a 33% decrease in the distal myocardium (P < 0.05). Myocardial norepinephrine content was similar in both ND and STZ-D rats. At 6 months, LV myocardial NGF protein content in STZ-D rats decreased by 52% in the proximal myocardial segments (P < 0.01 vs. ND rats) and by 82% distally (P < 0.01 vs. ND rats, P < 0.05 vs. proximal segments). By 9 months, [11C]HED retention had declined in both the proximal and distal myocardial segments of the STZ-D rats by 42% (P < 0.01 vs. ND rats), and LV norepinephrine content and NGF protein were decreased in parallel. Therefore, 6 months of STZ-induced diabetes results in heterogeneous cardiac sympathetic denervation in the rat, with maximal denervation occurring distally, and is associated with a proximal-to-distal gradient of LV NGF protein depletion. It is tempting to speculate that regional fluctuations of NGF protein in the diabetic myocardium contribute to heterogeneous cardiac sympathetic denervation complicating diabetes. (+info)Herbal remedies: adverse effects and drug interactions. (4/263)
A growing number of Americans are using herbal products for preventive and therapeutic purposes. The manufacturers of these products are not required to submit proof of safety and efficacy to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration before marketing. For this reason, the adverse effects and drug interactions associated with herbal remedies are largely unknown. Ginkgo biloba extract, advertised as improving cognitive functioning, has been reported to cause spontaneous bleeding, and it may interact with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. St. John's wort, promoted as a treatment for depression, may have monoamine oxidase-inhibiting effects or may cause increased levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. Although St. John's wort probably does not interact with foods that contain tyramine, it should not be used with prescription antidepressants. Ephedrine-containing herbal products have been associated with adverse cardiovascular events, seizures and even death. Ginseng, widely used for its purported physical and mental effects, is generally well tolerated, but it has been implicated as a cause of decreased response to warfarin. Physicians must be alert for adverse effects and drug interactions associated with herbal remedies, and they should ask all patients about the use of these products. (+info)Serial assessment of sympathetic reinnervation after orthotopic heart transplantation. A longitudinal study using PET and C-11 hydroxyephedrine. (5/263)
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the progressiveness of sympathetic reinnervation late after cardiac transplantation (HTX). The aim of the present study was to describe individual growth of sympathetic terminals after HTX by a longitudinal quantitative assessment. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 20 patients after HTX, dynamic PET with C-11 hydroxyephedrine (HED) was performed twice within 3.0+/-0.5 years. According to the time interval between HTX and first PET, subgroups of patients early (group A, <1.5 years; n=7), intermediate (group B, 1.5 to 7 years; n=7) and late (group C, >7 years; n=6) after HTX were defined. At the time of first HED PET, 10 patients were completely denervated (7 in group A, 2 in group B, and 1 in group C). Only 3 remained denervated at second PET. A significant increase of reinnervated myocardium between first and second PET was found in all 3 groups (0% to 9+/-9% of left ventricle for group A, P<0.05; 13+/-12% to 23+/-17% for group B, P<0.05; 21+/-21% to 37+/-23% for group C, P<0.05). The magnitude of increase was similar between groups. Reinnervation was first surveyed in the basal anterior region, then toward apex, septal, and lateral wall. Inferior wall remained denervated. The largest reinnervated area surveyed in an individuum was 66% of the left ventricle. CONCLUSIONS: The present data confirm the low likelihood of sympathetic reinnervation within 18 months after HTX. Once the reinnervation process is initiated, a continuous growth is observed even late after HTX, suggesting a progressive nature of reinnervation. Reinnervation, however, remained regionally heterogeneous, and a complete restoration was not found until 15 years after HTX. (+info)Acute effect of ephedrine on 24-h energy balance. (6/263)
Ephedrine is used to help achieve weight control. Data on its true efficacy and mechanisms in altering energy balance in human subjects are limited. We aimed to determine the acute effect of ephedrine on 24-h energy expenditure, mechanical work and urinary catecholamines in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover study. Ten healthy volunteers were given ephedrine (50 mg) or placebo thrice daily during each of two 24-h periods (ephedrine and placebo) in a whole-room indirect calorimeter, which accurately measures minute-by-minute energy expenditure and mechanical work. Measurements were taken of 24-h energy expenditure, mechanical work, urinary catecholamines and binding of (+/-)ephedrine in vitro to human beta1-, beta2- and beta3-adrenoreceptors. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure was 3.6% greater (8965+/-1301 versus 8648+/-1347 kJ, P<0.05) with ephedrine than with placebo, but mechanical work was not different between the ephedrine and placebo periods. Noradrenaline excretion was lower with ephedrine (0.032+/-0.011 microg/mg creatinine) compared with placebo (0.044+/-0.012 microg/mg creatinine) (P<0.05). (+/-)Ephedrine is a relatively weak partial agonist of human beta1- and beta2-adrenoreceptors, and had no detectable activity at human beta3-adrenoreceptors. Ephedrine (50 mg thrice daily) modestly increases energy expenditure in normal human subjects. A lack of binding of ephedrine to beta3-adrenoreceptors and the observed decrease in urinary noradrenaline during ephedrine treatment suggest that the thermogenic effect of ephedrine results from direct beta1-/beta2-adrenoreceptor agonism. An indirect beta3-adrenergic effect through the release of noradrenaline seems unlikely as urinary noradrenaline decreased significantly with ephedrine. (+info)PET imaging of oxidative metabolism abnormalities in sympathetically denervated canine myocardium. (7/263)
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that regional sympathetic denervation produces perfusion and metabolic alterations in myocardial tissue under resting conditions. METHODS: PET studies of myocardial sympathetic innervation, myocardial perfusion and oxygen utilization using [11C]hydroxyephedrine (HED), [13N]ammonia and 1-[11C]acetate, respectively, were performed before and approximately 2 and 8 wk after surgical left thoracotomy and regional chemical sympathetic denervation (n = 5). A second group of animals underwent the same surgical procedure but, so that they could serve as a sham control group, were not sympathetically denervated (n = 5). The second group of animals was imaged before and 2 wk after surgery. Images of the retention of [11C]HED taken from 50 to 60 min postinjection were used to differentiate sympathetically innervated and denervated regions of the left ventricle. Regions of interest were defined on polar plots of the [11C]HED retention, including the sympathetically denervated territory and normally innervated regions. Regions defined on the HED polar plots were then transferred to the [13N]ammonia and 1-[11C]acetate image data, and tracer kinetic models were fit to the regional time-activity curves to generate estimates of myocardial perfusion and oxidative metabolism. RESULTS: The average percentage of the left ventricle denervated in the group I animals was 13.1% +/- 7.3%. Significant reductions in oxidative metabolism were observed in the sympathectomized tissue both at 2 and 8 wk after surgery (22% and 15% reductions, respectively). Significant alterations in regional perfusion were not observed. No significant changes in oxidative metabolism or perfusion were observed in the sham control group. CONCLUSION: Regional sympathetic denervation alters oxidative metabolism but not perfusion in the denervated region of the heart. (+info)Combined epidural-spinal opioid-free anaesthesia and analgesia for hysterectomy. (8/263)
