DiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and Occupations
KetonesKetone BodiesOrganic Chemistry PhenomenaChemistry, OrganicStereoisomerismCyclizationMolecular StructureAlkylationIminesLithium CompoundsCatalysisPalladiumAldehydesElectronsMethyl n-Butyl KetoneEstersTosyllysine Chloromethyl KetoneTosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl KetoneAcetoacetates3-Hydroxybutyric AcidModels, MolecularHydrogenCrystallography, X-RayHydroxybutyratesAmino Acid Chloromethyl KetonesKineticsKetosisCoenzyme A-TransferasesKetogenic DietAlcoholsAcetoneHydroxybutyrate DehydrogenasePentanonesDiabetic KetoacidosisAlkenesMannich BasesAlkadienes
KetonesKetone Bodies: The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.Organic Chemistry Phenomena: The conformation, properties, reaction processes, and the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds.Chemistry, Organic: The study of the structure, preparation, properties, and reactions of carbon compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Cyclization: Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group.IminesLithium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain lithium as an integral part of the molecule.Catalysis: The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS.Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.EstersTosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.Acetoacetates: Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Hydroxybutyrates: Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones: Inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. They act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Ketosis: A condition characterized by an abnormally elevated concentration of KETONE BODIES in the blood (acetonemia) or urine (acetonuria). It is a sign of DIABETES COMPLICATION, starvation, alcoholism or a mitochondrial metabolic disturbance (e.g., MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE).Coenzyme A-Transferases: Enzymes which transfer coenzyme A moieties from acyl- or acetyl-CoA to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. Enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. EC 2.8.3.Ketogenic Diet: A course of food intake that is high in FATS and low in CARBOHYDRATES. This diet provides sufficient PROTEINS for growth but insufficient amount of carbohydrates for the energy needs of the body. A ketogenic diet generates 80-90% of caloric requirements from fats and the remainder from proteins.Alcohols: Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis.Hydroxybutyrate DehydrogenasePentanones: 5-carbon straight-chain or branched-chain ketones.Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.Alkadienes: Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds.
DiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and Occupations
KetonesKetone BodiesOrganic Chemistry PhenomenaChemistry, OrganicStereoisomerismCyclizationMolecular StructureAlkylationIminesLithium CompoundsCatalysisPalladiumAldehydesElectronsMethyl n-Butyl KetoneEstersTosyllysine Chloromethyl KetoneTosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl KetoneAcetoacetates3-Hydroxybutyric AcidModels, MolecularHydrogenCrystallography, X-RayHydroxybutyratesAmino Acid Chloromethyl KetonesKineticsKetosisCoenzyme A-TransferasesKetogenic DietAlcoholsAcetoneHydroxybutyrate DehydrogenasePentanonesDiabetic KetoacidosisAlkenesMannich BasesAlkadienes
Selenoxide eliminationSelenoxide elimination
α-Phenylseleno ketones can be prepared by kinetically controlled enolate formation and trapping with an electrophilic ... Conversion of cyclic ketones and .beta.-dicarbonyl compounds to enones". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 39 (14): 2133-2135. ... Conversion of ketones to enones by selenoxide syn elimination". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (19): 5434-5447. ... 13) Saegusa-Ito oxidation T. W. Graham Solomons; Craig B. Fryhle (2008). "Chapter 17 Aldehydes and Ketones-Part II: Enols and ...
Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amideSodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
Typical reactions: To deprotonate ketones and esters to generate enolate derivatives. Generate carbenes by dehydrohalogenation ...
N-BromosuccinimideN-Bromosuccinimide
The reaction of enolates, enol ethers, or enol acetates with NBS is the preferred method of α-bromination as it is high- ... Lichtenthaler, F. W. (1992). "Various Glycosyl Donors with a Ketone or Oxime Function next to the Anomeric Centre: Facile ... Position-specific preparation of α-bromoketones by bromination of lithium enolates. Position-specific introduction of α,β- ... unsaturation into unsymmetrical ketones". J. Org. Chem. 38 (14): 2576. doi:10.1021/jo00954a045. ...
Aldol reactionAldol reaction
If an unsymmetrical ketone is subjected to base, it has the potential to form two regioisomeric enolates (ignoring enolate ... For ketones, most enolization conditions give Z enolates. For esters, most enolization conditions give E enolates. The addition ... a carbonyl compound is deprotonated to form the enolate. The enolate is added to an aldehyde or ketone, which forms an alkoxide ... Common kinetic control conditions involve the formation of the enolate of a ketone with LDA at −78 °C, followed by the slow ...
Baldwins rulesBaldwin's rules
Stereoelectronic control in the endocyclic alkylation of ketone enolates". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical ... Baldwin's rules also apply to aldol cyclizations involving enolates: The rules are the following: These rules are based on ...
