Enteric nervous system. Medical search

Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)

Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.

One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)

One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the enteric nervous system. The submucous (Meissner's) plexus is in the connective tissue of the submucosa. Its neurons innervate the epithelium, blood vessels, endocrine cells, other submucosal ganglia, and myenteric ganglia, and play an important role in regulating ion and water transport. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)

The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).

Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases involved in the signaling of GLIAL CELL-LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR ligands. They contain an extracellular cadherin domain and form a receptor complexes with GDNF RECEPTORS. Mutations in ret protein are responsible for HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE and MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2.

The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).

The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.

A subclass of closely-related SOX transcription factors. Members of this subfamily have been implicated in regulating the differentiation of OLIGODENDROCYTES during neural crest formation and in CHONDROGENESIS.

A 21-amino acid peptide that circulates in the plasma, but its source is not known. Endothelin-3 has been found in high concentrations in the brain and may regulate important functions in neurons and astrocytes, such as proliferation and development. It also is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the lung and kidney. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

The founding member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. It was originally characterized as a NERVE GROWTH FACTOR promoting the survival of MIDBRAIN dopaminergic NEURONS, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for PARKINSON DISEASE.

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.

The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.

The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.

A family of GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-anchored cell surface receptors that are specific for GLIAL CELL LINE-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS. They form a multi-component receptor complex with PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-RET and regulate a variety of intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS in conjunction with c-ret protein.

Common name for two distinct groups of BIRDS in the order GALLIFORMES: the New World or American quails of the family Odontophoridae and the Old World quails in the genus COTURNIX, family Phasianidae.

Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.

Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.

Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.

A movement, caused by sequential muscle contraction, that pushes the contents of the intestines or other tubular organs in one direction.

The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

c-Kit positive cells related to SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that are intercalated between the autonomic nerves and the effector smooth muscle cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Different phenotypic classes play roles as pacemakers, mediators of neural inputs, and mechanosensors.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. It appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of Alzheimer's patients. (Can J Neurol Sci 1990 Aug;17(3):302)

The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

A family of low-molecular weight, non-histone proteins found in chromatin.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.

A complex network of nerve fibers including sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents and visceral afferents. The celiac plexus is the largest of the autonomic plexuses and is located in the abdomen surrounding the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.

A segment of the LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the CECUM; the COLON; and the RECTUM.

Nerve cells where transmission is mediated by NITRIC OXIDE.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A subtype of G-protein-coupled SEROTONIN receptors that preferentially couple to GS STIMULATORY G-PROTEINS resulting in increased intracellular CYCLIC AMP. Several isoforms of the receptor exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

A genus of BIRDS in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES, containing the common European and other Old World QUAIL.

A thioester hydrolase which acts on esters formed between thiols such as DITHIOTHREITOL or GLUTATHIONE and the C-terminal glycine residue of UBIQUITIN.

Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A subtype of endothelin receptor found predominantly in the KIDNEY. It may play a role in reducing systemic ENDOTHELIN levels.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

A genus of sphinx or hawk moths of the family Sphingidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.

The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.

A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.

An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.

A flavoprotein that reversibly oxidizes NADPH to NADP and a reduced acceptor. EC 1.6.99.1.

A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. It is also found in LUNG, TESTIS, OVARY, KIDNEY, and BREAST, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for MESOTHELIOMA.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Passage of food (sometimes in the form of a test meal) through the gastrointestinal tract as measured in minutes or hours. The rate of passage through the intestine is an indicator of small bowel function.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ligand that is specific for the GFRA2 RECEPTOR. Neurturin is essential for the development of specific postganglionic parasympathetic NEURONS.

Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.

A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in NERVE TISSUE.

A pattern of gastrointestinal muscle contraction and depolarizing myoelectric activity that moves from the stomach to the ILEOCECAL VALVE at regular frequency during the interdigestive period. The complex and its accompanying motor activity periodically cleanse the bowel of interdigestive secretion and debris in preparation for the next meal.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

A family of RNA-binding proteins that are homologues of ELAV protein, Drosophila. They were initially identified in humans as the targets of autoantibodies in patients with PARANEOPLASTIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. They are thought to regulate GENE EXPRESSION at the post-transcriptional level.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.

Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Inhibition of in vitro enteric neuronal development by endothelin-3: mediation by endothelin B receptors. (1/604)

The terminal colon is aganglionic in mice lacking endothelin-3 or its receptor, endothelin B. To analyze the effects of endothelin-3/endothelin B on the differentiation of enteric neurons, E11-13 mouse gut was dissociated, and positive and negative immunoselection with antibodies to p75(NTR )were used to isolate neural crest- and non-crest-derived cells. mRNA encoding endothelin B was present in both the crest-and non-crest-derived cells, but that encoding preproendothelin-3 was detected only in the non-crest-derived population. The crest- and non-crest-derived cells were exposed in vitro to endothelin-3, IRL 1620 (an endothelin B agonist), and/or BQ 788 (an endothelin B antagonist). Neurons and glia developed only in cultures of crest-derived cells, and did so even when endothelin-3 was absent and BQ 788 was present. Endothelin-3 inhibited neuronal development, an effect that was mimicked by IRL 1620 and blocked by BQ 788. Endothelin-3 failed to stimulate the incorporation of [3H]thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine. Smooth muscle development in non-crest-derived cell cultures was promoted by endothelin-3 and inhibited by BQ 788. In contrast, transcription of laminin alpha1, a smooth muscle-derived promoter of neuronal development, was inhibited by endothelin-3, but promoted by BQ 788. Neurons did not develop in explants of the terminal bowel of E12 ls/ls (endothelin-3-deficient) mice, but could be induced to do so by endothelin-3 if a source of neural precursors was present. We suggest that endothelin-3/endothelin B normally prevents the premature differentiation of crest-derived precursors migrating to and within the fetal bowel, enabling the precursor population to persist long enough to finish colonizing the bowel. (+info)

IL-1beta and IL-6 excite neurons and suppress nicotinic and noradrenergic neurotransmission in guinea pig enteric nervous system. (2/604)

Conventional intracellular microelectrodes and injection of biocytin were used to study the actions of IL-1beta and IL-6 on electrical and synaptic behavior in morphologically identified guinea pig small intestinal submucous neurons. Exposure to nanomolar concentrations of either IL-1beta or IL-6 stimulated neuronal excitability. The excitatory action consisted of depolarization of the membrane potential, decreased membrane conductance, and increased discharge of action potentials. Excitatory action of IL-1beta was suppressed by the natural IL-1beta human receptor antagonist. Electrical stimulation of sympathetic postganglionic axons evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), and stimulation of cholinergic axons evoked nicotinic fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Both kinds of synaptic potentials occurred in neurons with uniaxonal morphology believed to be secretomotor neurons. Either IL-1beta or IL-6 suppressed the noradrenergic IPSPs and the fast EPSPs, and the two acted synergistically when applied in combination. Suppression of the IPSP resulted from presynaptic inhibition of the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves. The results suggest that the presence of either or both inflammatory cytokines will release the sympathetic brake from secretomotor neurons to the intestinal crypts and from nicotinic synapses in the integrative microcircuits, where norepinephrine is known to have a presynaptic inhibitory action. This, in concert with excitation of secretomotor neurons, may lead to neurogenic secretory diarrhea. (+info)

Rectal biopsy for diagnosis of intestinal neuronal dysplasia in children: a prospective multicentre study on interobserver variation and clinical outcome. (3/604)

BACKGROUND: Intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND) of the colonic submucous plexus is considered to be a congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system causing symptoms resembling those of Hirschsprung's disease. In contrast with the established diagnosis of aganglionosis using enzyme histochemistry, controversy exists over the diagnostic criteria of IND on rectal biopsies previously defined by a consensus report and the causal relation between morphological findings and clinical symptoms. AIMS: The interobserver variability was prospectively investigated with respect to final diagnoses and several histological features in rectal biopsy specimens from children suspected of having colonic motility disturbances. METHODS: 377 biopsy specimens from 108 children aged 4 days to 15 years were independently coded without knowledge of clinical symptoms by three experienced pathologists for 20 histological features, and a final diagnosis was given for every case. Interobserver variation for the different items and the final diagnosis were analysed using Cohen's kappa statistic. Clinical data at biopsy and outcome after 12 months were related to morphological findings. RESULTS: The three pathologists agreed completely with respect to the diagnosis Hirschsprung's disease (kappa = 1), but in only 14% of the children without aganglionosis. In 15 (17%) of the 87 children without aganglionosis, at least one pathologist judged the case as normal, while another diagnosed IND. kappa values were close to the zero value expected by chance for the diagnoses normal and IND. Young age was related to the presence of several morphological features-for example, acetylcholine esterase staining and presence of giant ganglia. Children with chronic constipation diagnosed as having IND, given no other specific diagnosis by any of the pathologists, were significantly younger (median 8.8 months) and had a higher cure rate after one year (60%) than constipated patients considered by all observers to have no histological abnormalities (median 6.1 years, cure rate 23%). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with Hirschsprung's disease, there is a high interobserver variation with regard to the different morphological features and final diagnosis of IND, based on the criteria and conditions of the previous consensus report. The high frequency of histological "abnormalities" in young infants suggests that some of the features may represent a normal variant of postnatal development rather than a pathological process. Investigations using more refined and morphometric methods in rectal specimens from infants and children without bowel disease are needed to define the normal range of morphological appearance at different ages. These preliminary data indicate that, with current knowledge, rectal biopsy for diagnostic purposes should only be performed in constipated children for diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. (+info)

