The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
Substances or energies, for example heat or light, which when introduced into the air, water, or land threaten life or health of individuals or ECOSYSTEMS.
The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.
The combined effects of genotypes and environmental factors together on phenotypic characteristics.
Carcinogenic substances that are found in the environment.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.19, symbol Pb. (Dorland, 28th)
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.
Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.
A polysymptomatic condition believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens, and chemicals, resulting in various physical and mental disorders. The medical community has remained largely skeptical of the existence of this "disease", given the plethora of symptoms attributed to environmental illness, the lack of reproducible laboratory abnormalities, and the use of unproven therapies to treat the condition. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
The contamination of indoor air.
Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon byproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide.
Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants.
An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.
An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Collection, analysis, and interpretation of data about the frequency, distribution, and consequences of disease or health conditions, for use in the planning, implementing, and evaluating public health programs.
Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COHORT STUDIES; and CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES.
Zeolites. A group of crystalline, hydrated alkali-aluminum silicates. They occur naturally in sedimentary and volcanic rocks, altered basalts, ores, and clay deposits. Some 40 known zeolite minerals and a great number of synthetic zeolites are available commercially. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
Exogenous agents, synthetic and naturally occurring, which are capable of disrupting the functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM including the maintenance of HOMEOSTASIS and the regulation of developmental processes. Endocrine disruptors are compounds that can mimic HORMONES, or enhance or block the binding of hormones to their receptors, or otherwise lead to activating or inhibiting the endocrine signaling pathways and hormone metabolism.
An agency in the Executive Branch of the Federal Government. It was created as an independent regulatory agency responsible for the implementation of federal laws designed to protect the environment. Its mission is to protect human health and the ENVIRONMENT.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
Elements, compounds, mixtures, or solutions that are considered severely harmful to human health and the environment. They include substances that are toxic, corrosive, flammable, or explosive.
A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)
City in Orleans Parish (county), largest city in state of LOUISIANA. It is located between the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain.
Living facilities for humans.
Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.
Contamination of the air by tobacco smoke.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.
The geographic area of the Great Lakes in general and when the specific state or states are not indicated. It usually includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
A genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via mechanisms that lead to the restriction in the possible fates of cells, eventually leading to their differentiated state. Mechanisms involved cause heritable changes to cells without changes to DNA sequence such as DNA METHYLATION; HISTONE modification; DNA REPLICATION TIMING; NUCLEOSOME positioning; and heterochromatization which result in selective gene expression or repression.
A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.
The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air (AIR POLLUTANTS) that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. The substances may include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; or volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
The systematic study of the global gene expression changes due to EPIGENETIC PROCESSES and not due to DNA base sequence changes.
The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal.
Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Contamination of the air, bodies of water, or land with substances that are harmful to human health and the environment.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A class of asbestos that includes silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. The fibers are generally brittle and cannot be spun, but are more resistant to chemicals and heat than ASBESTOS, SERPENTINE. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
Earth or other matter in fine, dry particles. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
An acquired disorder characterized by recurrent symptoms, referable to multiple organ systems, occurring in response to demonstrable exposure to many chemically unrelated compounds at doses below those established in the general population to cause harmful effects. (Cullen MR. The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview. Occup Med 1987;2(4):655-61)
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE.
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and biological action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations.
A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.
Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.
Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. It is the source of cedarwood oil. Cedar ordinarily refers to this but also forms part of the name of plants in other genera.
An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. Examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries.
Gases, fumes, vapors, and odors escaping from the cylinders of a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Food that has been prepared and stored in a way to prevent spoilage.
Compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. Permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed.
Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA.
Computer systems capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
Asbestos. Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.
A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease (PRIMARY PREVENTION) and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual.
A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions.
Particles of any solid substance, generally under 30 microns in size, often noted as PM30. There is special concern with PM1 which can get down to PULMONARY ALVEOLI and induce MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION and PHAGOCYTOSIS leading to FOREIGN BODY REACTION and LUNG DISEASES.
Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.
Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.
A group of condensed ring hydrocarbons.
The form and structure of analytic studies in epidemiologic and clinical research.
Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.
Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.
The science, art, or technology dealing with processes involved in the separation of metals from their ores, the technique of making or compounding the alloys, the techniques of working or heat-treating metals, and the mining of metals. It includes industrial metallurgy as well as metallurgical techniques employed in the preparation and working of metals used in dentistry, with special reference to orthodontic and prosthodontic appliances. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p494)
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.
Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc.
Compounds consisting of two or more fused ring structures.
The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.
Disorders associated with acute or chronic exposure to compounds containing ARSENIC (ARSENICALS) which may be fatal. Acute oral ingestion is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and an encephalopathy which may manifest as SEIZURES, mental status changes, and COMA. Chronic exposure is associated with mucosal irritation, desquamating rash, myalgias, peripheral neuropathy, and white transverse (Mees) lines in the fingernails. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1212)
Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.
The science dealing with the establishment and maintenance of health in the individual and the group. It includes the conditions and practices conducive to health. (Webster, 3d ed)
The status of health in urban populations.
A dinoflagellate with a life cycle that includes numerous flagellated, amoeboid, and encysted stages. Both the flagellated and amoeboid forms produce toxins which cause open wounds on fish. Pfiesteria piscicida feeds on tissue sloughed from these wounds, as well as on bacteria and algae. It is found in Atlantic estuaries of the United States.
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.
Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.
Waste products which threaten life, health, or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed.
A group of compounds that has the general structure of a dicarboxylic acid-substituted benzene ring. The ortho-isomer is used in dye manufacture. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc.
The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
The process of giving birth to one or more offspring.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
A filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the SKIN from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a HAIR FOLLICLE. It is found on most surfaces of the body.
Neoplasms of the thin serous membrane that envelopes the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. Pleural neoplasms are exceedingly rare and are usually not diagnosed until they are advanced because in the early stages they produce no symptoms.
Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations.
Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.
A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.
Means or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (Webster, 3d ed)
The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Defective nuclei produced during the TELOPHASE of MITOSIS or MEIOSIS by lagging CHROMOSOMES or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes.
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.
Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.
A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.
A liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase capable of biotransforming xenobiotics such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds. They have been found in mammals and fish. This enzyme, encoded by CYP1A1 gene, can be measured by using ethoxyresorufin as a substrate for the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity.
A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents.
The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.
A country in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula Its capital is Cairo.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.
A chemical by-product that results from burning or incinerating chlorinated industrial chemicals and other hydrocarbons. This compound is considered an environmental toxin, and may pose reproductive, as well as, other health risks for animals and humans.
Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, included are the CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM and the NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS.
Induction and quantitative measurement of chromosomal damage leading to the formation of micronuclei (MICRONUCLEI, CHROMOSOME-DEFECTIVE) in cells which have been exposed to genotoxic agents or IONIZING RADIATION.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.
Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.
Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.
Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
A large or important municipality of a country, usually a major metropolitan center.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Liquid perfluorinated carbon compounds which may or may not contain a hetero atom such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, but do not contain another halogen or hydrogen atom. This concept includes fluorocarbon emulsions and fluorocarbon blood substitutes.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.
A country in western Europe bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the countries of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the principalities of Andorra and Monaco, and by the duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital is Paris.
A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions.
The number of units (persons, animals, patients, specified circumstances, etc.) in a population to be studied. The sample size should be big enough to have a high likelihood of detecting a true difference between two groups. (From Wassertheil-Smoller, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 1990, p95)
Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.
Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.
The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.
A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.
Any deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. Bias can result from several sources: one-sided or systematic variations in measurement from the true value (systematic error); flaws in study design; deviation of inferences, interpretations, or analyses based on flawed data or data collection; etc. There is no sense of prejudice or subjectivity implied in the assessment of bias under these conditions.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.
Two off-spring from the same PREGNANCY. They are from a single fertilized OVUM that split into two EMBRYOS. Such twins are usually genetically identical and of the same sex.
Two offspring from the same PREGNANCY. They are from two OVA, fertilized at about the same time by two SPERMATOZOA. Such twins are genetically distinct and can be of different sexes.
A province of eastern Canada. Its capital is Quebec. The region belonged to France from 1627 to 1763 when it was lost to the British. The name is from the Algonquian quilibek meaning the place where waters narrow, referring to the gradually narrowing channel of the St. Lawrence or to the narrows of the river at Cape Diamond. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p993 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p440)
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, QUARTZ, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid.
Two individuals derived from two FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother. Twins are either monozygotic (TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC) or dizygotic (TWINS, DIZYGOTIC).
A period in the human life in which the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system takes place and reaches full maturity. The onset of synchronized endocrine events in puberty lead to the capacity for reproduction (FERTILITY), development of secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS, and other changes seen in ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT.
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.
The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of an individual from birth up to but not including ADOLESCENCE.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Health status of Persian Gulf War veterans: self-reported symptoms, environmental exposures and the effect of stress. (1/8052)

BACKGROUND: Most US troops returned home from the Persian Gulf War (PGW) by Spring 1991 and many began reporting increased health symptoms and medical problems soon after. This investigation examines the relationships between several Gulf-service environmental exposures and health symptom reporting, and the role of traumatic psychological stress on the exposure-health symptom relationships. METHODS: Stratified, random samples of two cohorts of PGW veterans, from the New England area (n = 220) and from the New Orleans area (n = 71), were selected from larger cohorts being followed longitudinally since arrival home from the Gulf. A group of PGW-era veterans deployed to Germany (n = 50) served as a comparison group. The study protocol included questionnaires, a neuropsychological test battery, an environmental interview, and psychological diagnostic interviews. This report focuses on self-reported health symptoms and exposures of participants who completed a 52-item health symptom checklist and a checklist of environmental exposures. RESULTS: The prevalence of reported symptoms was greater in both Persian Gulf-deployed cohorts compared to the Germany cohort. Analyses of the body-system symptom scores (BSS), weighted to account for sampling design, and adjusted by age, sex, and education, indicated that Persian Gulf-deployed veterans were more likely to report neurological, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cardiac, dermatological, musculoskeletal, psychological and neuropsychological system symptoms than Germany veterans. Using a priori hypotheses about the toxicant effects of exposure to specific toxicants, the relationships between self-reported exposures and body-system symptom groupings were examined through multiple regression analyses, controlling for war-zone exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Self-reported exposures to pesticides, debris from Scuds, chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agents, and smoke from tent heaters each were significantly related to increased reporting of specific predicted BSS groupings. CONCLUSIONS: Veterans deployed to the Persian Gulf have higher self-reported prevalence of health symptoms compared to PGW veterans who were deployed only as far as Germany. Several Gulf-service environmental exposures are associated with increased health symptom reporting involving predicted body-systems, after adjusting for war-zone stressor exposures and PTSD.  (+info)

Lead exposure in the lead-acid storage battery manufacturing and PVC compounding industries. (2/8052)

This study was conducted as part of the Human Exposure Assessment Location (HEAL) Project which comes under the United Nations Environment Programme/World Health Organisation (UNEP/WHO) Global environmental Monitoring System (GEMS). The objective of the study was to evaluate workers' exposure to lead in industries with the highest exposure. All subjects were interviewed about their occupational and smoking histories, the use of personal protective equipment and personal hygiene. The contribution of a dietary source of lead intake from specified foods known to contain lead locally and personal air sampling for lead were assessed. A total of 61 workers from two PVC compounding and 50 workers from two lead acid battery manufacturing plants were studied together with 111 matched controls. In the PVC compounding plants the mean lead-in-air level was 0.0357 mg/m3, with the highest levels occurring during the pouring and mixing operations. This was lower than the mean lead-in-air level of 0.0886 mg/m3 in the lead battery manufacturing plants where the highest exposure was in the loading of lead ingots into milling machines. Workers in lead battery manufacturing had significantly higher mean blood lead than the PVC workers (means, 32.51 and 23.91 mcg/100 ml respectively), but there was poor correlation with lead-in-air levels. Among the lead workers, the Malays had significantly higher blood lead levels than the Chinese (mean blood levels were 33.03 and 25.35 mcg/100 ml respectively) although there was no significant difference between the two ethnic groups in the control group. There were no significant differences between the exposed and control group in terms of dietary intake of specified local foods known to contain lead. However, Malays consumed significantly more fish than the Chinese did. There were no ethnic differences in the hours of overtime work, number of years of exposure, usage of gloves and respirators and smoking habits. Among the Malays, 94.3% eat with their hands compared with 9.2% of the Chinese. Workers who ate with bare hands at least once a week had higher blood lead levels after adjusting for lead-in-air levels (mean blood lead was 30.2 and 26.4 mcg/100 ml respectively). The study indicated that the higher blood lead levels observed in the Malay workers might have been due to their higher exposure and eating with bare hands.  (+info)

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam. (3/8052)

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.  (+info)

A toxicokinetic model to assess the risk of azinphosmethyl exposure in humans through measures of urinary elimination of alkylphosphates. (4/8052)

Azinphosmethyl (APM) is one of the most common insecticides used in fruit farming. The object of this paper is to develop a quick and practical test for assessing the risk for humans coming into contact with APM. It has been shown that the principal component of occupational and/or accidental exposure is through the skin (C. A. Franklin et al., 1981, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 7, 715-731), but our approach is applicable to exposures via any route or a combination of routes. The method proposed in the present paper can accommodate a single-event exposure or repeated exposures over long periods. Urinary alkylphosphate (AP) metabolites are reliable bioindicators of the presence of APM in the body; they are easily accessible and can be used to estimate APM body burden. We developed a simple toxicokinetic model to link the time varying APM body burden to absorbed doses and to rates of elimination in the form of AP urinary metabolites. Using this model and data available in the literature, we are able to propose a "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) for APM body levels and for corresponding absorbed doses. We have established that after a single exposure, the safe limit corresponding to the NOAEL is reached at a cumulative 0.215 mumoles AP/kg bw eliminated in urine in the first 24 hours following the beginning of exposure. For repeated daily exposures at steady state, the corresponding urinary AP metabolite level is equal to a cumulative 0.266 mumoles AP/kg bw eliminated per 24 hours.  (+info)

