AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Energy MetabolismEnergy IntakeLipid MetabolismGlucoseEnergy TransferGlycolysisOxygen ConsumptionAdenosine TriphosphateLactic AcidPhosphocreatineMitochondriaBasal MetabolismOxidation-ReductionOxidative PhosphorylationLactatesLiverCalorimetry, IndirectMetabolismMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCitric Acid CycleModels, BiologicalBody WeightFatty AcidsMuscle, SkeletalKineticsEatingPyruvic AcidMetabolic Networks and PathwaysInsulinBrainTime FactorsAdipose TissueNitrogenHomeostasisMyocardiumBlood GlucoseCarbonFluorescence Resonance Energy TransferOxygenPhosphatesAdenine NucleotidesBody CompositionGene Expression ProfilingMetabolomeLeptinThermogenesisGene Expression RegulationRats, WistarAnaerobiosisAMP-Activated Protein KinasesMitochondrial ProteinsPyruvatesBody Temperature RegulationCarbon DioxideDietary FatsMolecular Sequence DataThermodynamicsRats, Sprague-DawleyHexokinaseCell RespirationSignal TransductionConservation of Energy ResourcesMetabolism, Inborn ErrorsGlycogenCitrate (si)-SynthaseDeoxyglucoseHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSolar EnergyRNA, MessengerAerobiosisNADMetabolomicsCells, CulturedMice, Inbred C57BLBiotransformationAdenosine DiphosphateCaloric RestrictionChromatography, High Pressure LiquidOxidative StressMutationDietary ProteinsSwineTriglyceridesFatty Acids, NonesterifiedLipidsAcetatesCreatine KinaseCarbon IsotopesProteinsRats, Inbred StrainsAdaptation, PhysiologicalFastingMice, KnockoutProteome3-Hydroxybutyric AcidAdenylate KinaseBiological TransportCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemMicrosomes, LiverObesityOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisDietary CarbohydratesWeight GainAdenosine MonophosphateRenewable EnergyTemperatureTranscription FactorsInsulin ResistanceCarbon RadioisotopesProteomicsBacterial ProteinsAnimal FeedCreatineFeeding BehaviorElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalPhosphorusElectron Transport Complex IVGene Expression Regulation, BacterialMitochondria, HeartKetone BodiesAgingCell LineStress, PhysiologicalL-Lactate DehydrogenaseElectron TransportPhosphorus IsotopesMeclizineMass SpectrometryGlycerolCalorimetryDose-Response Relationship, DrugMetabolic DiseasesModels, MolecularAdipose Tissue, BrownAmino Acid SequenceSuccinic AcidRandom AllocationGene ExpressionCattlePhenotypeMusclesFermentationEnzymesHypothalamusOrgan SizeSuccinate DehydrogenaseCulture MediaSirtuin 3DietLipolysisPerfusionReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionHydroxybutyratesMitochondria, MuscleBody TemperatureCalciumEnergy DrinksDisease Models, AnimalIronCarbohydrate MetabolismBase SequenceIsoenzymesHeartHydrogenProtein BindingCholesterolAmmoniaOxidoreductasesFatsTranscription, GeneticMice, TransgenicModels, ChemicalMitochondria, LiverAcetyl Coenzyme AHypoxia, BrainSirtuin 1CarnitineDinitrophenolsFood DeprivationAnoxiaAnimal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaMalatesAdipocytesEscherichia coliGhrelinOligomycinsPPAR alphaPropionatesBone and BonesTranscriptomeNeuronsPhysical ExertionCarnitine O-PalmitoyltransferaseReactive Oxygen SpeciesComputer SimulationPhosphofructokinasesNADPNafronylBlotting, WesternSpecies SpecificityAppetite
Energy Metabolism: The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.Lipid Metabolism: Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Energy Transfer: The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). It includes the transfer of kinetic energy and the transfer of chemical energy. The transfer of chemical energy from one molecule to another depends on proximity of molecules so it is often used as in techniques to measure distance such as the use of FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER.Glycolysis: A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.Oxygen Consumption: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)Mitochondria: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Basal Metabolism: Heat production, or its measurement, of an organism at the lowest level of cell chemistry in an inactive, awake, fasting state. It may be determined directly by means of a calorimeter or indirectly by calculating the heat production from an analysis of the end products of oxidation within the organism or from the amount of oxygen utilized.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.Lactates: Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Calorimetry, Indirect: Calculation of the energy expenditure in the form of heat production of the whole body or individual organs based on respiratory gas exchange.Metabolism: The chemical reactions that occur within the cells, tissues, or an organism. These processes include both the biosynthesis (ANABOLISM) and the breakdown (CATABOLISM) of organic materials utilized by the living organism.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Citric Acid Cycle: A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Eating: The consumption of edible substances.Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Metabolic Networks and Pathways: Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Adipose Tissue: Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood.Carbon: A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer: A type of FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY using two FLUORESCENT DYES with overlapping emission and absorption spectra, which is used to indicate proximity of labeled molecules. This technique is useful for studying interactions of molecules and PROTEIN FOLDING.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.Adenine NucleotidesBody Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Metabolome: The dynamic collection of metabolites which represent a cell's or organism's net metabolic response to current conditions.Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and SHIVERING are examples of thermogenesis in MAMMALS.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Anaerobiosis: The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)AMP-Activated Protein Kinases: Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.Mitochondrial Proteins: Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.PyruvatesBody Temperature Regulation: The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Hexokinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and a D-hexose to ADP and a D-hexose 6-phosphate. D-Glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sorbitol, and D-glucosamine can act as acceptors; ITP and dATP can act as donors. The liver isoenzyme has sometimes been called glucokinase. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.1.Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Conservation of Energy Resources: Planned management, use, and preservation of energy resources.Metabolism, Inborn Errors: Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.GlycogenCitrate (si)-Synthase: Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Solar Energy: Energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Aerobiosis: Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.NAD: A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)Metabolomics: The systematic identification and quantitation of all the metabolic products of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism under varying conditions. The METABOLOME of a cell or organism is a dynamic collection of metabolites which represent its net response to current conditions.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Mice, Inbred C57BLBiotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.Caloric Restriction: Reduction in caloric intake without reduction in adequate nutrition. In experimental animals, caloric restriction has been shown to extend lifespan and enhance other physiological variables.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).TriglyceridesFatty Acids, Nonesterified: FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.Lipids: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Acetates: Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.Carbon Isotopes: Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Adaptation, Physiological: The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.Fasting: Abstaining from all food.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Proteome: The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.Adenylate Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.Microsomes, Liver: Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.Obesity: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.Dietary Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)Weight Gain: Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.Renewable Energy: Forms of energy that are constantly and rapidly renewed by natural processes such as solar, ocean wave, and wind energy. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Insulin Resistance: Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.Carbon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.Proteomics: The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Animal Feed: Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional: Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.Electron Transport Complex IV: A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Mitochondria, Heart: The mitochondria of the myocardium.Ketone Bodies: The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Stress, Physiological: The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.L-Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.Electron Transport: The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)Phosphorus Isotopes: Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.Calorimetry: The measurement of the quantity of heat involved in various processes, such as chemical reactions, changes of state, and formations of solutions, or in the determination of the heat capacities of substances. The fundamental unit of measurement is the joule or the calorie (4.184 joules). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Metabolic Diseases: Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Adipose Tissue, Brown: A thermogenic form of adipose tissue composed of BROWN ADIPOCYTES. It is found in newborns of many species including humans, and in hibernating mammals. Brown fat is richly vascularized, innervated, and densely packed with MITOCHONDRIA which can generate heat directly from the stored lipids.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.Fermentation: Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Succinate Dehydrogenase: A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Sirtuin 3: A sirtuin family member found primarily in MITOCHONDRIA. It is a multifunctional enzyme that contains a NAD-dependent deacetylase activity that is specific for HISTONES and a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.Lipolysis: The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.Perfusion: Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Hydroxybutyrates: Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.Mitochondria, Muscle: Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.Body Temperature: The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Energy Drinks: Beverages consumed as stimulants and tonics. They usually contain a combination of CAFFEINE with other substances such as herbal supplements; VITAMINS; AMINO ACIDS; and sugar or sugar derivatives.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Iron: A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.Carbohydrate Metabolism: Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Isoenzymes: Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.Oxidoreductases: The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)Fats: The glyceryl esters of a fatty acid, or of a mixture of fatty acids. They are generally odorless, colorless, and tasteless if pure, but they may be flavored according to origin. Fats are insoluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents. They occur in animal and vegetable tissue and are generally obtained by boiling or by extraction under pressure. They are important in the diet (DIETARY FATS) as a source of energy. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Mitochondria, Liver: Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.Hypoxia, Brain: A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.Sirtuin 1: A sirtuin family member found primarily in the CELL NUCLEUS. It is an NAD-dependent deacetylase with specificity towards HISTONES and a variety of proteins involved in gene regulation.Carnitine: A constituent of STRIATED MUSCLE and LIVER. It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism.Dinitrophenols: Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.Food Deprivation: The withholding of food in a structured experimental situation.Anoxia: Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena: Nutritional physiology of animals.MalatesAdipocytes: Cells in the body that store FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. WHITE ADIPOCYTES are the predominant type and found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. BROWN ADIPOCYTES are thermogenic cells that can be found in newborns of some species and hibernating mammals.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Ghrelin: A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).PPAR alpha: A nuclear transcription factor. Heterodimerization with RETINOID X RECEPTOR GAMMA is important to metabolism of LIPIDS. It is the target of FIBRATES to control HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.Propionates: Derivatives of propionic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure.Bone and Bones: A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.Transcriptome: The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Physical Exertion: Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoylcarnitine in the inner mitochondrial membrane. EC 2.3.1.21.Reactive Oxygen Species: Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Phosphofructokinases: Allosteric enzymes that regulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. These enzymes catalyze phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to either fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1 reaction), or to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-2 reaction).NADP: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Appetite: Natural recurring desire for food. Alterations may be induced by APPETITE DEPRESSANTS or APPETITE STIMULANTS.