Signalling by the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and its role in the development of the mammalian enteric nervous system. (4/604)

RET is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily, which can transduce signalling by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) in cultured cells. In order to determine whether in addition to being sufficient, RET is also necessary for signalling by these growth factors, we studied the response to GDNF and NTN of primary neuronal cultures (peripheral sensory and central dopaminergic neurons) derived from wild-type and RET-deficient mice. Our experiments show that absence of a functional RET receptor abrogates the biological responses of neuronal cells to both GDNF and NTN. Despite the established role of the RET signal transduction pathway in the development of the mammalian enteric nervous system (ENS), very little is known regarding its cellular mechanism(s) of action. Here, we have studied the effects of GDNF and NTN on cultures of neural crest (NC)-derived cells isolated from the gut of rat embryos. Our findings suggest that GDNF and NTN promote the survival of enteric neurons as well as the survival, proliferation and differentiation of multipotential ENS progenitors present in the gut of E12.5-13.5 rat embryos. However, the effects of these growth factors are stage-specific, since similar ENS cultures established from later stage embryos (E14. 5-15.5), show markedly diminished response to GDNF and NTN. To examine whether the in vitro effects of RET activation reflect the in vivo function(s) of this receptor, the extent of programmed cell death was examined in the gut of wild-type and RET-deficient mouse embryos by TUNEL histochemistry. Our experiments show that a subpopulation of enteric NC undergoes apoptotic cell death specifically in the foregut of embryos lacking the RET receptor. We suggest that normal function of the RET RTK is required in vivo during early stages of ENS histogenesis for the survival of undifferentiated enteric NC and their derivatives. (+info)

Peptidyl inhibitors of shaker-type Kv1 channels elicit twitches in guinea pig ileum by blocking kv1.1 at enteric nervous system and enhancing acetylcholine release. (5/604)

Potent and selective peptidyl blockers of the Shaker-type (Kv1) voltage-gated potassium channels were used to determine the role of these channels in regulating the spontaneous motility of smooth muscle preparations. Margatoxin (MgTX), kaliotoxin, and agitoxin-2 at 1 to 10 nM and agitoxin-1 at 50 to 100 nM induce twitches in guinea pig ileum strips. These twitches are abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 0.5 microM), atropine (1 microM), hexamethonium (10 microM), or nifedipine (0.1 microM). It is proposed that blockade of Kv1 channels by MgTX, kaliotoxin, or the agitoxins increases excitability of intramural nerve plexuses in the ileum, promoting release of acetylcholine from excitatory motor nerve terminals. This, in turn, leads to Ca2+-dependent action potentials and twitching of the muscle fibers. MgTX does not induce twitches in several other guinea pig and/or rat vascular, genitourinary, or gastrointestinal smooth muscles, although small increases in spontaneous myogenic activity may be seen in detrusor muscle exposed to >30 nM MgTX. This effect is not reversed by TTX or atropine. The TTX- and atropine-sensitive twitches of guinea pig ileum are also induced by nanomolar concentrations of alpha-dendrotoxin, a selective blocker of Shaker Kv1.1 and 1.2 subtypes, or stichodactylatoxin, a peptide isolated from sea anemone that displays high affinity for Kv1.1 and 1.3, but not by charybdotoxin, which blocks Kv1.2 and 1.3 but not 1.1. The data taken together suggest that high-affinity blockade of Kv1.1 underlies the ability of MgTX, kaliotoxin, agitoxin-1, agitoxin-2, alpha-dendrotoxin, and stichodactylatoxin to elicit TTX-sensitive twitches in guinea pig ileum. (+info)

Immune-epithelial interactions in host defense. (6/604)

Over the past 15 years, it has become very clear that the immune system can have profound effects on epithelial function. Acute immune-mediated changes in epithelial physiology are beneficial to host defense against enteric pathogens. For example, ion secretion washes out noxious luminal contents and increased permeability allows phagocytic cells and antibodies to enter the gut lumen. However, ongoing immune activation results in chronic effects that may be pathophysiologic. Responses are mediated by soluble immune mediators that act directly on the epithelium, or indirectly via nerves that also serve to amplify the epithelial response. Here, we will review some of the recent advances that have been made in the field of immunophysiology. The effect of mast cells on transport functions of the epithelium will be reviewed, with emphasis on the consequence of interactions between mast cells and nerves. The use of in vitro coculture systems has recently provided considerable information on the effects of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes on epithelial functions; the contribution of each immunocyte will be highlighted. Finally, we will describe evidence for the active participation of the epithelium in mucosal immune activation, including pathogen or cytokine induced epithelial cytokine synthesis or secretion and adhesion molecule expression. (+info)

A role for fasciclin II in the guidance of neuronal migration. (7/604)

The insect cell adhesion receptor fasciclin II is expressed by specific subsets of neural and non-neural cells during embryogenesis and has been shown to control growth cone motility and axonal fasciculation. Here we demonstrate a role for fasciclin II in the guidance of migratory neurons. In the developing enteric nervous system of the moth Manduca sexta, an identified set of neurons (the EP cells) undergoes a stereotyped sequence of migration along the visceral muscle bands of the midgut prior to their differentiation. Probes specific for Manduca fasciclin II show that while the EP cells express fasciclin II throughout embryogenesis, their muscle band pathways express fasciclin II only during the migratory period. Manipulations of fasciclin II in embryonic culture using blocking antibodies, recombinant fasciclin II fragments, and enzymatic removal of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-linked fasciclin II produced concentration-dependent reductions in the extent of EP cell migration. These results support a novel role for fasciclin II, indicating that this homophilic adhesion molecule is required for the promotion or guidance of neuronal migration. (+info)

Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology. (8/604)

Current concepts and basic principles of neurogastroenterology in relation to functional gastrointestinal disorders are reviewed. Neurogastroenterology is emphasized as a new and advancing subspecialty of clinical gastroenterology and digestive science. As such, it embraces the investigative sciences dealing with functions, malfunctions, and malformations in the brain and spinal cord, and the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric divisions of the autonomic innervation of the digestive tract. Somatomotor systems are included insofar as pharyngeal phases of swallowing and pelvic floor involvement in defecation, continence, and pelvic pain are concerned. Inclusion of basic physiology of smooth muscle, mucosal epithelium, and the enteric immune system in the neurogastroenterologic domain relates to requirements for compatibility with neural control mechanisms. Psychologic and psychiatric relations to functional gastrointestinal disorders are included because they are significant components of neurogastroenterology, especially in relation to projections of discomfort and pain to the digestive tract. (+info)

The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS ... The enteric nervous system has been described as a "second brain" for several reasons. The enteric nervous system can operate ... the enteric nervous system continues to function. In vertebrates, the enteric nervous system includes efferent neurons, ... 3 as many as in the whole nervous system of a cat. The enteric nervous system is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system

... the visceral sensory nervous system and the enteric nervous system. Some textbooks do not include the enteric nervous system as ... The enteric nervous system is the intrinsic nervous system of the gastrointestinal system. It has been described as "the Second ... The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic ... the autonomic nervous system has four branches: the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system

Furness, John Barton (15 April 2008). The Enteric Nervous System. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 35-38. ISBN 978-1-4051-7344-5. Stach, ... Further reading Furness, John Barton (15 April 2008). The Enteric Nervous System. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 35-38. ISBN 978-1-4051 ... CS1 German-language sources (de), Articles using infobox templates with no data rows, Sympathetic nervous system, Enteric ... Dogiel cells play a role in the enteric nervous system. There are seven types of cells of Dogiel. Cajal, Santiago R.y; Pasik, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogiel_cells