Carbonyl oxidation with hypervalent iodine reagentsCarbonyl oxidation with hypervalent iodine reagents
In the presence of diaryliodonium salts, enolates undergo α-arylation. Bulky diaryliodoniums react more slowly, and enolate ... Under protic conditions, ketones undergo α-hydroxylation and dimethyl acetal formation. Both iodosylbenzene and iodobenzene ... The Willgerodt-Kindler reaction of alkyl aryl ketones, for instance, requires forcing conditions and often gives low yields of ... Rearrangements of the iodine(III) enolate species have been observed. Under acidic conditions, oxidations of aryl enol ethers ...
Eschenmosers saltEschenmoser's salt
Enolates, enolsilylethers, and even more acidic ketones undergo efficient dimethylaminomethylation. Once prepared, such ... tertiary amines can be further methylated and then subjected to base-induced elimination to afford methylenated ketones. The ...
Baker-Venkataraman rearrangementBaker-Venkataraman rearrangement
A base abstracts the hydrogen atom alpha to the aromatic ketone, forming an enolate. Then, the enolate attacks the ester ... This rearrangement reaction proceeds via enolate formation followed by acyl transfer. It is named after the scientists Wilson ...
Vicinal difunctionalizationVicinal difunctionalization
Electrophiles should also lack hydrogens acidic enough to be deprotonated by an enolate. Cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones are the ... β-substituted lithium enolates. In any case, the second step is well described in all cases as the reaction of an enolate with ... 6) Enolates can also be used as nucleophiles for vicinal difunctionalization reactions. To prevent simple Michael addition ( ... If the two steps are not distinct, however, the counterion of the enolate is determined by the counterion of the nucleophilic ...
CarvoneCarvone
The resulting enolate can then be allylated using allyl bromide to give ketone 11. In the body, in vivo studies indicate that ... Goldschmidt and Zürrer identified it as a ketone related to limonene, and the structure was finally elucidated by Georg Wagner ... As an α,β;-unsaturated ketone, carvone undergoes conjugate additions of nucleophiles. For example, carvone reacts with lithium ...
Carbonyl groupCarbonyl group
... will react with the enolate of the methyl ketone in the other part of the molecule. The methyl ester remains untouched. Of ... Ketones give secondary alcohols while aldehydes, esters and carboxylic acids give primary alcohols. Carbonyls can be alkylated ... "an introduction to aldehydes and ketones". www.chemguide.co.uk. Ouellette, R.J. and Rawn, J.D. "Organic Chemistry" 1st Ed. ... The deprotonation of the enol with a strong base produces an enolate, which is a powerful nucleophile and can alkylate ...
Reductions with samarium(II) iodideReductions with samarium(II) iodide
9) Samarium iodide may be used to reduce ketones and aldehydes to alcohols; however, diastereoselectivity is low and a variety ... Good leaving groups for this process include hydroxide, alkoxides, carboxylates, and enolates. Readily available cyclic ... The mechanism of reductions of aldehydes and ketones by samarium iodide is based primarily on mechanisms elucidated for similar ... 4. Reduction of .alpha.,.beta.-epoxy ketones with samarium diiodide. A route to chiral, nonracemic aldols". The Journal of ...
Reactions of organoborates and boranesReactions of organoborates and boranes
7) Treatment of trialkylboranes with α-halo enolates leads to functionalized ketones. Because the migration is stereospecific ( ... aryl ketones. (8) α-Halo ester enolates also add to boranes to eventually afford α-functionalized products; however, yields are ... α,α'-Dialo enolates react with boranes to form α-halo carbonyl compounds that can be further functionalized at the α position ... 2) α-Halo enolates are commonly used as nucleophiles in this context. After nucleophilic attack at boron, the resulting ...
EnamineEnamine
... is a base-catalyzed reaction that combines a ketone and a methyl vinyl ketone (commonly abbreviated to MVK) to form a ... External link in ,website= (help); Missing or empty ,url= (help); ,access-date= requires ,url= (help) Evans, D. "Enolates and ... Cyclic ketone enamines follow a reactivity trend where the five membered ring is the most reactive due to its maximally planar ... Methyl ketone self-condensation is a side-reaction which can be avoided through the addition of TiCl4 into the reaction mixture ...
4+3 cycloaddition4+3 cycloaddition
4) α-Halo ketones with hydrogens at the α' position can also be transformed into oxyallyl cations under basic conditions. This ... After formation of a metal enolate, dissociation of halide generates a positively charged oxyallyl intermediate. This electron- ... Reduction of α,α'-dihalo ketones is an effective method for the generation of oxyallyl cations for cycloaddition. Reducing ... The product below, for instance, features a rare trans-bridging ketone. (7) A synthesis of Prelog-Djerassi lactone illustrates ...
