Enzyme inhibitors. Medical search

A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.

A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.

One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.

The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and a potent intravenously administered angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.

One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.

A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLINES which contain no double bonds in the ring.

Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.

A group of ISOQUINOLINES in which the nitrogen containing ring is protonated. They derive from the non-enzymatic Pictet-Spengler condensation of CATECHOLAMINES with ALDEHYDES.

An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.

An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.

An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

A generic term used to describe a group of polypeptides with related chemical structures and pharmacological properties that are widely distributed in nature. These peptides are AUTACOIDS that act locally to produce pain, vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, and the synthesis of prostaglandins. Thus, they comprise a subset of the large number of mediators that contribute to the inflammatory response. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p588)

The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.

A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.

An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.

Cell surface receptors that bind BRADYKININ and related KININS with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The identified receptor types (B-1 and B-2, or BK-1 and BK-2) recognize endogenous KALLIDIN; t-kinins; and certain bradykinin fragments as well as bradykinin itself.

Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (VASOCONSTRICTION) and fluid homeostasis via the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. These include angiotensins derived naturally from precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, and those synthesized.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.

Agents that inhibit SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA.

A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.

Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.

Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.

An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in a variety of adult tissues including the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, the KIDNEY, the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM and the NERVOUS SYSTEM. Activation of the type 1 angiotensin receptor causes VASOCONSTRICTION and sodium retention.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Cell surface proteins that bind ANGIOTENSINS and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS by MINERALOCORTICOIDS such as ALDOSTERONE.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).

Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.

A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)

Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.

A phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits platelet aggregation. Formerly used as an antineoplastic.

The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

A constitutively expressed subtype of bradykinin receptor that may play a role in the acute phase of the inflammatory and pain response. It has high specificity for intact forms of BRADYKININ and KALLIDIN. The receptor is coupled to G-PROTEIN, GQ-G11 ALPHA FAMILY and G-PROTEIN, GI-GO ALPHA FAMILY signaling proteins.

The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Compounds that inhibit HMG-CoA reductases. They have been shown to directly lower cholesterol synthesis.

NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).

A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.

A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The circulation of the BLOOD through the vessels of the KIDNEY.

An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of natural angiotensins. Upon successive enzyme cleavages, angiotensinogen yields angiotensin I, II, and III with amino acids numbered at 10, 8, and 7, respectively.

An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in fetal tissues. Many effects of the angiotensin type 2 receptor such as VASODILATION and sodium loss are the opposite of that of the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

Excision of kidney.

Formal programs for assessing drug prescription against some standard. Drug utilization review may consider clinical appropriateness, cost effectiveness, and, in some cases, outcomes. Review is usually retrospective, but some analysis may be done before drugs are dispensed (as in computer systems which advise physicians when prescriptions are entered). Drug utilization review is mandated for Medicaid programs beginning in 1993.

Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

The prevention of recurrences or exacerbations of a disease or complications of its therapy.

Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.

Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

A subtype of BRADYKININ RECEPTOR that is induced in response to INFLAMMATION. It may play a role in chronic inflammation and has a high specificity for KININS lacking the C-terminal ARGININE such as des-Arg(10)-kallidin and des-Arg(9)-bradykinin. The receptor is coupled to G-PROTEIN, GQ-G11 ALPHA FAMILY and G-PROTEIN, GI-GO ALPHA FAMILY signaling proteins.

A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Plantaginaceae which yield cardiotonic DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES. The most useful species are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea.

Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.

Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.

A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666)

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

Agents that antagonize the ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 2 RECEPTOR.

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.

The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)

A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, FDA studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. This includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles.

Conformity in fulfilling or following official, recognized, or institutional requirements, guidelines, recommendations, protocols, pathways, or other standards.

Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA Antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is no relationship with CALLA PLANT.

Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.

Laboratory tests used to evaluate how well the kidneys are working through examination of blood and urine.

Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Agents that have a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. They may be CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES; SYMPATHOMIMETICS; or other drugs. They are used after MYOCARDIAL INFARCT; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; in SHOCK; or in congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).

A subclass of EXOPEPTIDASES that act on the free N terminus end of a polypeptide liberating a single amino acid residue. EC 3.4.11.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES.

21-Amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors. The endothelin family consists of three members, ENDOTHELIN-1; ENDOTHELIN-2; and ENDOTHELIN-3. All three peptides contain 21 amino acids, but vary in amino acid composition. The three peptides produce vasoconstrictor and pressor responses in various parts of the body. However, the quantitative profiles of the pharmacological activities are considerably different among the three isopeptides.

A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.

The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.

Compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASES) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.

The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.

Heterocyclic compounds of a ring with SULFUR and two NITROGEN atoms fused to a BENZENE ring. Members inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS.

Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.

Proteolytic enzymes from the serine endopeptidase family found in normal blood and urine. Specifically, Kallikreins are potent vasodilators and hypotensives and increase vascular permeability and affect smooth muscle. They act as infertility agents in men. Three forms are recognized, PLASMA KALLIKREIN (EC 3.4.21.34), TISSUE KALLIKREIN (EC 3.4.21.35), and PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (EC 3.4.21.77).

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.

A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

Cell surface proteins that bind ENDOTHELINS with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.

A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.

Amounts charged to the patient or third-party payer for medication. It includes the pharmacist's professional fee and cost of ingredients, containers, etc.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.

Patterns of practice related to diagnosis and treatment as especially influenced by cost of the service requested and provided.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.

A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

The geometric and structural changes that the HEART VENTRICLES undergo, usually following MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. It comprises expansion of the infarct and dilatation of the healthy ventricle segments. While most prevalent in the left ventricle, it can also occur in the right ventricle.

A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.

1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.

Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

A sub-subclass of endopeptidases that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity.

Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.

A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.

An approach of practicing medicine with the goal to improve and evaluate patient care. It requires the judicious integration of best research evidence with the patient's values to make decisions about medical care. This method is to help physicians make proper diagnosis, devise best testing plan, choose best treatment and methods of disease prevention, as well as develop guidelines for large groups of patients with the same disease. (from JAMA 296 (9), 2006)

Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

Directions written for the obtaining and use of DRUGS.

Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.

A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.

A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.

Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.

The consumption of liquids.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.

The interaction of rhodium(II) carboxylates with enzymes. (1/39504)

The effect of rhodium(II) acetate, propionate, and methoxyacetate on the activity of 17 enzymes was evaluated. The enzymes were preincubated with the rhodium(II) complexes in order to detect irreversible inhibition. All enzymes that have essential sulfhydryl groups in or near their active site were found to be irreversibly inhibited. Those enzymes without essential sulfhydryl groups were not affected. In each case, the rate of inactivation closely paralleled the observed toxicity and antitumor activity of rhodium(II) carboxylates; that is, rhodium(II) propionate greater than rhodium(II) acetate greater than rhodium(II) methoxyacetate. In addition, those enzymes that have been demonstrated to be most sensitive to established sulfhydryl inhibitors, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, were also most sensitive to rhodium(II) carboxylate inactivation. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance measurements made during the titration of rhodium(II) acetate with cysteine showed that breakdown of the carboxylate cage occurred as a result of reaction with this sulfhydryl-containing amino acid. (+info)

Does gill boundary layer carbonic anhydrase contribute to carbon dioxide excretion: a comparison between dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (2/39504)

In vivo experiments were conducted on spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in sea water to determine the potential role of externally oriented or gill boundary layer carbonic anhydrase in carbon dioxide excretion. This was accomplished by assessing pH changes in expired water using a stopped-flow apparatus. In dogfish, expired water was in acid-base disequilibrium as indicated by a pronounced acidification (delta pH=-0.11+/-0.01; N=22; mean +/- s.e.m.) during the period of stopped flow; inspired water, however, was in acid-base equilibrium (delta pH=-0.002+/-0.01; N=22). The acid-base disequilibrium in expired water was abolished (delta pH=-0.005+/-0.01; N=6) by the addition of bovine carbonic anhydrase (5 mg l-1) to the external medium. Addition of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide (1 mmol l-1) to the water significantly reduced the magnitude of the pH disequilibrium (from -0.133+/-0.03 to -0.063+/-0.02; N=4). However, after correcting for the increased buffering capacity of the water caused by acetazolamide, the acid-base disequilibrium during stopped flow was unaffected by this treatment (control delta [H+]=99.8+/-22.8 micromol l-1; acetazolamide delta [H+]=81.3+/-21.5 micromol l-1). In rainbow trout, expired water displayed an acid-base disequilibrium (delta pH=0.09+/-0.01; N=6) that also was abolished by the application of external carbonic anhydrase (delta pH=0.02+/-0.01). The origin of the expired water acid-base disequilibrium was investigated further in dogfish. Intravascular injection of acetazolamide (40 mg kg-1) to inhibit internal carbonic anhydrase activity non-specifically and thus CO2 excretion significantly diminished the extent of the expired water disequilibrium pH after 30 min (from -0.123+/-0.01 to -0.065+/-0.01; N=6). Selective inhibition of extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity using a low intravascular dose (1.3 mg kg-1) of the inhibitor benzolamide caused a significant reduction in the acid-base disequilibrium after 5 min (from -0.11+/-0.01 to -0.07+/-0. 01; N=14). These results demonstrate that the expired water acid-base disequilibrium originates, at least in part, from excretory CO2 and that extracellular carbonic anhydrase in dogfish may have a significant role in carbon dioxide excretion. However, externally oriented carbonic anhydrase (if present in dogfish) plays no role in catalysing the hydration of the excretory CO2 in water flowing over the gills and thus is unlikely to facilitate CO2 excretion. (+info)

A cytomegalovirus glycoprotein re-routes MHC class I complexes to lysosomes for degradation. (3/39504)

Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) early gene expression interferes with the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) pathway of antigen presentation. Here we identify a 48 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein encoded by the MCMV early gene m06, which tightly binds to properly folded beta2-microglobulin (beta2m)-associated MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This association is mediated by the lumenal/transmembrane part of the protein. gp48-MHC class I complexes are transported out of the ER, pass the Golgi, but instead of being expressed on the cell surface, they are redirected to the endocytic route and rapidly degraded in a Lamp-1(+) compartment. As a result, m06-expressing cells are impaired in presenting antigenic peptides to CD8(+) T cells. The cytoplasmic tail of gp48 contains two di-leucine motifs. Mutation of the membrane-proximal di-leucine motif of gp48 restored surface expression of MHC class I, while mutation of the distal one had no effect. The results establish a novel viral mechanism for downregulation of MHC class I molecules by directly binding surface-destined MHC complexes and exploiting the cellular di-leucine sorting machinery for lysosomal degradation. (+info)

p50(cdc37) acting in concert with Hsp90 is required for Raf-1 function. (4/39504)