The enteric nervous system consists of some one hundred million neurons that are embedded in the peritoneum, the lining of the ... ISBN 978-3-540-79090-7. Costa M, Brookes SJ, Hennig GW (December 2000). "Anatomy and physiology of the enteric nervous system ... ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8. Bowen R. "The Enteric Nervous System". Hypertexts for Biomedical Sciences. Retrieved 2008-11-29. ... The pharynx is a part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system and also a part of the digestive system. It is the part ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_digestive_system

... methods has made the neuronal structure of the enteric nervous system one of the best understood parts of the nervous system in ... 2016). The enteric nervous system: 30 years later. Springer. p. v. ISBN 9783319275925 - via Australian Neuroscience Society. " ... He specializes in the structure and functions of the enteric nervous system. He taught in Turin, Melbourne, and Helsinki before ... Observations in this system have also guided understanding the function of neurons in the central nervous system. The studies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Costa

Functional Lumen Imaging Probe Anorectal manometry Brierley, Stuart; Costa, Marcello (2016). The Enteric Nervous System: 30 ... HRM systems (from EBNeuro S.p.A.) HRM systems (from Sierra) v t e (Medical tests, Medical physics, All stub articles, Medical ... For a manometry system to be classified as "high-resolution" as opposed to "conventional", the pressure sensors need to be ... HRM systems also require advanced computer hardware and software to store and analyze the manometry data. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_resolution_manometry

Moore, SW (Aug 2008). "Down syndrome and the enteric nervous system". Pediatric Surgery International. 24 (8): 873-83. doi: ... Research suggests that the severity is likely a result of a weakened immune system. The weakened immune system also contributes ... Syndromes affecting the nervous system, Syndromes with craniofacial abnormalities). ... These were organizations advocating for the inclusion of people with Down syndrome into the general school system and for a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome

Krantis, Anthony (2000-12-01). "GABA in the Mammalian Enteric Nervous System". Physiology. 15 (6): 284-290. doi:10.1152/ ... Besides the nervous system, GABA is also produced at relatively high levels in the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas. ... The Brain, the Nervous System, and Their Diseases [3 volumes], Jennifer L. Hellier Chua HC, Chebib M (2017). "GABA a Receptors ... In 1950, GABA was discovered as an integral part of the mammalian central nervous system. In 1959, it was shown that at an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Γ-Aminobutyric_acid

Krantis A (December 2000). "GABA in the Mammalian Enteric Nervous System". News in Physiological Sciences. 15 (6): 284-290. doi ... though it may also be synthesized from putrescine in the enteric nervous system, brain, and elsewhere by the actions of diamine ... Both GAD67 and GAD65 are present in all types of synapses within the human nervous system. This includes dendrodendritic, ... are increasingly found in patients with other symptoms indicative of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, such as ataxia, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase

Costa, M (2000). "Anatomy and physiology of the enteric nervous system". Gut. 47 (90004): iv15-9, discussion iv26. doi:10.1136/ ... 14% of submucosal plexus neurons are sensory neurons - Dogiel type II, also known as enteric primary afferent neurons or ... Enteric nervous system, Nerve plexus). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submucosal_plexus

The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system. Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems ... Nervous system William E. Skaggs, Scholarpedia The Nervous System at Wikibooks (human) Nervous System at Wikibooks (non-human) ... The autonomic nervous system itself consists of two parts: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous ... and enteric nervous systems. Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system

The vagal and sacral neural crest cells develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system and the parasympathetic ganglia ... Embryology of nervous system, Ectoderm, Chordates, Chordate anatomy, Animal nervous system). ... Lake, JI; Heuckeroth, RO (1 July 2013). "Enteric nervous system development: migration, differentiation, and disease". American ... Peripheral nervous system: Sensory neurons and glia of the dorsal root ganglia, cephalic ganglia (VII and in part, V, IX, and X ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_crest

The myenteric plexus functions as a part of the enteric nervous system (digestive system). The enteric nervous system can and ... and sympathetic fibers that connect either the central and enteric nervous systems or connect the central nervous system ... The enteric nervous system exhibits taste receptors similar to the ones in the tongue. The taste receptor TAS1R3 and the taste ... The enteric nervous system makes use of over 30 different neurotransmitters, most similar to those of the CNS such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myenteric_plexus

The article misspells PHOX2B as "Thox2b".) Lake, Jonathan; Heuckeroth, Robert (July 2013). "Enteric nervous system development ... partial agenesis of the enteric nervous system), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and anomalies of the pupilla. Other symptoms ... This homeobox gene is important for the normal development of the autonomic nervous system. The disease used to be classified ... However, this denomination is no longer favored because essential neurons of the autonomic nervous system, including those that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_hypoventilation_syndrome

Bondurand N, Sham MH (October 2013). "The role of SOX10 during enteric nervous system development". Dev. Biol. 382 (1): 330-43 ... Inoue K, Tanabe Y, Lupski JR (1999). "Myelin deficiencies in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems associated ... This protein acts as a nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein and is important for neural crest and peripheral nervous system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOX10

"Second brain" can refer to: The enteric nervous system. A now-disproven theory that some large dinosaurs may have had two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_brain

July 2007). "Demonstration of functional neuronal beta3-adrenoceptors within the enteric nervous system". Gastroenterology. 133 ... January 2010). "The beta3-adrenoceptor agonist GW427353 (Solabegron) decreases excitability of human enteric neurons via ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solabegron

Rao M, Gershon MD (2016). "The bowel and beyond: the enteric nervous system in neurological disorders". Nat Rev Gastroenterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome

Autonomic nervous system Enteric nervous system Nervous system "Somatic nervous system". qbi.uq.edu.au. 2018-10-09. Retrieved ... The somatic nervous system (SNS), or voluntary nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the ... Somatic nervous system, Sensory systems, Peripheral nervous system). ... The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, and the process of voluntary reflex arcs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system

A 2016 review concludes that enteric nervous system abnormalities might play a role in neurological disorders such as autism. ... Rao M, Gershon MD (September 2016). "The bowel and beyond: the enteric nervous system in neurological disorders". Nat Rev ... Interactions between the immune system and the nervous system begin early during the embryonic stage of life, and successful ... A 2015 review proposed that immune dysregulation, gastrointestinal inflammation, malfunction of the autonomic nervous system, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_autism

A 2016 review concludes that enteric nervous system abnormalities might play a role in neurological disorders such as autism. ... Rao M, Gershon MD (September 2016). "The bowel and beyond: the enteric nervous system in neurological disorders". Nature ... These cells provide metabolic and functional support to neurons and act as immune cells in the nervous system, respectively. ... Serotonin is a major neurotransmitter in the nervous system and contributes to formation of new neurons (neurogenesis), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum

Rao M, Gershon MD (September 2016). "The bowel and beyond: the enteric nervous system in neurological disorders". Nature ... A 2016 review concludes that enteric nervous system abnormalities might play a role in several neurological disorders, ... Interactions between the immune system and the nervous system begin early during embryogenesis, and successful neurodevelopment ... aggravating a genetic problem or damaging the nervous system. Thyroid problems that lead to thyroxine deficiency in the mother ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autism

Enteric nervous system Gut (zoology) Jerzy Leszczynski (1 December 2011). Handbook of Computational Chemistry. Springer Science ... Barostat-balloon systems have been used anywhere in the gut, including the esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, and the ... One approach is to maintain constant pressure by coupling the system to a constant pressure ... Kenneth William Hinchcliff; ... these parameters can be most accurately and objectively measured using a barostat system [18]. Donato F. Altomare; Filippo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barostat

Jessen KR, Mirsky R (August 1980). "Glial cells in the enteric nervous system contain glial fibrillary acidic protein". Nature ... are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not ... form myelin in the peripheral nervous system, and provide support and protection for neurons. In the central nervous system, ... In the peripheral nervous system, glia derive from the neural crest. These PNS glia include Schwann cells in nerves and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia

The digestive system is also able to respond to internal stimuli. The digestive tract, or enteric nervous system alone contains ... In the nervous system, internal and external stimuli can elicit two different categories of responses: an excitatory response, ... The feeling is recorded by sensory receptors on the skin and travels to the central nervous system, where it is integrated and ... Nerves in the peripheral nervous system spread out to various parts of the body, including muscle fibers. A muscle fiber and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)

Wikidata () Palavicino-Maggio, Caroline B. (2013). Effect of Antipsychotics on the Enteric Nervous System: Implications for ... "Effect of Antipsychotics on the Enteric Nervous System: Implications for Weight Gain". She dedicated her thesis dissertation, " ... "Effect of Clozapine on the Enteric System: Implications for Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain". The FASEB Journal. 25 (1 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Palavicino-Maggio

