Enzyme ligase chain reaction. Medical search

A DNA amplification technique based upon the ligation of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES. The probes are designed to exactly match two adjacent sequences of a specific target DNA. The chain reaction is repeated in three steps in the presence of excess probe: (1) heat denaturation of double-stranded DNA, (2) annealing of probes to target DNA, and (3) joining of the probes by thermostable DNA ligase. After the reaction is repeated for 20-30 cycles the production of ligated probe is measured.

Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.

Type species of CHLAMYDIA causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases.

Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both EC 6.5.1.1 (ATP) and EC 6.5.1.2 (NAD).

Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.

Analyses for a specific enzyme activity, or of the level of a specific enzyme that is used to assess health and disease risk, for early detection of disease or disease prediction, diagnosis, and change in disease status.

A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a bond between two substrate molecules, coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or a similar energy donor. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 6.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.

Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.

The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.

Pathological processes of the UTERINE CERVIX.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria primarily found in purulent venereal discharges. It is the causative agent of GONORRHEA.

A tube that transports URINE from the URINARY BLADDER to the outside of the body in both the sexes. It also has a reproductive function in the male by providing a passage for SPERM.

Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA.

The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.

Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.

Negative test results in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.

A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.

Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.

Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.

High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)

A novel composition, device, or process, independently conceived de novo or derived from a pre-existing model.

Property, such as patents, trademarks, and copyright, that results from creative effort. The Patent and Copyright Clause (Art. 1, Sec. 8, cl. 8) of the United States Constitution provides for promoting the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed, p1014)

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

A family of structurally related proteins that were originally discovered for their role in cell-cycle regulation in CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. They play important roles in regulation of the CELL CYCLE and as components of UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES.

The act of ligating UBIQUITINS to PROTEINS to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label proteins for transport to the PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX where proteolysis occurs.

A subset of ubiquitin protein ligases that are formed by the association of a SKP DOMAIN PROTEIN, a CULLIN DOMAIN PROTEIN and a F-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN.

All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.

A heat stable DNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE from the bacteria Thermus aquaticus. It is widely used for the amplification of genes through the process of POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. EC 2.7.7.-.

DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)

Parliamentary democracy located between France on the northeast and Portugual on the west and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

The prediction or projection of the nature of future problems or existing conditions based upon the extrapolation or interpretation of existing scientific data or by the application of scientific methodology.

Ligase chain reaction, a method that amplifies the nucleic acid used as the probe. For each of the two DNA strands, two partial ... Transcription-mediated amplification, an isothermal, single-tube nucleic acid amplification system utilizing two enzymes, RNA ... Wiedmann, M (February 1994). "Ligase chain reaction (LCR) -- Overview and applications". PCR Methods and Applications. 3 (4): ... Polymerase chain reaction, an easy, cheap, and reliable way to repeatedly replicate a focused segment of DNA by polymerizing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_amplification

... advances included the discovery of restriction enzymes and DNA ligases and the development of polymerase chain reaction and ... DNA ligases, which join broken DNA together, were discovered earlier in 1967. By combining the two enzymes it became possible ... Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified (replicated) ... Another technique to isolate genes of known sequences involves polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR is a powerful tool that can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques

... the Fok I method and a modified form of ligase chain reaction for gene synthesis. Additionally, several PCR assembly approaches ... Of the different types of restriction enzymes, the type II restriction enzymes are the most commonly available and used because ... the synthesis step relies on a set of thermostable DNA ligase and polymerase enzymes. To date, several methods for gene ... Taq DNA ligase repairs the nicks on both DNA strands. Because the T5 exonuclease is heat labile, it is inactivated at 50 °C ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_gene_synthesis

DNA ligases, that join broken DNA together, had been discovered earlier in 1967 and by combining the two enzymes it was ... Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified and aided ... In 1972 Paul Berg used restriction enzymes and DNA ligases to create the first recombinant DNA molecules. He combined DNA from ... Important advances included the discovery of restriction enzymes and DNA ligases, the ability to design plasmids and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetic_engineering

The number of copies of the gene is then amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Simultaneously, the same restriction ... Restriction enzymes are used to excise the gene of interest (the insert) from the parent. The insert is purified in order to ... The insert and the destination vector are then mixed together with DNA ligase. A typical molar ratio of insert genes to ... Cloning Molecular cloning Polymerase chain reaction TA cloning Williams, Steven A.; et al. (2006). Laboratory Investigations in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcloning

The number of copies of the gene is then amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ... Restriction enzymes are used to excise the gene of interest (the insert) from the parent. The insert is purified in order to ... The insert and the destination vector are then mixed together with DNA ligase. A typical molar ratio of insert genes to ... After letting the reaction mixture sit for a set amount of time at a specific temperature (dependent upon the size of the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcloning

... by using polymerase chain reaction that employs the polymerase enzyme), and read-out. Recent experimental research succeeded in ... by restriction enzymes and ligases), extraction of strands containing a certain subsequence (by using Watson-Crick ... These protein complexes may act as catalysts for other chemical reactions, or may chemically modify each other. Such ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_computing

... an enzyme in the leucocyanidin biosynthesis pathway Ligase chain reaction, a method for DNA amplification similar to the ... polymerase chain reaction Locus Control Region, a phrase used in epigenetics in molecular biology Low copy repeats LifeWay ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCR

... "made important contributions to this field by building different RNA chains with the help of enzymes. Using these enzymes, he ... using polymerase and ligase enzymes that link pieces of DNA together, as well as methods that anticipated the invention of ... polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These custom-designed pieces of artificial genes are widely used in biology labs for ... In 1960 Khorana accepted a position as co-director of the Institute for Enzyme research at the Institute for Enzyme Research at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana

Thus, LCR requires two completely different enzymes to operate properly: ligase, to join probe molecules together, and a ... The ligase chain reaction (LCR) is a method of DNA amplification. The ligase chain reaction (LCR) is an amplification process ... Gene amplification Wiedmann, M; Wilson, WJ; Czajka, J; Luo, J; Barany, F; Batt, CA (Feb 1994). "Ligase chain reaction (LCR)-- ... ligase to join two probes or other molecules together which can then be amplified by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase_chain_reaction

... a long-chain-fatty-acid-luciferin-component ligase (EC 6.2.1.19) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + an ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is long-chain-fatty-acid:protein ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called acyl ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. ... Evidence for an enzyme complex". J. Biol. Chem. 257 (12): 6908-15. PMID 7085612. Wall L; Meighen EA (1986). "Subunit structure ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain-fatty-acid—luciferin-component_ligase

Using a second enzyme, DNA ligase, fragments generated by restriction enzymes could be joined in new combinations, termed ... Molecular cloning is similar to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that it permits the replication of DNA sequence. The ... Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are often used for amplification of specific DNA or RNA (RT-PCR) sequences prior to ... DNA ligase) that covalently links the ends together. This joining reaction is often termed ligation. The resulting DNA mixture ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloning

... ligase (EC 6.2.1.20) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier-protein] ⇌ {\displaystyle ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is long-chain-fatty-acid:[acyl-carrier-protein] ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. ... This enzyme participates in fatty acid metabolism. Ray TK, Cronan JE (1976). "Activation of long chain fatty acids with acyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain-fatty-acid—(acyl-carrier-protein)_ligase

Insert the fragments of DNA into vectors that were cut with the same restriction enzyme. Use the enzyme DNA ligase to seal the ... Another method of screening is with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Some libraries are stored as pools of clones and screening ... The fragments are then inserted into the vector using DNA ligase. Next, the vector DNA can be taken up by a host organism - ... Any insert of the genome derived from a restriction enzyme should have an equal chance of being in the library compared to any ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_library

Kary Mullis,சிறிய DNA துண்டுகளை விரைவில் பெருக்கம் செய்ய உதவும் 'பாலிமரேஸ் சங்கிலித்தொடர் வினையை' ( polymerase chain reaction ( ... Restriction enzyme-கள் மரபியல் பண்புகளைத் தரும் வேதிப்பொருட்களை (genetic material) பல துண்டுகளாக வெட்ட உதவுவதன் மூலம் ... 1972 - DNA துண்டுகளை ஒட்ட உதவும் DNA லைகேஸ் ( DNA ligase ) முதன்முதலில் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.. 1973 - Stanley Cohen-ம் Herbert ... 1970 - முதல் restriction enzyme-ஐ அமெரிக்க நுண்ணுயிரியலாளர் டேனியல் நேதன்ஸ் (Daniel Nathans) கண்டுபிடித்தார். ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/உயிரித்தொழில்நுட்பம்