Energy depletion differently affects membrane transport and intracellular metabolism of riboflavin taken up by isolated rat enterocytes. (1/13887)

Isolated rat enterocytes, both normal and those de-energized with rotenone, were used to study the energy dependence of membrane and intracellular intestinal riboflavin transport in vitro. Membrane and intracellular transport were investigated by using short (3 min) and long (20 min) incubation times, respectively. For both types of cells and incubation times, [3H]-riboflavin uptake presented a saturable component prevailing at physiologic intraluminal concentrations. At 3 min incubation, saturable [3H]-riboflavin transport was apparently an energy-independent process with high affinity and low capacity. Values of the saturable component and its apparent constants, Km and Jmax, did not differ in normal and de-energized enterocytes. At 20 min incubation, saturable [3H]-riboflavin transport was a strictly energy-dependent process in which values of the saturable component were significantly greater in normal than in de-energized enterocytes. Km values did not differ in the two types of cells and were unmodified over 3 min, whereas in normal enterocytes, Jmax at 20 min [6.25 +/- 0.2 pmol/(mg protein. 20 min)] was significantly greater than at 3 min [2.67 +/- 0.33 pmol/(mg protein. 3 min)] and compared with de-energized enterocytes at 20 min [2.54 +/- 0.16 pmol/(mg protein. 20 min)]. Both membrane and intracellular events were inhibited by unlabeled riboflavin and analogs, which are good substrates for flavokinase, thus demonstrating the paramount role of this enzyme in riboflavin intestinal transport.  (+info)

Energy cost of sport rock climbing in elite performers. (2/13887)

OBJECTIVES: To assess oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate concentration ([La(b)]), and heart rate (HR) response during indoor and outdoor sport climbing. METHODS: Seven climbers aged 25 (SE 1) years, with a personal best ascent without preview or fall (on sight) ranging from 6b to 7a were assessed using an indoor vertical treadmill with artificial rock hand/foot holds and a discontinuous protocol with climbing velocity incremented until voluntary fatigue. On a separate occasion the subjects performed a 23.4 m outdoor rock climb graded 5c and taking 7 min 36 s (SE 33 s) to complete. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured using a telemetry system and [La(b)] collected at rest and after climbing. RESULTS: Indoor climbing elicited a peak oxygen uptake (VO2climb-peak) and peak HR (HRpeak) of 43.8 (SE 2.2) ml/kg/min and 190 (SE 4) bpm, respectively and increased blood lactate concentration [La(b)] from 1.4 (0.1) to 10.2 (0.6) mmol/l (p < 0.05). During outdoor climbing VO2 and HR increased to about 75% and 83% of VO2climb-peak and HRpeak, respectively. [La(b)] increased from 1.3 (0.1) at rest to 4.5 mmol/l (p < 0.05) at 2 min 32 s (8 s) after completion of the climb. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that for elite climbers outdoor sport rock climbs of five to 10 minutes' duration and moderate difficulty require a significant portion of the VO2climb-peak. The higher HR and VO2 for outdoor climbing and the increased [La(b)] could be the result of repeated isometric contractions, particularly from the arm and forearm muscles.  (+info)

Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations in horses competing in cross-country events. (3/13887)

The cardiovascular and metabolic response to two cross-country events (CC*: preliminary level and CC*** advanced level) were analysed in 8 male eventing horses (4 Anglo-Hunter and 4 Anglo-Arabian). This study focused on the establishment of the main metabolic pathways involved in the muscle energy resynthesis during the competitions. Heart rate (HR) was recorded throughout the CC events. Jugular venous blood samples were withdrawn before the warm-up period, immediately after the competitions and at 5 and 10 min in the recuperation period. The following haematological parameters were studied: red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cells (WBC), and number and percentages of lymphocytes (LYM) and granulocytes and monocytes (GRAN). One fraction of blood was centrifuged and, in plasma, lactate (LA), total plasma protein (TPP) and the rate of LA disappearance were determined. The competitions induced significant increases in RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV and TPP. Plasma LA response exceeded the anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol/l, reaching a maximum level of 13.3 mmol/l. HR ranged from 140 to more than 200 bpm, peaking at 230 bpm, revealing a limitation in the oxygen supply to the working muscles. It was concluded that muscle energy resynthesis during a CC event is provided both through oxidative processes and glycolysis with LA formation. Therefore, both stamina and power exercises are required for eventing horses.  (+info)

Energy cost of propulsion in standard and ultralight wheelchairs in people with spinal cord injuries. (4/13887)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Wheelchair- and subject-related factors influence the efficiency of wheelchair propulsion. The purpose of this study was to compare wheelchair propulsion in ultralight and standard wheelchairs in people with different levels of spinal cord injury. SUBJECTS: Seventy-four subjects (mean age=26.2 years, SD=7.14, range=17-50) with spinal cord injury resulting in motor loss (30 with tetraplegia and 44 with paraplegia) were studied. METHOD: Each subject propelled standard and ultralight wheelchairs around an outdoor track at self-selected speeds, while data were collected at 4 predetermined intervals. Speed, distance traveled, and oxygen cost (VO2 mL/kg/m) were compared by wheelchair, group, and over time, using a Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: In the ultralight wheelchair, speed and distance traveled were greater for both subjects with paraplegia and subjects with tetraplegia, whereas VO2 was less only for subjects with paraplegia. Subjects with paraplegia propelled faster and farther than did subjects with tetraplegia. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The ultralight wheelchair improved the efficiency of propulsion in the tested subjects. Subjects with tetraplegia, especially at the C6 level, are limited in their ability to propel a wheelchair.  (+info)

Nitric oxide inhibits cardiac energy production via inhibition of mitochondrial creatine kinase. (5/13887)

Nitric oxide biosynthesis in cardiac muscle leads to a decreased oxygen consumption and lower ATP synthesis. It is suggested that this effect of nitric oxide is mainly due to the inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase. However, this work demonstrates that nitric oxide is able to inhibit soluble mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK), mitochondrial CK bound in purified mitochondria, CK in situ in skinned fibres as well as the functional activity of mitochondrial CK in situ in skinned fibres. Since mitochondrial isoenzyme is functionally coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, its inhibition also leads to decreased sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to ADP and thus decreases ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption under physiological ADP concentrations.  (+info)

Genetic evidence for ATP-dependent endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi apparatus trafficking of ceramide for sphingomyelin synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. (6/13887)

LY-A strain is a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant resistant to sphingomyelin (SM)-directed cytolysin and has a defect in de novo SM synthesis. Metabolic labeling experiments with radioactive serine, sphingosine, and choline showed that LY-A cells were defective in synthesis of SM from these precursors, but not syntheses of ceramide (Cer), glycosphingolipids, or phosphatidylcholine, indicating a specific defect in the conversion of Cer to SM in LY-A cells. In vitro experiments showed that the specific defect of SM formation in LY-A cells was not due to alterations in enzymatic activities responsible for SM synthesis or degradation. When cells were treated with brefeldin A, which causes fusion of the Golgi apparatus with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), de novo SM synthesis in LY-A cells was restored to the wild-type level. Pulse-chase experiments with a fluorescent Cer analogue, N-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoyl)-D-erythro-sphingosine (C5-DMB-Cer), revealed that in wild-type cells C5-DMB-Cer was redistributed from intracellular membranes to the Golgi apparatus in an intracellular ATP-dependent manner, and that LY-A cells were defective in the energy-dependent redistribution of C5-DMB-Cer. Under ATP-depleted conditions, conversion of C5-DMB-Cer to C5-DMB-SM and of [3H]sphingosine to [3H]SM in wild-type cells decreased to the levels in LY-A cells, which were not affected by ATP depletion. ER-to-Golgi apparatus trafficking of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored or membrane-spanning proteins in LY-A cells appeared to be normal. These results indicate that the predominant pathway of ER-to-Golgi apparatus trafficking of Cer for de novo SM synthesis is ATP dependent and that this pathway is almost completely impaired in LY-A cells. In addition, the specific defect of SM synthesis in LY-A cells suggests different pathways of Cer transport for glycosphingolipids versus SM synthesis.  (+info)

Expression of uncoupling protein-3 and mitochondrial activity in the transition from hypothyroid to hyperthyroid state in rat skeletal muscle. (7/13887)

We sought a correlation between rat skeletal muscle triiodothyronine (T3)-mediated regulation of uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) expression and mitochondrial activity. UCP3 mRNA expression increased strongly during the hypothyroid-hyperthyroid transition. The rank order of mitochondrial State 3 and State 4 respiration rates was hypothyroid < euthyroid < hyperthyroid. The State 4 increase may have been due to the increased UCP3 expression, as the proton leak kinetic was stimulated in the hypothyroid-hyperthyroid transition and a good correlation exists between the State 4 and UCP3 mRNA level. As a significant proportion of an organism's resting oxygen consumption is dedicated to opposing the proton leak, skeletal muscle mitochondrial UCP3 may mediate part of T3's effect on energy metabolism.  (+info)