Secretion by the previous cells is controlled by the enteric nervous system. Distention in the stomach or innervation by the ... via the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system) activates the ENS, in turn leading to the release of ... In the human digestive system, the main sites of digestion are the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Digestive enzymes are ... in that it functions to produce endocrinic hormones released into the circulatory system (such as insulin, and glucagon), to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_enzyme

... is a polyneuropathy affecting the central, peripheral and enteric nervous systems. The majority of visible ... a multiple systems neuropathy) is associated with alterations in the gastrointestinal mycobiome". Animal Microbiome. 3 (70). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_sickness

... central and enteric nervous systems". Ann Gastroenterol. 28 (2): 203-209. PMC 4367209. PMID 25830558. Sjöstedt, Evelina; ... The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system ... Mast cells are white blood cells that interact in the neuroimmune system in the brain. Mast cells in the central nervous system ... and are referred to as the extrapyramidal system. The sensory nervous system is involved with the reception and processing of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain

... interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems". Ann Gastroenterol. 28 (2): 203-209. PMC 4367209 ... Mast cells serve the same general functions in the body and central nervous system, such as effecting or regulating allergic ... "Central nervous system neurons acquire mast cell products via transgranulation". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (9): ... Across systems, mast cells serve as the main effector cell through which pathogens can affect the gut-brain axis. In the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell

These efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system are cholinergic and adrenergic neurons. The inner circular layer is ... Sympathetic nervous system innervation inhibits gastric motility. Parasympathetic nervous system innervation stimulates gastric ... of the smooth muscle cells can be caused by action potentials in efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system, or by ... All articles with unsourced statements, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010, Digestive system, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_electrical_rhythm

... autonomic and enteric nervous systems. Neural pathways regulate brain-body interactions and allow to sense and control its body ... The nervous system consists of central and peripheral nervous systems and coordinates the actions of an animal by transmitting ... The brain-body interactions are supported by peripheral nervous system that connects the CNS to the limbs and organs. These ... Brain-body interactions are patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system to coordinate the activity between the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain–body_interaction

... could exert GABAergic effects on the enteric nervous system which in turn stimulate endogenous GABA production. Tojiro Tsushida ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA_tea

These are motility stimulants that work through activation of 5-HT4 receptors of the enteric nervous system in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative

"Simultaneous folate intake may prevent adverse effect of valproic acid on neurulating nervous system". Child's Nervous System. ... Enteric-coated tablets - Epilim EC200 by Sanofi is a 200-mg sodium valproate enteric-coated tablet. Capsules - Episenta ... "Valproic Acid". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 24 November 2020. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 ... "Australian product information epilim (sodium valproate) crushable tablets, enteric-coated tablets, syrup, liquid" (PDF). TGA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate

... is also involved in the development of the nervous system. Expression of Pax3 is first detected in the dorsal region of ... dorsal root ganglia and enteric ganglia. Heart malformations also result from the loss of cardiac neural crest cells, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX3

Semliki Forest virus (SFV) is a virus that naturally infects cells of the central nervous system and causes encephalitis. A ... Reoviruses generally infect mammalian respiratory and bowel systems (the name deriving from an acronym, respiratory enteric ... There are two main considerations of the interaction between oncolytic viruses and the immune system. A major obstacle to the ... Although it poses a hurdle by inactivating viruses, the patient's immune system can also act as an ally against tumors; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncolytic_virus

"Overview of Enteric Campylobacteriosis - Digestive System". Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2020-11-29. Sykes, Jane E.; ... can either undergo spontaneous abortion or be born with an ongoing infection which can eventuate in the infiltration of nervous ... C. fetus may evade complete detection and eradication by the immune system as chronic and relapse cases have been noted. The ... ISBN 978-1-4377-1340-4. Foster, Robert A. (2017). "Female Reproductive System and Mammae". Pathologic Basis of Veterinary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter_fetus

Adverse effects occurring in at least 1% of people include: Central nervous system: headache (7%), dizziness (2%) Respiratory: ... This is most commonly achieved by formulating enteric-coated granules within capsules, enteric-coated tablets, and the multiple ... Because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid (proton, or H+) pump within the gastric mucosa, omeprazole inhibits the ... Omeprazole irreversibly blocks the enzyme system on parietal cells that is needed for the secretion of gastric acid. It is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeprazole

... but is unable to replicate efficiently within nervous system tissue. In 1961, type 1 and 2 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine ( ... Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses". JAMA. 173 ( ... In a generic sense, vaccination works by priming the immune system with an 'immunogen'. Stimulating immune response, by use of ... By the seventh passage, the vaccine strains could no longer infect nervous tissue or cause paralysis. After one to three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_vaccine

... peripheral nervous system agents MeSH D27.505.696.663.050 - autonomic agents MeSH D27.505.696.663.050.030 - antiemetics MeSH ... enteric-coated MeSH D27.720.280.955 - vaginal creams, foams and jellies MeSH D27.720.364.609 - sweetening agents MeSH D27.720. ... central nervous system stimulants MeSH D27.505.696.282.045 - aphrodisiacs MeSH D27.505.696.282.050 - appetite stimulants MeSH ... central nervous system agents MeSH D27.505.954.427.010 - adjuvants, anesthesia MeSH D27.505.954.427.020 - alcohol deterrents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D27)

He has 40 years of experience studying clinical and neurobiological aspects of how the digestive and nervous systems interact ... Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6:306-14, 2009 ... national and international communities in the broad area of basic and translational enteric neurobiology with wide-ranging ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeran_Mayer

The neural tube cells give rise to the central nervous system, neural crest cells give rise to the peripheral and enteric ... All of the organs that rise from the ectoderm such as the nervous system, teeth, hair and many exocrine glands, originate from ... nervous system, melanocytes, and facial cartilage, and the epidermal region will give rise to the epidermis, hair, nails, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoderm

... the autonomic nervous system may also activate brown adipose tissue to produce heat (non-exercise-associated thermogenesis, ... "Enteric Fever (Typhoid Fever)". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 27 August 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2021. Ferri FF (2009 ... the brain orchestrates heat effector mechanisms via the autonomic nervous system or primary motor center for shivering. These ... Evans SS, Repasky EA, Fisher DT (June 2015). "Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever

Mamastroviruses also cause diseases of the nervous system. These diseases most commonly occur in cattle, mink and humans. In ... Yuan T, Zhao C, Wang Z, Xia H, Liu R (December 2016). "A consecutive centrifugal method for concentration of human enteric ... whose immune systems are underdeveloped, and elderly adults, whose immune systems are generally somewhat compromised. Presence ... Avastrovirus 1-3 are associated with enteric infections in turkeys, ducks, chicken and guinea fowl. In turkey poults 1-3 weeks ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrovirus

In the central nervous system, direct damage of the brain cells and disturbances of neurotransmissions causes altered mental ... The lipopolysaccharide character of enteric endotoxins was elucidated in 1944 by Shear. The molecular character of this ... when scientists published a review of the mouse immune system compared to the human immune system and showed that on a systems ... The very young, old, and people with a weakened immune system may have no symptoms of a specific infection, and the body ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis

They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset ... or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses. Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the ... The autonomous nervous system strongly regulates their secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation stimulating insulin ... Kiba T (August 2004). "Relationships between the autonomic nervous system and the pancreas including regulation of regeneration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell

The enteric nervous system is independent but is connected to the central nervous system by sympathetic and parasympathetic ... The probable explanation is imbalance in the regulation of colonic motor activity by the autonomic nervous system. It has been ... The neurons in the enteric plexuses are stimulated by a food bolus, which both distends the gut and stimulates the mucosal ... The targets of the enteric neurons are muscle cells, secretory cells, endocrine cells, microvasculature, and inflammatory cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogilvie_syndrome

Target tissues Perinatal nutrition Brain and enteric nervous system Lipids and chronic diseases Allergy Nutrition in elderly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRNHs

"Defects in the kidney and enteric nervous system of mice lacking the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret". Nature. 367 (6461): 380-383 ... Βασίλης Πάχνης FRS FMedSci is a Senior Group Leader in the Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassilis_Pachnis

... endocrine system Digestive system, gastrointestinal tract Peptide YY "Enteric Endocrine System". www.vivo.colostate.edu. ... were found to play a role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the central and peripheral nervous systems. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_hormone

James William Douglas Bull, lately Director of Radiology, National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, London. Geoffrey Chandler, ... Professor Ephraim Saul Anderson, FRS, Director, Enteric Reference Laboratory, Public Health Laboratory Service. Leonard Bruce ... Arthur Edmund Ford, Head, Submarine Systems Division, Network Planning Department, Telecommunications Headquarters, Post Office ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_New_Year_Honours