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are major problems after gynaecological surgery. We studied 40 patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy, allocated randomly to receive opioid-free epidural-spinal anaesthesia or general anaesthesia with continuous epidural bupivacaine 15 mg h-1 or continuous bupivacaine 10 mg h-1 with epidural morphine 0.2 mg h-1, respectively, for postoperative analgesia. Nausea, vomiting, pain and bowel function were scored on 4-point scales for 3 days. Patients undergoing general anaesthesia had significantly higher nausea and vomiting scores (P < 0.01) but significantly lower pain scores during rest (P < 0.05) and mobilization (P < 0.01). More patients undergoing general anaesthesia received antiemetics (13 vs five; P < 0.05), but fewer received supplementary opioids on the ward (eight vs 16; P < 0.05). We conclude that opioid-free epidural-spinal anaesthesia for hysterectomy caused less PONV, but with less effective analgesia compared with general anaesthesia with postoperative continuous epidural morphine and bupivacaine. (+info)Ephedrine is a medication that stimulates the nervous system and is used to treat low blood pressure, asthma, and nasal congestion. It works by narrowing the blood vessels and increasing heart rate, which can help to increase blood pressure and open up the airways in the lungs. Ephedrine may also be used as a bronchodilator to treat COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
Ephedrine is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and solutions for injection. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking ephedrine, as it can have side effects such as rapid heart rate, anxiety, headache, and dizziness. Ephedrine should not be used by people with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, or narrow-angle glaucoma, and it should not be taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding without consulting a healthcare provider.
In addition to its medical uses, ephedrine has been used as a performance-enhancing drug and is banned by many sports organizations. It can also be found in some over-the-counter cold and allergy medications, although these products are required to carry warnings about the potential for misuse and addiction.
Ephedra is a genus of plants that contain various alkaloids, including ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. These plants, also known as "joint-fir" or "Mormon tea," have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years to treat various conditions such as asthma, nasal congestion, and hay fever.
Ephedra has been used as a stimulant to increase energy, alertness, and physical performance. However, the use of ephedra-containing supplements has been linked to serious side effects, including heart attack, stroke, and death, particularly when taken in high doses or combined with other stimulants. As a result, the sale of dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids was banned in the United States in 2004.
It's important to note that while ephedra has been used in traditional medicine, its safety and effectiveness have not been thoroughly studied in clinical trials, and its use is not recommended without medical supervision.
Phenylpropanolamine is a decongestant and appetite suppressant that has been used in over-the-counter and prescription medications. It works by narrowing blood vessels in the nose, which can help to relieve nasal congestion. As an appetite suppressant, it is thought to work by affecting certain chemicals in the brain that control appetite.
However, phenylpropanolamine has been associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding in the brain) and other cardiovascular events, particularly in women who are otherwise healthy but have a history of high blood pressure or smoking. As a result, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advised manufacturers to stop selling over-the-counter products containing phenylpropanolamine in 2005.
It is important to note that this substance should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, and individuals should always follow their doctor's instructions carefully when taking any medication.
Obstetrical anesthesia refers to the use of anesthetic techniques and medications during childbirth or obstetrical procedures. The goal is to provide pain relief and comfort to the birthing person while ensuring the safety of both the mother and the baby. There are different types of obstetrical anesthesia, including:
1. Local anesthesia: Injection of a local anesthetic agent to numb a specific area, such as the perineum (the area between the vagina and the anus) during childbirth.
2. Regional anesthesia: Numbing a larger region of the body using techniques like spinal or epidural anesthesia. These methods involve injecting local anesthetic agents near the spinal cord to block nerve impulses, providing pain relief in the lower half of the body.
3. General anesthesia: Using inhaled gases or intravenous medications to render the birthing person unconscious during cesarean sections (C-sections) or other surgical procedures related to childbirth.
The choice of anesthetic technique depends on various factors, including the type of delivery, the mother's medical history, and the preferences of both the mother and the healthcare team. Obstetrical anesthesia requires specialized training and expertise to ensure safe and effective pain management during labor and delivery.
Spinal anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting local anesthetic medication into the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space, which is the space surrounding the spinal cord. This procedure is typically performed by introducing a needle into the lower back, between the vertebrae, to reach the subarachnoid space.
Once the local anesthetic is introduced into this space, it spreads to block nerve impulses from the corresponding levels of the spine, resulting in numbness and loss of sensation in specific areas of the body below the injection site. The extent and level of anesthesia depend on the amount and type of medication used, as well as the patient's individual response.
Spinal anesthesia is often used for surgeries involving the lower abdomen, pelvis, or lower extremities, such as cesarean sections, hernia repairs, hip replacements, and knee arthroscopies. It can also be utilized for procedures like epidural steroid injections to manage chronic pain conditions affecting the spine and lower limbs.