Evaluation of passive smoking by measuring urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and exhaled carbon monoxide levels. (5/8052)

No method has yet been established to evaluate the exposure to tobacco smoke in passive smoking (PS). We therefore conducted a study on the possibility that the levels of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (MA) and the exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) could be indices of the passive exposure to tobacco smoke. The moderate correlation was observed between urinary MA levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. The mean urinary MA level of the PS (+) group was significantly higher than that with the PS (-) group. Among the PS (+) group, the mean MA level in the urine obtained in the afternoon was higher than that obtained in the morning. A high correlation was observed between the exhaled CO levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. Like the urinary MA level, the mean exhaled CO level in the PS (+) group, too, gave a significantly higher level than in the PS (-) group. Because the biological half life of MA (7.5 +/- 0.85 h) was longer than that of CO (3.0 +/- 0.36 h), the measurement of urinary MA level is recommended for evaluating the exposure of passive smoking. The measurement of exhaled CO levels is useful only for chain smokers and nonsmokers with PS just before measurement.  (+info)

Developmental pathways: Sonic hedgehog-Patched-GLI. (6/8052)

Developmental pathways are networks of genes that act coordinately to establish the body plan. Disruptions of genes in one pathway can have effects in related pathways and may result in serious dysmorphogenesis or cancer. Environmental exposures can be associated with poor pregnancy outcomes, including dysmorphic offspring or children with a variety of diseases. An important goal of environmental science should be reduction of these poor outcomes. This will require an understanding of the genes affected by specific exposures and the consequence of alterations in these genes or their products, which in turn will require an understanding of the pathways critical in development. The ligand Sonic hedgehog, the receptors Patched and Smoothened, and the GLI family of transcription factors represent one such pathway. This pathway illustrates several operating principles important in the consideration of developmental consequences of environmental exposures to toxins.  (+info)

Exposure to indoor background radiation and urinary concentrations of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative DNA damage. (7/8052)

We investigated whether exposure to indoor [gamma]-radiation and radon might be associated with enough free radical formation to increase urinary concentrations of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a sensitive marker of DNA damage, due to a hydroxyl radical attack at the C8 of guanine. Indoor radon and [gamma]-radiation levels were measured in 32 dwellings for 6 months by solid-state nuclear track detectors and thermoluminescent dosimeters, respectively. Urine samples for 8-OHdG determinations were obtained from 63 healthy adult subjects living in the measured dwellings. An overall tendency toward increasing levels of 8-OHdG with increasing levels of radon and [gamma]-radiation was seen in the females, presumably due to their estimated longer occupancy in the dwellings measured. Different models were considered for females, with the steepest slopes obtained for [gamma]-radiation with a coefficient of 0.500 (log nmol/l of 8-OHdG for each unit increase of [gamma]-radiation on a log scale) (p<0.01), and increasing to 0.632 (p = 0.035), but with larger variance, when radon was included in the model. In conclusion, there seems to be an effect of indoor radioactivity on the urinary excretion of 8-OHdG for females, who are estimated to have a higher occupancy in the dwellings measured than for males, for whom occupational and other agents may also influence 8-OHdG excretion. ree radicals; [gamma]-radiation; radon.  (+info)

A simulation study of confounding in generalized linear models for air pollution epidemiology. (8/8052)

Confounding between the model covariates and causal variables (which may or may not be included as model covariates) is a well-known problem in regression models used in air pollution epidemiology. This problem is usually acknowledged but hardly ever investigated, especially in the context of generalized linear models. Using synthetic data sets, the present study shows how model overfit, underfit, and misfit in the presence of correlated causal variables in a Poisson regression model affect the estimated coefficients of the covariates and their confidence levels. The study also shows how this effect changes with the ranges of the covariates and the sample size. There is qualitative agreement between these study results and the corresponding expressions in the large-sample limit for the ordinary linear models. Confounding of covariates in an overfitted model (with covariates encompassing more than just the causal variables) does not bias the estimated coefficients but reduces their significance. The effect of model underfit (with some causal variables excluded as covariates) or misfit (with covariates encompassing only noncausal variables), on the other hand, leads to not only erroneous estimated coefficients, but a misguided confidence, represented by large t-values, that the estimated coefficients are significant. The results of this study indicate that models which use only one or two air quality variables, such as particulate matter [less than and equal to] 10 microm and sulfur dioxide, are probably unreliable, and that models containing several correlated and toxic or potentially toxic air quality variables should also be investigated in order to minimize the situation of model underfit or misfit.  (+info)

Some common types of environmental illness include:

1. Asthma and other respiratory allergies: These conditions are caused by exposure to airborne pollutants such as dust, pollen, and smoke.
2. Chemical sensitivity: This condition is caused by exposure to chemicals in the environment, such as pesticides, solvents, and cleaning products.
3. Allergic contact dermatitis: This condition is caused by skin contact with allergens such as latex, metals, and certain plants.
4. Mold-related illnesses: Exposure to mold can cause a range of symptoms, including respiratory problems, skin irritation, and headaches.
5. Radon exposure: Radon is a radioactive gas that can accumulate in homes and buildings, particularly in basements and crawl spaces. Prolonged exposure to radon can increase the risk of lung cancer.
6. Carbon monoxide poisoning: This condition is caused by exposure to carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless gas that can build up in enclosed spaces with faulty heating or cooking appliances.
7. Lead poisoning: Exposure to lead, particularly in children, can cause a range of health problems, including developmental delays, learning disabilities, and behavioral issues.
8. Mercury poisoning: Exposure to mercury, particularly through fish consumption, can cause neurological symptoms such as tremors, memory loss, and cognitive impairment.
9. Pesticide exposure: Exposure to pesticides, particularly organophosphates, can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory issues, skin irritation, and neurological symptoms.
10. Particulate matter exposure: Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from air pollution can increase the risk of respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

These are just a few examples of environmental health hazards that may be present in your home or building. It's important to be aware of these potential risks and take steps to mitigate them to ensure the health and safety of occupants.

Explanation: Genetic predisposition to disease is influenced by multiple factors, including the presence of inherited genetic mutations or variations, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. The likelihood of developing a particular disease can be increased by inherited genetic mutations that affect the functioning of specific genes or biological pathways. For example, inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

The expression of genetic predisposition to disease can vary widely, and not all individuals with a genetic predisposition will develop the disease. Additionally, many factors can influence the likelihood of developing a particular disease, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and other health conditions.

Inheritance patterns: Genetic predisposition to disease can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or multifactorial pattern, depending on the specific disease and the genetic mutations involved. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disease, while autosomal recessive inheritance requires two copies of the mutated gene. Multifactorial inheritance involves multiple genes and environmental factors contributing to the development of the disease.

Examples of diseases with a known genetic predisposition:

1. Huntington's disease: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion of a CAG repeat in the Huntingtin gene, leading to progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
2. Cystic fibrosis: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to respiratory and digestive problems.
3. BRCA1/2-related breast and ovarian cancer: An inherited increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer due to mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
4. Sickle cell anemia: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene, leading to defective hemoglobin production and red blood cell sickling.
5. Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including multiple genes in the HLA complex.

Understanding the genetic basis of disease can help with early detection, prevention, and treatment. For example, genetic testing can identify individuals who are at risk for certain diseases, allowing for earlier intervention and preventive measures. Additionally, understanding the genetic basis of a disease can inform the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine."


Asthma can cause recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These symptoms occur when the muscles surrounding the airways contract, causing the airways to narrow and swell. This can be triggered by exposure to environmental allergens or irritants such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or respiratory infections.

There is no cure for asthma, but it can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes. Treatment typically includes inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, bronchodilators to open up the airways, and rescue medications to relieve symptoms during an asthma attack.

Asthma is a common condition that affects people of all ages, but it is most commonly diagnosed in children. According to the American Lung Association, more than 25 million Americans have asthma, and it is the third leading cause of hospitalization for children under the age of 18.

While there is no cure for asthma, early diagnosis and proper treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for those affected by the condition.

* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Headache
* Dizziness
* Renal damage

In severe cases, cadmium poisoning can cause:

* Respiratory failure
* Cardiovascular collapse
* Seizures
* Coma
* Death

Treatment of cadmium poisoning usually involves supportive care, such as fluid replacement and management of symptoms. In cases of severe poisoning, hospitalization may be necessary and chelation therapy may be administered to remove the heavy metal from the body. Prevention of cadmium poisoning is key and this can be achieved through proper handling, storage and disposal of cadmium-containing materials, as well as using personal protective equipment during work with cadmium.

If you suspect that you or someone else has been exposed to cadmium, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare professional will be able to assess the level and severity of exposure and provide appropriate treatment.

Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects can affect various aspects of the child's development, including:

1. Physical growth and development: PDEDs can lead to changes in the child's physical growth patterns, such as reduced birth weight, short stature, or delayed puberty.
2. Brain development: Prenatal exposure to certain substances can affect brain development, leading to learning disabilities, memory problems, and cognitive delays.
3. Behavioral and emotional development: Children exposed to PDEDs may exhibit behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as anxiety, depression, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
4. Immune system functioning: Prenatal exposure to certain substances can affect the immune system's development, making children more susceptible to infections and autoimmune diseases.
5. Reproductive health: Exposure to certain chemicals during fetal development may disrupt the reproductive system, leading to fertility problems or an increased risk of infertility later in life.

The diagnosis of Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects often requires a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, as well as specialized tests such as imaging studies or laboratory assessments. Treatment for PDEDs typically involves addressing the underlying cause of exposure and providing appropriate interventions to manage any associated symptoms or developmental delays.

In summary, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects can have a profound impact on a child's growth, development, and overall health later in life. It is essential for healthcare providers to be aware of the potential risks and to monitor children exposed to substances during fetal development for any signs of PDEDs. With early diagnosis and appropriate interventions, it may be possible to mitigate or prevent some of these effects and improve outcomes for affected children.

There are several types of disease susceptibility, including:

1. Genetic predisposition: This refers to the inherent tendency of an individual to develop a particular disease due to their genetic makeup. For example, some families may have a higher risk of developing certain diseases such as cancer or heart disease due to inherited genetic mutations.
2. Environmental susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to exposure to environmental factors such as pollutants, toxins, or infectious agents. For example, someone who lives in an area with high levels of air pollution may be more susceptible to developing respiratory problems.
3. Lifestyle susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to unhealthy lifestyle choices such as smoking, lack of exercise, or poor diet. For example, someone who smokes and is overweight may be more susceptible to developing heart disease or lung cancer.
4. Immune system susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to an impaired immune system. For example, people with autoimmune disorders such as HIV/AIDS or rheumatoid arthritis may be more susceptible to opportunistic infections.

Understanding disease susceptibility can help healthcare providers identify individuals who are at risk of developing certain diseases and provide preventive measures or early intervention to reduce the risk of disease progression. Additionally, genetic testing can help identify individuals with a high risk of developing certain diseases, allowing for earlier diagnosis and treatment.

In summary, disease susceptibility refers to the predisposition of an individual to develop a particular disease or condition due to various factors such as genetics, environment, lifestyle choices, and immune system function. Understanding disease susceptibility can help healthcare providers identify individuals at risk and provide appropriate preventive measures or early intervention to reduce the risk of disease progression.

There are several types of hypersensitivity reactions, including:

1. Type I hypersensitivity: This is also known as immediate hypersensitivity and occurs within minutes to hours after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from immune cells, leading to symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions include allergies to pollen, dust mites, or certain foods.
2. Type II hypersensitivity: This is also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity and occurs within days to weeks after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the immune system producing antibodies against specific proteins on the surface of cells, leading to their destruction. Examples of Type II hypersensitivity reactions include blood transfusion reactions and serum sickness.
3. Type III hypersensitivity: This is also known as immune complex hypersensitivity and occurs when antigens bind to immune complexes, leading to the formation of deposits in tissues. Examples of Type III hypersensitivity reactions include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
4. Type IV hypersensitivity: This is also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity and occurs within weeks to months after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the activation of T cells, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Examples of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

The diagnosis of hypersensitivity often involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and elimination diets or challenges. Treatment depends on the specific type of hypersensitivity reaction and may include avoidance of the allergen, medications such as antihistamines or corticosteroids, and immunomodulatory therapy.

The diagnosis of MCS is based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. There is no specific diagnostic test for MCS, and the condition can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are similar to those of other conditions. Treatment for MCS typically involves avoiding exposure to chemicals and managing symptoms through lifestyle changes, stress reduction techniques, and medication.

MCS is a controversial condition, and some researchers question whether it is a valid medical diagnosis. However, many health professionals recognize MCS as a legitimate condition that affects thousands of people worldwide.

There are several types of chemical sensitivity, including:

* Irritant-induced sensitivity: This type of sensitivity occurs when an individual becomes sensitive to a specific chemical after repeated exposure to it.
* Allergic contact sensitivity: This type of sensitivity occurs when an individual develops an allergic reaction to a specific chemical.
* Idiopathic environmental intolerance: This type of sensitivity occurs when an individual experiences adverse reactions to multiple chemicals, without any known cause.