This task is accomplished via a system of long reflexes from the central nervous system (CNS), short reflexes from the enteric ... Signals for increased mucus release include parasympathetic innervations, immune system response and enteric nervous system ... Sensory information from the digestive system can be received, integrated and acted upon by the enteric system alone. When this ... nervous system (ENS) and reflexes from GI peptides working in harmony with each other. Long reflexes to the digestive system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_physiology

Nervous system drug stubs). ... neural plasticity enhances in vivo reconstructs of enteric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GR-113808

... is a type of enteric fever, along with paratyphoid fever. S. enterica Typhi is believed to infect and replicate ... This delirium has given typhoid the nickname "nervous fever". Rose spots appear on the lower chest and abdomen in around a ... Credit for the decision to build the chlorination system has been given to John L. Leal. The chlorination facility was designed ... In Europe, a report based on data for 2017 retrieved from The European Surveillance System (TESSy) on the distribution of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever

Recently, it has been proposed that abnormalities in the enteric nervous system, a semi-independent network of nerves lining ... Project Description: We will examine the enteric nervous system in postmortem tissue samples from patients with PD and compare ... and for understanding the broader effects of Parkinsons on the entire nervous system. ... We will also examine another pathological hallmark of Parkinsons, the Lewy body, to determine if particular types of enteric ...

https://www.michaeljfox.org/grant/evaluation-enteric-nervous-system-pd

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the maturing larval zebrafish enteric nervous system reveals the formation ... Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the maturing larval zebrafish enteric nervous system reveals the formation ... Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the maturing larval zebrafish enteric nervous system reveals the formation ... Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the maturing larval zebrafish enteric nervous system reveals the formation ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555094v1

The enteric nervous system plays a vital role in this connection, affecting mood, health, and even your gut feelings. ... What Is the Enteric Nervous System? The enteric nervous system, or ENS, lines the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to ... An integral part of the larger nervous system, the enteric nervous system plays a big role in the healthy functioning of the ... The overall functioning of the enteric nervous system is monitored by the brain and central nervous system, or CNS. The ENS ...

https://www.banyanbotanicals.com/info/blog-the-banyan-insight/details/gut-brain-connection/

Roles for GFRα1 receptors in zebrafish enteric nervous system development Iain T. Shepherd, Iain T. Shepherd † ... Zebrafish, GFRα1, GFRα2, Ret, GDNF, Enteric nervous system, Morpholino oligonucleotides ... The vertebrate enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of an integrated network of neurons that controls gut motility and ... Expression of gdnf receptor genes in the enteric nervous system. GDNF receptor component genes can be detected very early in ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/131/1/241/64408/Roles-for-GFR-1-receptors-in-zebrafish-enteric

Find and save ideas about enteric nervous system on Pinterest. ... Nervous belly? Thats your enteric nervous system talking… If ... Enteric nervous system. Discover Pinterests 10 best ideas and inspiration for Enteric nervous system. .. Get inspired and try ... The enteric nervous system (ENS) is located within the gut and acts like a mini brain, independently of the central nervous ... EZmed explains the autonomic nervous system divisions including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system branches. ...

https://za.pinterest.com/ideas/enteric-nervous-system/955256931742/

Structure of the enteric nervous system, Functions of the enteric nervous system, Disorders of the enteric nervous system ... Structure of the enteric nervous system. The enteric nervous system is found in the wall of the gut, prima- rily the small and ... Functions of the enteric nervous system. • The enteric nervous system can function in isolation to coordinate contraction of ... Disorders of the enteric nervous system. • Congenital or developmental abnormalities such as Hirschs- prungs disease - in ...

https://www.pediagenosis.com/2018/08/enteric-nervous-system.html

Enteroendocrine system and enteric nervous system crosstalk. Enteric nervous system influence on gut hormone release. Gut ... Emerging roles of gut microbiota and the immune system in the development of the enteric nervous system Panagiotis S. ... including the interaction between the enteroendocrine system and the enteric nervous system. It is hoped that a deeper ... Enteric Nervous System * Intestinal lipid-derived signals that sense dietary fat Nicholas V. DiPatrizio et al. ...

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Enteric nervous system development: what could possibly go wrong? The gastrointestinal tract is innervated by the enteric ... The opioid system is central to addiction. Darcq and Kieffer review the role of these receptors in the addiction neurocircuitry ... The role of engram cells in the systems consolidation of memory Long-term episodic memory storage has been proposed to require ... nervous system (ENS), and disruption of ENS development can result in various gastrointestinal disorders. Here, Rao and Gershon ...

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GFRα1-deficient mice have deficits in the enteric nervous system and kidneys. In: Neuron. 1998 ; Vol. 21, No. 2. pp. 317-324. ... GFRα1-deficient mice have deficits in the enteric nervous system and kidneys. Neuron. 1998 Aug;21(2):317-324. doi: 10.1016/ ... Dive into the research topics of GFRα1-deficient mice have deficits in the enteric nervous system and kidneys. Together they ... GFRα1-deficient mice have deficits in the enteric nervous system and kidneys. / Enomoto, Hideki; Araki, Toshiyuki; Jackman, ...

https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/publications/gfr%CE%B11-deficient-mice-have-deficits-in-the-enteric-nervous-system-

... and social context of the enteric nervous system, and be able to discuss how nourishing this system improves well-being. ... Gut Wisdom: Accessing the Power of the Enteric Nervous System. $95.00. The core body isnt just a physical structure: our gut ... what the enteric nervous system is and why its so important for our health ... Home / Masterclass / Gut Wisdom: Accessing the Power of the Enteric Nervous System. ...

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... in diseases of the nervous system. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent findings about psychobiotics, the brain- ... focuses on a very new and interesting field that relates the microbiota of the intestine with diseases of the nervous system ... where they provide the host with essential nutrients and modulation of the immune system), they may also produce neuroactive ... Psychobiotics have been considered key elements in affective disorders and the immune system, in addition to their effect ...

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The Enteric Network: Interactions between the Immune and Nervous Systems of the Gut.. Yoo, Bryan B; Mazmanian, Sarkis K. ... The enteric nervous system (ENS) senses and reacts to the dynamic ecosystem of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by translating ... Interactions between the nervous and immune systems enable the gut to respond to the variety of dietary products that it ... of the ENS to the immune system and its interface with the external environment suggest that novel paradigms for nervous system ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/saudepublica/resource/pt/mdl-28636959

... is a nerve plexus in the enteric nervous system that serves the gastrointestinal tract located in the connective tissue of the ... Organ Systems). ⌊Nervous Systems. ⌊Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ⌊Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). ⌊Enteric Nervous System ( ... In our body, the Submucous Plexus (Meissners Plexus) is a nerve plexus (nervous plexus), in the enteric nervous system (ENS), ...

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Snyder and I are moving on to investigating the potential of CTB-mediated therapy of the enteric nervous system (ENS), the ... A large number of the diseases that plague the central and peripheral nervous system lack an effective treatment, never mind a ... should CTB-mediated targeted therapeutic delivery to the enteric system be successful, the benefit to patients is undeniable. ... Enteric neuropathy is common in diseases including diabetes mellitus (Forgacs et al, 2015) and Parkinsons (Braak et al, 2006 ...

https://www.sens.org/2016/08/02/

Origin of the Enteric Nervous System. Functions of the Myenteric Plexuses. Physiologic Studies to Determine the Structure of ... Secretory Fibers in the Enteric Nervous System. Fibers Controlling Absorption. The Plexuses in the Stomach and Colon are ... Evolution of the Nervous System. The Function of the Nerves. Summary. III. Some Theories that have Been Advanced to Explain the ... The Nature of the Involuntary Nervous System. The Functions of the Intestinal Nerves. Vasomotor and Secretory Fibers. Psychic ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/an-introduction-to-gastro-enterology/alvarez/978-1-4831-9888-0

Goyal, R. "The Enteric Nervous System." NEJM 334 Apr. 1996: 1106-1115.. Guarner, F. "Gut Flora in Health and Disease." Lancet ... and people with compromised immune systems. For people with compromised immune systems due to disease or treatment for a ... The other way that probiotics help is the impact that they have on our immune system. Some believe that this role is the most ... Our immune system is our protection against germs. When it doesnt function properly, we can suffer from allergic reactions, ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/probiotics/article.htm

Furness, J. B. ; Costa, M. / Neurons with 5-hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity in the enteric nervous system : Their ... Furness, J. B., & Costa, M. (1982). Neurons with 5-hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity in the enteric nervous system: Their ... Furness, JB & Costa, M 1982, Neurons with 5-hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity in the enteric nervous system: Their ... Dive into the research topics of Neurons with 5-hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity in the enteric nervous system: Their ...