Haloform reactionHaloform reaction
... the ketone undergoes keto-enol tautomerization. The enolate undergoes electrophilic attack by the hypohalite (containing a ... Substrates are broadly limited to methyl ketones and secondary alcohols oxidizable to methyl ketones, such as isopropanol. The ... it is oxidized to a ketone by the hypohalite: If a methyl ketone is present, it reacts with the hypohalite in a three-step ... However ketones with the structure RCOCF3 do cleave upon treatment with base to produce fluoroform; this is equivalent to the ...
Aluminium hydrideAluminium hydride
The ketone itself is not reduced as it is "protected" as its enolate. Organohalides are reduced slowly or not at all by ... ISBN 978-0-470-84289-8. Ayres, D. C.; Sawdaye, R. (1967). "The Stereoselective Reduction of Ketones by Aluminium Hydride". ... Aluminium hydride will reduce aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, acid chlorides, esters, and lactones to their ... Corey, E. J.; Cane, D. E. (1971). "Controlled Hydroxymethylation of Ketones". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 36 (20): 3070-3070 ...
Reactions of organocopper reagentsReactions of organocopper reagents
Carbocupration across the carbon-carbon double bond may then generate a copper enolate, as shown at the bottom of Eq. (2). More ... 2) Diastereoselective conjugate addition reactions of chiral organocuprates provide β-functionalized ketones in high yield and ... likely, however, is conjugate addition of the organocuprate to afford a lithium enolate. Subsequent reductive elimination and ...
Nitro compoundNitro compound
This process is the start of a reaction that converts nitronates to aldehydes or ketones, called the Nef reaction. Nitromethane ... Nitroalkenes are Michael acceptors in the Michael reaction with enolate compounds. Many flavin-dependent enzymes are capable of ... oxidizing aliphatic nitro compounds to less-toxic aldehydes and ketones. Nitroalkane oxidase and 3-nitropropionate oxidase ...
Kinetic isotope effectKinetic isotope effect
In this reaction the rate-limiting step is formation of the enolate by deprotonation of the ketone. In this study the KIE is ... A large KIE of 5.56 is associated with the reaction of ketones with bromine and sodium hydroxide. ... "Use of Hydrogen Isotope Effects to Identify the Attacking Nucleophile in the Enolization of Ketones Catalyzed by Acetic Acid". ... "Anomalous kinetic hydrogen isotope effects on the rat of ionization of some dialkyl substituted ketones". Journal of the ...
Knoevenagel condensationKnoevenagel condensation
Z must be powerful enough to facilitate deprotonation to the enolate ion even with a mild base. Using a strong base in this ... The product is often an αβ-unsaturated ketone (a conjugated enone). In this reaction the carbonyl group is an aldehyde or a ... 2 ketone). The mechanism operates in same way as the Knoevenagel condensation: Malonic ester synthesis Aldol condensation ... ketone. The catalyst is usually a weakly basic amine. The active hydrogen component has the form Z-CH2-Z or Z-CHR-Z for ...
MethylationMethylation
... or a ketone enolate may be methylated on carbon to produce a new ketone. The Eschweiler-Clarke reaction is a method for ... Lipsky, Sharon D.; Hall, Stan S. (1976). "Aromatic Hydrocarbons from aromatic ketones and aldehydes: 1,1-Diphenylethane". ... of ketones and aldehyde.: Milder methylating agents include tetramethyltin, dimethylzinc, and trimethylaluminium. Bisulfite ...
Nucleophilic acyl substitutionNucleophilic acyl substitution
Esters can also undergo condensations with ketone and aldehyde enolates to give β-dicarbonyl compounds. A specific example of ... The Weinreb ketone synthesis can also be used to convert acid halides to ketones. In this reaction, the acid halide is first ... Because most ketone hydrates are unstable relative to their corresponding ketones, the equilibrium between the two is shifted ... While a carbon nucleophile will react with the acid halide first to produce a ketone, the ketone is also susceptible to ...
TazaroteneTazarotene
Reaction of the enolate of that ketone with diethyl chlorophosphate gives the enol phosphate 5 as a transient intermediate. ... Acylation with acetyl chloride in the presence of aluminium chloride gives the methyl ketone (4). ...
N-Sulfinyl imineN-Sulfinyl imine
"Asymmetric Synthesis of syn-α-Substituted β-Amino Ketones using Sulfinimines and Prochiral Weinreb Amide Enolates". Organic ... α-amino aldehydes and ketones, β-amino ketones, α-amino phosphonates, aziridine 2-carboxylates, and aziridine 2-phosphnates. ... with metallo-ketimines but is limited to ketone derived N-sulfinyl imines. A more general method for the preparation of N- ... by the Direct Condensation of tert-Butanesulfinamide with aldehydes and ketones". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 64: 1278. doi: ...