While spinal anesthesia provides effective pain relief during and after surgery, it may cause side effects such as low blood pressure, headache, or difficulty urinating. These potential complications should be discussed with the healthcare provider before deciding on this type of anesthesia.
Pseudoephedrine is a decongestant medication that works by narrowing the blood vessels in the lining of the nose, which can help to relieve nasal congestion. It is commonly used to treat symptoms of allergies, colds, and sinusitis. Pseudoephedrine is available over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquids.
It is important to note that pseudoephedrine has been misused in the production of methamphetamine, a highly addictive and illegal drug. As a result, some countries have implemented regulations on the sale of products containing pseudoephedrine, requiring them to be sold behind the counter or kept in locked cases.
Ephedra sinica, also known as Ma Huang, is a plant that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. It contains several alkaloids, including ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which have stimulant effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system.
Ephedra sinica has been used to treat various medical conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and nasal congestion. However, its use as a dietary supplement or weight loss aid has been controversial due to concerns about its safety. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the sale of dietary supplements containing ephedra in 2004 due to the risk of serious adverse effects, including heart attack, stroke, and death.
It is important to note that Ephedra sinica should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as it can interact with other medications and have potentially dangerous side effects.
Hypotension is a medical term that refers to abnormally low blood pressure, usually defined as a systolic blood pressure less than 90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or a diastolic blood pressure less than 60 mm Hg. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood.
Hypotension can cause symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, and fainting, especially when standing up suddenly. In severe cases, hypotension can lead to shock, which is a life-threatening condition characterized by multiple organ failure due to inadequate blood flow.
Hypotension can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, medical conditions such as heart disease, endocrine disorders, and dehydration. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of hypotension, as it can indicate an underlying health issue that requires treatment.
Sympathomimetic drugs are substances that mimic or stimulate the actions of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates various automatic physiological functions in the body. The sympathetic nervous system's primary function is to prepare the body for the "fight-or-flight" response, which includes increasing heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and metabolism while decreasing digestive activity.
Sympathomimetic drugs can exert their effects through various mechanisms, including directly stimulating adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta receptors) or indirectly causing the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine from nerve endings. These drugs are used in various clinical settings to treat conditions such as asthma, nasal congestion, low blood pressure, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Examples of sympathomimetic drugs include epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, albuterol, pseudoephedrine, and methylphenidate.
It is important to note that sympathomimetic drugs can also have adverse effects, particularly when used in high doses or in individuals with certain medical conditions. These adverse effects may include anxiety, tremors, palpitations, hypertension, arrhythmias, and seizures. Therefore, these medications should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.
Metaraminol is a synthetic vasoconstrictor and sympathomimetic agent, which is primarily used in clinical medicine to raise blood pressure in hypotensive states. It is a direct-acting alpha-adrenergic agonist, with some mild beta-adrenergic activity as well.
Metaraminol works by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of blood vessels, causing them to contract and narrow, leading to an increase in peripheral vascular resistance and systolic blood pressure. It also has a positive inotropic effect on the heart, increasing its contractility and stroke volume.
The drug is administered intravenously, and its effects are usually rapid in onset but short-lived, typically lasting for 5 to 10 minutes. Common side effects of metaraminol include hypertension, reflex bradycardia, arrhythmias, headache, anxiety, and tremors. It should be used with caution in patients with ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and other cardiovascular conditions.
A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.
There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:
* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.
C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.
If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.
Ritodrine is a medication that was previously used to prevent or delay premature labor in women at high risk. It is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist, which works by relaxing uterine muscles and slowing down contractions. However, its use in clinical practice has been largely discontinued due to the availability of more effective and safer alternatives for tocolysis (the suppression of premature labor). It's important to note that Ritodrine is not currently a commonly used medication in obstetrics.
Doping in sports is the use of prohibited substances or methods to improve athletic performance. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) defines doping as "the occurrence of one or more of the following anti-doping rule violations":
1. Presence of a prohibited substance in an athlete's sample
2. Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method
3. Evading, refusing, or failing to submit to sample collection
4. Whereabouts failures (three missed tests or filing failures within a 12-month period)
5. Tampering or attempted tampering with any part of the doping control process
6. Possession, trafficking, or administration of a prohibited substance or method
7. Complicity in an anti-doping rule violation
8. Prohibited association with a person who has been serving a period of ineligibility for an anti-doping rule violation
Doping is considered unethical and harmful to the integrity of sports, as it provides an unfair advantage to those who engage in it. It can also have serious health consequences for athletes. Various international and national organizations, including WADA and the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), work to prevent doping in sports through education, testing, and enforcement of anti-doping rules.
Phenylephrine is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as sympathomimetic amines. It primarily acts as an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist, which means it stimulates these receptors, leading to vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels). This effect can be useful in various medical situations, such as:
1. Nasal decongestion: When applied topically in the nose, phenylephrine causes constriction of the blood vessels in the nasal passages, which helps to relieve congestion and swelling. It is often found in over-the-counter (OTC) cold and allergy products.
2. Ocular circulation: In ophthalmology, phenylephrine is used to dilate the pupils before eye examinations. The increased pressure from vasoconstriction helps to open up the pupil, allowing for a better view of the internal structures of the eye.
3. Hypotension management: In some cases, phenylephrine may be given intravenously to treat low blood pressure (hypotension) during medical procedures like spinal anesthesia or septic shock. The vasoconstriction helps to increase blood pressure and improve perfusion of vital organs.
It is essential to use phenylephrine as directed, as improper usage can lead to adverse effects such as increased heart rate, hypertension, arrhythmias, and rebound congestion (when used as a nasal decongestant). Always consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate guidance on using this medication.
Vasoconstrictor agents are substances that cause the narrowing of blood vessels by constricting the smooth muscle in their walls. This leads to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in blood flow. They work by activating the sympathetic nervous system, which triggers the release of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and epinephrine that bind to alpha-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel walls, causing them to contract.