https://researchnow.flinders.edu.au/en/publications/neurons-with-5-hydroxytryptamine-like-immunoreactivity-in-the-ent

Berberine ameliorates NSAIDs-induced intestinal injury by the repair of enteric nervous system.Sep 12, 2019. ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/disease/drug-induced-toxicity-gastrointestinal

... and enteric nervous systems, which are three anatomically distinct divisions. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS), as well as ... The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a large, web-like structure capable of functioning independently of the remainder of the ... contain afferent fibers that provide sensory input and efferent fibers that provide motor output to the central nervous system ... is a subcomponent of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that regulates involuntary physiologic processes, including blood ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430888/

... integrity of neurons in the enteric nervous system whose neurochemical diversity exceeds that of the peripheral nervous system ... 2004). The myenteric and submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system work mainly in the motility coordination and control ... The nitrergic neurons are among the neurons that have been extensively studied within the Enteric Nervous System. Nitric oxide ... Types of neurons in the enteric nervous system. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 81:87-96. ...

https://www.scielo.br/j/pvb/a/cTpXN5YC5GYxSW9VqZGZBnx/?lang=en

Goyal RK, Hirano I ( 1996) The enteric nervous system. N Engl J Med 334: 1106-1115. ... Snider WD ( 1994) Functions of the neurotrophins during nervous system development: what the knockouts are teaching us. Cell 77 ... Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and astrocytes in the CNS produce molecules that are trophic for neurons (Banker ... Kaplan DR, Miller FD ( 2000) Neurotrophin signal transduction in the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10: 381-391. ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/12/4967

He also takes the research in development of enteric nervous system. Ming Yue Li ... She holds a PhD in change and complexity in health systems. She is passionate about building the rural health workforce and has ...

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I describe exciting new work that indicates that postnatal treatment of distal colon lacking an enteric nervous system with the ... I introduce work towards understanding the function of the epigenetic regulator Bap1 in enteric nervous system development and ... Bowel problems in CIPO and Hirschsprung disease post-surgery have been attributed to loss or dysfunction of subtypes of enteric ... Hirschsprung disease, a developmental enteric neuropathy where the ENS is missing from the distal bowel, can be treated with ...

https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/5395/

The enteric nervous system and its role in pathogenesis of FGD *Psychosocial factors in FGD pathogenesis ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/grp/si/820351/

Stem cell transplantation to regenerate the enteric nervous system is the subject of many recent experimental series. [79, 80] ... Heanue TA, Pachnis V. Enteric nervous system development and Hirschsprungs disease: advances in genetic and stem cell studies ... Retinoic acid accelerates the specification of enteric neural progenitors from in-vitro-derived neural crest. Stem Cell Reports ... Transplanted progenitors generate functional enteric neurons in the postnatal colon. J Clin Invest. 2013 Mar 1. 123(3):1182-91 ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/178493-62824/what-is-the-duhamel-procedure-for-surgical-treatment-of-hirschsprung-disease

Enteric Nervous System 50% * Esophagus Mucosa 50% * Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis 50% ...

https://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/the-neurophysiology-of-the-esophagus/fingerprints/

... are secondary to pseudo-obstruction brought about by damage to the enteric nervous system. PDD is characterized by severe ... Ouyang N, Storts R, Tian Y, Wigle W, Villanueva I, Mirhosseini N, Detection of avian bornavirus in the nervous system of birds ... and autonomic nervous systems (29-31).. In conclusion, the results reported here together with previous findings confirm ... We also have detected autoantibodies to myelin basic protein and other nervous system autoantigens in PDD cases, suggesting ...

http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/3/473.htm

... the causal role that the enteric nervous system may play in Parkinsons disease serves as an example. However, traditionally, ... His research focuses on security and privacy problems of computing systems, which include operating systems, mobile systems, ... Abstract: The discoordination between the central and autonomic nervous systems is increasingly being identified as playing a ... For example, a database system can spend 80% of time in just fetching data from the storage system, leaving precious computing ...

https://viterbi.usc.edu/calendar/?month&date=03/04/2017

Preliminary results suggest that PD does not cause cell loss in the network of neurons (enteric nervous system) that controls digestive function. (michaeljfox.org)
Enteric neurons are eliminated after injection with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides against ret or against both Gfra1 orthologs, but are not affected by antisense oligonucleotides against gfra2 . (biologists.com)
The vertebrate enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of an integrated network of neurons that controls gut motility and function. (biologists.com)
Enteric neurons are principally derived from neural crest cells that migrate ventrally just posterior to the pharyngeal arches, enter the anterior gut primordium and proceed posteriorly to populate the gut tube( Newgreen and Young, 2002b ). (biologists.com)
GFRα1-deficient mice demonstrate absence of enteric neurons and agenesis of the kidney, characteristics that are reminiscent of both GDNF- and Ret-deficient mice. (wustl.edu)
Changes in the distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity have been examined in enteric neurons at various times after microsurgical lesions of the enteric plexuses. (edu.au)
Furness, JB & Costa, M 1982, ' Neurons with 5-hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity in the enteric nervous system: Their projections in the guinea-pig small intestine ', Neuroscience , vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 341-349. (edu.au)
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex network of neurons and glia that resides within the bowel wall. (upenn.edu)
Bowel problems in CIPO and Hirschsprung disease post-surgery have been attributed to loss or dysfunction of subtypes of enteric neurons. (upenn.edu)
Recently developed in vitro differentiation protocols that convert human pluripotent stem cells into enteric neurons and glia have made stem cell therapy an enticing avenue to pursue. (upenn.edu)
Although the compound has been studied extensively for its neuronal handling and synaptic actions, serotonin 5-HT receptors can be found extra-synaptically and not only in neurons but in many types of mammalian cells, inside and outside the central nervous system (CNS). (frontiersin.org)
The pathology advances from the peripheral nervous system to the brainstem, and from there upward to the midbrain and to higher brain regions, following paths laid out by connecting neurons. (alzforum.org)
Baynash AG, Hosoda K, Giaid A, Richardson JA, Emoto N, Hammer RE, Yanagisawa M. Interaction of endothelin-3 with endothelin-B receptor is essential for development of epidermal melanocytes and enteric neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
Clusters of neurons in the CNS act as control centers for all of the nervous pathways in the body. (homeworkclinic.com)

EZmed explains the autonomic nervous system divisions including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system branches. (pinterest.com)
Intestine is innervated with extrinsic autonomic nerves and intrinsic enteric nerves. (pinterest.com)
It is heavily innervated/regulated by the autonomic nervous system but is a separate entity with its own intrinsic circuitry and function. (pediagenosis.com)
In our body, the Submucous Plexus (Meissner's Plexus) is a nerve plexus (nervous plexus) , in the enteric nervous system (ENS) , that, as a autonomic pathway , serves the gastrointestinal tract located in the connective tissue of the submucosa. (wellnessadvantage.com)
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes all regions implicated in controlling autonomic, unconscious, and involuntary functions in total body homeostasis. (nih.gov)
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a subcomponent of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that regulates involuntary physiologic processes, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. (nih.gov)
PDD is characterized by severe lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in peripheral, central, and autonomic nervous tissues ( 3 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Gastrointestinal motor dysfunctions result when extrinsic autonomic nerves are diseased and are unable to modulate the motor functions of the digestive tract, which depend on the enteric nervous system and the automaticity of the smooth muscles. (elsevier.com)
To understand how the Apollo Neuro helps relieve stress, we need to talk about the autonomic nervous system . (futurism.com)
Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. (bvsalud.org)

The gastrointestinal tract is constructed with an intrinsic series of interconnected ganglia that span its entire length, called the enteric nervous system (ENS). (biorxiv.org)
The enteric nervous system, or ENS, lines the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum. (banyanbotanicals.com)
The gastrointestinal tract is innervated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), and disruption of ENS development can result in various gastrointestinal disorders. (nature.com)
In addition, it can serve as a framework for relating the pathology in other parts of the nervous system (gastrointestinal tract, spinal cord, and so on) to that in the brain. (alzforum.org)
The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. (bvsalud.org)

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS), as well as the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), contain afferent fibers that provide sensory input and efferent fibers that provide motor output to the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)
And the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the body's "rest and digest" response. (futurism.com)
The responsibilities of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are complimentary. (futurism.com)
The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body down and returns it to a state of homeostasis through the release of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. (futurism.com)
However, if you can figure out a way to trigger a response from the parasympathetic nervous system , your body will naturally return to a state of calm. (futurism.com)
This tech was born from the research of University of Pittsburgh scientists David Rabin MD, PhD, and Greg Siegle PhD, who discovered that certain combinations of inaudible low frequency sound waves can trigger a "rest and digest" response from the parasympathetic nervous system through our sense of touch. (futurism.com)
Both are closely associated with enhanced activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, and its associated healing effects throughout the body. (alliancesfordiscovery.org)