KetoneKetone
Its enolate is a common ligand in coordination chemistry. Unsaturated ketonesEdit. Ketones containing alkene and alkyne units ... Classes of ketonesEdit. Ketones are classified on the basis of their substituents. One broad classification subdivides ketones ... Cyclic ketonesEdit. Many ketones are cyclic. The simplest class have the formula (CH2)nCO, where n varies from 2 for ... Acid/base properties of ketonesEdit. Ketones are far more acidic (pKa ≈ 20) than a regular alkane (pKa ≈ 50). This difference ...
DiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and Occupations
KetonesKetone BodiesOrganic Chemistry PhenomenaChemistry, OrganicStereoisomerismCyclizationMolecular StructureAlkylationIminesLithium CompoundsCatalysisPalladiumAldehydesElectronsMethyl n-Butyl KetoneEstersTosyllysine Chloromethyl KetoneTosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl KetoneAcetoacetates3-Hydroxybutyric AcidModels, MolecularHydrogenCrystallography, X-RayHydroxybutyratesAmino Acid Chloromethyl KetonesKineticsKetosisCoenzyme A-TransferasesKetogenic DietAlcoholsAcetoneHydroxybutyrate DehydrogenasePentanonesDiabetic KetoacidosisAlkenesMannich BasesAlkadienes
Ketone enolate - WikipediaKetone enolate - Wikipedia
A ketone enolate is an enolate formed from a ketone by reaction with a strong base, such as lithium diisopropylamide, or with a ... In the latter case, the base takes the hydrogen ion from the alpha carbon of the ketone and the electron acceptor atom of the ... Lewis acid becomes attached to the oxygen of the ketone.. ...
en.wikipedia.org
DIGITAL.CSIC: Conjugate Additions of Cyclic Oxygen-Bound Nickel Enolates to α,β-Unsaturated KetonesDIGITAL.CSIC: Conjugate Additions of Cyclic Oxygen-Bound Nickel Enolates to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
The reaction of nickel enolates displaying a metallacyclic structure with the α,β-unsaturated ketones methyl vinyl ketone (MVK ... Conjugate Additions of Cyclic Oxygen-Bound Nickel Enolates to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. ... In the case of the reaction of the parent nickel enolate complex 1 (which displays an unsubstituted Ni-O=CR)CH2 arrangement) ... cycloaddition of the enolate to the enone. The ring opening process involves a prototropic rearrangement that can be catalyzed ...
digital.csic.es
Fused bicyclic piperidines and dihydropyridines by dearomatising cyclisation of the enolates of nicotinyl-substituted esters...Fused bicyclic piperidines and dihydropyridines by dearomatising cyclisation of the enolates of nicotinyl-substituted esters...
Fused bicyclic piperidines and dihydropyridines by dearomatising cyclisation of the enolates of nicotinyl-substituted esters ... In this paper we report the results of cyclising the enolates of ester and ketones tethered to a nicotinyl nucleus via chains ... Tethered ketone or ester enolate nucleophiles undergo dearomatising attack on a pyridine ring to yield bicyclic products. ... presumably because the sodium and potassium enolates are more reactive than the lithium enolate and compete too well with N- ...
beilstein-journals.org
Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona: Substrate-controlled Michael additions of titanium enolates from chiral α...Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona: Substrate-controlled Michael additions of titanium enolates from chiral α...
Lewis acid-mediated substrate-controlled reactions of the titanium(IV) enolates of chiral a-benzyloxy ketones with conjugated ... Substrate-controlled Michael additions of titanium enolates from chiral α-benzyloxy ketones to conjugated nitroalkenes. ... probably as a consequence of the formation of bimetallic enolates that increase the reactivity of the enolate and direct the ...
diposit.ub.edu
Catalytic Asymmetric Vinylation of Ketone Enolates | The Buchwald Research GroupCatalytic Asymmetric Vinylation of Ketone Enolates | The Buchwald Research Group
Catalytic Asymmetric Vinylation of Ketone Enolates A. Chieffi, Kamikawa, K. , hman, J. Å. , Fox, J. M. , and Buchwald, S. L. " ... A protocol for the catalytic asymmetric vinylation of ketone enolates has been developed. Key to the success of this process ... "Catalytic Asymmetric Vinylation of Ketone Enolates", Org. Lett., 2001, 3(12), 1897-1900. ...
chemistry-buchwald.mit.edu
Aldol Condensation - Aldehyde and Ketones II: Enolates - MCAT Organic Chemistry ReviewAldol Condensation - Aldehyde and Ketones II: Enolates - MCAT Organic Chemistry Review
Enolates - Training MCAT Organic Chemistry Review - to help you review the organic chemistry topics covered on the MCAT ... Aldehyde and Ketones II: Enolates. 7.3 Aldol Condensation. The aldol condensation is another vital reaction for the MCAT. This ... The enolate is more nucleophilic than the enol because it is negatively charged. This nucleophilic enolate ion can react with ... Aldol condensations are most useful if we only use one type of aldehyde or ketone. If there are multiple aldehydes or ketones, ...