Reduced cytosolic acidification during exercise suggests defective glycolytic activity in skeletal muscle of patients with Becker muscular dystrophy. An in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. (8/13887)

Becker muscular dystrophy is an X-linked disorder due to mutations in the dystrophin gene, resulting in reduced size and/or content of dystrophin. The functional role of this subsarcolemma protein and the biochemical mechanisms leading to muscle necrosis in Becker muscular dystrophy are still unknown. In particular, the role of a bioenergetic deficit is still controversial. In this study, we used 31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31p-MRS) to investigate skeletal muscle mitochondrial and glycolytic ATP production in vivo in 14 Becker muscular dystrophy patients. Skeletal muscle glycogenolytic ATP production, measured during the first minute of exercise, was similar in patients and controls. On the other hand, during later phases of exercise, skeletal muscle in Becker muscular dystrophy patients was less acidic than in controls, the cytosolic pH at the end of exercise being significantly higher in Becker muscular dystrophy patients. The rate of proton efflux from muscle fibres of Becker muscular dystrophy patients was similar to that of controls, pointing to a deficit in glycolytic lactate production as a cause of higher end-exercise cytosolic pH in patients. The maximum rate of mitochondrial ATP production was similar in muscle of Becker muscular dystrophy patients and controls. The results of this in vivo 31P-MRS study are consistent with reduced glucose availability in dystrophin-deficient muscles.  (+info)