Genetic screens in Drosophila have identified p50(cdc37) to be an essential component of the sevenless receptor/mitogen-activated kinase protein (MAPK) signaling pathway, but neither the function nor the target of p50(cdc37) in this pathway has been defined. In this study, we examined the role of p50(cdc37) and its Hsp90 chaperone partner in Raf/Mek/MAPK signaling biochemically. We found that coexpression of wild-type p50(cdc37) with Raf-1 resulted in robust and dose-dependent activation of Raf-1 in Sf9 cells. In addition, p50(cdc37) greatly potentiated v-Src-mediated Raf-1 activation. Moreover, we found that p50(cdc37) is the primary determinant of Hsp90 recruitment to Raf-1. Overexpression of a p50(cdc37) mutant which is unable to recruit Hsp90 into the Raf-1 complex inhibited Raf-1 and MAPK activation by growth factors. Similarly, pretreatment with geldanamycin (GA), an Hsp90-specific inhibitor, prevented both the association of Raf-1 with the p50(cdc37)-Hsp90 heterodimer and Raf-1 kinase activation by serum. Activation of Raf-1 via baculovirus coexpression with oncogenic Src or Ras in Sf9 cells was also strongly inhibited by dominant negative p50(cdc37) or by GA. Thus, formation of a ternary Raf-1-p50(cdc37)-Hsp90 complex is crucial for Raf-1 activity and MAPK pathway signaling. These results provide the first biochemical evidence for the requirement of the p50(cdc37)-Hsp90 complex in protein kinase regulation and for Raf-1 function in particular. (+info)

Cyclin D-CDK subunit arrangement is dependent on the availability of competing INK4 and p21 class inhibitors. (5/39504)

The D-type cyclins and their major kinase partners CDK4 and CDK6 regulate G0-G1-S progression by contributing to the phosphorylation and inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene product, pRB. Assembly of active cyclin D-CDK complexes in response to mitogenic signals is negatively regulated by INK4 family members. Here we show that although all four INK4 proteins associate with CDK4 and CDK6 in vitro, only p16(INK4a) can form stable, binary complexes with both CDK4 and CDK6 in proliferating cells. The other INK4 family members form stable complexes with CDK6 but associate only transiently with CDK4. Conversely, CDK4 stably associates with both p21(CIP1) and p27(KIP1) in cyclin-containing complexes, suggesting that CDK4 is in equilibrium between INK4 and p21(CIP1)- or p27(KIP1)-bound states. In agreement with this hypothesis, overexpression of p21(CIP1) in 293 cells, where CDK4 is bound to p16(INK4a), stimulates the formation of ternary cyclin D-CDK4-p21(CIP1) complexes. These data suggest that members of the p21 family of proteins promote the association of D-type cyclins with CDKs by counteracting the effects of INK4 molecules. (+info)

Cell growth inhibition by farnesyltransferase inhibitors is mediated by gain of geranylgeranylated RhoB. (6/39504)

Recent results have shown that the ability of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) to inhibit malignant cell transformation and Ras prenylation can be separated. We proposed previously that farnesylated Rho proteins are important targets for alternation by FTIs, based on studies of RhoB (the FTI-Rho hypothesis). Cells treated with FTIs exhibit a loss of farnesylated RhoB but a gain of geranylgeranylated RhoB (RhoB-GG), which is associated with loss of growth-promoting activity. In this study, we tested whether the gain of RhoB-GG elicited by FTI treatment was sufficient to mediate FTI-induced cell growth inhibition. In support of this hypothesis, when expressed in Ras-transformed cells RhoB-GG induced phenotypic reversion, cell growth inhibition, and activation of the cell cycle kinase inhibitor p21WAF1. RhoB-GG did not affect the phenotype or growth of normal cells. These effects were similar to FTI treatment insofar as they were all induced in transformed cells but not in normal cells. RhoB-GG did not promote anoikis of Ras-transformed cells, implying that this response to FTIs involves loss-of-function effects. Our findings corroborate the FTI-Rho hypothesis and demonstrate that gain-of-function effects on Rho are part of the drug mechanism. Gain of RhoB-GG may explain how FTIs inhibit the growth of human tumor cells that lack Ras mutations. (+info)

Neu differentiation factor stimulates phosphorylation and activation of the Sp1 transcription factor. (7/39504)

Neu differentiation factors (NDFs), or neuregulins, are epidermal growth factor-like growth factors which bind to two tyrosine kinase receptors, ErbB-3 and ErbB-4. The transcription of several genes is regulated by neuregulins, including genes encoding specific subunits of the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. Here, we have examined the promoter of the acetylcholine receptor epsilon subunit and delineated a minimal CA-rich sequence which mediates transcriptional activation by NDF (NDF-response element [NRE]). Using gel mobility shift analysis with an NRE oligonucleotide, we detected two complexes that are induced by treatment with neuregulin and other growth factors and identified Sp1, a constitutively expressed zinc finger phosphoprotein, as a component of one of these complexes. Phosphatase treatment, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and an in-gel kinase assay indicated that Sp1 is phosphorylated by a 60-kDa kinase in response to NDF-induced signals. Moreover, Sp1 seems to act downstream of all members of the ErbB family and thus may funnel the signaling of the ErbB network into the nucleus. (+info)

Induced expression of p16(INK4a) inhibits both CDK4- and CDK2-associated kinase activity by reassortment of cyclin-CDK-inhibitor complexes. (8/39504)

To investigate the mode of action of the p16(INK4a) tumor suppressor protein, we have established U2-OS cells in which the expression of p16(INK4a) can be regulated by addition or removal of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. As expected, induction of p16(INK4a) results in a G1 cell cycle arrest by inhibiting phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. However, induction of p16(INK4a) also causes marked inhibition of CDK2 activity. In the case of cyclin E-CDK2, this is brought about by reassortment of cyclin, CDK, and CDK-inhibitor complexes, particularly those involving p27(KIP1). Size fractionation of the cellular lysates reveals that a substantial proportion of CDK4 participates in active kinase complexes of around 200 kDa. Upon induction of p16(INK4a), this complex is partly dissociated, and the majority of CDK4 is found in lower-molecular-weight fractions consistent with the formation of a binary complex with p16(INK4a). Sequestration of CDK4 by p16(INK4a) allows cyclin D1 to associate increasingly with CDK2, without affecting its interactions with the CIP/KIP inhibitors. Thus, upon the induction of p16(INK4a), p27(KIP1) appears to switch its allegiance from CDK4 to CDK2, and the accompanying reassortment of components leads to the inhibition of cyclin E-CDK2 by p27(KIP1) and p21(CIP1). Significantly, p16(INK4a) itself does not appear to form higher-order complexes, and the overwhelming majority remains either free or forms binary associations with CDK4 and CDK6. (+info)

is modified to include binding of the inhibitor to the free enzyme:. EI. +. S. ⇌. k. 3. k. −. 3. E. +. S. +. I. ⇌. k. −. 1. k. ... of normal enzyme activity (blue) compared to enzyme activity with a competitive inhibitor (red). Adding a competitive inhibitor ... Since the velocity is maximal when all the enzyme is bound as the enzyme-substrate complex, V. max. =. k. 2. [. E. ]. 0. {\ ... When a competitive inhibitor is bound to an enzyme the K. m. {\displaystyle K_{m}}. increases. This means the binding affinity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_inhibition

Enzyme inhibitors: Apratastat. *Other inhibitors: Apremilast. *Bupropion. *Catechins (green tea). *Cannabinoids (cannabis, ... Enzyme regulation[edit]. This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.[35] ... These disorders are sometimes treated by using a TNF inhibitor. This inhibition can be achieved with a monoclonal antibody such ... On the other hand some patients treated with TNF inhibitors develop an aggravation of their disease or new onset of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

As ribociclib is mainly metabolized by the liver enzyme CYP3A4, inhibitors of this enzyme increase its concentrations in the ... Further information: CDK inhibitor. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 4 and 6 are enzymes that have been shown to promote cell ... Ribociclib, sold under the brand name Kisqali,[1] is an inhibitor of cyclin D1/CDK4 and CDK6, and is used for the treatment of ... When used in combination with other drugs such as an ALK or an MEK inhibitor, ribociclib has been shown to have a synergistic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribociclib

Another family of enzymes, the 5´nucleotidase (5NCT) family, is also capable of dephosphorylating cladribine, making it ... DNA polymerase inhibitor (Cytarabine#). *Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (Gemcitabine#). *Hypomethylating agent (Azacitidine ... However, unlike adenosine it is relatively resistant to breakdown by the enzyme adenosine deaminase, which causes it to ... Once inside a cell cladribine is activated mostly in lymphocytes, when it is triphosphorylated by the enzyme deoxyadenosine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladribine

Enzyme inhibitors. *FI (Tipifarnib§). *CDK inhibitors (Abemaciclib. *Alvocidib†. *Palbociclib. *Ribociclib. *Seliciclib†). *PrI ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrubicin

... , sold under the brand name Talzenna, is an orally available poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor developed ... Talazoparib acts as an inhibitor of poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) which aids in single strand DNA repair. Cells that have ... Talazoparib is similar to the first in class PARP inhibitor, olaparib.[3][4] It was approved in October 2018, in the United ... "PARP inhibitors: the race is on". British Journal of Cancer. 114 (7): 713-5. doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.67. PMC 4984871. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talazoparib

... , sold under the brand name Capoten among others, is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the ... Ondetti MA, Rubin B, Cushman DW (April 1977). "Design of specific inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme: new class of ... "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors". Circulation. 97 (14): 1411-20. doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.14.1411. PMID 9577953.. ... "collected-product inhibitor" of the converting enzyme. Captopril was developed from this peptide after it was found via QSAR- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captopril

PEP is a strong inhibitor of several enzymes, including acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and hyaluronidase.[37][38][39] ... The large molecule has very weak estrogenic properties but is a strong inhibitor of several enzymes, e.g. acid and alkaline ... Fernö O, Fex H, Högberg B, Linderot T, Veige S (1958). "High Molecular Weight Enzyme Inhibitors. 3. Polyestradiol Phosphate ( ... "High Molecular Weight Enzyme Inhibitors. IV. Polymeric Phosphates of Synthetic Estrogens" (PDF). Acta Chem. Scand. 13 (5): 1011 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate

Enzyme inhibitor. Carbidopa. Clinical data. Trade names. Atamet, Carbilev, Sinemet. AHFS/Drugs.com. Monograph. ... Levodopa is converted to dopamine via the action of a naturally occurring enzyme called DOPA decarboxylase. This occurs both in ... For this reason levodopa is usually administered in combination with a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor (DDCI), in this case ... Merck had already synthesized and patented carbidopa, another dopa decarboxylase inhibitor in 1962, and in 1971 Lotti showed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbidopa/levodopa

For example, Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor is found in soybeans.[6] Lipase inhibitors interfere with enzymes, such as human ... Some proteins can also be antinutrients, such as the trypsin inhibitors and lectins found in legumes. These enzyme inhibitors ... Amylase inhibitors, like lipase inhibitors, have been used as a diet aid and obesity treatment. Amylase inhibitors are present ... Amylase inhibitors prevent the action of enzymes that break the glycosidic bonds of starches and other complex carbohydrates, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinutrient

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors[edit]. Likewise, treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, such ... Specifically cardiac resynchronization, administration of beta blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are ... It is not recommended that patients be treated with phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitors or digoxin.[5] ... Currently treatment with ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic_heart_failure