schoolbag.info
Ketone - WikipediaKetone - Wikipedia
Its enolate is a common ligand in coordination chemistry. Ketones containing alkene and alkyne units are often called ... Exceptions to this rule are the unsaturated ketones such as methyl vinyl ketone with LD50 of 7 mg/kg (oral). Diketone Ketone ... Ketones are trigonal planar around the ketonic carbon, with C−C−O and C−C−C bond angles of approximately 120°. Ketones differ ... The word ketone is derived from Aketon, an old German word for acetone. According to the rules of IUPAC nomenclature, ketones ...
en.wikipedia.org
Electrochemical Reactions and Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry - 1st EditionElectrochemical Reactions and Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry - 1st Edition
Oxidation of Ketones. Oxidation of Aldehydes. Oxidation of Enolate Ions. Oxidation of Hydrazones and Oximes. Oxidation of ... agr;, &bgr;-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones. Intramolecular Cyclization. Mixed Hydrocoupling Reactions. Asymmetric Reduction ... Oxidation of Hydrazine Derivatives. 9. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids, Oxidation. ...
elsevier.com
Lecture 19: Lecture 21: Ester Enolates, Mixed Ketone and the Claisen Condensation, Michael Addition, Robinson Annulation |...Lecture 19: Lecture 21: Ester Enolates, Mixed Ketone and the Claisen Condensation, Michael Addition, Robinson Annulation |...
Lecture 21: Ester Enolates, Mixed Ketone and the Claisen Condensation, Michael Addition, Robinson Annulation by UC Berkeley / ... Ester Enolates, Mixed Ketone and the Claisen Condensation, Mixed Claisen-Dieckmann Condensation, Decarboxylation of 3-Ketoacids ... Lecture 21: Ester Enolates, Mixed Ketone and the Claisen Condensation, Michael Addition, Robinson Annulation ... Lecture 8: Aldehydes and Ketones: Reversible Addition Reactions * Lecture 10: Wolff-Kishner Reduction, Wittig Reaction, Baeyer- ...
cosmolearning.org
Online Course: Organic Chemistry 101 - Certificate and CEUs | UniversalClassOnline Course: Organic Chemistry 101 - Certificate and CEUs | UniversalClass
Lesson 18 - Aldehydes and Ketones 2: Enols and Enolates. Specifically, this lesson considers enols and enolates--two forms that ... Complete Exam: Lesson 17 - Aldehydes and Ketones 1: Introduction and Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Group ... Lesson 17 - Aldehydes and Ketones 1: Introduction and Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Group. ... are closely related to aldehydes and ketones and that are key to the behavior of these molecules. 20 Total Points *. Complete: ...
universalclass.com
Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition | Organic Chemistry | Chemistry | Subjects | WileyOrganic Chemistry, 2nd Edition | Organic Chemistry | Chemistry | Subjects | Wiley
20 Aldehydes and Ketones. 21 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. 22 Alpha Carbon Chemistry: Enols and Enolates ... Rewritten for clarity: Chapter 7: Substitution Reactions/Section 7.5: The SN1 Mechanism, Chapter 20: Aldehydes and Ketones/ ... Section 20.7 :Mechanism Strategies, Chapter 20: Aldehydes and Ketones/Section 20.10: Carbon Nucleophiles ...
wiley.com
Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition | Organic Chemistry | Chemistry | Subjects | WileyOrganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition | Organic Chemistry | Chemistry | Subjects | Wiley
Aldehydes and Ketones. 20. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. 21. Alpha Carbon Chemistry: Enols and Enolates ...
wiley.com
Organic Chemistry | Università degli Studi di Milano StataleOrganic Chemistry | Università degli Studi di Milano Statale
Reactions via enol and via enolate. The role of the base. Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones via enol and enolate. Acid ... Reactions via enol and via enolate. The role of the base. Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones via enol and enolate. Acid ... Chemistry of enols and enolate ions. Formation of enols and enolates. ... Chemistry of enols and enolate ions. Formation of enols and enolates. ...
unimi.it
9780470770320 - Organic Chemistry II For | eCampus.com9780470770320 - Organic Chemistry II For | eCampus.com
Aldehydes and Ketones. Enols and Enolates. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Advanced Topics (Every Students Nightmare) ...
ecampus.com
Studies and Mechanism of Olefination Reaction in Aryl-Enolates with ParaformaldehydeStudies and Mechanism of Olefination Reaction in Aryl-Enolates with Paraformaldehyde
Wang, J., Lei, M., Li, Q., Ge, Z., Wang, X. and Li, R. (2009) A Novel and Efficient Direct Aldol Condensation from Ketones and ... In this transformation, the α-carbon of an enolate is bonded with the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde, and a β-hydroxylated- ... One of the early reports was that of Laos in 1967 [20] where the α-methylenation of steroidal ketones was carried out with ... Scheme 3 proposes a reaction mechanism for the formation of 4a, 5, 6a, and 7. The enolate of 1a carried out a nucleophilic ...