Deprotonation of the rcDNA then acts as a precursor of cccDNA via a polymerase chain reaction. While there is debate concerning ... DNA ligase 1 and DNA ligase 3 directly reduce the formation of cccDNA, whereas DNA ligase 4 is crucial for cccDNA formation in ... speculated to be performed by the cell's own DNA repair enzymes. This process occurs due to the retrotranscription of a cccDNA ... It is a double-stranded DNA that originates in a linear form that is ligated by means of DNA ligase to a covalently closed ring ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CccDNA

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase chain reaction (LCR), and transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) are examples. In ... Topoisomerases are enzymes that temporarily break the strands of DNA, relieving the tension caused by unwinding the two strands ... Ligase works to fill these nicks in, thus completing the newly replicated DNA molecule. The primase used in this process ... In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages, the 3′ OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication

The tagging reaction is catalyzed by enzymes called ubiquitin ligases. Once a protein is tagged with a single ubiquitin ... resulting in different types of polyubiquitin chains.[54] Chains in which each additional ubiquitin is linked to lysine 48 of ... ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2). In the last step, a member of a highly diverse class of enzymes known as ubiquitin ligases ( ... Enzymes that help such reactions are called proteases. Proteasomes are part of a major mechanism by which cells regulate the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome

The enzyme is biotin-dependent. The product of the reaction is (S)-methylmalonyl CoA. Propionyl CoA is the end product of ... ATP + propionyl-CoA + HCO3− <=> ADP + phosphate + (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA It has been classified both as a ligase and a lyase. ... metabolism of odd-chain fatty acids, and is also a metabolite of most methyl-branched fatty acids. It is also the main ... The native enzyme to biotin ratio has been determined to be one mole native enzyme to 4 moles biotin. The N1 of biotin is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionyl-CoA_carboxylase

Once inside the cell long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid molecule with ATP (which is ... These reactions are performed by fatty acid synthase II (FASII), which in general contain multiple enzymes that act as one ... The decarboxylation reactions occur before malate is formed in the cycle. Only plants possess the enzymes to convert acetyl-CoA ... This forms a cyclopentane ring in roughly the middle of the fatty acid chain. The reaction also adds 4 oxygen atoms derived ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism

Reactions are catalyzed by a type III PKS enzyme. These enzyme do not use ACPSs, but instead employ coenzyme A esters and have ... a single active site to perform the necessary series of reactions, e.g. chain extension, condensation, and cyclization. Chain ... CoA-ligase, E5, chalcone synthase (naringenin-chalcone synthase), E6, chalcone isomerase, E7, Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, E8, ... The flavonoids are products from a cinnamoyl-CoA starter unit, with chain extension using three molecules of malonyl-CoA. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-ol

... , also known as xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid-ligase (XM-ligase), is an enzyme (EC 6.2.1.2) that ... This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. This enzyme ... 3-hydroxybutyryl CoA ligase, xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid ligase, and short-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. ACSM1 ACSM2A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrate—CoA_ligase

The breakage can be either 3' or 5' of the site, depending on the variant of the enzyme. End processing enzymes then prepare ... This reaction can be catalyzed by AP lyase. In the presence of excess reagent, an additional elimination can occur on the 5' ... The single-stranded breaks occurring due to β-elimination require repair by DNA Ligase in order to avoid mutation. When DNA ... They fluctuate between a furanose ring and an open-chain free aldehyde and free alcohol confirmation. Exposure to a nucleophile ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_site

... in reaction EC 6.4.1.9, generating coenzyme F430. This enzyme is a MurF-like ligase, as found in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. ... then converts the a and c acetate side chains to acetamide in reactions EC 6.3.5.12, generating nickel(II)-sirohydrochlorin a,c ... In the final step, the keto-containing carbocylic ring F is formed by an ATP-dependent enzyme Coenzyme F(430) synthetase (CfbB ... Insertion of nickel into this tetrapyrrole is catalysed in reaction EC 4.99.1.11 by the same chelatase, CbiX, which inserts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_F430

... one of the most important enzymes in molecular biology because of its use in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA ... Other enzymes isolated from this organism include DNA ligase, alkaline phosphatase, NADH oxidase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ... Kary Mullis and other investigators at Cetus Corporation discovered this enzyme could be used in the polymerase chain reaction ... The high optimum temperature for T. aquaticus allows researchers to study reactions under conditions for which other enzymes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus

Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate, plus ... Thiolase enzyme catalyzes the reaction when a new molecule of coenzyme A breaks the bond by nucleophilic attack on C3. This ... Long-chain fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms are found particularly in ruminant fat and milk. Chains with an odd- ... The reactions of beta oxidation and part of citric acid cycle present structural similarities in three of four reactions of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_oxidation

In contrast to similar techniques such as polymerase chain reaction and ligase chain reaction, this method involves RNA ... single-tube nucleic acid amplification system utilizing two enzymes, RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. "Amplification" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription-mediated_amplification

Phosphonium betaines are intermediates in the Wittig reaction. The addition of betaine to polymerase chain reactions improves ... This accumulation is non-perturbing to enzyme function, protein structure, and membrane integrity. Betaine is also a methyl ... CircLigase™ II ssDNA Ligase, User manual. https://www.lucigen.com/docs/manuals/MA298E-CircLigase-II-ssDNA-Ligase.pdf IUPAC, ... The addition of betaine has been reported to enhance the specificity of the polymerase chain reaction by eliminating the base ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaine

The ligase activity of this enzyme requires ATP. Along with sodium and the vitamins biotin (B7) and pantothenic acid (B5), ... 2-Oxoacid dehydrogenase transfer reactions occur by a similar mechanism in: the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex the α- ... ketoglutarate dehydrogenase or 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex the branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase (BCDH) complex the ... Free lipoate can be used by some organisms as an enzyme called lipoate protein ligase that attaches it covalently to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoic_acid

... method of DNA sequencing require primers to initiate the reaction. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) uses a pair of custom ... A class of enzymes called primases add a complementary RNA primer to the reading template de novo on both the leading and ... DNA ligase then joins the fragmented strands together, completing the synthesis of the lagging strand. In prokaryotes, DNA ... Adenosine added on the primer 50 end improved TA cloning efficiency of polymerase chain reaction products, Ri-He Peng, Ai-Sheng ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_(molecular_biology)

"E3 ubiquitin ligase". Each E3 ubiquitin ligase binds to a particular set of substrates, causing their ubiquitination. A CT scan ... The branched-chain amino acids or BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are critical to this process, in addition to lysine ... Particular enzymes in the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway allow ubiquitination to be directed to some proteins but not others - ... or by inflammatory reactions in the body directed against muscle (the myopathies). Muscle atrophy can be opposed by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy

This sequence is called a glycosylation sequon. The reaction catalyzed by OST is the central step in the N-linked glycosylation ... They are labelled "Type I" if the defective gene is for an enzyme involved in the assembly or transfer of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2- ... "Photocross-linking of nascent chains to the STT3 subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex". J. Cell Biol. 161 (4): 715 ... at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and transferred to selected asparagine residues of nascent polypeptide chains by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharyltransferase

In enzymology, a beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... This EC 2.6 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-alanine:3-oxopropanoate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include beta- ... Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine and 3-oxopropanoate, whereas its two products are pyruvate and beta- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-alanine—pyruvate_transaminase

... substructure that stops oxidation by acting as a scavenger of free radicals that are responsible for oxidative chain reactions. ... The enzyme quercitrinase can be found in Aspergillus flavus.[14] This enzyme hydrolyzes the glycoside quercitrin to release ... and 4-coumaroyl-CoA-ligase.[12] One molecule of 4-coumaroyl-CoA is added to three molecules of malonyl-CoA to form ... "BRENDA (BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase). Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research.. *^ Tranchimand S, Brouant P, Iacazio G (Nov ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin

Middleton B (1994). "The mitochondrial long-chain trifunctional enzyme: 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase ... long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase, and long-chain thiolase. This deficiency can be classified into 3 main clinical phenotypes: ... Trifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial (TP-beta) also known as 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase, ... long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity. Cellular component. • membrane. • mitochondrial outer membrane. • endoplasmic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADHB

Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. *Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase. *Aldosterone synthase. *Frataxin ... MT-TI mutations have been associated with complex IV deficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, also known as the ... that transfers the amino acid isoleucine to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosome site of protein synthesis during ... anaplerotic reactions. *Aspartate transaminase. *Glutamate dehydrogenase. *Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. urea cycle. * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-TI

... a debranching enzyme is necessary, which will straighten out the chain in that area. In addition, the enzyme transferase shifts ... Although the reaction is reversible in solution, within the cell the enzyme only works in the forward direction as shown below ... The enzyme is specific to α1-4 chains, as the molecule contains a 30-angstrom-long crevice with the same radius as the helix ... α-1,4 glycogen chain)n + Pi ⇌ (α-1,4 glycogen chain)n-1 + α-D-glucose-1-phosphate.[2] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase

The reaction of superoxide with non-radicals is spin-forbidden. In biological systems, this means that its main reactions are ... The ligands of the manganese ions are 3 histidine side-chains, an aspartate side-chain and a water molecule or hydroxy ligand, ... The cytosols of virtually all eukaryotic cells contain an SOD enzyme with copper and zinc (Cu-Zn-SOD). For example, Cu-Zn-SOD ... Chemical reaction[edit]. SODs catalyze the disproportionation of superoxide: 2 HO2 → O2 + H2O2. In this way, O2− is converted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgotein

This enzyme belongs to the superfamily of short-chain oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor ... In enzymology, an L-xylulose reductase (EC 1.1.1.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... This EC 1.1.1 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ... Dicarbonyl/L-xylulose reductase, also known as carbonyl reductase II, is an enzyme that in human is encoded by the DCXR gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-xylulose_reductase

Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (AKR1B1), also known as aldose reductase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ... electron transport chain. • cellular hyperosmotic salinity response. • retinoid metabolic process. • metanephric collecting ... 2acu: TYROSINE-48 IS THE PROTON DONOR AND HISTIDINE-110 DIRECTS SUBSTRATE STEREOCHEMICAL SELECTIVITY IN THE REDUCTION REACTION ... ENZYME KINETICS AND THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE Y48H MUTANT ENZYME ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKR1B1

An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS or ARS), also called tRNA-ligase, is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto ... Summing the reactions, the highly exergonic overall reaction is as follows: *Amino Acid + tRNA + ATP → Aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP + ... by directing an unnatural amino acid with a reactive side-chain into the binding site, create a new protein that cuts the DNA ... That is, they violate the so-called canonical phylogenetic pattern shown by most other enzymes for the three domains of life - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase

... of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton ... The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by Complex III (cytochrome bc1) ... CF1 ATP ligase of chloroplasts correspond to the human FOF1 ATP synthase in plants. ... Proton pumps catalyze the following reaction: H+. [on one side of a biological membrane] + energy ⇌ H+. [on the other side of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_channel

Substrate + Enzyme -, Substrate:Enzyme -, Product:Enzyme -, Product + Enzyme. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction ... Ligases: join two large molecules: Ab + C -, A-C + b. The individual enzymes are given a four-figure number which classifies ... Enzymes can be regulated by being modified after their production. An example is the cleavage of the polypeptide chain. ... Almost all biochemical reactions in living things need enzymes. With an enzyme, chemical reactions go much faster than they ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) then coats each bead with clonal copies of the DNA molecule followed by immobilization for ... Various enzymes such as exonucleases and polymerases have been used to moderate this process by positioning them near the ... Oligonucleotides are annealed and ligated; the preferential ligation by DNA ligase for matching sequences results in a signal ... Chain-termination methods[edit]. Main article: Sanger sequencing. The chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing_technology

... also known as E2 enzymes and more rarely as ubiquitin-carrier enzymes, perform the second step in the ubiquitination reaction ... Ubiquitin ligase. References[edit]. *^ Nandi D, Tahiliani P, Kumar A, Chandu D (2006). "The ubiquitin-proteasome system". ... Once a protein has been tagged with one ubiquitin molecule, additional rounds of ubiquitination form a polyubiquitin chain that ... This enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin-conjugating_enzyme

... the reactive pool is amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to regenerate and amplify the reactive strands, and the ... RNA ligases[edit]. Of particular interest are DNA ligases.[5] These molecules have demonstrated remarkable chemoselectivity in ... This is similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).[1] However ... Although RNA enzymes were discovered before DNA enzymes, the latter have some distinct advantages. DNA is more cost-effective, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribozyme

... which suggests that the reaction may proceed via a ternary bi-bi mechanism when the enzyme is part of a physiologically ... catalyzed by HATs involves the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the ε-amino group of a target lysine side-chain ... which activates it for direct nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of enzyme-bound acetyl-CoA. After the reaction, the ... These enzymes can also modify non-histone proteins.. Biological role[edit]. Chromatin remodeling[edit]. Histone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_acetyltransferase

... and it performs the reverse reaction during the Cori cycle in the liver. At high concentrations of lactate, the enzyme exhibits ... in the M chain) with a glutamine (in the H chain). This tiny but notable change is believed to be the reason the H subunit can ... The lactate-forming reaction generates cytosolic NAD+, which feeds into the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction ... Enzyme regulation[edit]. This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.[7] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase

The thiol side chain in cysteine often participates in enzymatic reactions, as a nucleophile. The thiol is susceptible to ... The enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase converts the cystathionine into cysteine and alpha-ketobutyrate. In plants and bacteria, ... Ubiquitin ligases transfer ubiquitin to its pendant, proteins, and caspases, which engage in proteolysis in the apoptotic cycle ... For example, the reaction of cysteine with sugars in a Maillard reaction yields meat flavors.[26] L-Cysteine is also used as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E920

The product of the enzymatic reaction, L-DOPA, can be transformed to dopamine by the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase. Dopamine may be ... At the carboxyl terminal of the peptide chain there's a short alpha helix domain that allows tetramerization.[15] The central ~ ... The enzyme is highly specific, not accepting indole derivatives - which is unusual as many other enzymes involved in the ... by the enzyme pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydrase (PCD) and a water molecule is released in this reaction.[8][9] Then, the NAD(P) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_3-monooxygenase

It can be formed artificially, using various methods including polymerase chain reactions (PCR) or ligase chain reactions (LCR ... In this instance, the product can be detected via the microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA). ... "The ligase chain reaction as a primary screening tool for the detection of culture positive tuberculosis". Thorax. 55 (11): 955 ... "Infectious Disease Testing by Ligase Chain Reaction". In Meyers, Robert A. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: A Comprehensive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplicon

"Activation of the E3 ligase function of the BRCA1/BARD1 complex by polyubiquitin chains". EMBO J. 21 (24): 6755-62. doi:10.1093 ... enzyme binding. • zinc ion binding. • damaged DNA binding. • protein binding. • transcription coactivator activity. • androgen ... "Control of biochemical reactions through supramolecular RING domain self-assembly". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (24): ... "Mass spectrometric and mutational analyses reveal Lys-6-linked polyubiquitin chains catalyzed by BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1

3-Deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase (EC 2.5.1.54) is the first enzyme in a series of metabolic reactions ... Each of the monomer chains is colored differently. Below the first image to the right is an image of DAHP synthase that also ... In enzymology, a DAHP synthase (EC 2.5.1.54) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... Enzyme inhibition is the primary method of regulating the amount of carbon entering the pathway.[2] Forms of this enzyme differ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate_synthase

... kDa heavy chain polypeptide joined via disulfide bond to a 50-kDa light chain polypeptide.[51] The heavy chain contains domains ... enzymes, enzyme blockers, and snake neurotoxins. Finally, inspired by Daniel Drachman's work with chicks at Johns Hopkins,[62] ... "FDA Notifies Public of Adverse Reactions Linked to Botox Use". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 8 February 2008. ... The toxin itself is released from the bacterium as a single chain, then becomes activated when cleaved by its own proteases.[19 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum

SCoA in an aldol condensation reaction. This conversion begins with the negatively charged carboxylate side chain oxygen atom ... Oxaloacetate is the first substrate to bind to the enzyme. This induces the enzyme to change its conformation, and creates a ... These experiments have revealed that this single site alternates between two forms, which participate in ligase and hydrolase ... The enzyme citrate synthase E.C. 2.3.3.1 (previously 4.1.3.7)] exists in nearly all living cells and stands as a pace-making ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate_synthase