There are several risk factors for developing MCS, including:

* Previous exposure to toxic chemicals
* Genetic predisposition
* Age (MCS is more common in younger adults)
* Gender (women are more likely to develop MCS than men)
* Stress and psychological factors

There are several ways to prevent or reduce the risk of developing MCS, including:

* Avoiding exposure to toxic chemicals
* Using protective gear and equipment when working with chemicals
* Properly disposing of chemical waste
* Following safety protocols when handling chemicals
* Reducing stress and managing psychological factors.

There are several ways to diagnose MCS, including:

* Medical history and physical examination
* Allergy testing (such as skin prick testing or blood tests)
* Environmental exposure assessment
* Physiological testing (such as heart rate and blood pressure monitoring)
* Neuropsychological testing (such as cognitive function and mood assessment).

There are several treatment options for MCS, including:

* Avoiding exposure to triggers
* Medications (such as antihistamines or antidepressants)
* Immunotherapy (such as allergy shots)
* Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
* Alternative therapies (such as acupuncture or herbal supplements).

It is important to note that MCS is a complex and controversial condition, and there is ongoing debate about its cause and validity. However, for those who suffer from the condition, it can have a significant impact on their quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Some common examples of respiratory tract diseases include:

1. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
2. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways (bronchi) that can cause coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
3. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive condition that makes it difficult to breathe due to damage to the lungs over time.
5. Tuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs.
6. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) that can cause hoarseness and difficulty speaking.
7. Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea, or windpipe, that can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
8. Croup: An infection of the throat and lungs that can cause a barky cough and difficulty breathing.
9. Pleurisy: Inflammation of the lining around the lungs (pleura) that can cause chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Pertussis (whooping cough): An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis that can cause coughing fits and difficulty breathing.

These are just a few examples of the many different types of respiratory tract diseases that exist. Each one has its own unique symptoms, causes, and treatment options.

Lead poisoning is a condition that occurs when a person is exposed to high levels of lead, a toxic metal that can damage the brain, nervous system, and other organs. Lead can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through the skin. Children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning because their developing brains and bodies are more sensitive to the effects of lead.

Types of Lead Poisoning:

There are several types of lead poisoning, including:

1. Acute lead poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a high dose of lead in a short period of time. Symptoms can include vomiting, abdominal pain, and seizures.
2. Chronic lead poisoning: This type of poisoning occurs when a person is exposed to lower levels of lead over a longer period of time. Symptoms can include headaches, fatigue, and learning difficulties.
3. Lead-induced encephalopathy: This is a serious condition that occurs when lead accumulates in the brain and causes damage to brain tissue. Symptoms can include confusion, agitation, and seizures.

Causes of Lead Poisoning:

Lead poisoning can be caused by a variety of sources, including:

1. Lead-based paint: Homes built before 1978 may contain lead-based paint, which can chip and flake, releasing lead dust into the air.
2. Lead-contaminated soil: Soil near industrial sites or areas with high levels of lead in the environment can be contaminated with lead.
3. Lead-contaminated water: Water pipes or fixtures that contain lead can leach into the water, causing lead poisoning.
4. Lead exposure at work: Workers in industries that use lead, such as construction or manufacturing, may be exposed to lead on the job.
5. Lead-containing products: Some products, such as cosmetics and imported canned foods, may contain lead.

Symptoms of Lead Poisoning:

The symptoms of lead poisoning can vary depending on the level of exposure and the age of the person affected. In children, lead poisoning can cause:

1. Learning disabilities
2. Behavioral problems
3. Developmental delays
4. Lower IQ
5. Hyperactivity
6. Sleep disturbances
7. Headaches
8. Nausea and vomiting
9. Abdominal pain
10. Fatigue

In adults, lead poisoning can cause:

1. Memory loss
2. Confusion
3. Slurred speech
4. Weakness in the hands and feet
5. Vision problems
6. Headaches
7. Fatigue
8. Irritability
9. Mood changes
10. Sleep disturbances

Diagnosis of Lead Poisoning:

A diagnosis of lead poisoning is typically made based on a combination of physical symptoms, medical history, and laboratory tests. Blood tests can measure the level of lead in the bloodstream, and a hair or urine test can also be used to determine exposure. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or CT scans, may be used to visualize any damage to organs or tissues.

Treatment of Lead Poisoning:

There is no specific treatment for lead poisoning, but treatment is aimed at removing the source of exposure and supporting the body's natural detoxification processes. Chelation therapy may be used in severe cases to remove lead from the body. Other treatments may include:

1. Medications to help reduce symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting
2. Blood transfusions in severe cases
3. Monitoring of vital organs such as the kidneys, liver, and brain
4. Nutritional support to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients
5. Environmental remediation to remove lead sources from the home or workplace

Prevention of Lead Poisoning:

Preventing lead poisoning is crucial, as there is no cure for this condition. Here are some ways to prevent lead exposure:

1. Avoid using lead-based products such as paint, ceramics, and plumbing
2. Keep children away from areas where lead is present, such as construction sites or old buildings
3. Regularly test for lead in soil, water, and paint
4. Use lead-free alternatives to products that contain lead
5. Dispose of lead-containing waste properly
6. Keep the home clean and dust-free to reduce lead particles in the air
7. Avoid eating or drinking in areas where lead is present
8. Wash hands and toys regularly, especially after playing outdoors
9. Use a certified lead abatement contractor to remove lead from homes built before 1978
10. Keep informed about lead hazards in your community and take action to prevent exposure.

Conclusion:

Lead poisoning is a serious health issue that can cause long-term damage to the brain, nervous system, and other organs. Prevention is key, and it is essential to be aware of potential sources of lead exposure in your home and community. If you suspect lead poisoning, seek medical attention immediately. Early detection and treatment can help reduce the risk of permanent damage.

The symptoms of mesothelioma can vary depending on the location of the cancer, but they may include:

* Shortness of breath or pain in the chest (for pleural mesothelioma)
* Abdominal pain or swelling (for peritoneal mesothelioma)
* Fatigue or fever (for pericardial mesothelioma)
* Weight loss and night sweats

There is no cure for mesothelioma, but treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for mesothelioma is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of about 5% to 10%. However, the outlook can vary depending on the type of mesothelioma, the stage of the cancer, and the patient's overall health.

Asbestos exposure is the primary risk factor for developing mesothelioma, and it is important to avoid exposure to asbestos in any form. This can be done by avoiding old buildings and products that contain asbestos, wearing protective clothing and equipment when working with asbestos, and following proper safety protocols when handling asbestos-containing materials.

In summary, mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that develops in the lining of the heart or abdomen due to exposure to asbestos. It can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and the prognosis is generally poor. However, with proper medical care and avoidance of asbestos exposure, patients with mesothelioma may have a better chance of survival.

The causes of SBS are not yet fully understood, but they are believed to include:

1. Poor ventilation and air filtration systems: Inadequate ventilation can lead to the buildup of pollutants and carbon dioxide inside the building.
2. Chemical contaminants: The use of chemical cleaning products, pesticides, and other chemicals in the building can release harmful substances into the air.
3. Biological contaminants: Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and mold can grow in the building's HVAC system and ductwork, leading to the release of pollutants into the indoor environment.
4. Inadequate lighting and thermal conditions: Poor lighting and thermal conditions can cause eye strain, fatigue, and discomfort.
5. Psychological factors: Stress, anxiety, and other psychological factors can contribute to SBS symptoms.

The diagnosis of SBS is based on a combination of medical history-taking, physical examination, and environmental assessment. Medical professionals use a set of criteria to determine whether the symptoms are consistent with SBS. These criteria include:

1. Symptoms that are specific to the building and not present when the person is outside the building.
2. Symptoms that improve after leaving the building or when the person is away from the building for an extended period.
3. No evidence of any other medical condition that could explain the symptoms.

There is no cure for SBS, but there are several treatment options available to alleviate symptoms. These include:

1. Improving ventilation and air filtration systems.
2. Identifying and addressing chemical and biological contaminants.
3. Providing adequate lighting and thermal conditions.
4. Reducing stress and promoting relaxation techniques.
5. Relocating the person to a different environment if necessary.

Preventing SBS involves identifying and addressing potential causes of the condition before it develops. This includes:

1. Proper maintenance of ventilation and air filtration systems.
2. Regular cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and equipment.
3. Avoiding the use of chemicals and other substances that can contribute to SBS.
4. Ensuring adequate lighting and thermal conditions.
5. Promoting stress reduction techniques and providing a comfortable and supportive work environment.

In conclusion, SBS is a complex condition that affects many people worldwide. It is characterized by a range of symptoms that can vary in severity and frequency. The diagnosis of SBS is based on a combination of medical history-taking, physical examination, and environmental assessment. Treatment options are available to alleviate symptoms, and prevention involves identifying and addressing potential causes of the condition before it develops.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

Clinical Significance:
Respiratory sounds can help healthcare providers diagnose and manage respiratory conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia. By listening to the sounds of a patient's breathing, healthcare providers can identify abnormalities in lung function, airway obstruction, or inflammation.

Types of Respiratory Sounds:

1. Vesicular Sounds:
a. Inspiratory wheeze: A high-pitched whistling sound heard during inspiration, usually indicative of bronchial asthma or COPD.
b. Expiratory wheeze: A low-pitched whistling sound heard during expiration, typically seen in patients with chronic bronchitis or emphysema.
c. Decreased vocal fremitus: A decrease in the normal vibratory sounds heard over the lung fields during breathing, which can indicate fluid or consolidation in the lungs.
2. Adventitious Sounds:
a. Crackles (rales): High-pitched, bubbly sounds heard during inspiration and expiration, indicating fluid or air in the alveoli.
b. Rhonchi: Low-pitched, harsh sounds heard during inspiration and expiration, often indicative of bronchitis, pneumonia, or COPD.
c. Stridors: High-pitched, squeaky sounds heard during breathing, commonly seen in patients with inflammatory conditions such as pneumonia or tuberculosis.

It's important to note that the interpretation of lung sounds requires a thorough understanding of respiratory physiology and pathophysiology, as well as clinical experience and expertise. A healthcare professional, such as a nurse or respiratory therapist, should always be consulted for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

1. Asbestosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.
2. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a nerve disorder caused by repetitive motion and pressure on the wrist.
3. Mesothelioma: a type of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos.
4. Pneumoconiosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling dust from mining or other heavy industries.
5. Repetitive strain injuries: injuries caused by repetitive motions, such as typing or using vibrating tools.
6. Skin conditions: such as skin irritation and dermatitis caused by exposure to chemicals or other substances in the workplace.
7. Hearing loss: caused by loud noises in the workplace.
8. Back injuries: caused by lifting, bending, or twisting.
9. Respiratory problems: such as asthma and other breathing difficulties caused by exposure to chemicals or dust in the workplace.
10. Cancer: caused by exposure to carcinogens such as radiation, certain chemicals, or heavy metals in the workplace.

Occupational diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as they often develop gradually over time and may not be immediately attributed to the work environment. In some cases, these diseases may not appear until years after exposure has ended. It is important for workers to be aware of the potential health risks associated with their job and take steps to protect themselves, such as wearing protective gear, following safety protocols, and seeking regular medical check-ups. Employers also have a responsibility to provide a safe work environment and follow strict regulations to prevent the spread of occupational diseases.

There are several types of asbestos, including chrysotile, amianthus, and crocidolite, each of which has different levels of toxicity. Prolonged exposure to any type of asbestos can cause asbestosis, but some types are more dangerous than others.

Symptoms of asbestosis may not appear until many years after exposure to asbestos, and they can vary in severity. Common symptoms include:

* Shortness of breath
* Coughing
* Permanent lung damage
* Scarring of the lungs
* Decreased lung function

Treatment for asbestosis usually involves managing symptoms and improving lung function. This can include medications to relieve coughing and shortness of breath, pulmonary rehabilitation to improve lung function, and oxygen therapy to help increase oxygen levels in the blood. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention is key in avoiding asbestosis. If you suspect that you have been exposed to asbestos, it is important to speak with a healthcare professional as soon as possible. Proper safety measures and precautions can help minimize the risk of developing asbestosis.

Some common types of pleural diseases include:

1. Pleurisy: This is an inflammation of the pleura that can be caused by infection, injury, or cancer. Symptoms include chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
2. Pneumothorax: This is a collection of air or gas between the pleural membranes that can cause the lung to collapse. Symptoms include sudden severe chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing up blood.
3. Empyema: This is an infection of the pleural space that can cause the accumulation of pus and fluid. Symptoms include fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Mesothelioma: This is a type of cancer that affects the pleura and can cause symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss.
5. Pleural effusion: This is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that can be caused by various conditions such as infection, heart failure, or cancer. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing up fluid.

Pleural diseases can be diagnosed through various tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and pleuroscopy (a minimally invasive procedure that uses a thin tube with a camera and light on the end to examine the pleura). Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease and can include antibiotics, surgery, or radiation therapy.

The symptoms of arsenic poisoning can vary depending on the amount and duration of exposure, as well as the individual's age and overall health. Some common symptoms include:

* Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
* Abdominal pain and cramping
* Headaches and dizziness
* Skin changes such as numbness or discoloration
* Respiratory problems such as coughing and shortness of breath

If left untreated, arsenic poisoning can lead to more severe health effects, including:

* Damage to the liver, kidneys and bladder
* Increased risk of cancer
* Death

The treatment for arsenic poisoning typically involves removing the source of exposure, providing supportive care to manage symptoms and using medications to remove arsenic from the body. Chelation therapy may also be used to remove heavy metals from the body. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required to monitor and treat complications.

Prevention is key in avoiding arsenic poisoning. This can include reducing exposure to arsenic-containing products, testing well water for arsenic and taking steps to reduce exposure in areas where arsenic is present in the environment. If you suspect you or someone else has been exposed to arsenic, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

In summary, Arsenic Poisoning can be a serious health hazard, but with prompt and appropriate treatment, it can be effectively managed. Prevention through reducing exposure and testing for arsenic is also crucial in avoiding this condition.