Lese bok Last ned Oxidative/Energy Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Disorders av John P. Blass på norsk id:glo4ls5 mm55 - The...Lese bok Last ned Oxidative/Energy Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Disorders av John P. Blass på norsk id:glo4ls5 mm55 - The...
John P. Blass ‡ ‖ ‡ and ... Oxidative energy metabolism is impaired in many neurodegenerative disorders . Search Menu. » Sign up / Log in Mathematical Models for Suspension Bridges av Filippo Gazzola Geliebt Joseph Walsers Maschine Inbunden, 1999. Pris 1433 kr. Köp Oxidative/Energy Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Disorders (9781573312097) av John P Blass på Bokus.com ... Parkinsons disease, Lebers optic neuropathy and other neurodegenerative disorders ... oxidative energy metabolism ... of methylene blue in ... Search database ... ... Dakota in ePub Land of Golden Sunshine av J.Donald Walters Vuur van de engelen Oxidative/Energy Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Disorders av John P. Blass … Pris 3587 kr. Köp Neurochemical Mechanisms in Disease ... av John P Blass på Bokus.com. ... Oxidative/Energy Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Dis... John P Blass Special issue dedicated to John P. Blass. ... a shift away from oxidative energy metabolism towards ... is a hallmark of ...
Total energy expenditure and physical activity measured with the bicarbonate-urea method in patients with human...Total energy expenditure and physical activity measured with the bicarbonate-urea method in patients with human...
1. Our objectives were to measure total energy expenditure, the daily variation in total energy expenditure and the physical activity level in a group of HIV-positive subjects using the bicarbonate-urea method. The study also aimed to asses the practicalities of using the bicarbonate-urea technique in free-living conditions. 2. Total energy expenditure was measured with the bicarbonate-urea method over 2 consecutive days (1 day in one subject) in 10 male patients with HIV infection (median CD4 count = 30). Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Physical activity level (total energy expenditure/resting energy expenditure) was calculated from these measurements and from activity diaries. 3. Resting energy expenditure was found to be 7.46 +/- 0.87 MJ/day, 5% higher than predicted values. Total energy expenditure was 10.69 +/- 1.95 MJ/day with an intra-individual day-to-day variation of 6 +/- 6%. The measured physical activity level was 1.42 +/- 0.14, higher than the diary estimate
Physical activity energy expenditure and fat-free mass: Relationship with metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese...Physical activity energy expenditure and fat-free mass: Relationship with metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese...
Menopause transition is associated with detrimental changes in physical activity, body composition and metabolic profile. Although physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in individuals at higher risk of CVD, the association is unknown in low-risk individuals. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between PAEE and MetS (prevalence and severity) in inactive overweight or obese postmenopausal women with a low Framingham Risk Score (FRS:, 10%). Cross-sectional data of 126 participants were divided into quartiles based on PAEE (Q1= lowest PAEE) while fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by DXA. MetS prevalence was significantly different between Q1 and Q4 (37.9% vs 13.3%, p= 0.03). After controlling for potential confounders, MetS severity was negatively associated with PAEE (B= -0.057, p, 0.01) and positively with FFM (B= 0.038, p, 0.001). Moderation analyses indicated that a greater FFM exacerbated the ...
Beta -Adrenoceptor blockage and skeletal muscle energy metabolism during endurance exerciseBeta -Adrenoceptor blockage and skeletal muscle energy metabolism during endurance exercise
Baak, M.A. van; Haan, A. de; Saris, W.H.M.; Kordelaar, E. van; Kuipers, H.; Vusse, G.J. van der, 1995: Beta -Adrenoceptor blockage and skeletal muscle energy metabolism during endurance exercise
Leave your comment to Energy Imbalance and its effects on the bodyLeave your comment to Energy Imbalance and its effects on the body
The human body needs energy to sustain its various functions and help the individual perform his/her desired actions. This energy comes from the food we consume. When we consume food, we are said to be taking energy or assimilating energy or energy in, and when we work, exercise, or undertake any physical activity, we are said to be dissipating energy or giving out energy or energy out.. Since the rates at which we dissipate and assimilate energy are not the same always, the body is capable of storing energy for future use. The energy stored is generally in the form of fat or white adipose tissue. When the rates of energy intake and energy expenditure are reasonably healthy, there is less energy stored, which is considered a healthy energy balance. However, when these rates are largely different, the body is said to achieve an energy imbalance.. How does Energy Imbalance affect us?. There are two types of Energy Balance.. A Negative Energy Balance indicates that more energy is being expended ...
Assessment of physical activity and energy expenditure: an overview of by Andrew P. Hills, Najat Mokhtar et al."Assessment of physical activity and energy expenditure: an overview of" by Andrew P. Hills, Najat Mokhtar et al.
The ability to assess energy expenditure (EE) and estimate physical activity (PA) in free-living individuals is extremely important in the global context of non-communicable diseases including malnutrition, overnutrition (obesity), and diabetes. It is also important to appreciate that PA and EE are different constructs with PA defined as any bodily movement that results in EE and accordingly, energy is expended as a result of PA. However, total energy expenditure, best assessed using the criterion doubly labeled water (DLW) technique, includes components in addition to physical activity energy expenditure, namely resting energy expenditure and the thermic effect of food. Given the large number of assessment techniques currently used to estimate PA in humans, it is imperative to understand the relative merits of each. The goal of this review is to provide information on the utility and limitations of a range of objective measures of PA and their relationship with EE. The measures discussed include those
AVAILABLE ENERGYAVAILABLE ENERGY
Mechanical Engineering Online course and notes for Thermodynamics,Available Energy. Download Mechanical Engineering, Available Energy in Thermodynamics notes
Frontiers | Monitoring Energy Expenditure Using a Multi-Sensor Device-Applications and Limitations of the SenseWear Armband in...Frontiers | Monitoring Energy Expenditure Using a Multi-Sensor Device-Applications and Limitations of the SenseWear Armband in...
In order to monitor their energy requirements, athletes may desire to assess energy expenditure (EE) during training and competition. Recent technological advances and increased customer interest have created a market for wearable devices that measure physiological variables and bodily movement over prolonged time periods and convert this information into EE data. This mini-review provides an overview of the applicability of the SenseWear armband (SWA), which combines accelerometry with measurements of heat production and skin conductivity, to measure total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and its components such as exercise energy expenditure (ExEE) in athletic populations. While the SWA has been shown to provide valid estimates of EE in the general population, validation studies in athletic populations indicate a tendency towards underestimation of ExEE particularly during high-intensity exercise (|10 METs) with an increasing underestimation as exercise intensity increases. Although limited information
We Walk: Impact of Exercise Dose on Health Outcomes Among Women Ages 60-75 - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials...'We Walk': Impact of Exercise Dose on Health Outcomes Among Women Ages 60-75 - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials...
The overall goal is to determine whether any energy expenditure compensation in response to 16 weeks of aerobic exercise at a higher-dose is greater compared to a lower-dose intervention in older women, and to begin to investigate underlying physiological mechanisms that influence energy expenditure changes in older women. Changes in all components of energy expenditure, as well as concentrations of plasma leptin and serum free T3, in response to the two different exercise programs (14 and 8 kcal/kg body weight weekly, 60-65% VO2max, 4 days/wk) will be compared in older, non-obese women (60-75 yrs, BMI=18-30 kg/m2).. Specific Aim 1: To determine whether differential changes in total daily energy expenditure and its components occur in older women in response to two exercise programs of different doses. State-of-the-art methods will be used (total daily energy expenditure by doubly labeled water; non-exercise activity thermogenesis using Physical Activity Monitoring System; resting metabolic rate ...