Enzyme kinetics‎; 18:38 . . (+895)‎ . . ‎. Beccashin09. (talk , contribs)‎ (→‎Reversible inhibitors). *(diff , hist) . . Enzyme ... Enzyme inhibitor‎; 10:22 . . (+17)‎ . . ‎. Rjwilmsi. (talk , contribs)‎ (10.2741/a336). *(diff , hist) . . Module:Portal/images ... m Enzyme inhibitor‎; 09:06 . . (+1)‎ . . ‎. GeniusInTheMaking. (talk , contribs)‎ (added space between two words) (Tag: Visual ... m Enzyme kinetics‎; 18:42 . . (-2)‎ . . ‎. Vnanaadj. (talk , contribs)‎ (→‎Enzyme assays) (Tag: Visual edit) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Testosterone_17beta-dehydrogenase

Enzymes can be targeted with enzyme inhibitors. Receptors are typically categorised based on structure and function. Major ... James Smith; Viktor Stein (2009). "SPORCalc: A development of a database analysis that provides putative metabolic enzyme ... Molecular targets in pharmacology include receptors, enzymes and membrane transport proteins. ... transporter inhibitors (such as hemicholinium) target membrane transport proteins and anticholinesterases (such as sarin) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology

ACE inhibitors can induce angioedema.[13][14][15] ACE inhibitors block the enzyme ACE so it can no longer degrade bradykinin; ... Ruconest (C1-inhibitor). References[edit]. *^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Bernstein, JA; Cremonesi, P; Hoffmann, TK ... ACE inhibitors block ACE, the enzyme that among other actions, degrades bradykinin. In hereditary angioedema, bradykinin ... Sabroe RA, Black AK (February 1997). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angio-oedema". British Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioneurotic_oedema

Antivirals and Enzyme Inhibitors. Elsevier. p. 499. ISBN 9780080858487. Retrieved 27 June 2014. Matsuura, Akihiro; Hiroshi ... "Pharmacological profiles of aspergillomarasmines as endothelin converting enzyme inhibitors". The Japanese Journal of ... It can inhibit endothelin converting enzymes even in the live rat, probably by chelating metals required by metalloproteases. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillomarasmine_A

Enzyme inhibitorsEdit. Some antimicrobial defensins also have enzyme inhibitory activity, and some DLPs function primarily as ... enzyme inhibitors, acting as antifeedants (discouraging animals from eating them).[36][37][38] ... Zhao Q, Chae YK, Markley JL (2003-01-07). "Minimized NMR structure of ATT, an Arabidopsis trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor". doi: ... "Novel insights on the mechanism of action of alpha-amylase inhibitors from the plant defensin family". Proteins. 73 (3): 719-29 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensin

2.5.5.1 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. British National Formulary No. 62. September 2011 [2011-12-22].. [永久失效連結] ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/高血壓

Small molecules (for example receptor agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists, or modulators; enzyme activators or inhibitors; ... transcriptase inhibitors PDE5 inhibitors Proton pump inhibitors Renin inhibitors Triptans TRPV1 antagonists c-Met inhibitors It ... antagonists CCR5 receptor antagonists Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors HIV protease inhibitors NK1 ... an HIV integrase inhibitor SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), a class of antidepressants Zanamivir, an antiviral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_design

Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, or ACE inhibitors, are a class of widely-prescribed medications used in hypertension ... "What Is an Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor?". Circulation. 108 (3): e16-18. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000075957.16003.07.. ... It contains a complex mixture of cellular constituents, enzymes and a number of high-molecular-weight toxins, including insect ... as have small peptides that inhibit angiotensin-1-converting enzyme;[a] the venom of the redback, although little-studied, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redback_spider

Enzyme inhibitors. inhibit enzymes that are crucial to DNA replication. Decitabine, Etoposide, Irinotecan ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotoxicity

Importantly, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were used in both groups equally. Cyclophosphamide ( traded as endoxan & ... However, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor antagonists are favoured due to their anti- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgA_nephropathy

PDE5 inhibitors block deactivation of cGMP by the enzyme phosphodiesterase-5. In combination with the increased cGMP production ... and liberate NO without the aid of enzymes. NO stimulates the soluble form of the enzyme guanylate cyclase in the smooth muscle ... These drugs are also contraindicated in patients that have recently taken PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil (Viagra). Most ... Combination with PDE5 inhibitors, including sildenafil (Viagra), is contraindicated because potentially life-threatening ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrovasodilator

ACE inhibitor Angiotensin conversion enzyme. A class of drugs used to decrease hypertension, mainly by interfering with the ... In humans, it requires a special enzyme (lactase) for disassembly during digestion. Most humans lose this enzyme in adulthood ... Aldose reductase inhibitor Alpha cell one of the types of cell in the pancreas (in areas called the Islets of Langerhans). ... In general enzymes are chemicals which are not consumed by the reaction. In that sense, they are catalysts. Epidemiology the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_diabetes

396-. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. Diczfalusy E, Fernö H, Fex B, Högberg B, Kneip P (1959). "High Molecular Weight Enzyme Inhibitors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfestrol

Ortiz-Rivera, I.; Courtney, T.; Sen, A. (2016). "Enzyme Micropump-Based Inhibitor Assays". Advanced Functional Materials. 26 ( ... Ortiz-Rivera, I.; Shum, H.; Agrawal, A.; Balazs, A. C.; Sen, A. (2016). "Convective flow reversal in self-powered enzyme ... A wide variety of pumping systems exist including biological enzyme based pumps, organic photocatalyst pumps, and metal ... Zhao, Xi; Gentile, Kayla; Mohajerani, Farzad; Sen, Ayusman (2018-10-16). "Powering Motion with Enzymes". Accounts of Chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropump

"High Molecular Weight Enzyme Inhibitors. IV. Polymeric Phosphates of Synthetic Estrogens" (PDF). Acta Chem. Scand. 13 (5): 1011 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydiethylstilbestrol_phosphate

These include the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. Captopril is based on the peptidic bradykinin potentiating ... Enzymes in turn are composed of amino acids and often non-peptidic cofactors that are essential for enzyme function. The basic ... they possess enzymes that are functional under quite unusual conditions. These enzymes are of potential use in the food, ... Its mechanism of action is inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. Another notable example is opium is extracted from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product

... enzyme inhibitors, etc. The chemical reporter must not alter the structure of the substrate dramatically to avoid affecting its ... Additionally, it is likely that they are metabolized in vitro by cytochrome P450 enzymes. The kinetics of the reactions are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry

It is a selective MAOB inhibitor at normal clinical doses. MAOB is an enzyme that metabolizes dopamine, the neurotransmitter ... Tabakman R, Lecht S, Lazarovici P (2004). "Neuroprotection by monoamine oxidase B inhibitors: a therapeutic strategy for ... inhibitor at low doses,[note 3] is also metabolized into levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine.[10][11] This has caused users ... but concern over the resulting levomethamphetamine's neurotoxicity led to development of alternative MAOB inhibitors, such as ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomethamphetamine

There is some evidence that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are superior to other inhibitors of the renin- ... dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs.[87] As of 2015 there was no ... "Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular ... 2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations are that people with diabetes and albuminuria should receive an inhibitor of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitus

... (IDV; trade name Crixivan, made by Merck) is a protease inhibitor used as a component of highly active antiretroviral ... kickstarted their studies by basing their project off of earlier research on the protease enzyme, renin.[5] They were the ones ... Protease inhibitors changed the nature of AIDS from a terminal illness to a somewhat manageable one. It significantly increased ... Cohen J (June 1996). "Protease inhibitors: a tale of two companies". Science. 272 (5270): 1882-3. Bibcode:1996Sci...272.1882C. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indinavir

Robert A. Copeland (2013). Evaluation of Enzyme Inhibitors in Drug Discovery: A Guide for Medicinal Chemists and ... Enzyme Kinetics: Behavior and Analysis of Rapid Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems (Book 44 izd.). Wiley Classics ... I. Assay and properties of induced enzyme". J. Biol. Chem. 243: 6242-6249. PMID 4387094. ... Kupfer, D., Miranda, G.K., Navarro, J., Piccolo, D.E. and Theoharides, A.D. (1979). "Effect of inducers and inhibitors of ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nespecifična_monooksigenaza

Biodiversity As A Source of Selective Inhibitors of CHIKV Replication». Antiviral Research. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.048 ... Traditional Medicinal Herbs and Food Plants Have the Potential to Inhibit Key Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzymes In Vitro and ...

https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Αμινά_Γκουρίμπ

Robert A. Copeland (2013). Evaluation of Enzyme Inhibitors in Drug Discovery: A Guide for Medicinal Chemists and ... Enzyme Kinetics: Behavior and Analysis of Rapid Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems (Book 44 izd.). Wiley Classics ... http://books.google.com/books/about/Evaluation_of_Enzyme_Inhibitors_in_Drug.html?id=l2rMy8QNUk0C. ... http://books.google.com/books/about/Enzyme_Kinetics.html?id=T60oAAAAYAAJ. * ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-N,N

Particular enzymes in the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway allow ubiquitination to be directed to some proteins but not others - ... At times of immobility, muscle wasting in bears is also suppressed by a proteolytic inhibitor that is released in circulation. ... as a potent stimulator of protein synthesis as well as an inhibitor of protein breakdown in the extreme case of cachexia.65, 72 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy

Zheng CJ, Sohn MJ, Kim WG (2006). "Atromentin and leucomelone, the first inhibitors specific to enoyl-ACP reductase (FabK) of ... Atromentin and leucomelone possess antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, ( ... and topoisomerase inhibitors.[16] Transformation protects S. pneumoniae against the bactericidal effect of mitomycin C.[17] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._pneumoniae

They are labelled "Type I" if the defective gene is for an enzyme involved in the assembly or transfer of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharyltransferase

... and inhibitors of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 enzyme are also a focus of research efforts.[10][91] Particles that release ... the high risk of birth defects with 5α-reductase inhibitors limits their use in women.[1][138] However, 5α-reductase inhibitors ... Azzouni F, Zeitouni N, Mohler J (February 2013). "Role of 5α-reductase inhibitors in androgen-stimulated skin disorders". ... Hydroquinone lightens the skin when applied topically by inhibiting tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for converting the amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

Seckl MJ, Higgins T, Widmer F, Rozengurt E (Jan 1997). "[D-Arg1,D-Trp5,7,9,Leu11]substance P: a novel potent inhibitor of ... "Posttranslational modification of glycine-extended substance P by an alpha-amidating enzyme in cultured sensory neurons of ... "Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and their antagonists regulate spontaneous and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

Enzyme. (inhibitors). TPO. *Inhibitors: Benzylthiouracil. *Carbimazole. *Genistein. *Methimazole. *Methylthiouracil. * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine

Tomatoes resistant to a root knot nematode have been created by inserting a cysteine proteinase inhibitor gene from taro.[26] A ... Scientists in India have delayed the ripening of tomatoes by silencing two genes encoding N-glycoprotein modifying enzymes, α- ... When the antisense gene is expressed it interferes with the production of the polygalacturonase enzyme, delaying the ripening ... The polygalacturonase enzyme degrades pectin, a component of the tomato cell wall, causing the fruit to soften. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_tomato