scirp.org
Jamison Research GroupJamison Research Group
"Stereoselective Formation of Fully Substituted Ketone Enolates," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 5517-5520. Download PDF ... Wu, J.; Yang, X.; He, Z.; Mao, X.; Hatton, T.A.; Jamsion, T.F. "Continuous Flow Synthesis of Ketones from Carbon Dioxide and ... Miller, K. M.; Jamison, T. F. "Highly Regioselective, Catalytic Asymmetric Reductive Coupling of 1,3-Enynes and Ketones" Org. ... Enantioselective Synthesis of Allylic Alcohols and α-Hydroxy Ketones" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3442-3443. Download PDF ...
web.mit.edu
Organic Chemistry, Second Edition by Thomas N. Sorrell: University Science Books 9788130913131 Paperback - AbeBooks.comOrganic Chemistry, Second Edition by Thomas N. Sorrell: University Science Books 9788130913131 Paperback - AbeBooks.com
Nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones â ¢ Additionâ substitution reactions of aldehydes and Ketones: â ¢ ... The nucleophilic addition reactions of enolate ions â ¢ Conjugate addition reactions of unsaturated carbonyl compounds â ¢ The ... Nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones ? Addition?substitution reactions of aldehydes and Ketones: ? ... Carbohydrate chemistry â ¢ Additionâ elimination reactions of aldehydes and ketones â ¢ Additionâ elimination reactions of ...
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WebAssign - Organic Chemistry 7th editionWebAssign - Organic Chemistry 7th edition
17: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group (11). *18: Enols and Enolates (10) ...
webassign.net
Functional Group Database | FG | ChemogenesisFunctional Group Database | FG | Chemogenesis
Enolate anion more info. Enolate ion from methyl ketone more info. Enolate, lithium more info ...
meta-synthesis.com
Total synthesis of (-)-tubingensin B enabled by the strategic use of an aryne cyclization | Nature ChemistryTotal synthesis of (-)-tubingensin B enabled by the strategic use of an aryne cyclization | Nature Chemistry
Gregoire, B., Carre, M.-C. & Caubere, P. Arynic condensation of ketone enolates. 17. New general access to benzocyclobutene ... Tranchier, J.-P., Ratovelomanana-Vidal, V., Genêt, J.-P., Tong, S. & Cohen, T. Asymmetric hydrogenation of phenylthio ketones ...
nature.com
Aldol reaction - WikipediaAldol reaction - Wikipedia
For ketones, most enolization conditions give Z enolates. For esters, most enolization conditions give E enolates. The addition ... If an unsymmetrical ketone is subjected to base, it has the potential to form two regioisomeric enolates (ignoring enolate ... The trisubstituted enolate is considered the kinetic enolate, while the tetrasubstituted enolate is considered the ... EnolatesEdit. FormationEdit. The enolate may be formed by using a strong base ("hard conditions") or using a Lewis acid and a ...
en.m.wikipedia.org
Organic chemistry (Book, 2014) [WorldCat.org]Organic chemistry (Book, 2014) [WorldCat.org]
... enols and enolates -- Condensation and conjugate addition reactions of carbonyl compounds : more chemistry of enolates -- ... Aldehydes and ketones : nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group --. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives : nucleophilic ... Aldehydes & Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group 17. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic ... Reactions at the [alpha] Carbon of Carbonyl Compounds: Enols and Enolates 19. Condensation and Conjugate Addition Reactions of ...
worldcat.org
WebAssign - Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function 6th editionWebAssign - Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function 6th edition
17: Aldehydes and Ketones (49). *18: Enols, Enolates, and the Aldol Condensation (22) ... Chapter 18: Enols, Enolates, and the Aldol Condensation 18.J. 16. 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 ... Chapter 23: Ester Enolates and the Claisen Condensation 23.J. 19. 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 ...
webassign.net
Ketone - WikipediaKetone - Wikipedia
Its enolate is a common ligand in coordination chemistry. Unsaturated ketonesEdit. Ketones containing alkene and alkyne units ... Classes of ketonesEdit. Ketones are classified on the basis of their substituents. One broad classification subdivides ketones ... Cyclic ketonesEdit. Many ketones are cyclic. The simplest class have the formula (CH2)nCO, where n varies from 2 for ... Acid/base properties of ketonesEdit. Ketones are far more acidic (pKa ≈ 20) than a regular alkane (pKa ≈ 50). This difference ...