The reaction mechanism of ACAC(A,B).. The color scheme is as follows: enzyme, coenzymes, substrate names, metal ions, phosphate ... Biotin is covalently attached through an amide bond to the long side chain of a lysine reside in BB. As BB is between BC and CT ... Ligases: carbon-carbon ligases (EC 6.4). Biotin dependent carboxylation. *Pyruvate carboxylase. *Acetyl-CoA carboxylase ... The overall reaction of ACAC(A,B) proceeds by a two-step mechanism.[8] The first reaction is carried out by BC and involves the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA_carboxylase

In enzymology, a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (EC 1.1.1.100) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... This EC 1.1.1 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. *v ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase. Other names in ... This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Ketoacyl_ACP_reductase

Using a cloning approach based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a splice variant of citron, citron kinase (citron-K) has ... Citron Rho-interacting kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CIT gene.[5][6] ... Myosin-heavy-chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.7). *Aurora kinase *Aurora A kinase ... myosin regulatory light chain) at the cleavage site in late cytokinesis. Sti is believed to maintain correct RhoA localization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIT_

Multi-zone polymerase/ligase chain reaction. WO2000046595A1 *. 2 Feb 2000. 10 Aug 2000. Aclara Biosciences, Inc.. Multichannel ... The product of the enzyme reaction is preferably a luminescent product, or a fluorescent or non-fluorescent dye, any of which ... These methods include ligase chain reaction (LCR) , nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) and Q-beta-replicase ... Another method for achieving the reεult of an amplification of nucleic acids is known as the ligase chain reaction (LCR) . This ...

http://www.google.ca/patents/WO1994026414A1?cl=en

1997) Urinary inhibitors of polymerase chain reaction and ligase chain reaction and testing of multiple specimens may ... The tubes were cooled to 42°C, and 25 μl of enzyme reagent was added and the mixture was incubated for 1 h at 42°C. Twenty ... 1997) Sensitivity of ligase chain reaction assay of urine from pregnant women for Chlamydia trachomatis. Lancet 349:329-330. ... 1997) False-negative results of a ligase chain reaction assay to detect Chlamydia trachomatis due to inhibitors in urine. Eur. ...

https://jcm.asm.org/content/36/11/3122?ijkey=6761506d2ed6a4aad17d8a186132bfc3a373444e&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase. Reaction: ATP + a medium-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + a medium-chain acyl-CoA. ... Systematic name: long-chain-fatty-acid:[acyl-carrier protein] ligase (AMP-forming). Comments: The enzyme ligates long chain ... EC 6.2.1.1 acetate CoA ligase. EC 6.2.1.2 medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase. EC 6.2.1.3 long-chain-fatty-acid CoA ligase. EC 6.2.1.4 ... Accepted name: long-chain-fatty-acid protein ligase. Reaction: ATP + a long-chain fatty acid + [protein]-L-cysteine = AMP + ...

https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbcs/iubmb/enzyme/EC6/0201.html

DNA-helix-passing reaction •Ligase- joins two polynucleotide chains together ... Vitamins- act as cofactors for enzymes. Cofactors- binds to active site of enzyme, can be bound for lifetime of the enzymes or ... maximum reaction rate at an infinite substrate concentration (where all enzyme is bound to substrate) ... prevent strands from re-associating and protect them from enzymes that cleave single stranded DNA •Topoisomerases 1- enzymes ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/week-one-objectives-2622713/packs/4575227

polymerase chain reaction: the Nobel-prize winning discovery by Cary Mullis that thermal cycling can produce numerous copies of ... ligase: an enzyme that facilitates bond formation between two molecular fragments. Also called a polymerase. ... When the number of molecules remaining becomes two small the polymerase chain reaction can be run. If at the end of the ... These could be synthesized by well-established techniques and amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. Possible paths ...

https://science.jrank.org/computer-science/Molecular_Computers.html

Same as all enzymes, ligases are embedded with proteins that have a target molecule identification site. ... New covalent bonds between two molecules are created by the enzyme called ligase. ... In terms of application, the global ligases enzyme market can be divided into polymerase chain reaction, mutation detection, ... A ligase is also known as a Synthetase. Ligases are one of the 50 enzymes present in the human body. They catalyze reactions ...

https://www.biospace.com/article/ligases-enzyme-market-key-trends-segmentation-and-regional-analysis/

Function of restriction enzymes *Engineering recombinant DNA using ligase *Agarose gel electrophoresis procedures, equipment ... Polymerase chain reaction *DNA sequencing using the Sanger method 1 Lesson in Chapter 28: AP Biology - Basic Molecular Biology ...

https://study.com/academy/topic/ap-biology-basic-molecular-biology-lab-techniques-help-and-review.html

Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Plays an ... section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme, i.e. a chemical reaction that the enzyme catalyzes.,p>,a href=/help/ ... help/chain target=_top>More...,/a>,/p>ChainiPRO_0000193115. 1 - 697. Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 6Add BLAST. 697. ... long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity Source: UniProtKB ,p>Inferred from Direct Assay,/p> ,p>Used to indicate a direct ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UKU0

Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and ... section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme, i.e. a chemical reaction that the enzyme catalyzes.,p>,a href=/help/ ... help/chain target=_top>More...,/a>,/p>ChainiPRO_0000193113. 1 - 683. Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 5Add BLAST. 683. ... decanoate-CoA ligase activity Source: UniProtKB-EC. *long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity Source: UniProtKB ,p>Inferred ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8JZR0

Comparison among performances of a ligase chain reaction-based assay and two enzyme immunoassays in detecting Chlamydia ... Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by ligase chain reaction compared with polymerase chain reaction and cell culture in ... Ligase chain reaction for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urogenital swabs.J. Clin. Microbiol. 33 1995 3111 3114 ... Ligase chain reaction to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the cervix.J. Clin. Microbiol. 32 1994 2540 2543 ...

https://jcm.asm.org/content/36/6/1630?ijkey=2b62b67978a3362e1fa718a88e8f60921d11768b&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Ampligase Enzyme & Buffer contain: Ampligase DNA Ligase and 10X Reaction Buffer (25 μl Buffer for each 50 U enzyme). ... Ligation amplification (Ligase Chain Reaction, LCR)1-7. *Repeat Expansion Detection (RED)7 ... Ampligase DNA Ligase Kit contains: Ampligase DNA Ligase, 10X Reaction Buffer, and Control DNA. ... Ampligase® Thermostable DNA Ligase. Highly thermostable DNA ligase for applications where ligation at high temperature is ...

http://www.lucigen.com/Ampligase-Thermostable-DNA-Ligase/

Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins and Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins were added as new descriptors. ... Proteins and Enzymes: A total of 65 new enzyme classes have been added to the category of Enzymes. Several new major enzyme ... and Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes. ... studies to determine the margin of safety or the reactions ... categories include: DNA Repair Enzymes, Metalloexopeptidases, Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors, Proprotein ...

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/nd03/nd03_mesh.html

Our first enzyme for this application is a DNA ligase which we began marketing to customers in 2018. ... and polymerase chain reaction ("PCR/qPCR") for in vitro molecular diagnostic and genomic research applications. ... Performance Enzymes. We initially commercialized our CodeEvolver® protein engineering technology platform and products in the ... We also use our technology to develop enzymes for customers using NGS and PCR/qPCR for in vitro molecular diagnostic and ...