Vasoconstrictor agents are used medically for a variety of purposes, including:
* Treating hypotension (low blood pressure)
* Controlling bleeding during surgery or childbirth
* Relieving symptoms of nasal congestion in conditions such as the common cold or allergies
Examples of vasoconstrictor agents include phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, and epinephrine. It's important to note that prolonged use or excessive doses of vasoconstrictor agents can lead to rebound congestion and other adverse effects, so they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are a class of drugs that increase alertness, attention, energy, and/or mood by directly acting on the brain. They can be prescribed to treat medical conditions such as narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression that has not responded to other treatments.
Examples of CNS stimulants include amphetamine (Adderall), methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), and modafinil (Provigil). These medications work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain.
In addition to their therapeutic uses, CNS stimulants are also sometimes misused for non-medical reasons, such as to enhance cognitive performance or to get high. However, it's important to note that misusing these drugs can lead to serious health consequences, including addiction, cardiovascular problems, and mental health issues.
Epidural anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves the injection of local anesthetic medication into the epidural space in the spine, which is the space surrounding the dura mater, a membrane that covers the spinal cord. The injection is typically administered through a catheter placed in the lower back using a needle.
The local anesthetic drug blocks nerve impulses from the affected area, numbing it and relieving pain. Epidural anesthesia can be used for various surgical procedures, such as cesarean sections, knee or hip replacements, and hernia repairs. It is also commonly used during childbirth to provide pain relief during labor and delivery.
The effects of epidural anesthesia can vary depending on the dose and type of medication used, as well as the individual's response to the drug. The anesthetic may take several minutes to start working, and its duration of action can range from a few hours to a day or more. Epidural anesthesia is generally considered safe when administered by trained medical professionals, but like any medical procedure, it carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and respiratory depression.
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Hydrochloride4
- Ephedrine Hydrochloride is a sympathomimetic from the same family as Albuterol Sulfate and Clenbuterol Hydrochloride. (steroid.com)
- Ephedrine Hydrochloride ] - Ephedrine was a legal drug that was useful for people with asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic fatigue syndrome (abnormal deep inflammation), attention deficit, depression, allergies, bad colds, and other conditions. (lyberty.com)
- Ephedrine HCL (hydrochloride) can achieve very good results in fat loss in conscientious revenue without major side effects. (fatburners.at)
- The melting point of Ephedrine hydrochloride is around 187-188. (gingkoapp.com)
Hypotension17
- Ephedrine sulfate injection is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist and a norepinephrine-releasing agent that is indicated for the treatment of clinically important hypotension occurring in the setting of anesthesia. (nih.gov)
- Ephedrine sulfate injection is indicated for the treatment of clinically important hypotension occurring in the setting of anesthesia. (nih.gov)
- In a clinical setting, Ephedrine has also been used to treat hypotension resulting from anesthesia. (steroid.com)
- When hypotension unrelated to bradycardia, excessive anesthetic depth or blood loss developed, baseline (T0) cardiopulmonary parameters were determined, including lithium dilution cardiac output (CO). Ephedrine at 0.2 mg/kg IV was administered and direct BP monitored every 2.5 minutes until 10 minutes (T10). (vin.com)
- Five dogs (3M, 2F), 2-5 years of age, 31.5±5.4 kg bwt, requiring surgical repair of ruptured cranial cruciate ligament were treated with ephedrine for hypotension. (vin.com)
- Hence ephedrine , which causes noradrenaline release at the nerve endings, thereby increasing cardiac contractility and obtunding hypotension, is used when dobutamine and dopamine are ineffective. (vertalen.nu)
- Ephedrine is commonly used as a stimulant , appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant and to treat hypotension associated with regional anaesthesia. (wikidoc.org)
- Ephedrine has also been reported to possess antiemetic prop-erties, particularly in association with hypotension following spinal anesthesia. (brainkart.com)
- Ephedrine HCL is known to be sympathomimetic amine that works as a decongestant, concentration aid, appetite suppressant, stimulant and for treating hypotension that has been associated with the problem of anesthesia. (gingkoapp.com)
- cards':[{'_id':'5760af942412d38d3f000015','treeId':'5760b9582412d38d3f000013','seq':19115336,'position':1,'parentId':null,'content':'[Ephedrine HCL](http://just-eph.co.uk/) is known to be sympathomimetic amine that works as a decongestant, concentration aid, appetite suppressant, stimulant and for treating hypotension that has been associated with the problem of anesthesia. (gingkoapp.com)
- Ephedrine is a central nervous system stimulant used to treat breathing problems (as a bronchodilator), nasal congestion (as a decongestant), low blood pressure problems (orthostatic hypotension), or myasthenia gravis. (wisdomanswer.com)
- Ephedrine is a prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of low blood pressure during anesthesia (Hypotension). (wisdomanswer.com)
- Ephedrine is used in low doses to treat hypotension while pseudoephedrine is used in higher doses to treat hypotension. (differencey.com)
- Ephedrine is more effective in treating hypotension. (differencey.com)
- Ephedrine is used in the treatment of asthma and is used to treat hypotension caused by spinal anesthesia. (differencey.com)