This EC 2.6 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ... In enzymology, a beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-alanine:3-oxopropanoate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include beta- ... Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine and 3-oxopropanoate, whereas its two products are pyruvate and beta- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-alanine—pyruvate_transaminase

Robert A. Copeland (2013). Evaluation of Enzyme Inhibitors in Drug Discovery: A Guide for Medicinal Chemists and ... Enzyme Kinetics: Behavior and Analysis of Rapid Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems (Book 44 izd.). Wiley Classics ... 2010). Class 4-6 Lyases, Isomerases, Ligases - EC 4-6, Series: Springer Handbook of Enzymes, Supplement volume S7. XXII. ISBN ... http://books.google.com/books/about/Evaluation_of_Enzyme_Inhibitors_in_Drug.html?id=l2rMy8QNUk0C. ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisak_EC_brojeva_

... s also have antinutrient factors, such as trypsin inhibitors and a relatively high phytate content. Trypsin is an enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentils

... quercetin is a non-specific protein kinase enzyme inhibitor.[17][20] Quercetin has also been reported to have estrogenic ( ... The enzyme quercitrinase can be found in Aspergillus flavus.[14] This enzyme hydrolyzes the glycoside quercitrin to release ... "BRENDA (BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase). Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research.. *^ Tranchimand S, Brouant P, Iacazio G (Nov ... It is a naturally occurring polar auxin transport inhibitor.[5] ... "Quercetin: a pleiotropic kinase inhibitor against cancer" (PDF ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin

DAT Inhibitors. Piperazines: DBL-583 • GBR-12,935 • Nefazodone • Vanoxerine; Piperidines: BTCP • Desoxypipradrol • ... MAO Inhibitors. Nonselective: Benmoxin • Caroxazone • Echinopsidine • Furazolidone • Hydralazine • Indantadol • Iproclozide • ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/டோம்பரிடோன்

Studies of enzyme activity can not be used to diagnose an affected female.[citation needed] ... Psychiatric therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Difficulty swallowing. Difficult time swallowing. Common. Common. ... and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (used to treat major depression). When affected individuals display ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin–Lowry_syndrome

Androgen synthesis inhibitorsEdit. Androgen synthesis inhibitors are enzyme inhibitors that prevent the biosynthesis of ... 5α-Reductase inhibitors such as finasteride and dutasteride are inhibitors of 5α-reductase, an enzyme that is responsible for ... androgen synthesis inhibitors can be further divided mostly into CYP17A1 inhibitors and 5α-reductase inhibitors; and ... See also: Benign prostatic hyperplasia § 5α-Reductase inhibitors. The 5α-reductase inhibitors finasteride and dutasteride are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen

Robert A. Copeland (2013). Evaluation of Enzyme Inhibitors in Drug Discovery: A Guide for Medicinal Chemists and ... Enzyme Kinetics: Behavior and Analysis of Rapid Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems (Book 44 izd.). Wiley Classics ... http://books.google.com/books/about/Evaluation_of_Enzyme_Inhibitors_in_Drug.html?id=l2rMy8QNUk0C. ... http://books.google.com/books/about/Enzyme_Kinetics.html?id=T60oAAAAYAAJ. * ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sve-trans-retinil-palmitat_hidrolaza

As a type of enzyme inhibitor, it protects tissues from enzymes of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophil elastase, and has ... A protease inhibitor, it is also known as alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) or alpha1-antiproteinase (A1AP) because it ... the terms α1-antitrypsin and protease inhibitor (Pi) are often used interchangeably. Most serpins inactivate enzymes by binding ... In blood test results, the IEF results are notated as in PiMM, where Pi stands for protease inhibitor and "MM" is the banding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_antitrypsin

"Characterization of brain neurons that express enzymes mediating neurosteroid biosynthesis". Proceedings of the National ... Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. *NS5A inhibitors. *Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator

Enzymes. *Beta-amylase. *Lipoxygenase. *Cysteine proteases. Trypsin inhibitors. *Kunitz inhibitor. *Bowman-Birk inhibitor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tương

多巴胺再攝取抑制劑（英語：Dopamine reuptake inhibitor） (DRI) ... 酶: 誘導劑（英語：Enzyme inducer）. *抑制劑. *♦ 離子通道: 開放劑（英語：Channel opener） ... 血清素再攝取抑制劑（英語：Serotonin reuptake

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/肾上腺素

... in comparison to the Ninhydrin chemical assay which requires assay preparation such as heating and enzyme cascade.[28] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coomassie_Brilliant_Blue

They are also called HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors. This is because they work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA Reductase. ... Inhibiting an enzyme means to make it work less well. The HMG-CoA Reductase enzyme causes the body to make more cholesterol. If ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia

It has been described as a 'slow binding inhibitor', whereby conformational changes to either moclobemide or the enzyme to MAO- ... a monoamine oxidase-A enzyme inhibitor: single and multiple dosing in normal subjects". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics ... reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA),[9] a type of monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), and increases levels of ... Moclobemide (sold as Amira, Aurorix,[7] Clobemix , Depnil and Manerix[8]) is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moclobemide

The same step can be also blocked by several gamma-secretase inhibitors, shown in the same study.[19] These evidences ... Presenilins are postulated to regulate APP processing through their effects on gamma secretase, an enzyme that cleaves APP. ... Protein: cell membrane proteins (other than Cell surface receptor, enzymes, and cytoskeleton) ... "Photoactivated gamma-secretase inhibitors directed to the active site covalently label presenilin 1". Nature. 405 (6787): 689- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1

Reversible inhibitors[edit]. Types of reversible inhibitors[edit]. Reversible inhibitors attach to enzymes with non-covalent ... An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity. Since blocking an enzymes activity can ... This new inhibitor is then used to try to obtain a structure of the enzyme in an inhibitor/enzyme complex to show how the ... Not all molecules that bind to enzymes are inhibitors; enzyme activators bind to enzymes and increase their enzymatic activity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibition

The compounds have dehydropeptidase (DHP) enzyme inhibitor activity. ... Inhibition of the enzyme is gauged by comparison to a standard run containing no inhibitor and is expressed as the inhibitor ... Inhibitors of NAALADase enzyme activity. US6028216 *. Dec 31, 1997. Feb 22, 2000. Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc.. Asymmetric ... Inhibitors of NAALADase enzyme activity. US5863536 *. Dec 31, 1996. Jan 26, 1999. Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc.. ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US5147867?dq=7800613

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in pregnancy.. Mastrobattista JM1.. Author information. 1. Department of Obstetrics, ... Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are excellent antihypertensive agents and are becoming widely used as first-line ... This review discusses the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors and the use of ACE inhibitors in pregnancy both in experimental ... ACE inhibitors used during pregnancy may have untoward effects on the fetus. Based on reports in the literature, one should ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9201818?dopt=Abstract

ENZYMES AND PROTEINS. Natural Resistance to Inhibitors of the Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase of Rubrivivax gelatinosus: ... New Class of Competitive Inhibitor of Bacterial Histidine Kinases Raymond Gilmour, J. Estelle Foster, Qin Sheng, Jonathan R. ... ENZYMES AND PROTEINS. Basis of Arginine Sensitivity of Microbial N-Acetyl-l-Glutamate Kinases: Mutagenesis and Protein ... ENZYMES AND PROTEINS. Two Segments in Bacterial Antizyme P22 Are Essential for Binding and Enhance Degradation of Lysine/ ...

https://jb.asm.org/keyword/enzyme-inhibitors

Purpose Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are a group of drugs used to treat hypertension and heart failure, ... Unmasking of acquired autoimmune C1-inhibitor deficiency by an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Ann Allergy Asthma ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angio-oedema. Br J Dermatol 1997, 136:153-8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Recurrent angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. JAMA 1997; 278:232-3.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03022528

Fill in any or all of the fields below. Click on the label to the left of each search field for more information or read the Help ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results/refine?term=Enzyme+Inhibitors&intr=fluoxetine

Enzyme Inhibitors and Activators. Edited by: Murat Senturk. ISBN 978-953-51-3057-4, eISBN 978-953-51-3058-1, PDF ISBN 978-953- ... usage of microbial enzymes, enzymes associated with programmed cell death, natural products as potential enzyme inhibitors, ... This book contains an overview focusing on the research area of enzyme inhibitor and activator, enzyme-catalyzed ... This book contains an overview focusing on the research area of enzyme inhibitor and activator, enzyme-catalyzed ...

https://www.intechopen.com/books/enzyme-inhibitors-and-activators

Pharmacological Actions : Enzyme Inhibitors: Pancreatic Amylase, Enzyme Inhibitors: Pancreatic Lipase, Pancreato Protective ... Pharmacological Actions : Enzyme Inhibitors: Pancreatic Amylase, Enzyme Inhibitors: Pancreatic Lipase, Pancreato Protective ... Pharmacological Actions : Alpha-amylase inhibitor, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor , Enzyme Inhibitors: Pancreatic Amylase ... 6 Abstracts with Enzyme Inhibitors: Pancreatic Amylase Research. Filter by Study Type. Animal Study. ...

https://www.greenmedinfo.com/pharmacological-action/enzyme-inhibitors-pancreatic-amylase

We also considered enzyme inhibitors that were used for design of various types of pharmacological drugs and natural inhibitors ... In this chapter, we focused on the properties of enzyme inhibitors and activators. Here we present canonical inhibitor ... Enzyme inhibitors are also useful tool for study of enzymatic reaction as well as for design of new medicine drugs. ... Enzyme inhibitors and activators that modulate the velocity of enzymatic reactions play an important role in the regulation of ...

https://www.intechopen.com/books/enzyme-inhibitors-and-activators/enzyme-inhibitors-and-activators/

Pharmacological Actions : Alpha-amylase inhibitor, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, ... Pharmacological Actions : Alpha-amylase inhibitor, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, ... Pharmacological Actions : Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Hypotensive, Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) inhibitor ... Pharmacological Actions : Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Anti-Angiogenic, Hypotensive, NF-kappaB Inhibitor ...

http://www.greenmedinfo.com/pharmacological-action/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors

... Information about this medicine. What are the most important things you need to ... Why are ACE inhibitors used?. ACE inhibitors are used for many heart and blood vessel problems. For example, they may be used ... What are some examples of ACE inhibitors?. Here are some examples of ACE inhibitors. For each item in the list, the generic ... Cautions about ACE inhibitors. General cautions for all medicines include the following:. *Allergic reactions: All medicines ...

https://www.rexhealth.com/rh/health-library/document-viewer/?id=hw59141

Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema. Danica Quickfall, Baruch Jakubovic and Jonathan S. Zipursky ... Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are the leading cause of drug-induced angioedema ... Stopping the ACE inhibitor is the most important treatment. *Angiotensin receptor blockers can be used if there is a clinical ... Airway compromise is a life-threatening consequence of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema ...

https://www.cmaj.ca/content/193/20/E735/tab-related-content

SEARCH RESULTS for: Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors [Drug Class] (839 results) * Share : JavaScript needed for Sharing ...