Benign pleural neoplasms include:

1. Pleomorphic adenoma: A rare, slow-growing tumor that usually occurs in the soft tissues of the chest wall.
2. Pneumoschisis: A condition where there is a tear or separation in the membrane that lines the lung, which can cause air to leak into the pleural space and create a benign tumor.
3. Pleural plaques: Calcified deposits that form in the pleura as a result of inflammation or injury.

Malignant pleural neoplasms include:

1. Mesothelioma: A rare and aggressive cancer that originates in the pleura, usually caused by exposure to asbestos.
2. Lung cancer: Cancer that spreads to the pleura from another part of the body, such as the lungs.
3. Metastatic tumors: Tumors that have spread to the pleura from another part of the body, such as the breast or colon.

Pleural neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment options for pleural neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

The presence of chromosome-defective micronuclei in cells can be an indication of genetic damage and may be used as a diagnostic marker for certain diseases or conditions, such as cancer or exposure to toxic substances. The frequency and distribution of these structures within a cell population can also provide information about the type and severity of genetic damage present.

In contrast to other types of micronuclei, which are typically smaller and less complex, chromosome-defective micronuclei are larger and more irregular in shape, and may contain fragmented or abnormal chromatin material. They can also be distinguished from other types of micronuclei by their specific staining properties and the presence of certain structural features, such as the presence of nucleoli or the absence of a membrane boundary.

Overall, the study of chromosome-defective micronuclei is an important tool for understanding the mechanisms of genetic damage and disease, and may have practical applications in fields such as cancer diagnosis and environmental health assessment.

1. Twin-to-twin transmission: This refers to the transmission of infectious agents or other conditions from one twin to the other in utero, during delivery, or after birth. Examples include rubella, herpes simplex virus, and group B streptococcus.
2. Monozygotic (identical) twins: These twins develop from a single fertilized egg and share an identical genetic makeup. They are at higher risk of developing certain diseases, such as immune system disorders and some types of cancer, because of their shared genetics.
3. Dizygotic (fraternal) twins: These twins develop from two separate eggs and have a similar but not identical genetic makeup. They are at higher risk of developing diseases that affect multiple family members, such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
4. Twin-specific diseases: These are conditions that affect only twins or are more common in twins than in the general population. Examples include Klinefelter syndrome, which affects males with an extra X chromosome, and Turner syndrome, which affects females with a missing X chromosome.
5. Twin-related complications: These are conditions that occur during pregnancy or delivery and are more common in twins than in singletons. Examples include preterm labor, growth restriction, and twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
6. Genetic disorders: Twins can inherit genetic mutations from their parents, which can increase their risk of developing certain diseases. Examples include sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington's disease.
7. Environmental exposures: Twins may be exposed to similar environmental factors during fetal development, which can increase their risk of developing certain health problems. Examples include maternal smoking during pregnancy, exposure to lead or other toxins, and maternal infections during pregnancy.
8. Social and cultural factors: Twins may face unique social and cultural challenges, such as discrimination, stigma, and social isolation, which can affect their mental health and well-being.

It's important to note that while twins may be at increased risk for certain health problems, many twins are born healthy and lead normal, healthy lives. Regular prenatal care, proper nutrition, and a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risks of complications during pregnancy and after delivery. Additionally, advances in medical technology and research have improved the detection and treatment of many twin-related health issues.

There are several types of eczema, including:

1. Atopic dermatitis: This is the most common type of eczema, and it is often associated with allergies such as hay fever or asthma.
2. Contact dermatitis: This type of eczema is caused by exposure to an allergen or irritant, such as a chemical or detergent.
3. Seborrheic dermatitis: This type of eczema is characterized by redness and flaking on the scalp, face, or body.
4. Neurodermatitis: This type of eczema is caused by chronic itching and scratching, which leads to thickening and darkening of the skin.
5. Pompholyx: This is a type of eczema that occurs on the hands and feet.

The exact cause of eczema is not known, but it is thought to be related to an overactive immune system, allergies, and environmental triggers such as stress, cold weather, and certain foods. Treatment for eczema typically involves a combination of topical medications, oral medications, and lifestyle changes, such as avoiding triggers and moisturizing the skin.

Complications of eczema can include:

1. Infections: Eczema can increase the risk of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, such as impetigo or herpes simplex.
2. Scratching and skin thickening: Chronic itching and scratching can lead to thickening and darkening of the skin, which can be unsightly and painful.
3. Emotional distress: Living with eczema can cause significant emotional distress, including anxiety and depression.
4. Sleep disturbances: Eczema can disrupt sleep patterns and cause fatigue, which can impact daily life and overall well-being.
5. Stigma and social isolation: People with eczema may experience stigma and social isolation due to the visible nature of the condition.

It is important for people with eczema to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage the condition and prevent complications. With appropriate treatment and self-care, many people with eczema are able to manage their symptoms and lead active, fulfilling lives.

The different types of Neurotoxicity Syndromes include:

1. Organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity: This syndrome is caused by exposure to organophosphate pesticides, which can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and memory loss.
2. Heavy metal neurotoxicity: Exposure to heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and arsenic, can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as tremors, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
3. Pesticide-induced neurotoxicity: This syndrome is caused by exposure to pesticides, which can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and memory loss.
4. Solvent-induced neurotoxicity: Exposure to solvents, such as toluene and benzene, can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as memory loss, difficulty with concentration, and mood changes.
5. Medication-induced neurotoxicity: Certain medications, such as antidepressants and antipsychotics, can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as tremors, muscle rigidity, and cognitive impairment.
6. Environmental neurotoxicity: Exposure to environmental toxins, such as air pollution and pesticides, can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and memory loss.
7. Neurodegenerative disease-induced neurotoxicity: Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, can cause neurotoxicity and lead to symptoms such as cognitive decline, memory loss, and motor dysfunction.
8. Traumatic brain injury-induced neurotoxicity: Traumatic brain injury can cause neurotoxicity and lead to symptoms such as cognitive impairment, memory loss, and mood changes.
9. Stroke-induced neurotoxicity: A stroke can cause neurotoxicity and lead to symptoms such as weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with speech and language, and memory loss.
10. Neurodevelopmental disorder-induced neurotoxicity: Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, can cause neurotoxicity and lead to symptoms such as cognitive impairment, social withdrawal, and repetitive behaviors.

It is important to note that these are just a few examples of the many different types of neurotoxicity that can occur, and that each type may have its own unique set of causes, symptoms, and treatments. If you suspect that you or someone you know may be experiencing neurotoxicity, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible in order to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

There are many different types of diseases, ranging from acute and short-term conditions such as the common cold or flu, to chronic and long-term conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, or cancer. Some diseases are infectious, meaning they can be transmitted from one person to another through contact with a contaminated surface or exchange of bodily fluids. Other diseases are non-infectious, meaning they are not transmitted from person to person and are typically caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors.

The diagnosis and treatment of disease is the focus of the medical field, and doctors and other healthcare professionals use a variety of tools and techniques to identify and manage diseases. These may include physical exams, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and medications. In some cases, surgery or other procedures may be necessary to treat a disease.

Some common examples of diseases include:

1. Heart disease: A condition that affects the heart and blood vessels, often caused by high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or smoking.
2. Diabetes: A condition in which the body is unable to properly regulate blood sugar levels, often caused by genetics or obesity.
3. Cancer: A condition in which abnormal cells grow and multiply, often causing damage to surrounding tissues.
4. Inflammatory diseases: Conditions such as arthritis, where the body's immune system causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
5. Neurological diseases: Conditions that affect the brain and nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or multiple sclerosis.
6. Infectious diseases: Conditions caused by the presence of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, including the common cold, flu, and tuberculosis.
7. Genetic diseases: Conditions that are caused by changes in DNA, such as sickle cell anemia or cystic fibrosis.
8. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions where the body's immune system attacks healthy cells and tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
9. Pulmonary diseases: Conditions that affect the lungs, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or lung cancer.
10. Gastrointestinal diseases: Conditions that affect the digestive system, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

These are just a few examples of the many different types of diseases that exist. Diseases can be caused by a wide range of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors. Understanding the causes and symptoms of different diseases is important for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.

Some common examples of respiration disorders include:

1. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe, caused by exposure to pollutants such as cigarette smoke.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways that can cause coughing and difficulty breathing.
5. Emphysema: A condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Sleep apnea: A sleep disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep, leading to fatigue and other symptoms.
7. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory system and digestive system, causing thick mucus buildup and difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
9. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

These are just a few examples of respiration disorders, and there are many other conditions that can affect the respiratory system and cause breathing difficulties. If you are experiencing any symptoms of respiration disorders, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

Some of the key features of immediate hypersensitivity include:

1. Rapid onset of symptoms: Symptoms typically occur within minutes to hours of exposure to the allergen.
2. IgE antibodies: Immediate hypersensitivity is caused by the binding of IgE antibodies to surface receptors on mast cells and basophils.
3. Mast cell and basophil activation: The activation of mast cells and basophils leads to the release of histamine and other chemical mediators that cause symptoms.
4. Anaphylaxis: Immediate hypersensitivity can progress to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention.
5. Specificity: Immediate hypersensitivity is specific to a particular allergen and does not occur with other allergens.
6. Cross-reactivity: There may be cross-reactivity between different allergens, leading to similar symptoms.
7. Prevention: Avoidance of the allergen is the primary prevention strategy for immediate hypersensitivity. Medications such as antihistamines and epinephrine can also be used to treat symptoms.

There are several subtypes of NHL, including:

1. B-cell lymphomas (such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma)
2. T-cell lymphomas (such as peripheral T-cell lymphoma and mycosis fungoides)
3. Natural killer cell lymphomas (such as nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma)
4. Histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma
5. Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma
6. Mantle cell lymphoma
7. Waldenström macroglobulinemia
8. Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma
9. Myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) related lymphoma

These subtypes can be further divided into other categories based on the specific characteristics of the cancer cells.

Symptoms of NHL can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include:

* Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching
* Abdominal pain
* Swollen spleen

Treatment for NHL typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of NHL, the stage of the cancer, and other individual factors.

Overall, NHL is a complex and diverse group of cancers that require specialized care from a team of medical professionals, including hematologists, oncologists, radiation therapists, and other support staff. With advances in technology and treatment options, many people with NHL can achieve long-term remission or a cure.

Example sentences:

1. The patient developed a radiation-induced neoplasm in their chest after undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer.
2. The risk of radiation-induced neoplasms increases with higher doses of radiation exposure, making it crucial to minimize exposure during medical procedures.
3. The oncologist monitored the patient's health closely after their radiation therapy to detect any signs of radiation-induced neoplasms.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, affecting approximately 1% of the population over the age of 60. It is more common in men than women and has a higher incidence in Caucasians than in other ethnic groups.

The primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:

* Tremors or trembling, typically starting on one side of the body
* Rigidity or stiffness, causing difficulty with movement
* Bradykinesia or slowness of movement, including a decrease in spontaneous movements such as blinking or smiling
* Postural instability, leading to falls or difficulty with balance

As the disease progresses, symptoms can include:

* Difficulty with walking, gait changes, and freezing episodes
* Dry mouth, constipation, and other non-motor symptoms
* Cognitive changes, such as dementia, memory loss, and confusion
* Sleep disturbances, including REM sleep behavior disorder
* Depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms

The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The disease is associated with the degradation of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to a deficiency of dopamine in the brain. This deficiency disrupts the normal functioning of the basal ganglia, a group of structures involved in movement control, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the disease.

There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but various treatments are available to manage its symptoms. These include:

* Medications such as dopaminergic agents (e.g., levodopa) and dopamine agonists to replace lost dopamine and improve motor function
* Deep brain stimulation, a surgical procedure that involves implanting an electrode in the brain to deliver electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance
* Speech therapy to improve communication and swallowing difficulties
* Occupational therapy to improve daily functioning

It is important for individuals with Parkinson's disease to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and improves their quality of life. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with Parkinson's disease are able to manage their symptoms and maintain a good level of independence for several years after diagnosis.

Examples of autoimmune diseases include:

1. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): A condition where the immune system attacks the joints, leading to inflammation, pain, and joint damage.
2. Lupus: A condition where the immune system attacks various body parts, including the skin, joints, and organs.
3. Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A condition where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
4. Multiple sclerosis (MS): A condition where the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers in the central nervous system, leading to communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body.
5. Type 1 diabetes: A condition where the immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to high blood sugar levels.
6. Guillain-Barré syndrome: A condition where the immune system attacks the nerves, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.
7. Psoriasis: A condition where the immune system attacks the skin, leading to red, scaly patches.
8. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: Conditions where the immune system attacks the digestive tract, leading to inflammation and damage to the gut.
9. Sjögren's syndrome: A condition where the immune system attacks the glands that produce tears and saliva, leading to dry eyes and mouth.
10. Vasculitis: A condition where the immune system attacks the blood vessels, leading to inflammation and damage to the blood vessels.

The symptoms of autoimmune diseases vary depending on the specific disease and the organs or tissues affected. Common symptoms include fatigue, fever, joint pain, skin rashes, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment for autoimmune diseases typically involves medication to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation, as well as lifestyle changes such as dietary changes and stress management techniques.

These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their growth and behavior vary depending on the type of cancer. Malignant tumors can invade the surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, causing serious complications and potentially life-threatening consequences.