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1200375/000120037519000033/cdxs2019093010qsp.htm

Polymerase Chain Reaction. Robotics. Temperature Cyclers. PCR Variations. Immuno-PCR. QC-PCR. DAP-PCR. Ligase Chain Reaction. ... Enzyme Immunoassay Interpretation. Specific, Sensitivity, and Predictive Value of Enzyme Immunoassays. Competition Assays. ... Poloymerase Chain Reactions. c. Drugs and Vaccines. 16. Coronaviruses. a. Background. b. Diagnostic Tests. c. Vaccines and ... Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction. In Situ PCR. Needed Improvements. Viral Load/Drug Resistance Testing. Genotype and ...

https://marketpublishers.com/report/medicine_pharmaceuticals_biotechnology/healthcare_equipment_services/french_microbiology_testing_market.html

Polymerase Chain Reaction. Robotics. Temperature Cyclers. PCR Variations. Immuno-PCR. QC-PCR. DAP-PCR. Ligase Chain Reaction. ... b. Enzyme Immunoassays (EIA). Overview. ELISA. Dot Immunobinding Assays. Capillary Immunoassays. Particle-Membrane Capture ... Enzyme Amplification. c. Fluorescent Immunoassays. Fluorescence Polarization. Time-Resolved Pulse Fluorescence. d. Luminescence ...

https://marketpublishers.com/report/medicine_pharmaceuticals_biotechnology/healthcare_equipment_services/global_herpes_diagnostics_market_growth_opportuinites_n_business_expansion_strategies.html

... ligase chain reaction, and PCR assays for verification of chlamydial enzyme immunoassay results for populations with a low to ... Role of polymerase chain reaction and ligase chain reaction for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J STD AIDS 1997;8: ... test uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR); the Abbott LCx® (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois) test uses ligase chain ... Sensitivity of the ligase chain reaction assay for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in vaginal swabs from women who are infected ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmWr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a1.htm

... enzyme encoded by CDC34 (UBC3) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the G1 to S transition of the cell cycle. CDC34 ... Ligases / metabolism* * Molecular Sequence Data * Mutagenesis * Oligodeoxyribonucleotides * Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods ... The ubiquitin conjugating (E2) enzyme encoded by CDC34 (UBC3) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the G1 to S ... We found that a construct encoding a chimeric RAD6-CDC34 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, in which the 21 residue acidic carboxyl- ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1639075/?dopt=Abstract

Polymerase Chain Reaction. - Temperature Cyclers. - PCR Variations. - Immuno-PCR. - QC-PCR. - DAP-PCR. - Ligase Chain Reaction ... b. Enzyme Immunoassays (EIA). - Overview. - ELISA. - Dot Immunobinding Assays. - Capillary Immunoassays. - Particle-Membrane ... Enzyme Amplification. c. Fluorescent Immunoassays. - Fluorescence Polarization. - Time-Resolved Pulse Fluorescence. d. ...

https://www.reportsnreports.com/reports/1797408-2018-emerging-virology-and-bacteriology-diagnostic-technologies-country-market-shares-strategic-profiles-of-leading-suppliers.html

... ligase chain reactions, polymerase chain reactions, and enzyme-linked immunoassays.. Treatment. Erythromycin, azithromycin, or ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Chlamydia+trachomatis

NheI, XhoI, BamHI, BglII, and NruI can be removed for compatibility with RFC12, RFC21, and the ligase chain reaction. ... Usually in GoldenGate reactions, one has to switch between BsaI and another Type IIS restriction enzyme in subsequent cloning ... EcoRI, NotI, XbaI, SpeI, and PstI commonly known as the BioBrick enzymes, can be removed if the gene is intended to be ... If you submit a CDS with a restriction enzyme that is "important" to remove or above, we will automatically remove it. ...

https://www.reddit.com/r/bionet/comments/7bo7gz/bionet_10k_genes_project_documentation_v10/

... ligase chain reaction (LCR, EP-A-0 320 308) or NASBA (EP-A-329 822). However, all of these techniques utilize enzymes for ... one would stop the reaction after a defined reaction time. Such stopping the reaction can be made by changing the pH such that ... This can be accomplished in one of several ways, for example polymerase chain reaction (PCR, as it is described in U.S. Pat. No ... The secondary probe can be added at any time to the reaction mixture or even to one of the reagents of the reaction. In a first ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US6020132?dq=6,370,566

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_amplification

... were subsequently ligated to the adenine-tailed fragments using T4 DNA ligase. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed ... Two restriction enzymes (EcoRI and MseI, New England Biolabs, NEB, USA) were used to digest the genomic DNA. Duplex tag-labeled ... and two-enzyme genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) (Poland et al., 2012) enable researchers to quickly obtain a large number of SNPs ... Development of high-density genetic maps for barley and wheat using a novel two-enzyme genotyping-by-sequencing approach. PLoS ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2016.00372/full

... pET-28a were both cut by a corresponding restriction enzyme, ligated using T4 DNA ligase (NEB, USA; Table 1) and transformed ... Development of two real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to detect Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1-9-11 and ... genes of the six IVI antigens were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Each amplified gene and vector, ... The reaction was terminated with 2 M H2SO4 and absorbance of each well was read at a wavelength of 450 nm in a microplate ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01623/full

DNA Ligase - molecular glue that puts pieces of DNA together *Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- molecular copy machine. Makes ... What are restriction enzymes? *Bacterial enzymes - used to cut bacteriophage DNA (viruses that invade bacteria). ... Polymerase Chain Reaction *Makes many copies of one piece of DNA by repeating replication ... Nasal spray that carries normal enzyme gene. Body makes enzyme and patient breathes normally. Regular treatments necessary ...

https://www.slideserve.com/lilka/chapter-13-genetic-engineering

The polymerase chain reaction, DNA endonucleases, homologous recombination, DNA ligases - the list goes on for quite a ways ... Think about the things we can do- you can go to a website and order mass-produced enzymes to cut useful places in DNA to let ... What about the reaction of the cell to surrounding cells, or of the organism to the environment? If you took all the particles ... Were able to take these processes and the enzymes that accomplish them and put them to uses both inside and outside the cell. ...

https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2018/11/12/engineering-biology-for-real

... ligase chain reaction assay; (n) enzyme-amplified electronic transduction; (o) single base pair extension assay; and (p) ... Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Transcription Mediated Amplification (TMA), Ligase chain reaction (LCR), Nucleic Acid Sequence ... ligase chain reaction assay; (n) enzyme-amplified electronic transduction; (o) single base pair extension assay; and (p) ... ligase chain reaction assay; (n) enzyme-amplified electronic transduction; (o) single base pair extension assay; and (p) ...

https://www.lens.org/lens/patent/111-217-672-730-519/fulltext

... enzyme, kinetics, sugar specificity, acceptor substrate specificity, acceptors, donors, sugars, nucleotide-sugars, genetic ... However, we decided not to publish the results because Hood and colleagues reported the use of LCR (ligase chain reaction) to ... The amplified DNA fragments were later subjected to allele-specific restriction enzyme digestion (BssHII and AluI for the A/O ... enzyme, kinetics, sugar specificity, acceptor substrate specificity, acceptors, donors, sugars, nucleotide-sugars, genetic ...

https://sites.google.com/site/abobloodgroup/appendix25.avarietyofmethodsfortheabogen

6. Non-culture tests (e.g., ligase chain reaction, direct fluorescent antibody, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA)) ... Non-culture tests: Nucleic acid amplification tests, such as the ligase chain reaction, on the first-void sample of urine can ... Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been developed for M. genitalium. Nucleic acid amplification tests have been ... Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) testing and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) can also be used to identify C. trachomatis ...

https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/infectious-diseases/urethritis/article/609407/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques

The presence of endogenous amplification inhibitors in urine may produce false-negative results for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acids by tests such as PCR, ligase chain reaction (LCR), and transcription-mediated amplification (TMA). (asm.org)
Nucleic acid amplification (NAA) techniques such as PCR, ligase chain reaction (LCR), and transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) have greatly improved our ability to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis infections, and in recent years, they have been successfully applied to first-void urine specimens. (asm.org)
Enzyme Amplification c. (marketpublishers.com)
In research or diagnosis DNA amplification can be conducted through methods such as: Polymerase chain reaction, an easy, cheap, and reliable way to repeatedly replicate a focused segment of DNA by polymerizing nucleotides, a concept which is applicable to numerous fields in modern biology and related sciences. (wikipedia.org)
thus, LCR uses two enzymes: a DNA polymerase (used for initial template amplification and then inactivated) and a thermostable DNA ligase. (wikipedia.org)
Transcription-mediated amplification, an isothermal, single-tube nucleic acid amplification system utilizing two enzymes, RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase, to rapidly amplify the target RNA/DNA, enabling the simultaneous detection of multiple pathogenic organisms in a single tube. (wikipedia.org)
Ultimately this will entails the collection of a few components needed for a successful DNA amplification reaction. (ubc.ca)
Screening with tissue cell culture, confirmed enzyme immunoassay, and DNA amplification assays based on either polymerase chain reaction or ligase chain reaction was compared with no screening (no treatment and no tracing of sexual contacts). (annals.org)
At greater prevalences, screening with enzyme immunoassay also generated savings and improved the cure rates compared with no screening, but such screening was less cost-effective than screening with a DNA amplification assay. (annals.org)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Working Mechanism of PCR (Denaturation, Annealing, Hybridization, Reverse Transcription-mediated PCR (RT-PCR), Random Amplified Polyrnerase DNA (RAPD marker), arbitrary-primed PCR (AP-PCR), DNA amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Application of PCR 4. (abebooks.com)
A unit dose test device for a nucleic acid amplification reaction has the form of a elongate disposable test strip. (google.de)
The test strip includes a dual-chamber reaction vessel pre-loaded with nucleic acid amplification reaction reagents, and a plurality of wells for processing a reaction occurring in the. (google.de)
The authors evaluated a new DNA amplification method, ligase chain reaction (LCR). (elsevier.com)