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9780470286265 Our cheapest price for Design of Enzyme Inhibitors for Therapeutics is $82.48. Free shipping on all orders over $ ... 3. Covalent enzyme inhibitor in drug discovery and development. Shujaath Mehdi. 4. Preclinomics: Using Enzyme Assays and Rodent ... Design of Enzyme Inhibitors highlights how, what, and where enzymes have become critical in pharmaceutical and biotechnology ... This book provides an overview of new developments in enzyme technology and case studies of new enzyme inhibitor drugs. This ...

http://www.ecampus.com/design-enzyme-inhibitors-therapeutics/bk/9780470286265

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are antihypertensive medicines used to treat high ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I into ... While the enzyme inhibitors work by reducing the level of angiotensin II in the body, the receptor blockers inhibit the ... ACE inhibitors reduce the level of angiotensin II by inhibiting the enzyme, leading to the widening of the blood vessels ( ...

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme-Inhibitor-vs-Angiotensin-Receptor-Blockers.aspx

... 05.12.2007. Over time viruses have developed a wide range of varied strategies to ... If the theory is corroborated, this would be another case of molecular mimesis as an enzyme inhibitor technique. The future ... Their experiments show that the protein p56 conceals the part of the UDG enzyme that interacts with the damaged DNA so that ... In order to carry out its function, the UDG enzyme first identifies the damaged DNA by locating uracil residues and then ...

http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/report-99523.html

... with emphasis on the usage of the inhibitors in therapeutic categories and various disease sectors. ... Have a look at applications for enzyme inhibitors, ... Drivers of Enzyme Inhibitors Market. *Restraints of Enzyme ... They are integrase inhibitors, PCSK9 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, PDE4 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors. ... Detailed analysis of the enzyme inhibitors industry structure. *A look at applications for enzyme inhibitors, with emphasis on ...

https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/biotechnology/global-markets-for-enzyme-inhibitors-report.html

Although there are theoretical reasons suggesting that ACE inhibitors might be useful in all patients with heart f ... Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / adverse effects, therapeutic use*. Heart Failure / drug therapy*. Hemodynamics / ... In practice, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to given considerable relief to patients with severe ... but the effect is not specific to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.. ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors-when/3069209.html

Do inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme protect against risk of cancer?. Lever AF1, Hole DJ, Gillis CR, McCallum IR, ... Other work in animals suggests that inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) protect against cancer. We aimed to ... Inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme and risk of cancer. [Lancet. 1998] ... The reduced relative risk of cancer in patients on ACE inhibitors was greatest with follow-up of longer than 3 years. Calcium- ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9683206?dopt=Abstract

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors cause cough in some patients, but the mechanism of this effect is not known. Six ... Nine patients in whom angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors had not been associated with cough served as controls. In the ... Bronchial hyperreactivity in patients who cough after receiving angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors Br Med J (Clin Res Ed ... Bronchial hyperreactivity in patients who cough after receiving angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/296/6615/86

Why are ACE inhibitors used?. ACE inhibitors are used for many heart and blood vessel problems. For example, they may be used ... post a link to Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors information on Facebook. ... post a link to Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors information on Twitter. ... send a link to Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors information by email. ...

https://www.healthwise.net/fchp/Content/StdDocument.aspx?DOCHWID=pl1007

In this circumstance, a substantial fraction of the total inhibitor is bound to the enzyme during the assay, and therefore ... Copeland, R.A. Evaluation of enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery. A guide for medicinal chemists and pharmacologists. Methods ... 12). We also tested whether a structurally unrelated tRNA synthetase inhibitor, the threonyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor ... but rather requires an ATP-induced conformational change in the enzyme that allows inhibitor binding. Although we have not ...

https://www.scribd.com/document/109856700/Untitled

Enzyme inhibitors help reverse scars. Blocking the collagen cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase reduces scarring after injury ... Home > Volume 94 Issue 34 > Science & Technology Concentrates > Enzyme inhibitors help reverse scars ... The researchers are now studying the efficacy of inhibitors in animal models and hope to start human trials of topical ... Imaging and biochemical tests on human cells treated with lysyl oxidase inhibitors showed that the agents reduce collagen cross ...

https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i34/Enzyme-inhibitors-help-reverse-scars.html

Breaking news and analysis of the global biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical device and medical technology sectors. In-depth coverage of innovation, business, financing, regulation, science, product development, clinical trials and more

https://www.bioworld.com/articles/348678-british-bio-begins-trial-of-enzyme-inhibitors?v=preview

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors. Class Summary. These agents have proved beneficial in long-term therapy for ... If surgical repair must be postponed, diuretics and afterload reducers, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors ... 24] ACE inhibitors that may be employed include enalapril, lisinopril, and captopril. Nifedipine is an effective calcium ... A competitive ACE inhibitor, it reduces angiotensin II levels, decreasing aldosterone secretion. Enalapril is available in a ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/900108-medication

... a human-derived glioblastoma significantly regressed when treated with the combination of an experimental enzyme inhibitor and ... The regression seen in this combination therapy of temozolomide and the inhibitor SLC-0111 - which targets the enzyme carbonic ... a human-derived glioblastoma significantly regressed when treated with the combination of an experimental enzyme inhibitor and ... In the face of this hypoxia and acid stress, tumor cells over-produce CA9, a membrane enzyme that converts carbon dioxide and ...

https://scienceblog.com/499236/enzyme-inhibitor-combined-chemotherapy-delays-glioblastoma-growth/

Database of drugs and enzyme inhibitors BRENDA, Database of enzymes giving lists of known inhibitors for each entry Enzymes, ... This new inhibitor is then used to try to obtain a structure of the enzyme in an inhibitor/enzyme complex to show how the ... An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity. By binding to enzymes active sites, ... The most common uses for enzyme inhibitors are as drugs to treat disease. Many of these inhibitors target a human enzyme and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

Angioedema Incidence in US Veterans Initiating Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. Donald R. Miller, Susan A. Oliveria, ... Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. ... Safety profiles of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors captopril and enalapril. Am J Med. 1986; 81: 46-50. ... Cough and angioneurotic edema associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117: 234- ...

http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/51/6/1624

... Lopez-Sendon, Jose ... Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/*therapeutic use, Cardiovascular Diseases/*drug therapy/prevention & control, Heart ...

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... nsus Document on) ESC Clinical Practice ... Effects of ACE-inhibitors: Haemodynamic effects, Neurohormonal effects, Antiproliferative effects, Renal effects, Other effects ...

https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme-Inhibitors-in-Cardiovascular-Disease-Expert-Conse

In contrast, reversible inhibitors bind non-covalently and different types of inhibition are produced depending on whether these inhibitors bind to the enzyme , the enzyme-substrate complex, or both. (wikipedia.org)
In competitive inhibition , the substrate and inhibitor cannot bind to the enzyme at the same time, as shown in the figure on the right. (wikipedia.org)
This type of inhibition can be overcome by sufficiently high concentrations of substrate ( V max remains constant), i.e., by out-competing the inhibitor. (wikipedia.org)
In uncompetitive inhibition , the inhibitor binds only to the substrate-enzyme complex. (wikipedia.org)
In non-competitive inhibition , the binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme reduces its activity but does not affect the binding of substrate. (wikipedia.org)
As a result, the extent of inhibition depends only on the concentration of the inhibitor. (wikipedia.org)
Clinical profile of angioedema with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. (springer.com)
All tested DPP-4 inhibitors could interact with ACE at a relatively reasonable binding energy while most of the ACEIs only interact with DPP-4 at a predicted high inhibition constant. (medworm.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition whose benefit was previously reported in the West Indies was tried in a Nigerian cohort and was found to be encouraging. (uwi.edu)
More recently, a possible link between ACEI treatment-associated adverse effects and chymase has also been suggested: as chymase represents an alternative pathway for the activation of angiotensin II, it is possible that ACE inhibition may lead to an increased biological significance of this enzyme. (ahajournals.org)
Valsartan may induce more complete inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system than ACE inhibitors, it does not affect response to bradykinin, and it is less likely to be associated with cough and angioedema. (medscape.com)
By binding to enzymes' active sites, inhibitors reduce the compatibility of substrate and enzyme and this leads to the inhibition of Enzyme-Substrate complexes' formation, preventing the catalysis of reactions and decreasing (at times to zero) the amount of product produced by a reaction. (wikipedia.org)
The aim of the present paper was to determine the best kinetic model and kinetic parameters for production of protease and calculating Ki (inhibition constant) of different inhibitors to find the most effective one. (doaj.org)
In order to gain insight into the anticancer activity and COX-2 inhibition, molecular docking studies were carried out for COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes utilizing the newly synthesized compounds 15 , and 16 . (mdpi.com)
A cocktail of four protease inhibitors for the inhibition of serine, cysteine, but not metalloproteases. (thomassci.com)
At the optimal doses used, we were able to achieve selective and near-complete inhibition of the enzyme," said Hsu. (healthcanal.com)
Although subjects in the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Stable Coronary Artery Disease (PEACE) study had a lower risk profile, they were more often receiving antiplatelet agents, beta blockers, and lipid-lowering therapies. (hcplive.com)

enzyme activators bind to enzymes and increase their enzymatic activity , while enzyme substrates bind and are converted to products in the normal catalytic cycle of the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Enzyme activators bind to enzymes, increasing their enzymatic activity, and enzyme inhibitors do the same and decrease their activity. (lgcstandards.com)

This book contains an overview focusing on the research area of enzyme inhibitor and activator, enzyme-catalyzed biotransformation, usage of microbial enzymes, enzymes associated with programmed cell death, natural products as potential enzyme inhibitors, protease inhibitors from plants in insect pest management, peptidases, and renin-angiotensin system. (intechopen.com)
The role of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (ACE-inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in the renal transplant recipients (RTRs) is incompletely defined and according to the current guidelines they should be initiated af- ter six months post-transplantation. (srce.hr)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is as a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system involved in the regulation of blood pressure, and water and electrolyte balance in the body. (diva-portal.org)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor- (ACEi-) induced angioedema is one form of bradykinin-mediated angioedema. (hindawi.com)
To determine if sickle cell disease (SCD) bone pain crisis is mitigated by use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), following a case report of ACEIs preventing bone pain crisis. (uwi.edu)
A recent report describing an association between a polymorphism of the gene encoding MCC and atopic eczema in a Japanese population, 7 along with the fact that skin rashes are another adverse effect of ACEIs, therefore raises the possibility that such molecular variants of this enzyme may also play a role in ACEI-related cough. (ahajournals.org)
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are widely used to treat benign hypertension. (biomedsearch.com)
Bradykinin mediated angioedema in patient using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) presented with. (srce.hr)
ACEI were excluded from the therapy.After a week, blood analysis showed normal C1-inhibitor and C4 levels. (srce.hr)

A dry cough is one of the most common side effects of ACE inhibitors. (rexhealth.com)
Given the important effects of ACE inhibitors on clinical outcomes, as shown in clinical trials, we need to know whether there are differences among the large number of ACE inhibitors currently being marketed (11 in the United States and 12 in Canada). (cmaj.ca)
Whole licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra , or G. uralensis ) can cause sodium retention and increase blood pressure, thus counteracting the intended effects of ACE inhibitors. (memorialhospitaljax.com)