The risk factors for developing urinary bladder neoplasms include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, recurrent bladder infections, and a family history of bladder cancer. The symptoms of these tumors can include blood in the urine, pain during urination, frequent urination, and abdominal pain.

Diagnosis of urinary bladder neoplasms is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cystoscopy, which involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera into the bladder to visualize the tumor.

Treatment options for urinary bladder neoplasms depend on the type of cancer, stage, and location of the tumor. Treatment may include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for patients with urinary bladder neoplasms.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

There are several different types of obesity, including:

1. Central obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
2. Peripheral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat in the hips, thighs, and arms.
3. Visceral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the internal organs in the abdominal cavity.
4. Mixed obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by both central and peripheral obesity.

Obesity can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lack of physical activity, poor diet, sleep deprivation, and certain medications. Treatment for obesity typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and a healthy diet, and in some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to achieve weight loss.

Preventing obesity is important for overall health and well-being, and can be achieved through a variety of strategies, including:

1. Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is low in added sugars, saturated fats, and refined carbohydrates.
2. Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or swimming.
3. Getting enough sleep each night.
4. Managing stress levels through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing.
5. Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and quitting smoking.
6. Monitoring weight and body mass index (BMI) on a regular basis to identify any changes or potential health risks.
7. Seeking professional help from a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized guidance on weight management and healthy lifestyle choices.

The causes of colorectal neoplasms are not fully understood, but factors such as age, genetics, diet, and lifestyle have been implicated. Symptoms of colorectal cancer can include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Screening for colorectal cancer is recommended for adults over the age of 50, as it can help detect early-stage tumors and improve survival rates.

There are several subtypes of colorectal neoplasms, including adenomas (which are precancerous polyps), carcinomas (which are malignant tumors), and lymphomas (which are cancers of the immune system). Treatment options for colorectal cancer depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Research into the causes and treatment of colorectal neoplasms is ongoing, and there has been significant progress in recent years. Advances in screening and treatment have improved survival rates for patients with colorectal cancer, and there is hope that continued research will lead to even more effective treatments in the future.

The Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study (or CHEERS) was a study conducted by the United States Environmental ... on CHEERS Lessons Learned From the Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study Protecting Kids from Environmental Exposure ... A CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE RESEARCH STUDY - CHEERS). Presented at American Chemistry Council Peer Advisory Committee ... Thereafter, the U.S. Congress also passed a law that bans EPA from funding intentional exposure research that involves children ...
... ranking it 56th out of 274 in the category Environmental Sciences. "Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology ... The Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (JESEE) is the official journal of the International Society of ... The Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (JESEE) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal focused on ... It was established in 1991 as the Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology and obtained its current name in ...
... almost every tissue in the body has been tested as a biomarker of exposure and almost every major environmental pollutant can ... the route of exposure, the pathway of exposure, and the resulting effects of the exposure. The use of biomarkers in exposure ... Biomarkers of exposure. In W. R. Ott, A. C. Steinemann & L. A. Wallace (Eds.), Exposure analysis (pp. 395-404). Boca Raton, FL ... blood and urine concentrations in the biomonitoring of environmental exposure to 1,3-butadiene, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and benzene ...
"International Society of Exposure Science". NIEHS (2018). "Environmental Factor". NIEHS (2019). "Global Environmental Health ... Lioy, Paul (2008). "Time for a Change: From Exposure Assessment to Exposure Science". Environmental Health Perspectives. 116:7 ... ISES hosts an annual conference and is associated with a scientific journal (the Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental ... The International Society of Exposure Science (ISES), (formally known as the International Society of Exposure Analysis (ISEA ...
Limit for exposure to a chemical substance Exposure science Environmental health - Public health branch focused on ... Contact takes place at an exposure surface over an exposure period. Mathematically, exposure is defined as E = ∫ t 1 t 2 C ( t ... environmental impacts on human health Occupational exposure banding Permissible exposure limit - Workplace environmental ... International Society of Exposure Science Exposure Factors Handbook by the US EPA Software to Estimate Human Exposure to ...
Rappaport, Stephen M. (2011). "Implications of the exposome for exposure science". Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental ... The term 'exposure' is the umbrella term for many different types, ranging from ultraviolet exposure, exposure to the chemicals ... He concluded the need for the 'exposome', like the genome, to map the complete set of environmental exposures a human ... The concept of the exposome was first defined by Christopher Paul Wild as the "life-course environmental exposures (including ...
Koch MW, Metz LM, Agrawal SM, Yong VW (2013). "Environmental factors and their regulation of immunity in multiple sclerosis". J ... This exposure of 10-15 minutes, on a frequency of two to three times per week, will cause the adult's skin to produce enough ... Frequent exposure to the sun can cause yellow non-cancerous bumps on the middle part of the sclera of the eye, called ... Long-term sunlight exposure is known to be associated with the development of some types of skin cancer, skin aging, immune ...
Immediately dangerous to life or health Lethal dose "Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Airborne Chemicals". Environmental ... "Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Program". dels.nas.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-28. "Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)". Office ... Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) set levels of chemical concentration that pose a defined level of risk to humans (the ... These guidelines are ascertained for one, short exposure (with a maximum of eight hours) by the air. The AEGL values are ...
Environmental Science and Technology. 51 (3): 1859-1867. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05782. hdl:10044/1/45509. PMID 28080048. ^ 1. ... Exposure to carbon monoxide is dangerous because of its toxic, odorless nature. Since the gas takes time to build up in the ... Exposure is commonly understood to be the concentration of the airborne pollutant in the air at the mouth and nose boundary. ... Traditionally exposure is estimated based on outdoor concentrations at the residential address. Trips to other locations and ...
Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 58 (2): 138-144. doi:10.1136/oem.58.2.138. PMC 1740099. PMID 11160994. National ... Permissible exposure limit, set by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Recommended exposure limit, set by ... Occupational Exposure Limits Summary - EU Member States The role of occupational exposure limits in the health and safety ... provides a continuum of occupational exposure limit values that allow assessment of the risk of exposure in order to apply ...
"Ticks : Environmental Health : NYC DOHMH." New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/ ... Being mindful of daily weather patterns and vigilantly avoiding exposure to ticks reduces human exposure to Lyme disease. After ... Ticks seek hosts only at temperatures above 7 °C (45 °F). Risk of exposure at temperatures below these is extremely minimal. ... A number of different methods have been shown to mitigate exposure to Lyme disease. Individuals who practice diligence in ticks ...
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory as of 2014 ... The NIOSH occupational exposure banding process has been created to provide a reliable approximation of a safe exposure level ... Occupational exposure limits (OELs) play a critical role in protecting workers from exposure to dangerous concentrations of ... Occupational exposure bands: Define a set range of exposures expected to protect worker health Identify potential health ...
... an exposure-response relationship". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 22 (3): 224-232. doi: ... Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used by workers to prevent specific exposure to the hazard. To mitigate exposure to dust ... washing hands to prevent other dermal or intestinal exposures. Exposure to occupational dusts poses many hazards to workers' ... Long term exposure to dust particles containing metallic compounds have been found to impair pulmonary surfactant and lung ...
Exposure science studies human exposure to environmental contaminants by both identifying and quantifying exposures. Exposure ... Environmental epidemiology studies the relationship between environmental exposures (including exposure to chemicals, radiation ... environmental epidemiology, toxicology, exposure science, environmental engineering, and environmental law. Each of these five ... Environment portal Medicine portal EcoHealth Environmental disease Environmental medicine Environmental toxicology Exposure ...
"Asbestos Exposure". National Cancer Institute, USA. 2017-06-15. "Environmental Health Guidance Note - Asbestos" (PDF). ... It requires a relatively large exposure over a long period of time, which typically only occur in those who directly work with ... In the 1930s, E. R. A. Merewether found that greater exposure resulted in greater risk. Asbestosis is the scarring of lung ... This tissue can be seen microscopically soon after exposure in animal models. Some asbestos fibers become layered by an iron- ...
... and environmental hygiene; exposure assessment; engineering controls; occupational and environmental epidemiology, medicine and ... Biological Exposure Indices Committee Mission - To develop occupational biological exposure guidelines that are scientifically ... The first list of Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices (the TLVs and BEIs book) was published in 1962. A new ... JOEH is a peer-reviewed journal devoted to enhancing the knowledge and practice of occupational and environmental hygiene and ...
... environmental exposure; and blood-feeding arthropods. Lyssaviruses like the rabies virus are transmitted from bats to humans ... though it is likely that the majority of individuals do not develop the disease after exposure. In non-bat mammals, exposure to ... Outside of bites, rabies virus exposure can also occur if infected fluids come in contact with a mucous membrane or a break in ... It is unclear how horses become infected with Hendra virus, though it is believed to occur following direct exposure to flying ...
Because of this link to external stimuli, priming is closely related to exposure theory, which states that people tend to like ... In addition to these basic principles, environmental stimuli also affect behavior. Behaviour is punished or reinforced in the ... "Mere Exposure Effect". Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2018-10-13. Deckers L (2018). Motivation Biological, ... It is a phenomenon whereby exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance ...
Tread compounds include additives to impart wear resistance and traction in addition to environmental resistance. Tread ... "Calender maker". Spiegelhalder, B. (September 1983). "Occupational nitrosamine exposure. 1. Rubber and tyre industry". ... Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (6): 3326-3334. Bibcode:2012EnST...46.3326S. doi:10.1021/es204257d. PMID 22352997. The ... are non-reinforced extruded profiles with additives to give the sides of the tire good abrasion resistance and environmental ...
Rostker, B. (2000). Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II) (Technical Report). Environmental Exposure Reports. Office of the Special ... Rostker, B. (2000a). "Research Report Summaries". Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II) (Technical Report). Environmental Exposure ... Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. 18 (1): 95-108. doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500551. PMID 17299528. Williams ... there is no proven link between DU exposure and increases in human cancers or other significant health or environmental impacts ...
Environmental epidemiology. Exposure and disease. Proceedings of an international workshop on priorities in environmental ... These include environmental influences on miscarriage, caffeine and pregnancy outcome, and environmental influences on cancer ... PMID 18709174 Drinking water disinfection by-product exposure and fetal growth. Hoffman CS, Mendola P, Savitz DA, Herring AH, ... ISBN 1-56670-067-1 Steenland K, Savitz DA (editors). Topics in environmental epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University ...
Vaughan, Wesley (July 30, 2014). "Conservative think tank takes new measure of Alabama's environmental indicators". AL.com. ... Beyerle, Dana (April 25, 2004). "Parties Dispute State Highway Commission". Alabama Exposure. The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved 4 ...
... environmental exposure to mineral fiber as etiology. Environmental Research, 1985; 38(2): 319-331 Constantopoulos SH, Malamou- ... Occupational and environmental exposure to asbestos. In: Victor L. Roggli, Tim D. Oury and Thomas A. Sporn (Eds). Pathology of ... Assessment of an isolated environmental and domestic asbestos exposure in Metsovo NW Greece: evidence of containment (Submitted ... Crushing the ball released more than 200 fibers/ml of air, when the accepted limits for occupational exposure are lower that ...
Exley, C. (2013). "Human exposure to aluminium". Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 15 (10): 1807-1816. doi:10.1039/ ... Rosseland, B.O.; Eldhuset, T.D.; Staurnes, M. (1990). "Environmental effects of aluminium". Environmental Geochemistry and ... Dietary exposure in Europeans averages to 0.2-1.5 mg/kg/week but can be as high as 2.3 mg/kg/week. Higher exposure levels of ... Exposure to powdered aluminium or aluminium welding fumes can cause pulmonary fibrosis. Fine aluminium powder can ignite or ...
For instance, all sites whose environmental or community noise exposure exceeds the day night average sound level (DNL) of 65 ( ... Dose and projected dose are based on sound level and duration of noise exposure in relation to the NIOSH recommended exposure ... population showed that chronic exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss. Noise ... and Spatial Variation in Noise Exposure in the Contiguous United States". Environmental Health Perspectives. 125 (7): 077017. ...
"Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Arsenic Toxicity Exposure Pathways" (PDF). Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease ... after exposure to spiked sediments". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 21 (9): 5952-5959. doi:10.1007/s11356-014- ... has set the recommended exposure limit (REL) to a 15-minute constant exposure of 0.002 mg/m3 (0.002 ppb). The PEL for organic ... these tests cannot foresee possible health outcomes from the exposure. Long-term exposure and consequent excretion through ...
Alternatively, an organization or company may measure a person's exposure to environmental noise in a workplace via a noise ... atlanticei (2019-03-20). "Reducing Excessive Noise Using Engineering Methods , Atlantic Environmental". Atlantic Environmental ... Environmental noise monitoring is the measurement of noise in an outdoor environment caused by transport (e.g. motor vehicles, ... "Controls for Noise Exposure , NIOSH , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-06-22. Retrieved 2020-11-22. "How is Sound Measured?". It's a ...
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states, "Human studies on occupational exposure to ethyl acrylate... ... Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2019-04-28. CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide ... Occupational exposure generally involves exposure that occurs regularly, over an extended period of time.) It is toxic in large ... the Acute Exposure Guideline Level-1 (AEGL-1) is 8.3 ppm, which is almost 7000 times the odor threshold. Merck Index, 11th ...
Steck, D. J.; Field, R. W.; Lynch, C. F. (1999). "Exposure to atmospheric radon". Environmental Health Perspectives. 107 (2): ... An exposure to 1 WL for 1 working-month (170 hours) equals 1 WLM cumulative exposure. A cumulative exposure of 1 WLM is roughly ... Steck, Daniel J.; Field, R. William; Lynch, Charles F. (1999). "Exposure to Atmospheric Radon". Environmental Health ... The danger of high exposure to radon in mines, where exposures can reach 1,000,000 Bq/m3, has long been known. In 1530, ...
Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, (PDF) U.S. CDC, July 2005. Archived 1 April 2007 at the ... Barrett ES, Parlett LE, Wang C, Drobnis EZ, Redmon JB, Swan SH (November 2014). "Environmental exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl ... "National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Updated Tables, February 2011". Archived from the original on 29 ... Studies show that exposure to phthalates is greater from ingestion of certain foods, rather than exposure via water bottles as ...
It is believed that the reported cases of camelpox infection in humans is low due to an immunity gained from exposure to camels ... These methods may be used by camel herders to minimize risk of environmental contamination. In 1995 Saddam Hussein admitted to ... It can also be destroyed by autoclaving, short term exposure to UV light, and boiling for at least 10 minutes. ...
Kardous, Chuck (2016-02-08). "Understanding Noise Exposure Limits: Occupational vs. General Environmental Noise". Centers for ... Exposure to loud noises damages the hair cells in the inner ear that are essential for sending neural impulses to the brain in ... This frequency dependence is reflected in the use of the A-weighting curve to describe the decibel level of an exposure (dB A ... Vibration of the earmuff Exposure to high level noise (190 dB SPL) may cause the earmuff to vibrate off the external ear ...
In cases regarding environmental smoke, the defendants are often the owners or managers of locations where environmental smoke ... "Australian cases on exposure to secondhand smoke in which compensation has been paid, 1986 to 2006". www.tobaccoinaustralia.org ... "Cigarettes Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste". International Journal of Environmental ... In 1991, the Federal Court found advertisements denying environmental smoke to be misleading. In the 1999 case Nixon v. Philip ...
"List G: EPA Registered Hospital Disinfectants Effective Against Norovirus (Norwalk-like virus)". US Environmental Protection ... that develops between 12 and 48 hours after exposure, and lasts for 24-72 hours. Sometimes there is loss of taste, general ... environmental cleaning, 8) staff leave and policy, 9) visitors, 10) education, 11) active case-finding, and 12) communication ... "Persistence of caliciviruses on environmental surfaces and their transfer to food". International Journal of Food Microbiology ...
Abad, F. X.; R. M. Pintó; A. Bosch (October 1994). "Survival of enteric viruses on environmental fomites". Applied and ... "Distinguishing Between Reservoir Exposure and Human-to-Human Transmission for Emerging Pathogens Using Case Onset Data". PLOS ... Environmental Microbiology. 60 (10): 3704-10. doi:10.1128/AEM.60.10.3704-3710.1994. PMC 201876. PMID 7986043. Larson & Liverman ...
Games with environmental hazards only - Games lacking enemies, but containing a potentially violent environment (E.g. Alleyway ... The focus of many of these studies was on the effects of exposure of children to violence, and these studies frequently ... Knytt - A game with only environmental hazards featuring a non-violent main-character wherein the player must guide a small ... Alleyway - A game with only environmental hazards featuring a non-violent main-character wherein the player must break blocks ( ...
They also lack the poisonous chemicals and environmental risks associated with their non-aqueous counterparts. Aqueous Li-ion ... exposure to salt water, and ballistic testing, the battery did not produce any smoke or fire and continued to operate even with ...
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop following exposure to an extremely threatening or horrific event. It is ... the Environmental Science Services Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ..."). Economic ...
"Analyzing Cheniere Energy's Commodity Price Exposure - Market Realist". 7 March 2016. Archived from the original on 3 December ... environmental groups, such as Pacific Environment, Ratepayers for Affordable Clean Energy (RACE), and Rising Tide had moved to ... the FERC concluded its environmental assessment of the Cove Point LNG project, which found that the proposed natural gas export ... the basic process involves circulating the gas through aluminum tube coils and exposure to a compressed refrigerant. As the ...
Breathing the dust can cause lung embolisms, and accumulated exposure damages the liver. Neodymium also acts as an ... "Periodic Table of Elements". Environmental Chemistry.com. Retrieved 2007-04-14. Abundance of elements in the earth's crust and ... Health and Environmental effects". Swain, Frank (March 6, 2009). "How to remove a finger with two super magnets". Seed Media ... Environmental Microbiology. 16 (1): 255-64. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12249. PMID 24034209. Kang, L., Shen, Z. & Jin, C. Neodymium ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 64 (1): 166-171. Bibcode:1998ApEnM..64..166Y. doi:10.1128/AEM.64.1.166-171.1998. PMC ... but that a definitive link between human exposure and cancer has not been proven. Because sterigmatocystin (ST) is an ...
Environmental engineering forms an important field in civil, thus themes like alternative energy and their environmental ... With MicroStation one can detect and resolve clashes, and perform an analysis of real-world solar exposure and shading. The ... Biotransformation and fate of environmental contaminants, Air quality: air pollution, Energy and environmental impacts Of ... Green building design aims to reduce the environmental impact of building. It brings together a vast array of practices, ...
... and environmental tobacco smoke Ventilated: fresh air supply improves respiratory health and can help prevent exposure to other ... Many of these problems are related to environmental triggers in the home. The program checks for excess moisture and humidity ... The grant allows the Healthy Homes program to address environmental triggers that contribute to illnesses, conduct education ...
In 2017, her blog Sarawak Report gained wide recognition for its original and early exposure of the 1Malaysia Development ... Clare Rewcastle Brown (born 20 June 1959) is a British environmental and anti-corruption activist, author, blogger and advocate ... Newman, Melanie; Pegg, David (8 December 2011). "Bell Pottinger targeted environmental campaigner on Wikipedia". ...
2008). "The small genome of an abundant coastal ocean methylotroph". Environmental Microbiology. 10 (7): 1771-1782. doi:10.1111 ... genes encoding for excision enzymes involved in the repair damaged DNA due to UV exposure. One of the most plausible mechanisms ...
... her major research focus is the identification of mechanisms by which genetic variants and environmental exposure interact to ...
doi:10.1016/0098-8472(85)90043-7. Chang, Soju; Lamm, Steven H. (2003-05-01). "Human Health Effects of Sodium Azide Exposure: A ... "Sodium Azide , Environmental Health & Safety , Northeastern University". International Chemical Safety Card 0950. NIOSH Pocket ... ISBN 978-0-309-05229-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Betterton, E. A. (2003). "Environmental ... Environmental and Experimental Botany. 28 (4): 281-288. doi:10.1016/0098-8472(88)90051-2. Rines, H. W. (1985-02-01). "Sodium ...