A large number of the diseases that plague the central and peripheral nervous system lack an effective treatment, never mind a cure. (sens.org)
Week #5: Central Nervous System - Meninges & Blood Supply October 5, 2015 Overview of the Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) ▪ Consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS. (coursehero.com)

Berberine ameliorates NSAIDs-induced intestinal injury by the repair of enteric nervous system. (greenmedinfo.com)
and the physiology and pharmacology of the enteric nervous system, GI hormones, and intestinal inflammation. (iffgd.org)
A lack of enteric nerves prevents stool from being moved through the intestine normally, leading to severe constipation or intestinal blockage. (medlineplus.gov)
2017) Engineered human pluripotent-stem-cell-derived intestinal tissues with a functional enteric nervous system. (stemcell.com)
Intestinal smooth muscle contraction and relaxation are under the control of enteric ganglia. (medscape.com)
Anatomic gastrointestinal abnormalities such as enteric fistulas or intestinal perforation can sequester sufficient quantities of ingested elemental mercury to allow significant oxidation and subsequent absorption. (cdc.gov)

Thus, varicose fibres immunoreactive for 5-hydroxytryptamine, which occur around the enteric ganglion cells of both plexuses arise from nerve cell bodies in the myenteric ganglia that send their axons in an anal direction. (edu.au)
Enteric ganglion cells are derived from the neural crest during embryonic development. (medscape.com)

Recently, it has been proposed that abnormalities in the enteric nervous system, a semi-independent network of nerves lining the digestive tract, may cause GI symptoms in PD. (michaeljfox.org)
We will also examine another pathological hallmark of Parkinson's, the Lewy body, to determine if particular types of enteric nerves are vulnerable to that damage. (michaeljfox.org)
Your gut is lined with a complex system of nerves comprising the enteric nervous system. (giantmicrobes.com)
In particular, endothelin 3 and endothelin receptor type B are essential for the formation of nerves in the intestine (enteric nerves) and for the production of specialized cells called melanocytes. (medlineplus.gov)
Changes in the EDNRB gene disrupt the normal function of endothelin receptor type B, preventing it from playing its usual role in the development of enteric nerves. (medlineplus.gov)
Because the receptor is necessary for the formation of enteric nerves and melanocytes, these cell types do not form normally during embryonic development. (medlineplus.gov)
Missing enteric nerves in certain parts of the intestine cause the signs and symptoms of Hirschsprung disease. (medlineplus.gov)

Congenital or developmental abnormalities such as Hirschs- prung's disease - in which there is a localized absence of enteric nervous system in the colon, causing constipation at birth, and which can only be cured by surgery to remove the atonic bit of bowel. (pediagenosis.com)

While it is known that enteric ganglia are derived from a stem cell population called the neural crest, mechanisms that dictate final neuropil plexus organization remain obscure. (biorxiv.org)

The goal of this experiment is to test the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the pathway by which CCK-8 increases myenteric Fos-LI. (elsevier.com)
The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the body's "fight or flight" response. (futurism.com)
The sympathetic nervous system causes a state of alert or agitation through the release of a hormone called norepinephrine. (futurism.com)

The enteric nervous system is found in the wall of the gut, prima- rily the small and large intestine, and is involved with normal gastrointestinal motility and secretory function. (pediagenosis.com)
The enteroendocrine system is the primary sensor of ingested nutrients and is responsible for secreting an array of gut hormones, which modulate multiple physiological responses including gastrointestinal motility and secretion, glucose homeostasis, and appetite. (jci.org)
MMC and digestive motility are both mediated by the enteric nervous system. (ibsgroup.org)

Blocking GDNF signaling prevents migration of enteric neuron precursors, which remain positioned at the anterior end of the gut. (biologists.com)
However, we still do not sufficiently understand the nuances of enteric neuron subtype fate decisions to direct differentiation of enteric neuron precursors into specific neuron subtypes. (upenn.edu)
In chapter 2, I describe our work characterizing the differential expression of transcriptional regulators in enteric neuron subtypes during embryonic development and in the adult colonic ENS. (upenn.edu)
In chapter 3, I describe our work towards designing a high throughput screen that will allow us to determine whether transcriptional regulators affect differentiation into cholinergic versus nitrergic enteric neuron subtypes. (upenn.edu)

La información en esta página debería ser considerada como ejemplos de información de antecedentes para la temporada de influenza 2021-2022 para la práctica médica respecto del uso de medicamentos antivirales contra la influenza. (cdc.gov)

With the loss of the intrinsic enteric relaxing impulses, the increased muscle tone is unopposed. (medscape.com)

In sharp contrast, glutamate (Glu) and ATP are better known as metabolism-related molecules, but they also are neurotransmitters, and their receptors are expressed on almost any type of cell inside and outside the nervous system. (frontiersin.org)

Although its function is still unknown, the protein produced by RET is critical during embryonic development of the enteric nervous system and kidneys. (medscape.com)

GDNF appears to play a critical role in the normal function of pathways involved in enteric nervous system neurogenesis and renal organogenesis. (medscape.com)
Reflex arcs are nervous pathways that result in rapid and automatic changes in the actions of effectors. (homeworkclinic.com)

Neurotransmitters like dopamine or serotonin are more known for their actions in the central nervous system (CNS). (frontiersin.org)
Most enteric nervous activation causes muscle relaxation, mediated by nitric oxide and other enteric neurotransmitters. (medscape.com)

Components of the zebrafish GDNF receptor complex are expressed very early in the development of enteric nervous system precursors, and are already present as these cells begin to enter the gut and migrate caudally along its length. (biologists.com)
These results suggest that while stringent physiologic pairing exists between GFRα1 and GDNF in renal and enteric nervous system development, significant cross-talk between GDNF and other GFRα coreceptors must occur in other neuronal populations. (wustl.edu)
In chapter 4, I describe exciting new work that indicates that postnatal treatment of distal colon lacking an enteric nervous system with the neurotrophic factor GDNF can re-grow a normal, functional ENS in mice. (upenn.edu)

Recent scientific focus on what is called the enteric nervous system, or the gut's brain, confirms what Ayurveda has emphasized for centuries-the vital importance of digestion. (banyanbotanicals.com)
The overall functioning of the enteric nervous system is monitored by the brain and central nervous system, or CNS. (banyanbotanicals.com)
The next time you decide to go with your gut feeling, make sure that the communication systems between your gut and your brain are functioning optimally. (banyanbotanicals.com)
That's your enteric nervous system talking… If you've ever heard of the "gut-brain axis" then you know a little bit about this complex system. (pinterest.com)
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is located within the gut and acts like a mini brain, independently of the central nervous system. (pinterest.com)
It's highly intelligent, and can act independently of the brain and nervous systems. (boforbes.com)
Although most basic and applied research in neuroscience has focused on the brain , the proximity of the ENS to the immune system and its interface with the external environment suggest that novel paradigms for nervous system function await discovery. (bvsalud.org)
Hidden in the walls of your digestive system is the "brain in your gut", or enteric nervous system (ENS). (organogold.com)
In addition, these interventions change the microbial populations living within digestive systems in ways that could further adjust signaling along the gut-brain axis and contribute to new, healthier eating habits. (scientificamerican.com)
In fact, coursing through our abdomen is the enteric nervous system, colloquially known as the second brain. (scientificamerican.com)
With the exciting title 'Gut-Brain-Axis' we would like to open an interdisciplinary discussion of the newest findings on how gut microbiota signal to the central nervous system and vice versa. (wikicfp.com)
A human brain has approximately 86 billion nerve cells, not counting the enteric nervous system, the so-called "abdominal brain," and the nerve tracts that run through the body. (symposionduernstein.at)
In these "decades of the brain", the knowledge of the brain and nervous system expanded enormously. (symposionduernstein.at)
The fact that it is possible to influence or change the nervous system with the help of digital techniques is hopeful for the sick - for example, blind people who can "see" again with the help of complicated devices - but also for the military, since sensors implanted in the brain can also be used for transmitting information. (symposionduernstein.at)

Together with the slow-acting, long-lasting effects of the endocrine system, the ANS exerts its fast-acting, short-lived effects on the most diverse functions of the body, controlling visceral smooth muscle activation in vascular beds and other tubular organs and secretion of glands. (nih.gov)