172638 Authors: Abouelkheir M, El-Metwally TH Abstract Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) improve insulin sensitivity. (medworm.com)
Abstract -Unexplained, persistent cough limits the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in a significant number of patients. (ahajournals.org)

An enzyme binding site that would normally bind substrate can alternatively bind a competitive inhibitor , preventing substrate access. (wikipedia.org)
Enalapril is a competitive inhibitor of ACE. (medscape.com)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are excellent antihypertensive agents and are becoming widely used as first-line therapy for chronic hypertension in women of reproductive age owing to their efficacy and few side effects. (nih.gov)
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are a group of drugs used to treat hypertension and heart failure, with additional benefits, such as cardiovascular and renal protection, in patients with diabetes. (springer.com)
Alike ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are used to treat hypertension and related comorbid conditions. (news-medical.net)
Although ARBs are associated with better treatment outcomes due to greater compliance, current guidelines on the arterial hypertension management recommend ACE inhibitors over ARBs because of specific health reasons. (news-medical.net)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of hypertension and are presently the uncontested drugs of choice for the treatment of congestive heart failure. (ahajournals.org)
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of renin inhibitors compared to ACE inhibitors in people with primary hypertension. (cochrane.org)
The drugs of choice for hypertension related to ADPKD are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). (medscape.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are widely used as first-line therapy for chronic hypertension. (motherisk.org)
To prevent these events, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are used widely to treat hypertension , with ARBs often substituted for ACE inhibitors due to a reputation of having fewer side effects. (cochrane.org)
ACE inhibitors are class of drugs (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) that block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure and in the prevention of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. (mobilecomputingtoday.co.uk)
Of these, complications of hypertension account for 9.4 million deaths worldwide every year ACE inhibitors market is segmented on the basis of application and type of drug. (mobilecomputingtoday.co.uk)
ACE inhibitors, like captopril, are today first-line treatment in hypertension and heart failure. (diva-portal.org)
The benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown in patients with diabetes, hypertension, 1,2 and recent myocardial infarction (MI), 3,4 as well as after revascularization and in those with left ventricular dysfunction. (hcplive.com)

In terms of therapeutic outcomes, both ACE inhibitors and ARBs are considered to be the first-line antihypertensive medicines for lowering blood pressure in patients with cardio-metabolic or renal disorders. (news-medical.net)
Does ACE inhibitors and ARBs provide equal therapeutic benefits? (news-medical.net)
Despite having similar therapeutic outcomes, some pitfalls are associated with both ACE inhibitors and ARBs. (news-medical.net)
A look at applications for enzyme inhibitors, with emphasis on the usage of the inhibitors in therapeutic categories and various disease sectors. (bccresearch.com)
Thus, CA9 is a possible therapeutic target, and the inhibitor SLC-0111 shows more than 100-fold specificity against CA9, versus two other forms of human carbonic anhydrases, CA1 or CA2. (scienceblog.com)
To our knowledge this is the first documented case of icatibant being used for the treatment of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema in the United Kingdom and represents a novel therapeutic option in its management. (hindawi.com)
Extensive research in the field of enzyme inhibitors has revealed their target-specific functionality in being able to provide therapeutic treatments for various chronic diseases. (bccresearch.com)
Included were manufacturers and end users of enzyme inhibitors in therapeutic categories and various disease sectors industries. (bccresearch.com)
Thus, our results provide further evidence that the ACE inhibitor perindopril may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease (PD). (unboundmedicine.com)

We studied 178 patients with New York Heart Association class II or III heart failure and left ventricular ejection fractions of 35 percent or less in normal sinus rhythm who were clinically stable while receiving digoxin, diuretics, and an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (captopril or enalapril). (nih.gov)
However, remember that iron supplements can interfere with the absorption of captopril and perhaps other ACE inhibitors. (memorialhospitaljax.com)
The prototype ACE inhibitor, captopril, is absorbed and eliminated rapidly. (mobilecomputingtoday.co.uk)
We evaluated the two angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors captopril and fosinopril with regard to possible antiatherosclerotic effects in minipigs. (diva-portal.org)
In conclusion, the ACE inhibitors captopril and fosinopril inhibited development of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic minipigs. (diva-portal.org)
We have shown that two structurally different ACE inhibitors, captopril and fosinopril, exhibit anti-atherosclerotic effects in hypercholesterolemic mini pigs. (diva-portal.org)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are antihypertensive medicines used to treat high blood pressure. (news-medical.net)
While the enzyme inhibitors work by reducing the level of angiotensin II in the body, the receptor blockers inhibit the function of angiotensin II by directly blocking the specific receptor. (news-medical.net)
How do angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers work? (news-medical.net)
Among the 3648 patients receiving antihypertensive drugs other than ACE inhibitors (calcium-channel blockers 1416, diuretics 2099, beta-blockers 2681), the corresponding relative risks were 110 (0.97-1.22) and 1.03 (0.87-1.20). (nih.gov)
If surgical repair must be postponed, diuretics and afterload reducers, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or calcium channel blockers, have proved helpful in adults and children. (medscape.com)
Objective ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely prescribed in patients with high cardiovascular (CV) risk. (bmj.com)
The objective is to evaluate the impact of the suspension of the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (BRA) on the length of hospital stay and on the mortality of patients with SARS-CoV2 infection. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in the Early Period after Kidney. (srce.hr)
Orlić L, Mikolašević I, Sladoje-Martinović B, Bubić I, Pavletić-Peršić M, Rački S. Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in the Early Period after Kidney Transplantation. (srce.hr)

Cough is the main adverse event responsible for treatment discontinuation in patients having ACE inhibitors. (news-medical.net)

An overview of the global markets for enzyme inhibitors. (bccresearch.com)

This report explores present and future strategies within the market for enzyme inhibitors, which includes proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, statins, aromatase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. (bccresearch.com)
Due to great commercial application of protease, it is necessary to study kinetic characterization of this enzyme in order to improve design of enzymatic reactors. (doaj.org)
In this study, mathematical modeling of protease enzyme production kinetics which is derived from Bacillus licheniformis BBRC 100053 was studied (at 37°C, pH 10 after 73 h in stationary phase, and 150 rpm). (doaj.org)
Kinetic analysis showed that the Lineweaver-Burk model was the best fitting model for protease production kinetics DFP was more effective than PMSF and both of them should be covered in the group of noncompetitive inhibitors. (doaj.org)
Features and Benefits Use cOmplete Protease Inhibitor Tablets to protect your proteins from a wide range of proteases. (thomassci.com)
The present invention is a cosmetic composition comprising a water-soluble protein-based film-forming agent, the film-forming agent having a tertiary structure capable of undergoing a helix-coil transformation, a protease inhibitor in an amount sufficient to protect the protein on the stratum corneum. (google.ch)

Also, the incidence of angioedema is higher in these patients, as ACE inhibitors can directly affect the metabolism of bradykinin and tachykinins and increase the risk of skin and tissue edema. (news-medical.net)
Angioedema is a rare but potentially serious complication of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE) use. (ahajournals.org)
We describe the case of a 75-year-old woman who presented with massive tongue and lip swelling secondary to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema. (hindawi.com)
Type III hereditary angioedema with the normal level of C1-inhibitor is very rare but is considered as a differential diagnosis in our case. (srce.hr)

As an example of this wealth of data, in this issue of CMAJ , Pilote and colleagues 2 use administrative databases of hospital discharges and prescription claims to study the comparative effectiveness of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the treatment of congestive heart failure. (cmaj.ca)

1 In 2000 and 2001, it was established from the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) trial and particularly the Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS) trial that lowering BP in the long term, months to years after stroke, by means of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (perindopril or ramipril) and diuretics (indapamide) reduces the risk of recurrent stroke (and cognitive impairment). (ahajournals.org)
These results demonstrate that the ACE inhibitor perindopril has a dose-dependent protective effect against MPTP-induced striatal dopamine, DOPAC and HVA depletion in mice. (unboundmedicine.com)

Do inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme protect against risk of cancer? (nih.gov)
Other work in animals suggests that inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) protect against cancer. (nih.gov)

Is there any difference between ACE inhibitors and ARBs? (news-medical.net)
The major advantage associated with ARBs is higher treatment compliance and a lower rate of withdrawal due to adverse events, as compared to ACE inhibitors. (news-medical.net)
According to the guidelines, ARBs are preferred for patients having ACE inhibitor intolerance. (news-medical.net)
Importantly, ACE inhibitors are more beneficial than ARBs in terms of reducing all-cause mortality and cardiovascular-related mortality. (news-medical.net)
However, while studies have shown a preventive benefit for ACE inhibitors, there are no such studies for ARBs. (cochrane.org)
We found no reliable difference between ACE inhibitors and ARBs for total deaths, deaths due to heart disease, or total heart disease and stroke. (cochrane.org)
However, our conclusions alone cannot be taken to mean that ARBs would show similar benefit like ACE inhibitors if compared with placebo (a dummy treatment). (cochrane.org)
ARBs do have a 1.8% lower chance of being stopped due to side effects over 4.1 years, meaning that for every 55 people treated with an ARB instead of an ACE inhibitor for 4.1 years, one person would be spared from a side effect leading to stopping the drug. (cochrane.org)
Our analyses found no evidence of a difference in total mortality or cardiovascular outcomes for ARBs as compared with ACE inhibitors, while ARBs caused slightly fewer WDAEs than ACE inhibitors. (cochrane.org)
Thus, the substitution of an ARB for an ACE inhibitor, while supported by evidence on grounds of tolerability, must be made in consideration of the weaker evidence for the efficacy of ARBs regarding mortality and morbidity outcomes compared with ACE inhibitors. (cochrane.org)
However, while ACE inhibitors have been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity in placebo -controlled trials, ARBs have not. (cochrane.org)

First, in silico screening was used to investigate the ability of different DPP-4 inhibitors or ACEIs to interact with DPP-4 and ACE. (medworm.com)

A medicinal enzyme inhibitor is often judged by its specificity (its lack of binding to other proteins) and its potency (its dissociation constant , which indicates the concentration needed to inhibit the enzyme). (wikipedia.org)
The potent inhibitor MLN-4760 ((S,S)-2-[1-carboxy-2-[3-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)-3H-imidazol4-yl]-ethylamino]-4-methylpentanoic acid) makes key binding interactions within the active site and offers insights regarding the action of residues involved in catalysis and substrate specificity. (rcsb.org)
3. The advantages offered by the novel inhibitor binding assay include simplicity, specificity, absence of interference by other enzymes or immunological cross-reactions, and great sensitivity enabling measurement of ACE in concentrations less than 0.1 units/ml. (portlandpress.com)

Enalapril, like most of the later ACE inhibitors, is an inactive pro-drug that requires hydrolysis during or after absorption to generate the active acid form, enalaprilat. (mobilecomputingtoday.co.uk)