- Erratum to: Treatment of intraoperative hypotension with cafedrine/theodrenaline versus ephedrine. (bvsalud.org)
- 3.3% of the patients in the ephedrine group experienced hypotension requiring rescue dose of ephedrine. (who.int)
Bronchodilator4
- Ephedrine is a member of the adrenergic bronchodilator class of drugs that serve to open up the bronchial tubes of the lungs. (microscopyu.com)
- Ephedrine is commonly found in many decongestants but is more aptly labeled as a bronchodilator. (steroid.com)
- As a bronchodilator, the effects of Ephedrine are very straightforward. (steroid.com)
- Both ephedrine and pseudoephedrine act as a bronchodilator. (gingkoapp.com)
Effects of Ephedrine8
- Then we have the effects of Ephedrine as a thermogenic, which is one of its most common purposes of use. (steroid.com)
- isocarboxazid increases effects of ephedrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. (medscape.com)
- linezolid increases effects of ephedrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. (medscape.com)
- selegiline transdermal increases effects of ephedrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. (medscape.com)
- The cardiovascular effects of ephedrine, a noncate-cholamine sympathomimetic, are similar to those of epinephrine: increase in blood pressure, heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output. (brainkart.com)
- Clonidine premedica-tion augments the effects of ephedrine. (brainkart.com)
- When taken orally, the effects of ephedrine last for a long time. (differencey.com)
- Adverse effects of ephedrine are hypertension, especially when ephedrine is taken parenterally or when taken in oral doses higher than recommended. (differencey.com)
Pseudoephedrine15
- 40% to 90% of the alkaloids are ephedrine, with the remainder made up of pseudoephedrine, norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine. (fsu.edu)
- Ephedra alkaloids are chemical compounds found within the plant, most notably ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. (lindsayblogs.com)
- Both ephedrine and pseudoephedrine also possess a number of other medical benefits, including treating various ailments and conditions such as asthma, allergies, and bronchitis. (lindsayblogs.com)
- Ephedrine HCL and pseudoephedrine are both natural alkaloids from Ephedra shrub. (fatburners.at)
- Both in ephedra tea as well as in the Supplement Ephedra ephedrine and pseudoephedrine contained. (fatburners.at)
- In traditional Chinese medicines, the herb ma huang ( Ephedra sinica ) contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine as its principal active constituents. (wikidoc.org)
- By convention the enantiomers with opposite stereochemistry around the chiral centres are designated ephedrine, while pseudoephedrine has same stereochemistry around the chiral carbons. (wikidoc.org)
- A violet color indicates presence of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. (wisdomanswer.com)
- By convention, the pair of enantiomers with the stereochemistry (1R,2S) and (1S,2R) is designated ephedrine, while the pair of enantiomers with the stereochemistry (1R,2R) and (1S,2S) is called pseudoephedrine. (wisdomanswer.com)
- Ephedrine increases the release and activity of norepinephrine at adrenergic receptors, while pseudoephedrine increases the release of endogenous norepinephrine from storage vesicles. (differencey.com)
- Ephedrine is similar in structure to amphetamine and methamphetamines, on the other hand pseudoephedrine is phenethylamine. (differencey.com)
- Pseudoephedrine is an isomer of ephedrine with sympathomimetic activity. (differencey.com)
- Ephedrine is available in oral, parenteral, and topical dosage forms, but taken orally it is more effective than pseudoephedrine. (differencey.com)
- Pseudoephedrine is phenethylamine which is an isomer of ephedrine with sympathomimetic property. (differencey.com)
- Ephedra, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine. (medlineplus.gov)
Amphetamine8
- Bupropion is an example of an antidepressant with an amphetamine-like structure similar to ephedrine, and it is an NDRI. (wikipedia.org)
- Ephedrine feels like the hollow and unstable shell of the amphetamine fruit. (erowid.org)
- Ephedrine, although chemically very similar to the amphetamines, should not show up on a drug screen as amphetamine. (answers.com)
- Ephedrine is one of the main ingredients in Meth Amphetamine and can deffinitley cause a positive UA for Meth. (answers.com)
- Ephedrine (EPH) is a sympathomimetic amine similar in structure to the synthetic derivatives amphetamine and methamphetamine . (wikidoc.org)
- Central nervous system or CNS involvement is present, but the predominant clinical effects are caused by involvement with the sympathetic segment of the peripheral nervous system due to the fact that while ephedrine does cross the blood-brain barrier, it doesn't do this very efficiently (efficient crossers with similar modes of action would include amphetamine and methamphetamine). (wikidoc.org)
- Ephedrine is a substituted amphetamine and a structural methamphetamine analog. (gingkoapp.com)
- Methamphetamine, related to amphetamine and ephedrine and also an oral drug, is indicated for ADHD but also can increase blood pressure and reduce appetite. (wisdomanswer.com)
Sulfate7
- These highlights do not include all the information needed to use EPHEDRINE SULFATE INJECTION safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
- See full prescribing information for EPHEDRINE SULFATE INJECTION. (nih.gov)
- Ephedrine sulfate injection, 50 mg/mL, must be diluted before administration as an intravenous bolus dose. (nih.gov)
- Ephedrine sulfate injection, 50 mg/mL must be diluted before administration as an intravenous bolus to achieve the desired concentration. (nih.gov)
- Ephedrine sulfate injection should be administered by trained healthcare providers. (nih.gov)
- Ephedrine sulfate is a stimulant which is a kind of psychiatric drug. (healthtap.com)
- Bronkaid 25mg Ephedrine Sulfate. (liveleantoday.com)
Optical isomerism4
- Ephedrine exhibits optical isomerism and has two chiral centres. (wikidoc.org)
- Now if we move to the chemistry side of ephedrine it shows optical isomerism. (gingkoapp.com)