en.m.wikipedia.org
Banerjee D[au] - PubMed - NCBIBanerjee D[au] - PubMed - NCBI
Nickel-Catalyzed Alkylation of Ketone Enolates: Synthesis of Monoselective Linear Ketones.. Das J, Vellakkaran M, Banerjee D. ... Mn(ii)-catalysed alkylation of methylene ketones with alcohols: direct access to functionalised branched products. ...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
DiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and Occupations
KetonesKetone BodiesOrganic Chemistry PhenomenaChemistry, OrganicStereoisomerismCyclizationMolecular StructureAlkylationIminesLithium CompoundsCatalysisPalladiumAldehydesElectronsMethyl n-Butyl KetoneEstersTosyllysine Chloromethyl KetoneTosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl KetoneAcetoacetates3-Hydroxybutyric AcidModels, MolecularHydrogenCrystallography, X-RayHydroxybutyratesAmino Acid Chloromethyl KetonesKineticsKetosisCoenzyme A-TransferasesKetogenic DietAlcoholsAcetoneHydroxybutyrate DehydrogenasePentanonesDiabetic KetoacidosisAlkenesMannich BasesAlkadienes
AldehydesMethyl vinylEnolsAldehyde or ketoneEstersReactionEthersAlcoholsAnionCompoundsCatalyticAlkylCarbanionAlkenesSimple ketonesAlkylationCyclic KetonesOxidationLithiumSynthesisAmidesCarboxylic Acid DerivativesCarbonElectrophilesStereochemistryEsterChiralNucleophileCarbonyl GroupsGive the ketoneSimplest ketoneIntermediateHydrogenWord ketoneTrifluoromethyl ketonesFormationEnoneNucleophilic enolateLigandRegioselectiveCarbonylsEthylKetoChemistryIUPACAlkyneLess reactiveAliphaticKetene
Aldehydes36
Methyl vinyl2
Enols5
Aldehyde or ketone7
Esters9
Reaction23
Ethers1
Alcohols5
Anion5
Compounds8
Catalytic5
Alkyl7
  • The common names of ketones are obtained by writing separately the names of the two alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl group, followed by "ketone" as a separate word. (wikipedia.org)
  • If both alkyl groups in a ketone are the same then the ketone is said to be symmetrical, otherwise unsymmetrical. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method of converting an alkyl halide into a methyl ketone. (chegg.com)
  • Grignard Reagents are also used in the following important reactions: The addition of an excess of a Grignard reagent to an ester or lactone gives a tertiary alcohol in which two alkyl groups are the same, and the addition of a Grignard reagent to a nitrile produces an unsymmetrical ketone via a metalloimine intermediate. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • 2. A facile conversion of alkyl aryl ketones to α-arylalkanoic acids using diphenyl phosphorazidate. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the conventional enolate alkylation approach remains problematic due to lack of regioselectivity, risk of overalkylation, and the need for strongly basic conditions and expensive alkyl halide reagents. (sciencemag.org)
  • JACS 95, 6152 (1973) disclose the use of α-silylated vinyl ketones to prevent the polymerization of simple alkyl vinyl ketones via their enolate ions during Michael addition reactions. (google.com)
Carbanion7
Alkenes1
Simple ketones1
Alkylation3
Cyclic Ketones1
Oxidation1
  • Effective oxygenation of enolate anions is generally restricted to tertiary centers where over-oxidation is not possible. (wiley.com)
Lithium4
  • We assume, in line with previous results , that cyclisation occurs only after the addition of the electrophilic trap (which, precedent suggests, attacks the pyridine lone pair and activates the ring as an acylpyridinium species even in the presence of the lithium enolate). (beilstein-journals.org)
  • The flask on the left is a solution of the lithium enolate of tert -butyl propionate (formed by addition of LDA to tert -butyl propionate). (wikipedia.org)
  • Publications] Kei Takeda: 'Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone Derivatives by [3+Annulation of β-Heteroatom-Substituted Acryloylsilanes and Lithium Enolate of Methyl Ketones'Chem.Lett. (nii.ac.jp)
  • 11f-g] Moreover, Koga and co-workers have developed oligoamine-mediated a-benzylations of preformed cyclohexanone lithium enolates. (docme.ru)
Synthesis4
Amides2
  • The treatment of various N-morpholino amides with TMPZnCl center dot LiCl (TMP= 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) and Mg(OPiv)(2) in THF at 25 degrees C provides solid zinc enolates with enhanced air and moisture stability (t(1/2) in air: 1-3 h) after solvent evaporation. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • The arylated N-morpholino amides were converted into various ketones by LaCl3 center dot 2 LiCl mediated acylation with Grignard reagents. (uni-muenchen.de)
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives1
  • The Favorskii rearrangement, named for the Russian chemist Alexei Yevgrafovich Favorskii, is most principally a rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones which leads to carboxylic acid derivatives. (wikipedia.org)
Carbon10
  • In the latter case, the base takes the hydrogen ion from the alpha carbon of the ketone and the electron acceptor atom of the Lewis acid becomes attached to the oxygen of the ketone. (wikipedia.org)