The compounds have dehydropeptidase (DHP) enzyme inhibitor activity. (google.com)
The UWA researchers-in collaboration with colleagues at the Fiona Wood Foundation, Royal Perth Hospital Burns Unit, and Pharmaxis, all in Australia-are studying compounds that inhibit the enzyme lysyl oxidase. (acs.org)
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. (curehunter.com)
The sera of Virginia opossum avoid toxic reactions to snake venom by containing compounds that block the key enzymes in the venom. (asknature.org)
Entomogenous fungi have been probed for putative small molecule drug compounds among their secondary metabolites, but until now no tyrosinase inhibitors have been found. (spectroscopynow.com)
Background: The enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase enzyme (FabI) is the target for a series of antimicrobial agents including novel compounds in clinical trial and the biocide triclosan. (ebscohost.com)
The invention relates to the use of compounds derived from piperadinyl-methyl-tetrazole-quinolinone and derived from diphenyl-triazolo- pyrimidine as inhibitors of the reparative action of the DNA produced by enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing same, for the preparation of coadjuvant drugs for use in antitumour therapy using alkylating agents. (csic.es)
Cravatt's laboratory had previously developed a set of compounds that act as potent inhibitors of serine hydrolases-the broad enzyme family to which DAGL enzymes belong. (healthcanal.com)
In the new study, Cravatt's team, including first author Ken Hsu, a Hewitt Foundation postdoctoral researcher in the Cravatt laboratory, screened a library of these compounds for specific activity as DAGL inhibitors. (healthcanal.com)

Philadelphia, PA, September 9, 2016 - Many acute and chronic liver diseases, including alcoholic hepatitis, result from apoptotic (programmed) cell death mediated by the enzyme caspase. (regator.com)

Researchmoz added Most up-to-date research on "Global Dissociation Enzyme-Inhibitor Complex Industry 2018, Trends and Forecast Report" to its huge collection of research reports. (openpr.com)

The efficacy of the inhibitor can be reduced if taken together with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines. (news-medical.net)
The researchers are now studying the efficacy of inhibitors in animal models and hope to start human trials of topical nanoformulations in a few years. (acs.org)
Indeed there are no large clinical trials comparing the efficacy of one ACE inhibitor with another to determine which one best improves survival. (cmaj.ca)
We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with coronary artery disease and normal systolic left ventricular function. (hcplive.com)

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors cause cough in some patients, but the mechanism of this effect is not known. (bmj.com)
Six patients in whom these inhibitors had caused cough and a further two patients in whom they were suspected to have caused worsening of bronchial asthma were studied. (bmj.com)
Nine patients in whom angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors had not been associated with cough served as controls. (bmj.com)
for the study patients these and the cough index were measured twice before rechallenge for two weeks with an angiotensin enzyme inhibitor and once afterwards. (bmj.com)
Patients with cough showed bronchial hyperactivity compared with the controls, which increased after rechallenge with the inhibitors. (bmj.com)
Cough associated with converting enzyme inhibitors may be a variant of the cough in asthma. (bmj.com)
Anglotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may Induce cough and rhinopharyngeal Inflammation. (ebscohost.com)
Similar findings were observed in 4 other patients with OSA who had ACE Inhibitor-Induced cough. (ebscohost.com)
No significant difference in the AHI and exhaled nitric oxide was observed in 4 patients with OSA who did not experience cough, before or after withdrawal of ACE Inhibitor treatment. (ebscohost.com)
To investigate this question, we determined genotypes for common polymorphisms for these three genes in subjects with a history of ACE inhibitor-related cough. (ahajournals.org)
Our data indicate that common genetic variants of ACE, chymase, and B2-bradykinin receptor do not explain the occurrence of ACE inhibitor-related cough. (ahajournals.org)
This difference in side effects was mainly due to a higher rate of dry cough in people taking ACE inhibitors. (cochrane.org)
Individuals taking ACE inhibitors frequently develop a dry cough as a side effect. (memorialhospitaljax.com)

These inhibitors modify key amino acid residues needed for enzymatic activity. (wikipedia.org)

ACE inhibitors are recommended for people who have coronary artery disease, particularly those who also have diabetes. (wellspan.org)
There has been controversy, however, regarding the use of ACE inhibitors in patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function and coronary artery disease (CAD). (hcplive.com)

Reversible inhibitors attach to enzymes with non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds , hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds . (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to substrates and irreversible inhibitors, reversible inhibitors generally do not undergo chemical reactions when bound to the enzyme and can be easily removed by dilution or dialysis. (wikipedia.org)

ACE inhibitors reduce the level of angiotensin II by inhibiting the enzyme, leading to the widening of the blood vessels (vasodilation) and subsequent reduction of the systemic blood pressure. (news-medical.net)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block an enzyme needed to form a substance that narrows blood vessels. (cigna.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or "ACE" inhibitors, are medications that help relax and widen the blood vessels so that blood can pump more freely and blood pressure is reduced. (mainlinehealth.org)
By blocking the effect of angiotensin II, ACE inhibitors cause your blood vessels to relax and this lowers your blood pressure. (heartfailurematters.org)
These enzymes wreak havoc inside the bodies of venomous snake-bite victims by causing widespread breakdown of important proteins (proteolyisis) in the tissue surroundings blood vessels and within cells themselves. (asknature.org)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors interfere with the formation of a hormone (angiotensin II) that can narrow (constrict) blood vessels. (wellspan.org)

In practice, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to given considerable relief to patients with severe heart failure, but in patients who are only moderately ill these drugs may have less effect than increasing the dose of diuretics. (biomedsearch.com)
ACE inhibitors may interact with other medicines such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antacids, potassium supplements, certain diuretics, and lithium. (cigna.com)

Other cellular enzyme inhibitors are proteins that specifically bind to and inhibit an enzyme target. (wikipedia.org)
Normally, the NMT enzymes add a fatty acid to the end of certain proteins in a reaction called myristoylation, explained Marc B. Hershenson, MD, Huetwell Professor of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases and professor of molecular and integrative physiology at the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. (emedicinehealth.com)
Because most types of cancer cells have normal BRCA proteins, PARP inhibitors are less effective on them. (washdiplomat.com)

Based on reports in the literature, one should avoid starting ACE inhibitors during pregnancy and discontinue them in current users if at all possible. (nih.gov)

Very rarely, people taking ACE inhibitors develop swelling of their lips or throat. (heartfailurematters.org)

HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, also known as statins, prevent the conversion of HMG-CoA into mevalonic acid, a relatively early step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and thereby decrease cholesterol levels. (wikipedia.org)

In order to carry out its function, the UDG enzyme first identifies the damaged DNA by locating uracil residues and then attaches itself to the DNA to repair it. (innovations-report.com)
Comparison of these structures revealed a large inhibitor-dependent hinge-bending movement of one catalytic subdomain relative to the other ( approximately 16 degrees ) that brings important residues into position for catalysis. (rcsb.org)

Bisdemethoxycurcumin from Curcuma longa rhizome is a potent small molecule inhibitor of human pancreatic α-amylase, a target for type-2 diabetes. (greenmedinfo.com)
Knowing from previous work that the viruses use a human enzyme, N-myristoyltransferases 1 and 2 (NMT), to make their protein coat, the investigators developed a small molecule inhibitor of NMT. (emedicinehealth.com)

We aimed to assess the risk of cancer in hypertensive patients receiving ACE inhibitors or other antihypertensive drugs. (nih.gov)
Beside other prescribed antihypertensive drugs all of them took and ACE inhibitors or ARB in order to achieve blood pressure control. (srce.hr)

It is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the pigment melanin. (spectroscopynow.com)
UppS is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall. (frontiersin.org)
Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase is an essential cytoplasmic enzyme in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan that catalyzes the formation of isoprenoid UPP (C 55 -PP) from FPP and IPP in the presence of Mg 2+ . (frontiersin.org)
A steroidogenesis inhibitor, also known as a steroid biosynthesis inhibitor, is a type of drug which inhibits one or more of the enzymes that are involved in the process of steroidogenesis, the biosynthesis of endogenous steroids and steroid hormones. (wikipedia.org)
whereas antigonadotropins suppress gonadal production of sex steroids by effecting negative feedback on and thereby suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, steroidogenesis inhibitors directly inhibit the enzymatic biosynthesis of steroids. (wikipedia.org)
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) inhibitors prevent the conversion of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) into farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), a mid-range step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol from acetyl-CoA, and thereby inhibit cholesterol production. (wikipedia.org)
7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (7-DHCR) inhibitors such as AY-9944 and BM-15766 inhibit the production of cholesterol from 7-dehydrocholesterol, one of the last steps in cholesterol biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (24-DHCR) inhibitors such as azacosterol and triparanol inhibit the production of cholesterol from desmosterol, one of the last steps in cholesterol biosynthesis, and were formerly used to treat hypercholesterolemia, but were withdrawn from the market due to toxicity caused by accumulation of desmosterol in tissues. (wikipedia.org)

Enzyme substrates bind to active sites on enzymes and are converted to products in the normal catalytic cycle of the enzyme. (lgcstandards.com)

European sales of kinase inhibitors were $9.2 billion in 2010 and $9.4 billion in 2011. (bccresearch.com)

I read with interest the article by Keilani and colleagues [1], showing improvement of lipid abnormalities associated with proteinuria using the Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor fosinopril. (annals.org)

ACE inhibitors may be used to treat heart, blood vessel, and kidney problems as well as conditions such as migraines and diabetes. (mainlinehealth.org)
North America constitutes regional markets of U.S. and Canada, the rising prevalence of cardiovascular and kidney diseases, mounting obesity in the population and supportive reimbursement policies are the key drivers for periodical growth of ACE inhibitors market in this region. (mobilecomputingtoday.co.uk)

For example, some researchers have proposed differentiating among ACE inhibitors based on tissue binding and suggest that blood pressure correlates better with tissue ACE levels than with circulating ACE, which could relate to improved outcomes. (cmaj.ca)
The results of successful trials, particularly the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) trial, 13 led many physicians to believe that class effect was so powerful that any ACE inhibitor would be beneficial in any of the indications that had been studied with specific individual agents. (cmaj.ca)

Pomegranate juice reduces blood pressure by inhibiting Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) activity in diabetic rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
A competitive ACE inhibitor, it reduces angiotensin II levels, decreasing aldosterone secretion. (medscape.com)

These bacteria contain beta-lactamases, a broad class of enzymes with a serine residue that cleaves the reactive beta lactam ring through an acyl-enzyme intermediate . (wikibooks.org)
SUNY Downstate Medical Center) Research led by SUNY Downstate Medical Center shows that blockage of sphingolipid de novo synthesis pathway (through knockout Serine Palmitoyltransferase, the key enzyme in the pathway) impairs hepato. (regator.com)
The enzyme belongs to the group of subtilisine-related serine proteases and is strongly inhibited by PMSF. (thomassci.com)

Objectives: In this study, we attempt to design potent inhibitor specifically targeting the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (ebscohost.com)