Environmental prenatal stress exposure, for example, alters glucocorticoid receptor gene expression, gene function, and future ... Child abuse exposure, for example, is associated with lower baseline infant cortisol levels as well as modified HPA axis ... Developmental stress exposure has been shown to alter brain structure and behavioral functions in adulthood. Evidence of ... As rodent offspring are fostered mono-parentally and have no direct exposure with their fathers, offspring born of stressed ...
... the lack of illiquid assets and no exposure to government bonds. As competitors went under, the lender snagged some of the ... including advanced slow-release products aimed at reducing the environmental footprint of the agricultural sector. EuroChem ... were being invested into the innovative environmental technologies, which exceed Russia's regulatory standards", referring to ... sustainable energy in Russia by co-generation of electricity and heat which reduces the coal combusted and the environmental ...
"Cancer incidence and mortality from exposure to radon progeny among Ontario uranium miners". Occupational and Environmental ... Miners' exposure to radiation was not measured before 1958 and exposure limits were not enacted until 1968. Risks to miners at ... Combined with environmental concerns about the nuclear industry following the Three Mile Island accident and increasing costs ... According to a 2012 study published in Nature, there is a "positive exposure-response between silica and lung cancer". Uranium ...
The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from five to twenty-one days. The duration of symptoms is typically two to ... Do environmental conditions in the UK support the natural reservoirs or vectors of disease? Outcome: yes. Quality of evidence: ... Monkeypox is a viral infection that manifests a week or two after exposure with fever and other non-specific symptoms, and then ... United States: On 22 May, President Joe Biden commented "they haven't told me the level of exposure yet but it is something ...
Exposure to environmental toxins, like ambient particulate matter (or air pollution), has been linked to the development of ... Exposure to household air pollution is especially prevalent in lower-resourced areas, contributing to the high burden of air ... Staying in the home can mean exposure to lead, mold and rodents within that home that can lead to an increased risk of illness ... Homes with roaches and mice, as well as mold and mildew put children at risk for developing asthma as well as exposure to ...
"Environmental factors in the development of autism spectrum disorders". Environment International. 88: 288-298. doi:10.1016/j. ... hormone disruption and it has been suggested that exposure to perfumes and/or synthetic fragrances may be linked to the ...
"Environmental Justice, Metrics & California's San Joaquin Valley". DRAFT CALIFORNIA COMMUNITIES ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCREENING ... because it creates a solution to help these communities that have been affected by health disparities from the high exposures ... based tool on the California Environmental Protection Agency study of 1,769 distinct ZIP code areas that measures environmental ... The cap-and-trade came about as a way to lessen the environmental impact of companies on the community. The system is ...
The experiment was based upon the principles of social learning theory, which focuses on environmental influences and ... conclusions cannot be made regarding the long-term effects of exposure to violence. 1960s portal Behaviorism Developmental ...
Excessive exposure to VOCs can lead to irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headache, loss of coordination, and nausea and ... "3D Printing Safety" (PDF). Carnegie Mellon University Environmental Health & Safety. Fuges, Christina M. "Changing the Rules". ... Although no occupational exposure limits specific to 3D printer emissions exist, certain source materials used in 3D printing, ... Additional hazards include burns from hot surfaces such as lamps and print head blocks, exposure to laser or ultraviolet ...
Increased exposure of fluoride may lead to certain adverse side effects, including dental fluorosis and developmental ... Grandjean, Philippe (2019-12-01). "Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: an updated review". Environmental Health. 18 (1): 110 ... It can be induced by increased fluoride exposure, typically from stannous fluoride-containing products or fluoridated water. ... Mascarenhas, Ana Karina; Burt, Brian A. (1998-08-01). "Fluorosis risk from early exposure to fluoride toothpaste". Community ...
... for Environmental Monitoring". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 23: 2179-2181. doi:10.1002/etc.2339. PMID 24006333. ... The POCIS sampler mimics the respiratory exposure of organisms living in the aquatic environment and can provide an ... Rs x t x n x Cc x Pr x Et > MQL x Vi where Cc is the predicted environmental concentration of the contaminant t is the ... The USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center (CERC) is a self-proclaimed international leader in the field of passive ...
This includes its environmental conditions (relative humidity, temperature, exposure to light), integrated pest management ... "Environmental and Display Guidelines for Paintings and Polychrome Sculptures". Canadian Conservation Institute. Retrieved April ...
... as well as to timely localize infection sites using the Exposure Notification (notification system on the risk of contagion ... Applying for a business license Applying for a death certificate Applying for a driver's license Applying for environmental ...
To learn how to reduce exposure, visit the US Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) Pesticide Safety Tips page. ... Mothers should try to reduce or eliminate their exposure to environmental chemicals as much as possible while breastfeeding. ... Wildfire Smoke Exposure. Mothers may continue to breastfeed after wildfire smoke exposure; however, they should take steps to 1 ... Studies on the effects of exposure to pesticides through breast milk are lacking, so we do not know what level of exposure to ...
Contact the nearest Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit to learn how to protect your child from exposure to health ... Childrens rapid development during the fetal period through early childhood makes them more vulnerable to environmental ... Lets Talk about Environmental Health. Taking an environmental exposure history (asking about potential hazards around you) is ... Many environmental exposures in children and pregnant women can be prevented-and you can learn how. Contact the PEHSU closest ...
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Environmental Exposure and Leptospirosis, Peru On This Page Patients and Methods Study Design Results Discussion Cite This ... Environmental Exposure and Leptospirosis, Peru. Volume 10, Number 6-June 2004. Article Views: 610. Data is collected weekly and ... First, human exposure to Leptospira in sites with contrasting ecologic features depended more on environmental context than the ... Environmental Exposure and Leptospirosis, Peru. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(6):1016-1022. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030660. ...
... J Neurosci. 2022 Apr 27;42( ... exhibit a sustained depression of synaptic transmission that is restored by environmental enrichment. On its own, environmental ... perinatal fentanyl exposure in adolescent male and female C57BL/6J mice and assessed the therapeutic potential of environmental ... Here, we employ a preclinical model of perinatal fentanyl exposure that recapitulates these long-term impairments and show, for ...
Environmental Toxins Research: Childhood Exposure. Posted on December 1, 2006. (March 30, 2012) by AAHD ... This article examines exposure of children to lead, mercury, and environmental tobacco smoke, three toxicants known to affect ... Environmental exposures (chemical, physical, biological, and psychosocial) will be assessed repeatedly during pregnancy and ... An investigation of the effects of environmental exposures on child development is a complex endeavor that requires ...
Dermal exposures of the chemicals were 5.7-6.5 times higher than inhalation exposures. The HQs for total exposure were all ... Inhalation and dermal exposures were estimated using exposure algorithms based on exposure factors obtained from a nationwide ... was exceed in one subject for inhalation exposure of benzene and four subjects for dermal exposure of formaldehyde, while 19.8 ... The mean inhalation exposure estimates for formaldehyde, benzene, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride were 6.9 × 10−7, 1.7 × ...
We measure exposure to ground-level nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) using a countrys ambient ground-level concentration. The ... A score of 100 indicates a country has among the lowest exposure in the world (≤5th-percentile), while a score of 0 indicates a ... Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. Center for International Earth Science Information Network Earth Institute, ... Environmental Performance Index is a registered trademark of Yale University. All rights reserved. ...
Cyanide exposure can happen occupationally or in low levels from inhaling cigarette smoke - or from being poisoned by someone ... Environmental Resource Centers Hazardous Waste Training is available at nationwide locations, and via live webcasts. If you ... To minimize exposure, avoid breathing exhaust, do not idle the engine except as necessary, and assure adequate ventilation ... Environmental Resource Center may also distribute various newsletters or advertisements to you. You can subscribe and ...
Air, Antibiotic resistance, Colonisation, Exposure, Food, Health, Infection, Soil, Transmission, Water. ... Environmental Evidence Journal *Critical Guide to Claims *Resources for Commissioning an Evidence Synthesis? *Working Groups * ... Existing evidence on antibiotic resistance exposure and transmission to humans from the environment: a systematic map. ... Copyright © 2021 Collaboration for Environmental Evidence. Developed by Kings Of The Web ...
Environmental Exposure Litigation: Recent Developments with Respect to Class Certification and Medical Monitoring Claims. ... Frank Citera and Sylvia Simson are participating in a Clear Law Institute webinar titled "Environmental Exposure Litigation: ... clearlawinstitute.com/shop/webinars/live-webinars/environmental-exposure-litigation-recent-developments-with-respect-to-class- ... The webinar will focus on recent developments at the class certification stage in the environmental toxic tort arena, including ...
Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the Occupational & Environmental Medicine web site. ... Efficiency of different grouping schemes for dust exposure in the European carbon black respiratory morbidity study. ... Efficiency of different grouping schemes for dust exposure in the European carbon black respiratory morbidity study. ... Efficiency of different grouping schemes for dust exposure in the European carbon black respiratory morbidity study. ...
In Tags: Childrens Environmental Health Environmental Health Environmental Justice Healthy Homes Lead State Policy Water ... In Issues: Cumulative Impact Environmental Health Environmental Justice Healthy Homes Lead State Policy Toxic Free Products ... cumulative burden of exposure to toxic chemicals and other environmental impacts that these communities are burdened with due ... WE ACT for Environmental Justice is a Northern Manhattan membership-based organization whose mission is to build healthy ...
Environmental carcinogen exposure and lifestyle factors affecting cancer risk in Qatar: findings from a qualitative review ... These include factors such as exposure to environmental air pollution, occupational exposure to carcinogenic compounds, and ... The review included exposure to environmental agents carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Cancer ... Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal , All issues , Volume 22, 2016 , Volume 22, issue 3 , Environmental carcinogen exposure ...
Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), Domestic Substances List (DSL), public health, report, response to consultation ... Canadian Environmental Law Association. 1500-55 University Avenue,. Toronto, Ontario. M5J 2H7 ... Proposal for Priority Setting for Existing Substances with the Greatest Potential for Human Exposure. ... World Wildlife Fund, Canadian Environmental Law Association, Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment. ...
New Cohorts for Environmental Exposures and Cancer Risk (CEECR) Coordinating Center (U24 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) RFA-CA-20- ... Environmental Exposures: For purposes of this FOA environmental exposures refers to all the physical, chemical, and biological ... CEECR: Cohorts for environmental exposures and cancer risk.. CEECR Program: Refers to the overall NIH funding and stewardship ... New Cohorts for Environmental Exposures and Cancer Risk (CEECR) Coordinating Center (U24 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) ...
In the Field: Training CHW Parents to Protect Kids from Environmental Exposures / 26 August 2019 / 0 Comments ... MCNs Kate Kruse trains CHW parents on environmental exposure.]. When Gloria came to work in the United States, lead poisoning ... In the Field: Training CHW Parents to Protect Kids from Environmental Exposures. by Jordana Oman August 26, 2019 ... Want to learn more about how you can minimize your childs exposure to environmental contaminants? Here are some resources that ...
Environmental exposure to chemicals is thought to be a potential factor in worsening sperm quality, but the jury is still out ...
... and analyzed the optimal micro-environmental exposure levels for passengers. To this end, both micro-environmental exposures ... Further, the optimal exposure levels of these bus micro-environmental indicators are 0-65 dB, 22-28 °C, 41-50%, and 18-19 ... The threshold effects of bus micro-environmental exposures on passengers momentary mood. The bus plays a crucial role in the ... Previous research on bus micro-environmental exposures and their adverse impacts on passengers health and comfort has ...
Policy on Exposure to Infectious and Environmental Hazards. 1. Blood - Body Fluid Exposure. All students shall successfully ... A student who has been evaluated and/or treated for exposure to blood and body fluids, whether at UVA or at an away location, ... Procedure for immediate care and treatment due to blood - body fluid exposure:. For rotations within UVA Medical Center:. *The ... The "Agreement for follow-up of Needle-stick/Blood or Body Fluid Exposure" form will be completed by the triage nurse, and the ...
Epidemiological studies of environmental exposures should include exposure-response analyses accounting for uncertainties in ... Failure to account for uncertainties in exposure estimation could lead to biased results in exposure-response analyses. ... simulation method to quantify the effect of uncertainties in exposure estimates using full-likelihood methods. For exposures ... approaches to account for exposure estimation errors in risk analyses and to suggest how each could be applied in environmental ...
... (2012) ... The results demonstrate that fetal exposure is highly correlated with maternal exposure. This study is the first to report ... Environmental xenoestrogens (EEs) are chemicals that when they enter the body, the body responds to them as it would to ... Exposure to EEs is thought to result in adverse effects on humans such as decreased fertility, increased susceptibility to ...
Environmental exposure of a simulated pond ecosystem to a CuO nanoparticle-based wood stain throughout its life cycle. Title. ... Environmental exposure of a simulated pond ecosystem to a CuO nanoparticle-based wood stain throughout its life cycle. ...
Environmental exposures. News & Events. News & Events Nouvelles Launch of the World Cancer Report Updates self-paced e-learning ... Occupational exposure to chrysotile in workers in mines and processing facilities in Asbest, Russian Federation ... Toxicogenomics and functional impact of carcinogen exposure in humans and experimental models ASBEST CHRYSOTILE COHORT STUDY: ...
NIEHS scientists discussed environmental exposure, genomics, and genetics studies with Human Heredity and Health in Africa ... Environmental exposure and genetics research in Africa. NIEHS scientists discussed environmental exposure, genomics, and ... The H3Africa consortium also includes a charge to evaluate environmental exposures.. The conference was held in Entebbe, which ... McAllister and Joubert discussed the opportunities and challenges of studying environmental exposures during their visit to the ...
Synergistic Bacterial Stress Results from Exposure to Nano-Ag and Nano-TiO2 Mixtures under Light in Environmental Media. ... Synergistic Bacterial Stress Results from Exposure to Nano-Ag and Nano-TiO2 Mixtures under Light in Environmental Media. ...
... (JEEA) is an international peer-reviewed, open access journal. ... Journal of Environmental Exposure Assessment. ISSN 2771-5949 (Online) [email protected] ... Journal of Environmental Exposure Assessment Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics Metabolism and Target Organ Damage ...
... to assess the presence and nature of health hazards at specific Superfund sites and to help prevent or reduce further exposure ... and the illnesses that result from such exposures. ... New Funding Announced to Evaluate Exposure to Environmental ... Identifying exposure pathways at specific sites. *Reviewing environmental and health data to identify potential health risks ... The ATSDR Partnership to Promote Local Efforts to Reduce Environmental Exposure (APPLETREE) cooperative agreement program will ...
Report: Exposure to environmental heat at Arkansas Glass Container Corporation in Jonesboro, Arkansas. DATE: 07/17/20 ...
  • Contact the experts at your nearest Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) to learn how to protect children from exposures to environmental health hazards. (cdc.gov)
  • Taking an environmental exposure history (asking about potential hazards around you) is essential for health care providers to understand patients' exposure risks and help reduce them. (cdc.gov)
  • Most doctors agree that counseling patients about environmental health hazards could prevent exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • While we push for his signature, WE ACT and its coalition partners will continue to pursue legislation that reduces the level of exposure to lead and other toxic chemicals, especially in communities of color, which studies have shown are disproportionately exposed to more toxic chemicals and other environmental hazards, resulting in cumulative adverse impacts on their health and well-being. (weact.org)
  • The ATSDR Partnership to Promote Local Efforts to Reduce Environmental Exposure (APPLETREE) cooperative agreement program will award $13.95 million to fund 30 state health departments to evaluate past and present exposure to environmental hazards and to prevent future exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • Some recipients will also use program awards to develop plans and take action to protect children from environmental hazards through the safe siting of early care and education facilities. (cdc.gov)
  • The APPLETREE program is critical to ATSDR's success in accomplishing its mission to protect people's health from environmental hazards that can be present in the air they breathe, the water they drink, or the food they eat. (cdc.gov)
  • The number of youth involved in agriculture work is increasing, and they, in particular, may be at increased risk for occupational hazards, such as pesticide exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Adolescents provided insight on such topics as perceived vulnerability of illness due to pesticide exposure, attitudes toward farmwork, influence of their boss, knowledge of occupational hazards, safety training, and barriers to occupational choice. (cdc.gov)
  • Lessons learned for the National Children's Study from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Centers for Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research. (aahd.us)
  • This mini-monograph was developed to highlight the experiences of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Centers for Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research, focusing particularly on several areas of interest for the National Children's Study. (aahd.us)
  • The Children's Centers have addressed and overcome many hurdles in their efforts to understand the link between environmental exposures and health outcomes as well as interactions between exposures and a variety of social and cultural factors. (aahd.us)
  • Atlanta, GA - Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) released the final report for the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure assessments (EA) conducted in ten sites across the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • The benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the potential risk of exposure to chemicals through breast milk for most infants. (cdc.gov)
  • Mothers should try to reduce or eliminate their exposure to environmental chemicals as much as possible while breastfeeding. (cdc.gov)
  • Dermal exposures of the chemicals were 5.7-6.5 times higher than inhalation exposures. (nature.com)
  • New proposed amendments to the Prop 65 regulations will provide safe harbor guidance to businesses concerning how to comply with the warning requirements under the rule for exposures to listed chemicals associated with the use of rental vehicles. (ercweb.com)
  • At the same time, the proposed amendments would help ensure that rental vehicle warnings are provided to vehicle renters prior to exposure to listed chemicals from the use of rental vehicles. (ercweb.com)
  • ALBANY, NY - WE ACT for Environmental Justice (WE ACT) is celebrating the passage of two bills by the New York State legislature that will reduce the levels of toxic chemicals that residents of low-income communities and communities of color are routinely exposed to. (weact.org)