Molecular cloning techniques to mass-produce proteins using plasmid, restriction enzymes, ligase, and antibiotic selection in bacteria are discussed. (dnatube.com)
for more information see DNA ligase ), the insert should become successfully incorporated into the destination plasmid . (wikipedia.org)
Restriction enzymes- to cut the DNA/plasmid, 4. (utexas.edu)
The DNA fragment of interest is prepared from a larger piece of DNA using the same restriction enzyme as was used to open the plasmid DNA. (openwetware.org)
The DNA fragment and the cut plasmid are annealed and then joined by DNA ligase. (openwetware.org)

By combining the two enzymes it became possible to "cut and paste" DNA sequences to create recombinant DNA. (wikipedia.org)
When making recombinant DNA, these enzymes are involved in cutting DNA molecules at specific base sequences, revealing sticky ends. (studystack.com)
When making recombinant DNA, this enzyme forms bonds between the sticky ends. (studystack.com)
DNA ligase covalently links the two strands into 1 recombinant DNA molecule. (prospecbio.com)
We will introduce the different types of restriction enzymes, their advantages and disadvantages, and how they are used to create a recombinant DNA molecule. (mit.edu)
You will determine which restriction enzyme to use to create a desired piece of recombinant DNA, given specific DNA sequences. (mit.edu)
You will also learn the function of DNA ligase, understand how vectors are used, and learn how to construct a recombinant genomic DNA library. (mit.edu)
Learn how recombinant DNA can be engineered using ligase. (study.com)

Use of ligases in protein engineering are expected to offer growth opportunities to the market in developing regions such as Latin America, Middle East & Africa, and Asia Pacific. (biospace.com)
Several new major enzyme categories include: DNA Repair Enzymes, Metalloexopeptidases, Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors, Proprotein Convertases, and Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes. (nih.gov)
We suggest that this region interacts with substrates of CDC34 or with trans-acting factors (such as CDC34-specific ubiquitin protein ligases) that govern the substrate selectivity of CDC34. (nih.gov)
The other members of the family are the bifunctional enzyme peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating (and α-amidating) monooxygenase (PHM) ( 10 , 11 ), monooxygenase X (DBH-like monooxygenase protein 1, MOXD1) ( 12 ), and tyramine β-monooxygease (TBH) ( 13 ), which is the insect homolog of DBH. (sciencemag.org)
Ischemia-reperfusion caused a significant decrease in mRNA and protein levels of hepatic glutamate-cysteine ligase mediated through the inhibition of transcription factor Nrf2. (hindawi.com)
Our approach of comparing the ubiquitin conjugate proteome in wild-type and mutant cells has the resolving power to identify even an extremely inabundant transcriptional regulatory protein and should be generally applicable to mapping enzyme substrate networks in the UPS. (mcponline.org)
Rpn10, a stoichiometric component of the 26S proteasome, was the first protein shown to bind polyubiquitin chains ( 8 ). (mcponline.org)
Ubiquitination requires the E1 ubiquitin activating enzyme, an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, and frequently a substrate-specific ubiquitin protein ligase (E3). (asm.org)
This study describes the nonenzymatic preparation of a protein conjugated to a tetraubiquitin Lys48-based chain made of native isopeptide bonds. (pnas.org)
We show that certain properties of our model protein, the Parkinson disease-associated protein α-Synuclein (α-Syn), are differentially regulated depending on the length of the conjugated ubiquitin (Ub) chain. (pnas.org)
The human serologic response to chlamydial Hsp10, Hsp60, and major outer membrane protein (MOMP) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (asm.org)
The sequence of nucleotides in a gene is translated by cells to produce a chain of amino acids , creating proteins -the order of amino acids in a protein corresponds to the order of nucleotides in the gene. (statemaster.com)
How ubiquitin is added (single or multiple) and the architecture of the chain (linear, isopeptide, or branched) then determines the fate of the ubiquitylated protein through recognition by a collection of ubiquitin binding proteins with unique specificities. (plantcell.org)
Overview Cdc48 is a hexamer protein that belongs to a group of enzyme called ATPase. (wikibooks.org)
New research showed that a protein called E3 ligase Parkin and Cdc48 help to prevent damaged mitochondrial proteins from fusing with healthy ones. (wikibooks.org)
Long-chain amino acids, small pieces of protein are called peptides, large pieces of protein are called peptides, and enzymes that break down peptides are called proteases . (selfgrowth.com)
the regulatory particles can recognize the polyubiquitin chain tag attached to the protein and initiate the degradation process. (selfgrowth.com)
Biological protease is an abbreviation of enzyme that hydrolyzes protein peptide bond. (selfgrowth.com)

Here we describe a systematic structure-function analysis of the human ubiquitin (Ub) E2 conjugating proteins, consisting of the determination of 15 new high-resolution three-dimensional structures of E2 catalytic domains, and autoubiquitylation assays for 26 Ub-loading E2s screened against a panel of nine different HECT (homologous to E6-AP carboxyl terminus) E3 ligase domains. (proteopedia.org)

HIV 1 and 2 testing was by enzyme immunoassay (Abbott HIV1/2 Go EIA) at VIDRL. (bmj.com)
1990) "Diagnosis of Chylamydia trachomatis Cervical Infection by Detection of Amplified DNA with and Enzyme Immunoassay. (patentgenius.com)
Methods: First-void urine specimens from 300 men and 300 women were tested by LCR, as well as by a commercially available enzyme immunoassay. (elsevier.com)
The urine enzyme immunoassay was not useful in diagnosing C. trachomatis infections in either men or women, as the resolved sensitivities were 10% and 15.2%, respectively. (elsevier.com)

Based on product type, the molecular biology kits and reagent market is segmented into kits and reagents and enzymes. (pharmiweb.com)
For the purposes of this report the global molecular biology enzymes, kits and reagents market is segmented by application, end users, products, and geographies. (cnbc.com)
Molecular biology enzymes, kits and reagents find applications in a large number of fields of life science research. (cnbc.com)
A combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches were used to calculate the market sizes and growth rates of the global molecular biology enzymes, kits and reagents market and its sub-segments. (cnbc.com)
This research offers actual historical market size (2012 - 2015) and forecast (2016 - 2022) of the global molecular biology kits and reagents and enzymes market in the U.S. dollars. (psmarketresearch.com)

Dublin, Aug. 21, 2014 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Research and Markets ( http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/rx2936/molecular_biology ) has announced the addition of the "Global Molecular Biology Enzymes, Kits, & Reagents (Cloning, Epigenetics, PCR, Restriction Digestion, Sequencing) Market - Forecast to 2018" report to their offering. (cnbc.com)
The product segments included in this report are enzymes, and kits & reagents. (cnbc.com)
As this segment of the world population is more susceptible to chronic diseases, research into these ailments will become more significant, driving the growth of the molecular biology enzymes, kits & reagents market. (cnbc.com)
Struggle with understanding genetic engineering, restriction enzyme function, bacterial transformations, reagents or any other basic molecular biology laboratory topic. (study.com)
Name the reagents used in polymerase chain reactions. (study.com)

They provide starting sequences for DNA polymerase to begin DNA copying as it can only attach nucleotides to the end of an existing chain. (getrevising.co.uk)
The polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a powerful genetic technique that allows researchers to amplify DNA sequences of interest. (ubc.ca)