Which medications in the drug class Phosphodiesterase (type 5) Enzyme Inhibitors are used in the treatment of Cauda Equina and Conus Medullaris Syndromes? (medscape.com)
These agents increase the vasodilatory effects of nitric oxide by inhibiting the enzyme phosphodiesterase type 5, which in turn increases sensitivity for erections. (medscape.com)
Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) selective inhibitor. (medscape.com)

An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity . (wikipedia.org)
A well-characterised example of this is the ribonuclease inhibitor , which binds to ribonucleases in one of the tightest known protein-protein interactions . (wikipedia.org)
Penicillin covalently binds to the enzyme transpeptidase that links the peptidoglycan molecules in bacteria, it inhibits the molecule so that it cannot react any further and cell wall cannot be further synthesized. (wikibooks.org)
To ensure consistent performance, Thermo Scientific restriction enzyme reaction buffers contain premixed BSA, which enhances the stability of many enzymes and binds contaminants that may be present in DNA preparations. (fishersci.com)
By analyzing the structures of their initial DAGL inhibitors, the team was also able to devise a new DAGL-tailored activity-based probe that binds to the active site of DAGLs and fluorescently labels these low-abundance and difficult-to-detect enzymes in cell or tissue samples. (healthcanal.com)
The protein interacts with its cognate ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), Ube2g2, via its RING domain and a unique region called G2BR that strongly binds to E2. (rsc.org)

Angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitor use was associated with modest benefits, which included a reduction in cardiovascular mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and revascularization rates. (hcplive.com)
A reduction in nonfatal MI and mortality from cardiovascular events was shown with ACE inhibitor use in 2 large studies. (hcplive.com)
2,11-13 To evaluate whether ACE inhibitors have a beneficial influence on all-cause mortality, death from cardiovascular events, nonfatal MI, and the rate of revascularization among patients with preserved left ventricular function and CAD, we conducted a comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis. (hcplive.com)
To prevent any of the unfavorable end points (1 cardiovascular or noncardiovascular death, nonfatal MI, or the need for revascularization), 100 patients need to be treated with ACE inhibitors. (hcplive.com)

18 Similar to the current analysis, the previous study analyzed data from an administrative database, and the results suggested that ramipril was associated with lower mortality compared with most other ACE inhibitors. (cmaj.ca)

If the theory is corroborated, this would be another case of molecular mimesis as an enzyme inhibitor technique. (innovations-report.com)
ACE inhibitors differ in their molecular structure, potency, bioavailability, plasma half-life and tissue affinity. (cmaj.ca)
Here, we have been able to quantitatively reconstruct the complete binding process of the enzyme-inhibitor complex trypsin-benzamidine by performing 495 molecular dynamics simulations of free ligand binding of 100 ns each, 187 of which produced binding events with an rmsd less than 2 Å compared to the crystal structure. (pnas.org)
The ability to reconstruct by simple diffusion the binding pathway of an enzyme-inhibitor binding process demonstrates the predictive power of unconventional high-throughput molecular simulations. (pnas.org)
Elucidating the structural basis of diphenyl ether derivatives as highly potent enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitors through molecular dynamics simulations and 3D-QSAR study. (ebscohost.com)

5,6 Recent evidence has suggested that ACE inhibitors may have antiatherosclerotic effects in these patient subgroups, 7,8 as shown in subgroup analyses in the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) and Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials. (hcplive.com)

Design of Enzyme Inhibitors highlights how, what, and where enzymes have become critical in pharmaceutical and biotechnology research. (ecampus.com)
The scope of this study encompasses enzyme inhibitors in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. (bccresearch.com)

Since blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance, many drugs are enzyme inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
Alpha-linolenic acid inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in hypertensive rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
2007), recounting how the viral protein p56 manages to inhibit the activity of the UDG enzyme. (innovations-report.com)
In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of four tea catechins, including (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECg) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in vitro . (go.jp)
The Virginia opossum is able to block the activity of metalloproteinase enzymes thereby neutralizing their toxic effects. (asknature.org)
Among the anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-arabinoside possessed the strongest and cyanidin 3-xyloside the weakest radical scavenging and enzyme inhibitory activity. (mdpi.com)
It can be said that as the concentration of enzyme inhibitors increases, the rate of enzyme activity decreases, and thus, the amount of product produced is inversely proportional to the concentration of inhibitor molecules. (wikipedia.org)
This activity implies that tyrosinase inhibitors are likely to exist among the many secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi and might be a useful source of natural insecticides. (spectroscopynow.com)
According to the experimental results, using DFP (diisopropyl fluorophosphate) and PMSF (phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride) as inhibitors almost 50% of the enzyme activity could be inhibited when their concentrations were 0.525 and 0.541 mM, respectively. (doaj.org)
Apart from their relation with inflammation, the additional involvement of COX-2 enzyme with cancer activity was recently discovered. (mdpi.com)
All of the enzymes exhibit 100% activity in the recommended buffer and reaction conditions. (fishersci.com)
In neuron-like mouse cells, human prostate cancer cells, and mouse liver cells and macrophages (a type of immune cell that is frequently involved in inflammatory conditions), the DAGL inhibitors were able to inactivate DAGLβ activity. (healthcanal.com)

ACE inhibitors are more beneficial for young and white people. (news-medical.net)

Irreversible inhibitors usually react with the enzyme and change it chemically (e.g. via covalent bond formation). (wikipedia.org)

ACE inhibitors suppress the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (medscape.com)

This volume reviews important progress on the chemical biology of enzymes in the post-genomic era. (ecampus.com)
The new inhibitors, and chemical probes based on them, now can be used to study the functions of enzymes known as diacylglycerol lipases (DAGL), their products, and the pathways they regulate. (healthcanal.com)
We've developed the first set of chemical probes that effectively allows one to study these DAGL enzymes in living cell and animal models," said Benjamin F. Cravatt, chairman of the Department of Chemical Physiology, professor in the Dorris Neuroscience Center and member of the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at TSRI. (healthcanal.com)

Prolonged, regular use may stabilize left ventricular volume, but the effect on left ventricular muscle mass is less pronounced than that of ACE inhibitors. (medscape.com)
ACE inhibitors have not been studied uniformly in patients with heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. (cmaj.ca)
We performed an extensive literature search to identify randomized, placebo-controlled studies that evaluated subjects with CAD and normal left ventricular function who were treated with ACE inhibitors. (hcplive.com)

In these cell and animal studies, the inhibitors also reduced levels of 2-AG as well as arachidonic acid, another bioactive lipid that DAGL enzymes can regulate. (healthcanal.com)

Many drug molecules are enzyme inhibitors, so their discovery and improvement is an active area of research in biochemistry and pharmacology . (wikipedia.org)
University of Texas at Arlington) Biologists at the University of Texas at Arlington have demonstrated that removing water molecules can deactivate caspase-3 enzymes, which opens new doors for treatment of autoimmune diseases like arthritis, which have been linked to overactive enzymes. (regator.com)
A family of molecules known as NTS enzyme inhibitors are promising candidates for new herpes virus treatments, a new study shows. (regator.com)
ST. LOUIS - Saint Louis University research findings published in the December issue of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy report a family of molecules known as nucleotidyltransferase superfamily (NTS) enzyme inhibitors are promi. (regator.com)
Biologists at The University of Texas at Arlington have demonstrated that removing water molecules can deactivate caspase-3 enzymes, which opens new doors for treatment of autoimmune diseases like arthritis, which have been linked t. (regator.com)

That's why doctors in the field are so excited about a new category of drugs called PARP inhibitors. (washdiplomat.com)
PARP - short for poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase - enzymes regulate the process by which our bodies repair damaged DNA. (washdiplomat.com)
Ovarian cancer is one of these types of cancer, and PARP inhibitors are a hot new field of study for the disease. (washdiplomat.com)
At the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology in June, the excitement over PARP combating ovarian cancer was palpable, driven by a new phase II study of a PARP inhibitor called olaparib. (washdiplomat.com)
Like many "targeted therapies," PARP inhibitors don't necessarily have the same effectiveness against everyone with a certain type of cancer (like ovarian or breast cancer). (washdiplomat.com)
The drug was effective in those women too, which significantly expands the pool of ovarian cancer patients that olaparib or another PARP inhibitor might benefit. (washdiplomat.com)
When the scientists blocked CDK1 in cancer cell lines, BRCA1 function was disrupted, making the cells susceptible to being killed by a PARP inhibitor. (washdiplomat.com)
The new findings, Shapiro said in a press release, "suggest that by blocking CDK1, we can disable BRCA1 in many types of cancers and make them sensitive to a PARP inhibitor. (washdiplomat.com)

Gynura procumbens inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme in spontaneously hypertensive rats. (greenmedinfo.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms9

Diseases44

Chemicals and Drugs124

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes24

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science1

Health Care27

Geographicals1

The interaction of rhodium(II) carboxylates with enzymes. (1/39504)

Does gill boundary layer carbonic anhydrase contribute to carbon dioxide excretion: a comparison between dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (2/39504)

A cytomegalovirus glycoprotein re-routes MHC class I complexes to lysosomes for degradation. (3/39504)

p50(cdc37) acting in concert with Hsp90 is required for Raf-1 function. (4/39504)

Cyclin D-CDK subunit arrangement is dependent on the availability of competing INK4 and p21 class inhibitors. (5/39504)

Cell growth inhibition by farnesyltransferase inhibitors is mediated by gain of geranylgeranylated RhoB. (6/39504)

Neu differentiation factor stimulates phosphorylation and activation of the Sp1 transcription factor. (7/39504)

Induced expression of p16(INK4a) inhibits both CDK4- and CDK2-associated kinase activity by reassortment of cyclin-CDK-inhibitor complexes. (8/39504)

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Enalapril

Captopril

Lisinopril

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists

Perindopril

Enalaprilat

Antihypertensive Agents

Ramipril

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers

Cilazapril

Enzyme Inhibitors

Teprotide

Renin-Angiotensin System

Hypertension

Thiazepines

Blood Pressure

Tetrazoles

Renin

Diuretics

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists

Imidazolidines

Angioedema

Tetrahydroisoquinolines

Losartan

3-Mercaptopropionic Acid

Angiotensin II

Bradykinin

Heart Failure

Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A

Drug Therapy, Combination

Kinins

Proteinuria

Angiotensin I

Biphenyl Compounds

Fosinopril

Rats, Inbred SHR

Saralasin

Receptors, Bradykinin

Hyperkalemia

Calcium Channel Blockers

Kidney

Angiotensins

Imidazoles

Benzimidazoles

Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors

Aldosterone

Hydrochlorothiazide

Cardiovascular Agents

Treatment Outcome

Hydralazine

Hypertension, Renal

Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1

Indoles

Benzazepines

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Receptors, Angiotensin

Double-Blind Method

Time Factors

Hemodynamics

Diabetic Nephropathies

Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists

Rats, Inbred WKY

Kidney Diseases

Amlodipine

Proline

Kidney Failure, Chronic

Spironolactone

Hypertension, Renovascular

Mopidamol

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Dipeptides

Receptor, Bradykinin B2

Albuminuria

Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Creatinine

Myocardial Infarction

Oligohydramnios

Cardiac Output, Low

Valine