Intracellular edema and dehydration: effects on energy metabolism in alveolar macrophages | ScienceIntracellular edema and dehydration: effects on energy metabolism in alveolar macrophages | Science
The effects of intracellular edema and dehydration on energy metabolism in alveolar macrophages were studied. Intracellular edema increased lactate production and reversibly decreased oxygen consumption. Dehydration caused no significant change in lactate production but irreversibly decreased oxygen consumption. These phenomena may be applicable to a wide variety of clinical problems including lung and brain edema. ...
Brain Energy Metabolism in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder Receiving Escitalopram - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials...Brain Energy Metabolism in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder Receiving Escitalopram - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials...
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe form of depression. MDD can significantly interfere with an individuals thoughts, behavior, mood, and physical health. People who suffer from MDD often experience feelings of worthlessness; they may feel hopeless and may be unable to cope with problems in their life. In addition, they often experience sleep disruption, loss of appetite, and chronic pain.. Antidepressant medications are often prescribed for treating MDD; however, 30% to 40% of individuals fail to respond adequately to medication. Preliminary research has shown that lower levels of brain energy metabolism are often associated with MDD. No studies have yet shown whether there is a difference in brain energy metabolism between individuals who respond well to antidepressants versus those who do not. Escitalopram is an antidepressant medication often used to treat MDD. It causes a calming effect and reduces anxiety by increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain. This study will compare ...
Adipose triacylglycerol lipase deletion alters whole body energy metabolism and impairs exercise performance in mice. - PubMed...Adipose triacylglycerol lipase deletion alters whole body energy metabolism and impairs exercise performance in mice. - PubMed...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
5-hour Energy - Wikipedia5-hour Energy - Wikipedia
5-hour Energy (stylized as 5-hour ENERGY) is an American made "energy shot" manufactured by Living Essentials LLC. The company was founded by CEO Manoj Bhargava and launched in 2003. The official website lists the active ingredients of 5-hour Energy as: vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, sodium, taurine, glucuronolactone, malic acid and N-Acetyl L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, caffeine, and citicoline. The product is not U.S Food and Drug Administration approved. It contains no sugar, instead providing the stimulant caffeine and the psychoactive dopamine precursor amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. According to an article in Consumer Reports, 5-hour Energy should be avoided by children under the age of 12 and as well as nursing or pregnant women. In 2003 Manoj Bhargavas company, Living Essentials LLC, launched a product called "5-Hour Energy". By 2012, retail sales had grown to an estimated $1 billion. A March 2011 article in Consumer Reports reported that, according to a lab test, the ...
Butyrate Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Increases Energy Expenditure in Mice | DiabetesButyrate Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Increases Energy Expenditure in Mice | Diabetes
FIG. 1. Energy metabolism in response to sodium butyrate. Butyrate increased energy expenditure in C57BL/B6 mice. Energy expenditure was examined using the metabolic chamber at the 1st week and the 10th week on high-fat diet (16 weeks in age). In this study, sodium butyrate was used at 5% wt/wt in high-fat diet. A: Food intake. Food intake was monitored daily for 5 days at each time point. Average daily food intake (g) was converted into kilocalories and normalized with body weight (kg) and 24 h. B: Energy expenditure measured as kilocalories per kilogram lean mass per hour. C: Oxygen consumption measured as milliliters volume oxygen per kilogram lean mass per hour. D: Substrate utilization. This is expressed by respiratory exchange ratio (RER), which is the volume ratio of oxygen consumed versus CO2 exhaled. E: Body weight (BW). F: Body fat content in percentage of body weight. This was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. G: Body muscle content in percentage of body weight. H: Lipid in ...
COSMED - Poor Agreement between Predictive Equations of Energy Expenditure and Measured Energy Expenditure in Critically Ill...COSMED - Poor Agreement between Predictive Equations of Energy Expenditure and Measured Energy Expenditure in Critically Ill...
The reliability of predictive equations versus indirect calorimetry in kidney injury patients has been assessed in this paper published in Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism Journal.
Best Thing To Eat For Energy - Eating For EnergyBest Thing To Eat For Energy - Eating For Energy
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Fibroblast growth factor 21 reverses hepatic steatosis, increases energy expenditure, and improves insulin sensitivity in diet...Fibroblast growth factor 21 reverses hepatic steatosis, increases energy expenditure, and improves insulin sensitivity in diet...
OBJECTIVE: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has emerged as an important metabolic regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. The aims of the current study are to evaluate the role of FGF21 in energy metabolism and to provide mechanistic insights into its glucose and lipid-lowering effects in a high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) model.. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: DIO or normal lean mice were treated with vehicle or recombinant murine FGF21. Metabolic parameters including body weight, glucose, and lipid levels were monitored, and hepatic gene expression was analyzed. Energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity were assessed using indirect calorimetry and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp techniques.. RESULTS: FGF21 dose dependently reduced body weight and whole-body fat mass in DIO mice due to marked increases in total energy expenditure and physical activity levels. FGF21 also reduced blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels and reversed hepatic steatosis. The profound reduction of hepatic ...
DELIVERED AND PREDICTED ENERGY COMPARED TO MEASURED ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN | Archives of Disease in...DELIVERED AND PREDICTED ENERGY COMPARED TO MEASURED ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN | Archives of Disease in...
Results 62 critically ill children, 36 males and 26 females were included; mean age (±SD) was 21.5±20.6 months with a body weight and body size of 9.1±4.9 kg and 75.5±19.7 cm, respectively. Reasons for admission were mainly post surgery and respiratory illness. 337 measurements were performed. REEm was 55.4±11.6 kcal/kg/d (median: 55.3; IQ: 46.2 to 62.4 kcal/kg/d). EI was 50.1±26.0 kcal/kg/d with a strong negative balance during the first 2 days which became clearly positive after the 7th day. Schofield estimated REE correctly with a mean bias of -0.40±14.1 kcal/kg/d (ns; 95% CI -1.9 to 1.1). White equation overestimated REE with a mean bias of 40.6±75.7 kcal/kg/d (p,0.0001; 95% CI 32.5 to 48.7). ...
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The present study demonstrates that overweight and obese Caucasians with type 2 diabetes have a 7% higher 24-h energy expenditure after adjustment for FFM, fat mass, SPA, sex, and age than overweight and obese individuals without diabetes. Our result is higher than earlier reports of 2-5% higher 24-h energy expenditure in diabetic Pima Indians (8,9). However, it has been reported that healthy Pima Indians have higher adjusted 24-h energy expenditure than Caucasians (23). Therefore, the relative increase in 24-h energy expenditure when developing type 2 diabetes may be less in Pima Indians. Thus, overall our findings are in agreement with other studies where individuals with type 2 diabetes under a strict but low physical activity level have a higher 24-h energy expenditure than healthy nondiabetic individuals (6-9,12,13).. It is notable that the nondiabetic subjects were younger than the type 2 diabetic subjects. However, this is unlikely to have any effect on the results, because age was not an ...
Tài liệu Biological Basis chọn lọc - TaiLieu.VNTài liệu Biological Basis chọn lọc - TaiLieu.VN
The average total daily energy expenditure is higher in obese than lean individuals when measured at stable weight. However, energy expenditure falls as weight is lost, due in part to loss of lean body mass and to decreased sympathetic nerve activity. When reduced to near-normal weight and maintained there for a while, (some) obese individuals have lower energy expenditure than (some) lean individuals. There is also a tendency for those who will develop obesity as infants or children to have lower resting energy expenditure rates than those who remain lean. ...