The Abbott LCx ligase chain reaction (LCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae was evaluated by using swab and urine specimens from 562 patients. (asm.org)
Chlamydia testing was by ligase chain reaction (LCR, Abbott LCX probe system) on a first void urine specimen. (bmj.com)

David Y, Ziv T, Admon A, Navon A. The E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes direct polyubiquitination to preferred lysines. (proteopedia.org)
Ubiquitin is typically attached via an isopeptide bond to accessible lysines through a reaction chain involving a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2), and finally ubiquitin ligases (E3). (plantcell.org)

7. The method of claim 6, wherein no further nucleobase sequence which is complementary to a sequence contained in the reaction mixture is present on the labeled probe. (google.com)
Which enzyme builds up the second strand of DNA which is complementary to cDNA? (getrevising.co.uk)
What enzyme joins together the complementary bases of two sticky ends? (getrevising.co.uk)
4. A heat stable DNA polymerase: This is an enzyme that is actually responsible for making a complementary DNA copy (i.e. replicating). (ubc.ca)
The idea behind using the same restriction enzymes is to create complementary sticky ends , which will facilitate ligation later on. (wikipedia.org)
This separation creates a replication fork, and enzymes connect the existing exposed bases with complementary free nucleotide triphosphates. (reference.com)
A method similar to PCR but involving joining DNA primers complementary to the target DNA sequence using a heat-stable DNA ligase enzyme. (health.gov.au)

DNA ligase has the function of forming a bond between the end of an 'acceptor' nucleotide and at the end of a 'donor' nucleotide. (biospace.com)
Epigenetics deals with changes in gene expression caused by certain base pairs in DNA & RNA, which are turned off or turned on, through chemical reactions contrary to being affected by changes in the nucleotide sequence. (pharmiweb.com)
Methods used to characterize these enzymes, including isoelectric focusing and nucleotide sequence analysis, are time-consuming, expensive, or both. (asm.org)
The restriction enzymes cut the DNA strand at a particular location called a nucleotide base, which makes up a DNA molecule. (avsabonline.org)

Same as all enzymes, ligases are embedded with proteins that have a target molecule identification site. (biospace.com)
The energy of a molecule of Guanosine-5'-triphosphate or Adenosine Triphosphate is used to catalyze the reaction. (biospace.com)
Search chemical reactions in Rhea for this molecule. (uniprot.org)
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the amount of labeled probes is provided in the reaction mixture in or after step (a), and the amount of the labeled probes in the reaction mixture is more than the amount of probe molecule B which contains the nucleobase sequence B2 in the reaction mixture available for detecting in step (b). (google.com)
Enzymes called ligases are used to create a continuous and complete DNA molecule. (reference.com)
Genes correspond to regions within DNA , a molecule composed of a chain of four different types of nucleotides -the sequence of these nucleotides is the genetic information organisms inherit. (statemaster.com)

Ligase chain reaction, a method that amplifies the nucleic acid used as the probe. (wikipedia.org)

In terms of application, the global ligases enzyme market can be divided into polymerase chain reaction, mutation detection, cloning, drug target, and next generation sequencing. (biospace.com)
The application segment of the molecular biology kits and reagent market is segmented into polymerase chain reaction, sequencing, cloning, epigenetics, restriction digestion, synthetic biology, and other applications. (pharmiweb.com)
Cloning is done in vitro, by a process called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (prospecbio.com)

The polymerase enzyme sub-segment is divided into high fidelity DNA polymerase, T4 DNA polymerase, Taq DNA polymerase, and other polymerases, while the restriction endonuclease enzyme sub-segment is divided into BamHI, EcoRI, PstI, and other restriction endonucleases. (cnbc.com)
The DNA is first treated with restriction endonuclease enzyme which the ends of the cut have an overhanging piece of single-stranded DNA. (prospecbio.com)

A ligase is also known as a Synthetase. (biospace.com)

In order to clone, first, both genes along with the pET-22b(+) vector were digested by NcoI and XhoI enzymes and then, Com1 and OmpH genes were ligated in linear vectors by T4 DNA ligase. (magiran.com)
Another newly developed method, called polymerase chain reaction, allows for faster replication of DNA strands and does not require the use of vectors (Clarke 1). (avsabonline.org)

Activation of Nrf2 induces gene expression of cytoprotective enzymes including those that are responsible for glutathione synthesis [ 23 , 25 - 27 ]. (hindawi.com)
The invention relates to a method for transformation of plant chloroplasts with genetic constructs by insertion of a RUBISCO gene in a non-RUBISCO site of the chloroplast genome to generate transformed plants that produce large amounts of a functional RUBISCO enzyme. (freepatentsonline.com)
Restriction enzymes are used to excise the gene of interest (the insert ) from the parent. (wikipedia.org)
The number of copies of the gene is then amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (wikipedia.org)
Describe the function of three enzymes that would be used in the genetic engineering of a human gene into bacteria? (utexas.edu)

You will move on to learning about the uses of agarose gel electrophoresis to analyze DNA molecules, and learn the basic mechanism of DNA sequencing by the dideoxy chain termination method. (mit.edu)

However, we decided not to publish the results because Hood and colleagues reported the use of LCR (ligase chain reaction) to discriminate ABO alleles using fluorescence detection. (google.com)
Highly thermostable DNA ligase for applications where ligation at high temperature is beneficial High thermostability allows ligation using high-stringency hybridization conditions High specificity and stringency permits sensitive detection of SNPs11 Applications. (astralscientific.com.au)

These could be synthesized by well-established techniques and amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. (jrank.org)

When the number of molecules remaining becomes two small the polymerase chain reaction can be run. (jrank.org)
New covalent bonds between two molecules are created by the enzyme called ligase. (biospace.com)
Ligases catalyze the addition of two molecules, deriving the needed energy from the cleavage of an energy-rich phosphate bond. (biospace.com)
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the amount of labeled probes is provided in the reaction mixture in step (a), and the amount of the labeled probes in the reaction mixture is less than the amount of the probe molecules B in the reaction mixture. (google.com)
Assuming that you intend to denature the linear dsDNA, and then add the shorter primer, then yes, adding a suitable DNA polymerase enzyme, proper buffer and reaction conditions, and dNTP substrates, will yield some relaxed (nicked) circular DNA molecules. (stackexchange.com)
Steps and molecules involved in polymerase chain reaction are also described. (dnatube.com)
To expand the availability of thermostable enzymes, we explored a completely new way-the thermal stabilization of those enzymes that are normally thermolabile by the addition of structure stabilizing molecules. (endowmentmed.org)
[1] In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products. (chemeurope.com)
[2] Although almost all enzymes are proteins, not all biochemical catalysts are enzymes, since some RNA molecules called ribozymes also catalyze reactions. (chemeurope.com)
[3] Synthetic molecules called artificial enzymes also display enzyme-like catalysis. (chemeurope.com)
Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules. (chemeurope.com)

replication also needs a primase enzyme to make primer for the polymerase (remember one of the rules for polymerases). (ubc.ca)
To complete the joins, an enzyme called polymerases starts the chemical reaction that allows for the joining of phosphate and deoxyribose sugar. (reference.com)

The substrate conjugated to the ubiquitin chain is then recognized by the 26S proteasome and degraded. (mcponline.org)
To be recognized by the proteasome, a substrate-linked ubiquitin chain must assemble through lysine 48 (Lys 48 ) of ubiquitin ( 5 ). (mcponline.org)
However, our ability to dissect the pathophysiological relevance of the ubiquitination code has been hampered due to the lack of methods that allow site-specific introduction of ubiquitin (Ub) chains to a specific substrate. (pnas.org)

However, replication is a relatively complex process ( see previous notes on this ), requiring the regulated actions of over half a dozen different enzymes - technically challenging to pull off in the laboratory. (ubc.ca)
T4 DNA ligase, Exonuclease (type unspecified), and T4 DNA polymerase are three distinctly different enzymes (and could not be substituted for each other). (stackexchange.com)

an enzyme that facilitates bond formation between two molecular fragments. (jrank.org)
The amplified DNA fragments were later subjected to allele-specific restriction enzyme digestion ( BssHII and AluI for the A/O alleles and NarI and HpaII for the B allele). (google.com)
Ligase was all about dealing with those small Okazaki fragments, a result of only being able to open your helical DNA at very localized spots (with the helicase). (ubc.ca)
DNA samples are treated with restriction enzyme to cut them into smaller fragments. (getrevising.co.uk)
an enzyme that joins two DNA fragments chemically. (studystack.com)