- What kind of optical isomerism does ephedrine have? (wisdomanswer.com)
- Ephedrine exhibits optical isomerism and has two chiral centres, giving rise to four stereoisomers. (wisdomanswer.com)
Stimulant3
- Ephedrine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is often used to prevent low blood pressure during anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
- Ephedrine is the strongest safe stimulant known today. (betterbodz.com)
- Smacker EPHEDRINE HCL is the stronger central stimulant. (1hwy.com)
Amphetamines2
- As a phenethylamine, ephedrine has a similar chemical structure to amphetamines and is a methamphetamine analogue having the methamphetamine structure with a hydroxyl group at the β position. (wikipedia.org)
- Many commercial immunoassay screening tests directed at the amphetamines cross-react appreciably with ephedrine, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish ephedrine from other phenethylamine derivatives. (wikipedia.org)
Anesthesia2
- These preliminary results indicate that treatment with ephedrine (0.2 mg/kg IV) in hypotensive dogs under isoflurane anesthesia caused an increase in MAP for less than 5 minutes. (vin.com)
- The indirect agonist properties of ephedrine may be due to peripheral postsynaptic norepinephrine release, or by inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake.Ephedrine is commonly used as a vasopressor during anesthesia. (brainkart.com)
Urine8
- Ephedrine may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor possible abuse by athletes, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. (wikipedia.org)
- The current World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) limit for ephedrine in an athlete's urine is 10 µg/mL. (wikipedia.org)
- Urine was analyzed for anabolic steroids and metabolites, beta-adrenergic compounds, ephedrine, and human chorionic gonadotropin, in addition to a broad spectrum screening with GC/MS. (astm.org)
- Important: EPHEDRINE HCL may discolor the urine. (1hwy.com)
- How much ephedrine can a person have in their urine? (wisdomanswer.com)
- The current WADA limit for ephedrine in an athlete's urine is 10 µg/ml. (wisdomanswer.com)
- When ephedrine stimulates alpha receptors on smooth muscle cells in the bladder, it increases resistance to urine output. (differencey.com)
- Ephedrine is eliminated in the urine and is eliminated as unchanged drug. (differencey.com)
Noradrenaline5
- In addition, ephedrine(Ephedrine HCL) acts as adrenoceptor agonist, which support the release of the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. (fatburners.at)
- Ephedrine increases post-synaptic noradrenergic receptor activity by (weakly) directly activating post-synaptic α-receptors and β-receptors, but the bulk of its effect comes from the pre-synaptic neuron being unable to distinguish between real adrenaline or noradrenaline from ephedrine. (wikidoc.org)
- The ephedrine, mixed with noradrenaline, is transported through the noradrenaline reuptake complex and packaged (along with real noradrenaline) into vesicles that reside at the terminal button of a nerve cell. (wikidoc.org)
- As an alkaloid, having some small amount of ephedrine within a noradrenaline vesicle reduces the overall pH of the vesicle. (wikidoc.org)
- the effect of adding ephedrine is to increase the number of vesicles released during each action potential and possibly to extend the time during which noradrenaline has an opportunity to have an effect on the post-synaptic neuron by virtue of the fact that the reuptake complex has to process both noradrenaline AND ephedrine, presumably a longer process. (wikidoc.org)
Agonist2
- However, unlike Clenbuterol, which is a beta-2 agonist, Ephedrine is an alpha and beta adrenergic agonist. (steroid.com)
- Ephedrine is classified as a sympathomimetic agent that acts as an agonist at α and β receptors. (differencey.com)
Amount of ephedrine1
- Therefore, it is important to remember that the amount of ephedrine in Ma Huang tea varies significantly, depending on the particular tea and method of preparation, and it is important to be aware of the potential side effects and to discuss this with your healthcare provider before taking it. (lindsayblogs.com)
Huang6
- With respect to it's origin, the best source of L-Ephedrine is the Ephedra Equisetina (better known as Ma Huang) plant that grows in China and India. (betterbodz.com)
- Ephedrine is also known as ephedra, ma huang , Mormon tea and herbal ecstasy. (kidzworld.com)
- Ma Huang is also known as Chinese Ephedra, an ancient chinese remedy containing ephedrine-like alkaloids. (lindsayblogs.com)
- Ma Huang tea typically contains a 0.08 - 0.2% concentration of active ephedrine alkaloids. (lindsayblogs.com)
- This means that a single teaspoon of Ma Huang tea will contain anywhere between 0.04 - 0.1 mg of ephedrine. (lindsayblogs.com)
- Summary The plant ephedra ( ma huang) contains multiple chemical compounds, but the most notable is ephedrine. (evropol.shop)
Intravenous2
- Ephedrine is administered by intravenous boluses. (wikipedia.org)
- Ephedrine lasts minutes to hours and is effective after a single intravenous injection, whereas dobutamine and dopamine last only a few seconds or minutes and must be given by infusion. (vertalen.nu)
Drug ephedrine2
- Australian officials have made what they say is one of the largest ever seizures of the drug ephedrine, hidden in a shipment sent from India. (marsecreview.com)
- In German-speaking countries the drug ephedrine is named, in the English room Ephedrine, Spanish and Turkish efedrina ephedrine. (fatburners.at)
Pseudo ephedrine1
- Did I take too much pseudo ephedrine? (godlikeproductions.com)
Contains ephedrine1
- One of them, known as the ECA stack, contains ephedrine with caffeine and aspirin. (wikipedia.org)
Alkaloid3
- Ephedrine is derived from any of several species of evergreen shrub belonging to the genus Ephedra , but E. sinica is the primary botanical source for the alkaloid ephedrine. (fsu.edu)
- While some ephedra species have no alkaloid content, E. sinica typically has the highest concentration of ephedrine. (fsu.edu)
- Ephedrine is a natural sympathomimetic alkaloid. (differencey.com)
Compounds3