Grant Abstract: Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Heart FailureGrant Abstract: Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Heart Failure
Abstract: This Program Project Grant addresses the metabolic mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF), and aims to identify novel metabolic approaches to prevent and treat HF. The consequences of metabolic dysfunction in HF are poorly understood, but there is strong evidence that energy metabolism can effect contractile function and progressive left ventricular remodeling. This translational research project uses sophisticated animal models of HF to evaluate novel mechanisms that link various aspects of cardiac metabolism to clinically relevant outcomes. This application will investigate fundamental questions about the pathophysiology of HF, and the effects of manipulating energy metabolism on cardiac function and HF progression. This Program Project is composed of four projects: Project 1: "Impact of Macronutrient Intake in Heart Failure". The effects of dietary fat, protein and carbohydrate composition on progression of HF will be investigated. Project 2: "Heart Rate ...
Grant Abstract: Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Heart FailureGrant Abstract: Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Heart Failure
Abstract: This Program Project Grant addresses the metabolic mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF), and aims to identify novel metabolic approaches to prevent and treat HF. The consequences of metabolic dysfunction in HF are poorly understood, but there is strong evidence that energy metabolism can effect contractile function and progressive left ventricular remodeling. This translational research project uses sophisticated animal models of HF to evaluate novel mechanisms that link various aspects of cardiac metabolism to clinically relevant outcomes. This application will investigate fundamental questions about the pathophysiology of HF, and the effects of manipulating energy metabolism on cardiac function and HF progression. This Program Project is composed of four projects: Project 1: "Impact of Macronutrient Intake in Heart Failure". The effects of dietary fat, protein and carbohydrate composition on progression of HF will be investigated. Project 2: "Heart Rate ...
Metabolism Core | Nutrition & Obesity Research CenterMetabolism Core | Nutrition & Obesity Research Center
The Department of Nutrition Sciences established the "Energy Metabolism Research Unit" (EMRU) in 1994 to provide comprehensive assessment of human body composition, energy expenditure, and substrate metabolism. Services offered were body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); body volume/density by underwater weighting; free-living energy expenditure by doubly-labeled water; 24-h energy metabolism using whole-room indirect calorimetry; and resting and exercise energy metabolism by portable metabolic monitor (indirect calorimetry). In 1997, the EMRU added the BodPod to supplement underwater weighing in response to investigator request for a simpler measure of body volume/density. In 2000, the EMRU became the "Energy Metabolism / Body Composition Core" of the NIDDK-funded Clinical Nutrition Research Center (CNRC). During the 2005 CNRC renewal, the name was changed to the "Metabolism Core." The DXA was updated to a wider scanning bed and a table that could accommodate patients up to ...
Effect of Measured Energy Restriction and Age Intervals on Growth, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass Parameters, Bone...Effect of Measured Energy Restriction and Age Intervals on Growth, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass Parameters, Bone...
Effect of Measured Energy Restriction and Age Intervals on Growth, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass Parameters, Bone Characteristics and Stress in Broiler Breeders during the Rearing Period - Age;Energy Restriction;Broiler Growers;Performance;
Brain Energy Metabolism: Focus on Astrocyte-Neuron Metabolic CooperationBrain Energy Metabolism: Focus on Astrocyte-Neuron Metabolic Cooperation
The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register with neuronal activity. Astrocytes a type of glial cell have emerged as active players in brain energy delivery, production, utilization, and storage. Our understanding of neuroenergetics is rapidly evolving from a neurocentric view to a more integrated picture involving an intense cooperativity between astrocytes and neurons. This review focuses on the cellular aspects of brain energy metabolism, with a particular emphasis on the metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes.. Keywords: Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance ; Cerebral-Blood-Flow ; Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ; Lactate-Shuttle Hypothesis ; Human Visual-Cortex ; Rat-Brain ; Glucose-Utilization ; Nitric-Oxide ; In-Vivo ; Oxidative-Metabolism. ...
Leptin deficiency reverse… - Göteborgs universitetLeptin deficiency reverse… - Göteborgs universitet
2019 Body weight has been shown to be a predictor of clinical progression in Huntingtons disease (HD). Alongside widespread neuronal pathology, both HD patients and the R6/2 mouse model of HD exhibit weight loss and increased energy expenditure, providing a rationale for targeting whole-body energy metabolism in HD. Leptin-deficient mice display low energy expenditure and increased body weight. We therefore hypothesized that normalizing energy metabolism in R6/2 mice, utilizing leptin- deficiency, would lead to a slower disease progression in the R6/2 mouse. In this study, we show that R6/2 mice on a leptin-deficient genetic background display increased body weight and increased fat mass compared to R6/2 mice, as well as wild type littermates. The increased body weight was accompanied by low energy expenditure, illustrated by a reduction in respiratory exchange rate. Leptin-deficient R6/2 mice had large white adipocytes with white adipocyte gene expression characteristics, in contrast to white ...
Resting energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation are higher in elderly patients with COPD: a case control study |...Resting energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation are higher in elderly patients with COPD: a case control study |...
In the present study, we found that individuals with COPD had higher REE and resting carbohydrate oxidation than the controls, regardless of body composition, since both groups had similar muscle mass.. Other studies have also found that patients with COPD have higher REE (approximately 15 to 26%) [6, 19]. The greater energy expenditure of individuals with COPD is probably due to increased respiratory muscle effort and inflammatory mediators, in addition to the effects of medication (oral or systemic corticosteroids, theophylline, hormones, benzodiazepines and antipsychotics) [19-21].. This study found that mean RQ and carbohydrate oxidation were higher in the COPD group, while fat oxidation was similar in both groups. Increased carbohydrate oxidation in the COPD group was probably caused by increased anaerobic metabolism due to reduced ability to capture oxygen [22]. When carbohydrates are oxidized in the absence of oxygen, only 2 ATP molecules per millimol of carbohydrates are generated, while ...
SSE #72: Exercise, Macronutrient Balance, and Body Weight RegulationSSE #72: Exercise, Macronutrient Balance, and Body Weight Regulation
The accumulation of excess body fat appears to be fundamentally a problem resulting from inadequate fat oxidation relative to intake. An increase in body fat mass incrreases the concentration of free fatty acids in the blood, and this increased availability of lipid fuel is associated with increased fat oxidation. The increase in fat utilization that accompanies obesity helps re-establish a new equilibrium between fat intake and fat oxidation that serves to stabilize body weight, albeit at the cost of obesity. Because exercise can increase total daily energy expenditure and fat oxidation, chronic exercise can help prevent expansion of the adipose tissue mass, allowing the physically active individual to achieve fat balance at a lower body fat mass.
Leisure-time versus full-day energy expenditure: a cross-sectional study of sedentarism in a Portuguese urban population | BMC...Leisure-time versus full-day energy expenditure: a cross-sectional study of sedentarism in a Portuguese urban population | BMC...
Low physical activity is known to be a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease. With high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the Portuguese urban population, little is known about how sedentary this population is and what factors are associated to sedentary lifestyles. This studys objective was to examine sedentary lifestyles and their determinants through a cross-sectional study. 2134 adults (18 years and older) were interviewed using a standard questionnaire, comprising of social, behavioural and clinical information. Time spent in a variety of activities per day, including: work, household chores, sports, sedentary leisure time and sleep, were self-reported. Energy expenditure was estimated based on the related metabolic equivalent (MET) and time spent in each activity (min/day). Those with less than 10% of energy expenditure at a moderate intensity of 4 METs or higher were categorised as sedentary. The proportion of sedentary people and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated,