The advent of thermostable enzymes has led to great advances in molecular biology, such as the development of PCR and ligase chain reaction. (endowmentmed.org)
However, isolation of naturally thermostable enzymes has been restricted to those existing in thermophylic bacteria. (endowmentmed.org)

Enzymes that can perform this role are called proteases. (selfgrowth.com)

In 1970 Hamilton Smiths lab discovered restriction enzymes, enabling scientists to isolate genes from an organism's genome. (wikipedia.org)
Three genes identified in monkeys by arrays were then assessed in mice by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. (stanford.edu)
To perform the current project, Com1 and OmpH genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, then, the PCR products were purified by DNA precipitation technique. (magiran.com)

section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme, i.e. a chemical reaction that the enzyme catalyzes. (uniprot.org)
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (By similarity). (uniprot.org)
Ampligase® Thermostable DNA Ligase catalyzes NAD-dependent ligation of adjacent 3´-hydroxylated and 5´-phosphorylated termini in duplex DNA structures that are stable at high temperatures. (lucigen.com)
One unit of Ampligase DNA Ligase catalyzes the ligation of 50% of the cos sites in 1 µg of lambda DNA in 1 minute at 45°C in 1X Ampligase Reaction Buffer. (lucigen.com)
This enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction by converting cysteine and glutamate to γ -glutamyl-cysteine. (hindawi.com)
The second enzyme, glutathione synthase, catalyzes the reaction of γ -glutamyl-cysteine and glycine to form glutathione. (hindawi.com)
DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond at a break in a DNA chain. (openwetware.org)

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze ( i.e. accelerate ) chemical reactions. (chemeurope.com)
Thermophilic and thermostable microbial lipases are currently in great demand because they can be produced at low cost and perform chemical reactions at higher temperatures. (springer.com)
This role is achieved by chemical reactions that break peptide bonds. (selfgrowth.com)

Research activities for sequencing applications, increase in the birth rate, rise in the incidence of infectious diseases, and increase in genetic disorders are key factors that are estimated to boost the global ligases enzyme market . (biospace.com)
This invention relates to the field of genetic markers for adverse drug reactions. (lens.org)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified (replicated) and aided identification and isolation of genetic material. (wikipedia.org)
1. A plant cell comprising a chloroplast genome having inserted therein a heterologous genetic construct encoding a RUBISCO enzyme, wherein the genetic construct is inserted at a non-RUBISCO locus in the genome and wherein the RUBISCO enzyme is selected from the group consisting of: a RUBISCO large subunit and a RUBISCO small subunit. (freepatentsonline.com)
and c) transforming the plant of (a) with the vector of (b) wherein the vector inserts in the inverted repeat region of the chloroplast genome and the RBC is a genetic construct which is expressed producing a RUBISCO enzyme in soluble form. (freepatentsonline.com)
BellRinger Objective Explore the use of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering Describe the set-up and use of electrophoresis Homework Bring in a 9V battery Complete pre-lab. (slideserve.com)

Proteins and Enzymes: A total of 65 new enzyme classes have been added to the category of Enzymes. (nih.gov)
It regulates the expression of many antioxidant proteins and enzymes [ 17 , 23 , 24 ]. (hindawi.com)

Because each ubiquitin-ligase presumably can target several substrates, ubiquitylation represents one of the main post-translational modifications in the cell. (mcponline.org)
Since enzymes are extremely selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. (chemeurope.com)
There are dozens of E2 enzymes and hundreds of E3 ligases in plants that act in pairs to ubiquitylate specific sets of substrates. (plantcell.org)
For example, ubiquitylated proteins destined for degradation by the 26S proteasome prefer substrates modified by isopeptide chains of ubiquitin internally linked through lysine-48. (plantcell.org)

A more accurate way of DNA splicing is the use of "restriction enzymes, which are produced by various species of bacteria" (Clarke 1). (avsabonline.org)

1y6l is a 3 chain structure with sequence from Human . (proteopedia.org)

Aminoacyl tRNA-synthetases is included in ligases that join amino acids to the relative tRNA, which promotes the DNA ligases to bring the two pieces of DNA together. (biospace.com)

The type of ligase varies depending on the type of covalent bond that they catalyze such as carbon-nitrogen bond, carbon-carbon bond, and carbon-sulphur bond. (biospace.com)
In this pathway, proteins to be degraded are marked by covalent modification of a lysine residue with an ubiquitin chain. (mcponline.org)

The word enzyme was used later to refer to nonliving substances such as pepsin , and the word ferment used to refer to chemical activity produced by living organisms. (chemeurope.com)

We now report that both full-length ICP0 and its isolated RING finger domain induce the accumulation of polyubiquitin chains in vitro in the presence of E1 and the E2 enzymes UbcH5a and UbcH6. (asm.org)
this forms a "polyubiquitin chain" that can bind to the proteasome, thereby bringing the proteasome here. (selfgrowth.com)

However, high sensitivity of the enzyme to factors such as ligase concentration, DNA concentration, temperature, and buffer composition are expected to restrain the market. (biospace.com)
Ampligase DNA Ligase Kit contains: Ampligase DNA Ligase, 10X Reaction Buffer, and Control DNA. (lucigen.com)
Ampligase Enzyme & Buffer contain: Ampligase DNA Ligase and 10X Reaction Buffer (25 μl Buffer for each 50 U enzyme). (lucigen.com)

One unit of Ampligase DNA Ligase is equivalent to at least 15 of the "cohesive end units" or "nick ligation units" defined elsewhere. (lucigen.com)

The polymerase chain reaction, DNA endonucleases, homologous recombination, DNA ligases - the list goes on for quite a ways past that. (sciencemag.org)

long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase' can also refer to. (oup.com)

These enzymes are also called proteolytic enzymes. (selfgrowth.com)

This provides an active site for the enzymatic reaction to take place. (biospace.com)
The enzymatic reaction (ubiquitylation) is driven by an ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, and ubiquitin-ligase E3 ( 1 ). (mcponline.org)

The catalytic core structure shows two different conformations: an open active site, as also seen in another member of this enzyme family [the peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating (and α-amidating) monooxygenase], and a closed active site structure, in which the two copper-binding sites are only 4 to 5 Å apart, in what might be a coupled binuclear copper site. (sciencemag.org)
They are all multidomain enzymes with a common catalytic core fused to different types of domains. (sciencemag.org)
Glutamate-cysteine ligase is composed of a catalytic subunit ( Gclc ) and a modifier subunit ( Gclm ). (hindawi.com)

Anatomy5

Organisms3

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment17

Phenomena and Processes5

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care6

Geographicals5

Ligase Chain Reaction

Chlamydia Infections

Chlamydia trachomatis

DNA Ligases

Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Gonorrhea

Clinical Enzyme Tests

Potassium Acetate

Ligases

Sensitivity and Specificity

Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Urethral Diseases

Cervix Uteri

Uterine Cervical Diseases

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Urethra

Urine

Bacteriuria

DNA, Bacterial

Gene Amplification

Specimen Handling

False Negative Reactions

Bacteriological Techniques

Evaluation Studies as Topic

RNA Ligase (ATP)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Vaginal Smears

Molecular Sequence Data

Base Sequence

Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases

Mass Screening

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Prevalence

Patents as Topic

Nucleic Acids

Culture Media

Anterior Chamber

Inventions

Intellectual Property

Brain

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cullin Proteins

Ubiquitination

SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases

Biological Science Disciplines

Taq Polymerase

DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase

Enzyme Stability

Herpes Simplex

Spain

Italy

Germany

Forecasting

Japan

Europe

Gene amplification

Genetic engineering techniques

Artificial gene synthesis

History of genetic engineering

Subcloning

Subcloning

Natural computing

LCR

Har Gobind Khorana

Ligase chain reaction

Long-chain-fatty-acid-luciferin-component ligase

Molecular cloning

Long-chain-fatty-acid-(acyl-carrier-protein) ligase

Genomic library

உயிரித் தொழில்நுட்பம் - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா

CccDNA

DNA replication

Proteasome

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase

Fatty acid metabolism

Flavan-3-ol

Butyrate-CoA ligase

AP site

Cofactor F430