- Most have experienced breathing difficulties at one time or another, and compounds like Ephedrine can provide a lot of welcomed relief. (steroid.com)
- After decontamination, a 100 mg hair strand was pulverized in a ball mill, hydrolyzed, extracted, and derivatized to be tested by GC/MS for anabolic steroids, beta-adrenergic compounds, ephedrine, and other doping agents. (astm.org)
- Thus are in circulation usually only ephedrine compounds, such as Ephedrine HCL . (fatburners.at)
12.53
- In rats anesthetized with urethane (1.75 g/kg s.c.), the reversal of B.P. by d-ephedrine (10 mg/kg i.v.) after the injection of l-isomer (10 mg/kg i.v.) was abolished by pre treatment with phenoxybenzamine (2.5 mg/kg i.v.), chlorpromazine (2.5 mg/kg i.v.), sulpiride 12.5 mg/kg i.v. and LSD-25 (200 mg/kg i.v.), respectively. (erowid.org)
- 12.5mg Ephedrine HCL Legal. (liveleantoday.com)
- Ephedrine HCL 12.5mg Dose. (liveleantoday.com)
Tablets7
- I concluded that the tablets must be well-aged since the FDA has cut off pure Ephedrine. (erowid.org)
- Swallowed 4 tablets (100mg) of Ephedrine. (erowid.org)
- I also ate the remaining half, bringing my total up to 7 tablets (~175mg of Ephedrine). (erowid.org)
- Ephedrine HCL Tablets 25mg Dosage. (liveleantoday.com)
- What is the chemical structure of ephedrine tablets? (wisdomanswer.com)
- Ephedrine tablets. (wisdomanswer.com)
- Examples of famous brands that contain ephedrine are Bronkaid, Primatene tablets, etc. (differencey.com)
Theophylline1
- Methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline have a synergistic effect with ephedrine with respect to weight loss. (wikipedia.org)
Caffeine2
- Scientific studies claim ephedrine causes weight loss by increasing metabolism and burning fat when used in combination with caffeine , which is probably why young girls are jumping on the ephedrine bandwagon. (kidzworld.com)
- Ephedrine, synephrine, and caffeine are all well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. (wisdomanswer.com)
DOSE5
- 70 mmHg, a second dose of ephedrine at 0.2 mg/kg IV were administered and BP were monitored every 2.5 minute until the next 10 minutes (T20). (vin.com)
- All dogs required the second dose of ephedrine at T10. (vin.com)
- Repeated dose of ephedrine increased MAP slightly (63±10, 63±12, 61±11 and 61±11 at T12.5, T15, T17.5 and T20 respectively) but were not significant statistically. (vin.com)
- A second dose of ephedrine did not elicit an obvious increase in MAP, although CI tended to increase. (vin.com)
- These hormones are necessary for dialysis, may be considerably lower than for immunocompetent patients (20,21), their antibody levels may be lower (22), Alpha Pharma Ephedrine and they may require repeat vaccination (23,24) or an increased dose of vaccine. (cheapstorageunit.com)
Asthma5
- For more than 5,000 years, the Chinese have been using ephedrine to treat asthma , lung infections and the common cold. (kidzworld.com)
- In Western medicine, Ephedrine HCL is widely used for asthma. (fatburners.at)
- Traditionally, ephedrine has been used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis for centuries. (gingkoapp.com)
- It is also used in medicine to treat respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD, ephedrine vs clenbuterol. (evropol.shop)
- My breathing has improved significantly, and I feel like I have more control over my asthma than ever before, clembuterol en deporte. (evropol.shop)
Cardiac3
- Giving ephedrine with a cardiac glycoside, such as digitalis, may increase the possibility of arrhythmias. (nih.gov)
- Carefully monitor patients on cardiac glycosides who are also administered ephedrine. (nih.gov)
- Ephedrine increases heart rate and cardiac output. (differencey.com)
Beta-adrenergic1
- Ephedrine belongs to a class of drugs called Alpha/Beta Adrenergic Agonists. (wisdomanswer.com)
Sympathomimetic amine2
- Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine - that is, its principal mechanism of action relies on its direct and indirect actions on the adrenergic receptor system, which is part of the sympathetic nervous system or SNS . (wikidoc.org)
- Now we know that what is Ephedrine HCL , its origination and the raw materials used in it we should also know that how it works Ephedrine is known to be a sympathomimetic amine. (gingkoapp.com)
Similar to those of epinephrine1
- Ephedrine is a non-catecholamine sympathomimetic with cardiovascular effects similar to those of epinephrine: increased blood pressure, heart rate and contractility. (wikipedia.org)
Medications4
- Ephedrine may decrease motion sickness, but it has mainly been used to decrease the sedating effects of other medications used for motion sickness. (wikipedia.org)
- Ephedrine also represents one of the most controversial medications to ever exist, especially in the United States. (steroid.com)
- However, while possible it is unlikely, as Ephedrine is found in numerous over the counter medications. (steroid.com)
- Ephedrine may be used alone or with other medications. (wisdomanswer.com)
18853
- Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926. (wikipedia.org)
- Nagayoshi Nagai was the first one to isolate ephedrine from Ephedra vulgaris in 1885. (wikidoc.org)
- The history of Ephedrine HCL dates back in the year 1885. (gingkoapp.com)
Adrenergic3
- Ephedrine works by increasing the activity of the α and β adrenergic receptors. (wikipedia.org)
- Ephedrine is a natural product of the ephedra plant (Ephedra sinica), and is a mixed-acting, noncatecholamine sympathomimetic with both direct and indirect stimulating effects on α- and β-adrenergic receptors. (wisdomanswer.com)
- Ephedrine has both direct and indirect actions on adrenergic receptors. (differencey.com)
Caffine1
- I ran clen 2 weeks, ephedrine/caffine 2 weeks and im gonna do clen for another two weeks and ephedrine for another 2 weeks then PCT for four weeks (maybe runinig clen again if i need to). (evropol.shop)
Commonly1
- The active ingredient of Ephedrine HCL is commonly used in bodybuilding. (fatburners.at)
25mg2
- Vasopro Ephedrine HCL 25mg Tablet. (liveleantoday.com)
- Ephedrine HCL 25mg Guaifenesin. (liveleantoday.com)
Isomer1
- The isomer which is marketed is (-)-(1 R ,2 S )-ephedrine. (wikidoc.org)
Bronkaid1
- I picked up some 'Bronkaid' is a Bronchial Congestion pill which has 25mgs of Ephedrine. (steroid.com)