Interactions between the nervous and immune systems enable the gut to respond to the variety of dietary products that it absorbs, the broad spectrum of pathogens that it encounters, and the diverse microbiome that it harbors . (bvsalud.org)
These microbiome bacteria are an integral part of your digestive system, even acting as the gatekeepers of your metabolism. (giantmicrobes.com)

The Enteric Network: Interactions between the Immune and Nervous Systems of the Gut. (bvsalud.org)
This review will describe the current understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the GI tract by focusing on the ENS and the mucosal immune system . (bvsalud.org)
Promoting a healthy digestive tract and a healthy immune system are their most widely studied benefits at this time. (medicinenet.com)
Evidence of interactions between the enteric nervous system, neuropeptides, and the immune system is growing. (nih.gov)
Whereas 5-hydroxytryptamine and Glu are key regulators of the immune system, ATP actions are more general. (frontiersin.org)
It seems that the immune system has evolved in parallel to the nervous system and that the same molecules regulate their functioning. (frontiersin.org)
5-HT and Glu share their ability to regulate events of the immune system: from antigen presentation and T-cell activation, to inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
Helps support a healthy immune system. (organogold.com)
In general, we would like to focus on the communication between the immune sytem and the central nervous system. (wikicfp.com)
Furthermore, changes in the immune homeostasis of those cardinal systems will be discussed. (wikicfp.com)
That is why the human immune system is constantly producing antibodies to regulate the bacteria in our bodies. (giantmicrobes.com)
They're a " big part" of our immune systems . (marksdailyapple.com)
A new scientific frontier of affective immunology is uncovering the close interaction between our emotions and immune system. (alliancesfordiscovery.org)

The neuromusculoskeletal system consists of three core systems in the body: your nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. (idealspine.com)
The PNS consists of all nervous tissue outside of the CNS. (homeworkclinic.com)

AFM is a rare but serious condition that affects the nervous system, specifically the area of the spinal cord called gray matter, causing the muscles and reflexes in the body to become weak. (cdc.gov)

But when he and a collaborator then added that a pathogen, possibly a virus, sneaks its way into the nervous system simultaneously from the nose and gut to set off the disease process, the hypothesis became downright fantastic. (alzforum.org)

It comprises sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems, which are three anatomically distinct divisions. (nih.gov)
It's the part of the human nervous system responsible for regulating the body's unconscious actions, and there are three distinct divisions. (futurism.com)

When we talk about stress and its effect on physiology, your digestive system plays a huge part in how your body digests information. (banyanbotanicals.com)
It is hoped that a deeper understanding of how these systems collectively regulate postprandial physiology will further facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. (jci.org)
The enteroendocrine system forms the largest endocrine organ in the body and plays a vital role in the regulation of postprandial physiology, yet its intricate workings remain shrouded in mystery. (jci.org)

The activity of both the cholinergic system and the adrenergic system is 2-3 times that of normal intestine. (medscape.com)
The cholinergic (excitatory) system is thought to predominate over the adrenergic (inhibitory) system, leading to an increase in smooth muscle tone. (medscape.com)

Hirschsprung disease, a developmental enteric neuropathy where the ENS is missing from the distal bowel, can be treated with surgical removal of the affected bowel segment. (upenn.edu)

In the past decade, neuroanatomists Heiko Braak and Kelly Del Tredici, both currently at the University of Ulm in Germany, published a series of papers describing the distribution of Lewy bodies-those protein aggregates that are the hallmarks of the pathology of PD-in the central and peripheral nervous systems of deceased patients. (alzforum.org)

An integral part of the larger nervous system, the enteric nervous system plays a big role in the healthy functioning of the digestive system. (banyanbotanicals.com)

Long-term episodic memory storage has been proposed to require a reorganization of neural circuits and networks in a process known as systems consolidation. (nature.com)
Interactions of CNS cells lead to the establishment of complex neural systems. (jneurosci.org)

Enteric nervous system development: what could possibly go wrong? (nature.com)
Lastly, in chapter 5, I introduce work towards understanding the function of the epigenetic regulator Bap1 in enteric nervous system development and postnatal maintenance. (upenn.edu)
Identification of Genes Associated With Hirschsprung Disease, Based on Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis, and Potential Effects on Enteric Nervous System Development. (cdc.gov)

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a large, web-like structure capable of functioning independently of the remainder of the nervous system. (nih.gov)

Understanding that there is a connection between the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system helps reveal just how important the mind-body relationship actually is when it comes to overall health. (banyanbotanicals.com)
The enteric nervous system (ENS) senses and reacts to the dynamic ecosystem of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by translating chemical cues from the environment into neuronal impulses that propagate throughout the gut and into other organs in the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). (bvsalud.org)
The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (bvsalud.org)
Vertebral anomalies in the lower cervical spine, with central nervous system involvement, are frequently present and complications, such as bowel obstruction, perforation and intussusception, have also been reported. (cdc.gov)

In the absence of extrinsic signals, bowel function remains adequate, owing to the complex reflexive architecture of the enteric nervous system (ENS). (medscape.com)

However do you realize that our stomach, or gut, is literally connected to our brains via the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)? (pinterest.com)

Because the spine is the nervous system's nerve center, any misalignment can cause a variety of issues in the body. (idealspine.com)
When humans experience chronic stress, the sympathetic nervous system's fight or flight response is overactivitated. (futurism.com)

The enteric nervous system can function in isolation to coordinate contraction of the gut musculature. (pediagenosis.com)
It illustrates the important modulation of gut motor function by the nervous system. (elsevier.com)

One of the attractive features of Braak's staging scheme is that the areas of the nervous system littered with Lewy bodies at the earliest stages of disease could account for these non-motor symptoms. (alzforum.org)

We anticipate generating a careful anatomical description of the effects of Parkinson's on the gut that will serve as a benchmark for evaluating new treatment options of GI symptoms (constipation, motor fluctuations), for modeling Parkinson's in experimental systems (cells or animals), and for understanding the broader effects of Parkinson's on the entire nervous system. (michaeljfox.org)
Due to the dearth of options, the scientific community is actively trying to develop effective therapeutic options to improve enteric neuropathy-related symptoms. (upenn.edu)

Anatomy34

Organisms10

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs30

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes16

Disciplines and Occupations1

Inhibition of in vitro enteric neuronal development by endothelin-3: mediation by endothelin B receptors. (1/604)

IL-1beta and IL-6 excite neurons and suppress nicotinic and noradrenergic neurotransmission in guinea pig enteric nervous system. (2/604)

Rectal biopsy for diagnosis of intestinal neuronal dysplasia in children: a prospective multicentre study on interobserver variation and clinical outcome. (3/604)

Signalling by the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and its role in the development of the mammalian enteric nervous system. (4/604)

Peptidyl inhibitors of shaker-type Kv1 channels elicit twitches in guinea pig ileum by blocking kv1.1 at enteric nervous system and enhancing acetylcholine release. (5/604)

Immune-epithelial interactions in host defense. (6/604)

A role for fasciclin II in the guidance of neuronal migration. (7/604)

Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology. (8/604)

Enteric Nervous System

Hirschsprung Disease

Myenteric Plexus

Submucous Plexus

Neural Crest

Central Nervous System

Nervous System

Gastrointestinal Tract

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret

Gastrointestinal Motility

Digestive System

Peripheral Nervous System

SOXE Transcription Factors

Endothelin-3

Neurons

Neuroglia

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Ganglia

Intestines

Colon

Ileum

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors

Quail

Digestive System Physiological Phenomena

Megacolon

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists

Immunohistochemistry

Intestine, Small

Central Nervous System Diseases

Peristalsis

Vagus Nerve

Interstitial Cells of Cajal

Guinea Pigs

Cell Movement

Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction

Neurofilament Proteins

Jejunum

Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

High Mobility Group Proteins

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Chick Embryo

Ileus

Celiac Plexus

Intestine, Large

Nitrergic Neurons

Stem Cells

Central Nervous System Neoplasms

Brain

Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4

In Situ Hybridization

Neurotransmitter Agents

Coturnix

Ubiquitin Thiolesterase

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Neurogenesis

Nerve Growth Factors

Mice, Transgenic

Receptor, Endothelin B

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

Manduca

Autonomic Nervous System

Intestinal Mucosa

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Hexamethonium

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Stomach

NADPH Dehydrogenase

Calbindin 2

Cell Differentiation

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Tetrodotoxin

Ganglia, Autonomic

Serotonin

Muscle, Smooth

Gastrointestinal Transit

Sympathetic Nervous System

Mice, Mutant Strains

Nervous System Physiological Phenomena

Signal Transduction