  • WE ACT and its coalition partners, Lead Free Kids New York and JustGreen Partnership, had been advocating for these bills as part of its commitment to addressing the disproportionate, cumulative burden of exposure to toxic chemicals and other environmental impacts that these communities are burdened with due to systemic racism. (weact.org)
  • Studies show that exposure to these chemicals causes endocrine and thyroid disruption, neurological and immune system disruptions, cancer, and adverse fetal and child development. (weact.org)
  • Children are most vulnerable to the toxic impacts of these flame retardant chemicals because their brains and bodies are still growing," explained Sonal Jessel, M.P.H., Director of Policy at WE ACT for Environmental Justice. (weact.org)
  • While the passage of these bills marks a significant step in reducing exposure to toxic chemicals for New Yorkers, we still need New York State Governor Andrew M. Cuomo to sign them into law. (weact.org)
  • During these workshops, I partnered with ECMHSP staff to train farmworker parents to educate other farmworker parents in their community about how to keep their children safe from environmental contaminants such as pesticides, household chemicals, asthma triggers, and lead. (migrantclinician.org)
  • Environmental exposure to chemicals is thought to be a potential factor in worsening sperm quality, but the jury is still out on whether air pollution might also have a role. (thestatesman.com)
  • Environmental xenoestrogens (EEs) are chemicals that when they enter the body, the body responds to them as it would to endogenous estrogens. (canterbury.ac.nz)
  • The resources provide guidance for how employers can protect workers from hazardous exposures to silica dust. (ercweb.com)
  • Environmental Resource Center's Hazardous Waste Training is available at nationwide locations, and via live webcasts. (ercweb.com)
  • Like so many other migrant parents, Gloria was unaware of the dangers of lead poisoning, and therefore unable to prevent her child's exposure to the hazardous contaminant. (migrantclinician.org)
  • ATSDR will give resources and guidance to assess and respond to site-specific issues involving exposure to hazardous substances in the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • ATSDR, a federal public health agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, evaluates the potential for adverse human health effects of exposure to hazardous substances in the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to pesticides can happen by inhaling them, ingesting them by eating foods that were sprayed with pesticides, or absorbing them through the skin. (cdc.gov)
  • Studies on the effects of exposure to pesticides through breast milk are lacking, so we do not know what level of exposure to pesticides is safe for breastfeeding. (cdc.gov)
  • The science on the health risks of PFAS exposure is evolving. (cdc.gov)
  • However, given the scientific understanding at this time, the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh any potential risks of PFAS exposure through breast milk. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite the focus on preventing toxic chemical exposures during pregnancy, the perinatal period, and childhood, health professionals have given little attention to the risks and effects of toxic chemical exposures on children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (DD). (aahd.us)
  • The National Children's Study is hypothesis-driven and will seek information on environmental risks and individual susceptibility factors for asthma, birth defects, dyslexia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, schizophrenia, and obesity, as well as for adverse birth outcomes. (aahd.us)
  • The limited data on occupational exposure suggests that the greatest risks for workers in the construction industry are likely to be from environmental dust and related air pollutants. (who.int)
  • Some environmental risks are a part of the natural world, like radon in the soil. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To learn how to reduce exposure, visit the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Pesticide Safety Tips page . (cdc.gov)
  • However, you are pregnant and wonder if pesticide exposure could harm your unborn child. (cdc.gov)
  • These include general methodologic issues for conducting longitudinal birth cohort studies and community-based participatory research and for measuring air pollution exposures, pesticide exposures, asthma, and neurobehavioral toxicity. (aahd.us)
  • Hispanic adolescent farmworkers' perceptions associated with pesticide exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Adolescents' risk perception and health beliefs associated with pesticide exposure are examined on four levels of environmental influence: microenvironment, organizational environment, social/community environment, and macroenvironment. (cdc.gov)
  • The risk of disease depends on many factors including how much asbestos is in the air and how often and for how long exposure occurs. (cdc.gov)
  • Others are the result of human activities, like lead poisoning from paint, or exposure to asbestos or mercury from mining or industrial use. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Therefore, use of trigger spray MSRs in Korea should require more detailed exposure and risk assessment, especially for benzene. (nature.com)
  • List the rationale for taking an exposure history as part of a clinical assessment. (cdc.gov)
  • Human cancer : epidemiology and environmental causes / John Higginson, Calum S. Muir, Nubia Muñoz. (who.int)
  • Here, we examined the behavioral and synaptic consequences of perinatal fentanyl exposure in adolescent male and female C57BL/6J mice and assessed the therapeutic potential of environmental enrichment to mitigate these effects. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we employ a preclinical model of perinatal fentanyl exposure that recapitulates these long-term impairments and show, for the first time, that environmental enrichment can reverse deficits in somatosensory circuit function and behavior. (nih.gov)
  • These findings have the potential to directly inform and guide ongoing efforts to mitigate the consequences of perinatal opioid exposure. (nih.gov)
  • We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional seroepidemiologic study in Peru to determine potential relationships of environmental context to human exposure to Leptospira and disease associated with seroconversion. (cdc.gov)
  • Human exposure to Leptospira in the Iquitos region is high, likely related both to the ubiquity of leptospires in the environment and human behavior conducive to transmission from infected zoonotic sources. (cdc.gov)
  • Our objective was to determine potential relationships of environmental context to human exposure to Leptospira . (cdc.gov)
  • Extended monitoring of the composition of and human exposure to air pollutants is recommended. (who.int)
  • The review included exposure to environmental agents carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Cancer classification), as well as lifestyle factors known to affect cancer risk. (who.int)
  • Exposure to EEs is thought to result in adverse effects on humans such as decreased fertility, increased susceptibility to hormone-sensitive cancers, deformities of the male genitalia and precocious puberty in females. (canterbury.ac.nz)
  • Adverse associations were found for CV disease and mortality , diabetes, hearing impairment , neurological disorders and adverse reproductive outcomes with environmental noise exposure in humans , especially occupational noise . (bvsalud.org)
  • Previous research on bus micro-environmental exposures and their adverse impacts on passengers' health and comfort has attracted considerable attention. (trb.org)
  • Of the 31 unique health outcomes identified in 23 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, environmental noise exposure was more likely to result in a series of adverse outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The PFAS exposure assessments, which began in 2018, provided information to communities about the possible levels of PFAS in their bodies. (cdc.gov)
  • The PFAS exposure assessments did not look at what types of health problems the exposure might cause. (cdc.gov)
  • But has your child's pediatrician ever talked to you about environmental exposures? (cdc.gov)
  • Through this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) will support a Coordinating Center to facilitate coordination across the new Cohorts for Environmental Exposures and Cancer Risk (CEECR) (see UG3/UH3 phased awards supported under companion RFA-CA-20-049). (nih.gov)
  • The goal of the Cohorts for Environmental Exposures and Cancer Risk (CEECR) is to support innovative scientific research in new prospective cohorts that addresses knowledge gaps in cancer etiology and carcinogenesis process with a focus on environmental exposures. (nih.gov)
  • The good news is that environmental health experts in Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units (PEHSUs) throughout North America can meet these needs. (cdc.gov)
  • PEHSUs have addressed children's environmental health for many years. (cdc.gov)
  • This article examines exposure of children to lead, mercury, and environmental tobacco smoke, three toxicants known to affect children's health and development. (aahd.us)
  • The authors identify sources of these toxicants, examine research documenting their effects on children, consider strategies to prevent and manage exposure, identify characteristics and behaviors placing children with DD at increased risk of exposure, and discuss implications for health providers. (aahd.us)
  • It is hoped that these articles will be of value to others who are embarking on studies of children's environmental health. (aahd.us)
  • To discover preventable environmental risk factors for disease in children, the US Congress directed the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, through the Children's Health Act of 2000, to conduct the National Children's Study. (aahd.us)
  • The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has developed a science-based chemical decontamination decision tool and updated guidance on how best to decontaminate a massive number of people after chemical exposure. (ercweb.com)
  • We thank New York State Senator Todd Kaminsky and New York State Assemblyman Steve Englebright for their sponsorship of this legislation, and our JustGreen Partnership - a statewide coalition we co-chair that is working for environmental health and justice - for leading the advocacy effort. (weact.org)
  • WE ACT for Environmental Justice is a Northern Manhattan membership-based organization whose mission is to build healthy communities by ensuring that people of color and/or low-income residents participate meaningfully in the creation of sound and fair environmental health and protection policies and practices. (weact.org)
  • Through this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) solicit applications for a Coordinating Center, which will facilitate coordination among new prospective cohorts (see UG3/UH3 phased awards supported under companion RFA-CA-20-049). (nih.gov)
  • ABSTRACT To meet the country's health goals for 2011-2016, a qualitative review of exposure to risk factors for cancer in Qatar was conducted in 2013. (who.int)
  • Through Migrant Clinicians Network's project, " It Takes Community: Protecting Farmworker Children from Environmental Contaminants ," Gloria has been trained as a community health worker (CHW) and shares her story with other parents in her community so that their children can avoid exposure to toxic substances like lead. (migrantclinician.org)
  • A student who has been evaluated and/or treated for exposure to blood and body fluids, whether at UVA or at an away location, will be referred to the Student Health Center for follow-up. (virginia.edu)
  • The student will be advised to call Student Health (434-982-3915) to be seen within 48 Hours after exposure. (virginia.edu)
  • The Student Health triage physician will review the needle-stick and blood and body fluid report forms at the 48 hour follow-up visit after the exposure. (virginia.edu)
  • Policies and procedures related to exposure to infectious agents are available through Student Health and are based on CDC and OSHA guidelines. (virginia.edu)
  • NIEHS scientists discussed environmental exposure, genomics, and genetics studies with Human Heredity and Health in Africa researchers. (nih.gov)
  • At the eleventh semi-annual meeting of the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) consortium, three scientists from NIEHS discussed ways to build environmental exposure research into genomics and genetics studies. (nih.gov)
  • As capacity for genomic research has developed, there is a timely opportunity to develop environmental health research capacity, enabling better evaluation of the interplay between genomics, environment, and health in Africa," said Jennifer Troyer, Ph.D. , from the National Human Genome Research Institute. (nih.gov)
  • McAllister and Joubert encouraged consortium members to establish a new H3Africa working group focused on environmental health. (nih.gov)
  • McAllister, Joubert, and Mark Nicol, Ph.D., a consortium researcher from the University of Cape Town, facilitated a discussion of topics, such as environmental health science and project needs. (nih.gov)
  • Radiation and health : the biological effects of low-level exposure to ionizing radiation / edited by Robin Russell Jones and Richard Southwood. (who.int)
  • Environmental noise exposure and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Environmental noise is becoming increasingly recognized as an urgent public health problem, but the quality of current studies needs to be assessed. (bvsalud.org)
  • To evaluate the significance, validity and potential biases of the associations between environmental noise exposure and health outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • We conducted an umbrella review of the evidence across meta-analyses of environmental noise exposure and any health outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Describe how to access the pediatric environmental health specialty units or PEHSU resources. (cdc.gov)
  • She's also the Associate Director for Maternal Fetal Health and Environment Program for the UCSF Pediatric and Environmental Health Specialty Unit, PEHSU, and a member of UCSF's program in reproductive health and environment. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Sheffield is an Assistant Professor at the Icahn School of Medicine and she's the Deputy Directory of the Region Two Pediatric and Environmental Health Specialty Unit. (cdc.gov)
  • They also offer professional education to physicians, nurses and nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and others in reproductive and pediatric environmental medicine and within schools of medicine and nursing. (cdc.gov)
  • Mutation, cancer, and malformation : proceedings of an International Workshop on Principles of Environmental Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Teratogenesis, held May 25-June 1, 1983, in Shanghai, People's Republic of China / edited by Ernest H. Y. Chu and Walderico M. Generoso. (who.int)
  • Africa's genetic diversity, combined with unique exposures and varied environments, may foster especially fruitful research on GxE interactions, she emphasized. (nih.gov)
  • The overarching goal of the CEECR is to support innovative scientific research in new prospective cohorts to address knowledge gaps between environmental exposures and cancer etiology, and the genetic, lifestyle and behavioral factors that modify risk across diverse populations. (nih.gov)
  • Lead in School Drinking Water (S. 2122-A/A. 160-B) updates the Safe School Drinking Water Act to reduce the lead action level to 5 PPB, which gets New York closer to the 1 PPB level recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics - though lead is such a highly toxic substance that there is no safe level of exposure. (weact.org)
  • We describe how early life environmental influences including infectious exposure may lead to autoantibody production in later life thus beginning the journey that leads to autoimmune diseases such as lupus in susceptible individuals. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Both SLE and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can occur in very young children and this supports the possibility that important environmental factors must be present during or before this time. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The H3Africa consortium also includes a charge to evaluate environmental exposures. (nih.gov)
  • You can search both websites for information on specific topics, like childhood lead exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Some of the major lessons learned include the critical importance of long-term studies for assessing the full range of developmental consequences of environmental exposures, recognition of the unique challenges presented at different life stages for both outcome and exposure measurement, and the importance of ethical issues that must be dealt with in a changing medical and legal environment. (aahd.us)
  • In this study, we estimated the inhalation and dermal exposures associated with the use of trigger spray MSRs, and performed screening-level risk assessments for the use of this type of product in Korea. (nature.com)
  • Efficiency of different grouping schemes for dust exposure in the European carbon black respiratory morbidity study. (bmj.com)
  • At the conclusion of this session the participants will be able to accomplish the following: Identify why taking an environmental exposure history is a critical consideration during a clinical intake, during a disaster or disaster recovery situation. (cdc.gov)
  • We thank New York State Senator Gustavo Rivera and New York State Assemblyman Richard Gottfried for their sponsorship of this legislation, and Lead Free Kids New York - a statewide coalition we are a part of, working to end childhood lead exposure - for leading the advocacy effort. (weact.org)
  • Collman said attendees - from students and postdoctoral fellows to lead researchers - later expressed their interest in expanding their studies to include environmental exposures. (nih.gov)
  • Perinatally-exposed adolescent mice displayed hyperactivity (PD45), enhanced sensitivity to anxiogenic environments (PD46), and sensory maladaptation (PD47), sustained behavioral effects that were completely normalized by environmental enrichment (PD21-PD45). (nih.gov)
  • Children's rapid development from before they are born through early childhood puts them at higher risk for environmental exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • PEHSUs are committed to protecting children from exposure to harmful substances from the earliest stages of development before birth and throughout childhood. (cdc.gov)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex trait with evidence of polygenic inheritance influenced by environmental factors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Evidence suggests that some environmental exposures need to be present many years before the onset of SLE. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Children are at higher risk to environmental exposures from the prenatal period through puberty. (cdc.gov)
  • Just their physical size puts children at greater risk of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Many environmental exposures in children and pregnant women can be prevented-and you can learn how. (cdc.gov)
  • In-home toxic chemical exposures and children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. (aahd.us)
  • This explication of lessons learned provides an outstanding opportunity for the planners of the National Children's Study to draw on past experiences that provide information on what has and has not worked when studying diverse multiracial and multiethnic groups of children with unique urban and rural exposures. (aahd.us)
  • As such, children are disproportionally vulnerable to environmental exposures in disasters and every day, differences that are often unrecognized and overlooked by professionals, policy makers, and the public in general. (cdc.gov)
  • At the second environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS), cessation, stage, classes were randomly selected and all students in media and advertising, and school curriculum. (who.int)
  • Another reason for the medical importance of environmental Mycobacterium is the potential impact on the immune response. (who.int)
  • exposure to environmental triggers. (who.int)
  • California's Proposition 65 requires businesses to provide a clear and reasonable warning before they cause an exposure to a chemical listed as known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. (ercweb.com)
  • Now, in an animal study in ACS' Chemical Research in Toxicology , researchers report a new precise and accurate biomarker of cyanide exposure. (ercweb.com)
  • NIEHS scientific support is complemented with funding for key research projects on environmental factors. (nih.gov)
  • Inhalation and dermal exposures were estimated using exposure algorithms based on exposure factors obtained from a nationwide survey of 10,000 participants and chemical analyses of the four most popular trigger spray MSRs. (nature.com)
  • However, few studies to date have explored the correlation between bus micro-environmental exposures and passengers' momentary mood, examined the thresholds of various micro-environmental factors, and analyzed the optimal micro-environmental exposure levels for passengers. (trb.org)
  • The frequencies of environmental Mycobacterium in the low-prevalence area were much higher than in the high-prevalence area, perhaps due to different environmental factors. (who.int)
  • Passengers' momentary mood is subject to the threshold effects of these four micro-environmental indicators. (trb.org)
  • Further, the optimal exposure levels of these bus micro-environmental indicators are 0-65 dB, 22-28 °C, 41-50%, and 18-19 respectively. (trb.org)
  • The results demonstrate that fetal exposure is highly correlated with maternal exposure. (canterbury.ac.nz)