Active ingredient3
- To my surprise though, the only active ingredient was Ephedrine. (erowid.org)
- In addition, the active ingredient of Ephedrine HCL increases physical endurance and strength. (fatburners.at)
- Since the 80s it has been discovered or developed no active ingredient, which has roughly the same effect as Ephedrine HCL . (fatburners.at)
Increases4
- Ephedrine should not be used in conjunction with certain antidepressants, namely norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), as this increases the risk of symptoms due to excessive serum levels of norepinephrine. (wikipedia.org)
- Ephedrine is also considered a mixed-acting sympathomimetic drug because it increases norepinephrine release from sympathetic neurons. (differencey.com)
- Ephedrine increases peripheral resistance but invariably. (differencey.com)
- Ephedrine usually increases blood pressure. (differencey.com)
Decreases2
- Ephedrine also decreases gastric emptying. (wikipedia.org)
- ephedrine decreases effects of iobenguane I 123 by receptor binding competition. (medscape.com)
Dopamine1
- My pupils have not dilated at all, so I suspect that Ephedrine does not affect dopamine levels. (erowid.org)
Stimulates4
- When Ephedrine is administered, it greatly stimulates the central nervous system while providing a tremendously powerful stimulating effect. (steroid.com)
- There are important differences, however: ephedrine has a longer dura-tion of action, is much less potent, has indirect and direct actions, and stimulates the central nervous system (it raises minimum alveolar concentration). (brainkart.com)
- When ephedrine stimulates β receptors in the lungs, it causes bronchodilation. (differencey.com)
- Ephedrine stimulates the CNS and is a potent CNS stimulator. (differencey.com)
Ineffective1
- Don't waste your time on fad diets and ineffective weight loss supplements, ephedrine vs clenbuterol. (evropol.shop)
Methylamino2
- The chemical name of ephedrine is alpha- [1- (methylamino) ethyl] benzene-methanol (often also (1R, 2S) -2-methylamino-1-phenyl-1-propanol). (fatburners.at)
- Ephedrine may also be referred to as: (αR)-α-[(1S)-1-(methylamino)ethyl]benzenemethanol, α-[1-(methylamino)ethyl]benzyl alcohol, or L-erythro-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol. (wikidoc.org)
Ephedra8
- The less effective forms of ephedrine generally comes from less expensive plant sources such as Ephedra Nevadensis which grows in the western states. (betterbodz.com)
- Ephedra - Ephedrine: what's the difference? (lyberty.com)
- But if Ephedra is spoken, so this is not the pure base ephedrine, but the plant is synthesized from ephedrine. (fatburners.at)
- Ephedrine can be produced not only from the plant ephedra, but purely chemical. (fatburners.at)
- Companies producing for export extract US$13 million worth of ephedrine from 30,000 tons of ephedra annually, 10 times the amount that is used in traditional Chinese medicine. (wikidoc.org)
- A chemist from Japan named Nagayoshi Nagai who separated ephedrine from the Ephedra distachya. (gingkoapp.com)
- Safety assessment RAND reviewed adverse events from controlled trials of ephedrine from 30,000 tons of ephedra extract per tablet. (1hwy.com)
- Products containing ephedrine may use the compound extracted from Ephedra or be produced synthetically. (1hwy.com)
Clenbuterol5
- Clenbuterol Vs Ephedrine: Which One Is Better For Weight Loss And Muscle Building? (evropol.shop)
- Clenbuterol vs Ephedrine vs DNP Ephedrine will raise metabolic levels by about 2-3 percent and 200mg of DNP raises metabolic levels by about 30 percent. (evropol.shop)
- There are a wide range of benefits that Clenbuterol can offer, clembuterol en deporte. (evropol.shop)
- El clembuterol se encuentra en la lista de sustancias prohibidas emitida por la Agencia Mundial Antidopaje (AMA), kalabandhu.org/what-is-clenbuterol-40mcg-how-to-take-clenbuterol-as-drop-for-weight-loss/ . (evropol.shop)
- The problem with albuterol clenbuterol and ephedrine is that they are all harsh stimulants. (evropol.shop)
Potent1
- As a vasoconstrictor, epinephrine is 100 to 1,000 times more potent than ephedrine. (wisdomanswer.com)
Anabolic2
- The enhancements that Ephedrine provides have also been linked to increasing the anabolic effectiveness of anabolic steroids . (steroid.com)
- Common effects: headache (possibly related Alpha Pharma Ephedrine to fluid and electrolyte changes) can be a problem, as is the case with most, if not all anabolic steroids. (cheapstorageunit.com)
Decrease2
- Ephedrine may decrease the efficacy of epidural blockade by hastening the regression of sensory analgesia. (nih.gov)
- Unlike direct-acting α1-agonists, ephedrine is believed not to decrease uterine blood flow, and thus was regarded as the preferred vasopressor for most obstetric uses. (brainkart.com)
Nervousness1
- Concomitant use of ephedrine may increase the frequency of nausea, nervousness, and insomnia. (nih.gov)
Weight loss4
- Ephedrine promotes modest short-term weight loss, specifically fat loss, but its long-term effects are unknown. (wikipedia.org)
- So it's true - steroids can make you more muscular and ephedrine may cause weight loss, but that's all on the outside . (kidzworld.com)
- Ephedrine promotes weight loss, particularly weight loss in humans and mice. (gingkoapp.com)
- I hope EPHEDRINE EPHEDRINE HCL is so far I've been nonproprietary in weight loss products often contain other stimulants, such as death have been ripped I time. (1hwy.com)
20221
- Fass environmental information for ephedrine from Lepheton (ephedrine, ethylmorphine) from Meda (downloaded 2022-04-11). (janusinfo.se)
Blood pressure3
- However, abusing ephedrine can lead to serious consequences such as hypertension (high blood pressure), palpitations (rapid heart rate), memory loss, seizures, heart attacks and even death. (kidzworld.com)
- Saito H, Kitagawa H. "Mechanisms of the reversal of blood pressure by ephedrine" Jap.J.Pharmacol. . (erowid.org)
- The mean systolic blood pressure was generally higher in the ephedrine group than in the preloading group. (who.int)
Widely1
- EPHEDRINE HCL is widely used for other conditions as determined by your doctor. (1hwy.com)