  • In chemistry, a ketone (alkanone) /ˈkiːtoʊn/ is an organic compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ketone carbon is often described as "sp2 hybridized", a description that includes both their electronic and molecular structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, ketones are nucleophilic at oxygen and electrophilic at carbon. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this transformation, the α-carbon of an enolate is bonded with the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde, and a β-hydroxylated-carbonyl intermediate is obtained. (scirp.org)
  • In chemistry , a ketone / ˈ k iː t oʊ n / is a functional group with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents . (wikipedia.org)
  • In a typical enolate ion, in other words, the oxygen atom bears more of the negative charge than the carbon atom. (britannica.com)
  • A ketone (pronounced as key tone ) is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. (wikidoc.org)
  • In the process of going from a keto to an enol, an enolate is formed which is the resonance structure with a charge delocalized over the oxygen and the carbon. (wikibooks.org)
  • Note that it is the same mechanism but in reverse to go from a ketone to alcohol in acid conditions where the carbonyl is protonated and then a proton from a carbon is pulled off leaving the electrons to form an alkene. (wikibooks.org)
Electrophiles4
Stereochemistry1
Ester4
Chiral2
Nucleophile1
Carbonyl Groups1
Give the ketone1
Simplest ketone1
Intermediate5
Hydrogen4
  • Ketones are hydrogen-bond acceptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ketones are not usually hydrogen-bond donors and cannot hydrogen-bond to themselves. (wikipedia.org)
  • The α-hydrogen of a ketone is far more acidic ( pKa ≈ 20) than the hydrogen of a regular alkane (pKa ≈ 50). (wikidoc.org)
  • The "hydrogen-borrowing" method allows the functionalization of ketones with methanol and transition metal catalysts, but examples lacked application to further α-functionalization. (bl.uk)
Word ketone1
Trifluoromethyl ketones1
Formation4
  • The supplementary Lewis acid plays a key role in the outcome of these transformations, probably as a consequence of the formation of bimetallic enolates that increase the reactivity of the enolate and direct the approach of the nitroalkene. (ub.edu)
  • Reversible and irreversible formation of enolates. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • A rhodium catalyst alkylates ketones by the insertion of olefins into their C-H bonds, eliminating the formation of by-products. (sciencemag.org)
  • 18 points) Draw in the box below a step-by-step mechanism for the a -catayzed formation of sodium enolate from diethyl malonate (1) and epoxide, using the curved-arrow convention. (docplayer.net)
Enone1
  • The former are generated with high stereoselectivity and can be considered as the products of the [2+cycloaddition of the enolate to the enone. (csic.es)
Nucleophilic enolate1
Ligand2
  • Its enolate is a common ligand in coordination chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
  • The device of Claim 4 wherein the metal is selected from europium, terbium and thulium, and is further coordinated to at least one ligand selected from enolates, phosphine oxides, Noxides, and diimines. (sumobrain.com)
Regioselective1
Carbonyls2
Ethyl1
  • Ethyl acetoacetate is first deprotonated, forming a doubly stabilized enolate. (chegg.com)
Keto4
  • For some common chemicals (mainly in biochemistry), keto or oxo refer to the ketone functional group. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the presence of an acid catalyst the ketone is subjected to so-called keto-enol tautomerism . (wikidoc.org)
  • For some common chemicals (mainly in biochemistry), keto or oxy is the term used to describe the ketone (also known as alkanone) functional group . (wikidoc.org)
  • An enol is short for an unsaturated alcohol and keto is short for a ketone. (wikibooks.org)
Chemistry2
  • For common ketones, some traditional names such as acetone and benzophenone predominate, and these are considered retained IUPAC names , although some introductory chemistry texts use names such as propanone. (wikidoc.org)
  • Paola Vitale and Antonio Scilimati, "Five-membered Ring Heterocycles by Reacting Enolates with Dipoles", Current Organic Chemistry (2013) 17: 1986. (eurekaselect.com)
IUPAC3
  • According to the rules of IUPAC nomenclature, ketones are named by changing the suffix -ane of the parent alkane to -anone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although used infrequently, oxo is the IUPAC nomenclature for a ketone functional group. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, ketones are named using IUPAC nomenclature by changing the suffix -e of the parent alkane to -one . (wikidoc.org)
Alkyne1
Less reactive1
Aliphatic1
Ketene1
  • Letters, 2, 163 (1976) disclose that when methylvinyl ketone or cyclohexenone is employed as a Michael acceptor in the presence of O-silylated ketene acetals and titanium tetrachloride, the desired product is obtained in low yields and a polymeric by-product is produced. (google.com)