Effects of limiting energy availability via diet and physical activity on mammalian target of rapamycin-related signaling in...Effects of limiting energy availability via diet and physical activity on mammalian target of rapamycin-related signaling in...
This study evaluated how different approaches to limiting energy availability (LEA) by 15% affected mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-related signaling in mammary carcinomas. Female Sprague Dawley rats, injected with 50mg 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea per kilogram body weight, were randomized to a control or three LEA interventions: (i) sedentary and restricted rats fed to 85% of energy available to the control or motorized wheel running (37 m/min) for an average of (ii) 1621±55 (WRL) or (iii) 3094±126 (WRH) meters/day with food intake adjusted to provide the same net amount of available energy across LEA interventions. Under these conditions, LEA reduced overall cancer burden by 28% (P = 0.04) and down-regulated mTOR-related signaling (Hotelling multivariate, P = 0.002). Among the regulatory nodes assessed, reduced levels of activated protein kinase B (pAkt) and induction of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) were the most influential factors in distinguishing between sham control and LEA carcinomas. P-Akt was ...
Hepatic Ago2-mediated RNA silencing controls energy metabolism linked to AMPK activation and obesity-associated pathophysiology...Hepatic Ago2-mediated RNA silencing controls energy metabolism linked to AMPK activation and obesity-associated pathophysiology...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Hepatic Ago2-mediated RNA silencing controls energy metabolism linked to AMPK activation and obesity-associated pathophysiology. AU - Zhang, Cai. AU - Seo, Joonbae. AU - Murakami, Kazutoshi. AU - Salem, Esam S.B.. AU - Bernhard, Elise. AU - Borra, Vishnupriya J.. AU - Choi, Kwangmin. AU - Yuan, Celvie L.. AU - Chan, Calvin C.. AU - Chen, Xiaoting. AU - Huang, Taosheng. AU - Weirauch, Matthew T.. AU - Divanovic, Senad. AU - Qi, Nathan R.. AU - Thomas, Hala Einakat. AU - Mercer, Carol A.. AU - Siomi, Haruhiko. AU - Nakamura, Takahisa. PY - 2018/12/1. Y1 - 2018/12/1. N2 - RNA silencing inhibits mRNA translation. While mRNA translation accounts for the majority of cellular energy expenditure, it is unclear if RNA silencing regulates energy homeostasis. Here, we report that hepatic Argonaute 2 (Ago2)-mediated RNA silencing regulates both intrinsic energy production and consumption and disturbs energy metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity. Ago2 regulates expression of specific ...
Total Daily Energy Expenditure Weight Loss - michaelreesehospital.comTotal Daily Energy Expenditure Weight Loss - michaelreesehospital.com
We have done some solid research to provide you with an accurate guide on the types of Aloe pills out there that are effective and safe to take. Glass and Stainless steel are unaffected by coffee acids compared to latex rubber bags.
The effect of inorganic nitrate on systemic energy homeostasis in a setting of perturbed energy balance: implications for...The effect of inorganic nitrate on systemic energy homeostasis in a setting of perturbed energy balance: implications for...
The effect of inorganic nitrate on systemic energy homeostasis in a setting of perturbed energy balance: implications for diabetes and obesity., School of Medicine, University of Leeds
Effects of cell-mediated immune response on energy metabolism in weanling piglets.<...Effects of cell-mediated immune response on energy metabolism in weanling piglets.<...
TY - CHAP. T1 - Effects of cell-mediated immune response on energy metabolism in weanling piglets.. AU - Moon, H.K.. AU - Han, I.K.. AU - Parmentier, H.K.. AU - Schrama, J.W.. PY - 1998. Y1 - 1998. M3 - Chapter. SP - 143. EP - 146. BT - Energy metabolism in farm animals. Effects of housing, stress and disease. A2 - McCracken, K.. PB - CAB International. CY - Wallingford, UK. ER - ...
Estrogen-Related Receptor α Directs Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Signaling in the Transcriptional Control of...Estrogen-Related Receptor α Directs Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Signaling in the Transcriptional Control of...
Despite the fact that the ERRs were the first family of orphan nuclear receptors cloned, their biological function has remained uncertain (12, 13). Recent evidence has implicated ERRα and ERRγ in the transcriptional regulation of cellular energy metabolism. ERRα is enriched in adult mammalian tissues with high oxidative metabolic capacity, such as the heart, slow-twitch skeletal muscle, and brown adipose. ERRα and ERRγ have also recently been shown to serve as functional partners for the PGC-1 family of coactivators (17, 19, 21, 42), which have emerged as key regulators of mitochondrial metabolism and biogenesis (23, 37). We hypothesized that ERR isoforms serve as key regulators of heart and skeletal muscle energy metabolism downstream of PGC-1α. To this end, gene expression profiling experiments were conducted in cardiac myocytes. ERRα overexpression was shown to increase the expression of genes involved in multiple pathways involved in cellular fatty acid utilization, including fatty ...
Energy and Protein requirements, Proceedings of an IDECG workshop, November 1994, London, UK, Supplement of the European...Energy and Protein requirements, Proceedings of an IDECG workshop, November 1994, London, UK, Supplement of the European...
Energy expenditure is therefore the key to the assessment of energy requirements. It may be measured by several different standard direct techniques. Direct in this context is not equivalent to the classical term direct calorimetry, which refers to the direct measurement of heat output in a calorimeter; in the present usage direct refers to the measurement of energy expenditure from O2 or CO2 output. It therefore includes the various classical techniques of assessing O2 consumption and CO2 output, as well as the doubly-labelled water technique and the use of a whole body calorimeter. Indirect methods of measuring energy expenditure comprise extrapolating from values of total energy intake in food and from heart-rate recording. A description of the techniques, together with a brief analysis of some of the problems, is given in Durnin (1992). 1. Timed record of activities and associated energy costs The method which has probably been used most frequently consists of a combination of a ...
Review Article Archives - Page 4 of 7 - Critical Care and ShockReview Article Archives - Page 4 of 7 - Critical Care and Shock
Now-a-days, the focus on lactate is due to its being an oxidative substrate for energy metabolism in brain (and other tissues), rather than a useless end product of anaerobic glycolysis. Mounting evidence indicates that lactate does play a major role in aerobic energy metabolism in the brain, the heart, skeletal muscle and possibly in any other tissue and organ. Nevertheless, this evidence has challenged the old concept of lactate being an anaerobic waste product and ignited a fierce debate between the supporters of glucose as the major oxidative energy substrate and those who support lactate as a possible alternative to glucose under certain conditions. While researchers working on energy metabolism in skeletal muscle have taken great strides toward bridging between these two extreme positions, accepting lactate role as an oxidative energy substrate, neuroscientists appear to be somewhat more emotional about their differences and less agreeable. In this paper I have employed findings from ...
Changes in cardiac and hepatic energetic metabolism in gerbils infected by Listeria monocytogenes.Changes in cardiac and hepatic energetic metabolism in gerbils infected by Listeria monocytogenes.
Energy metabolism is a sensitive indicator of cellular disorders. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate changes in cardiac and hepatic energ...
A-posteriori analysis of surface energy budget closure to determine missed energy pathwaysA-posteriori analysis of surface energy budget closure to determine missed energy pathways
The residual of the surface energy budget is represented as the linearized sum of energy losses due to storage, advection and flux underestimation. Individual contributions to the residual can be quantified through constrained multiple linear regression which identifies the site specific processes that are responsible for the lack of energy budget closure. This residual decomposition approach is applied to energy balance data from the Surface Layer Turbulence and Environmental Science Test (SLTEST) site at the Dugway Proving Grounds in the Utah Salt Flats. In this case, energy storage in the soil and underestimation of the soil heat flux accounted for 89% of the residual variance. Underestimation of the sensible and latent heat fluxes had no apparent contribution to the residual, and the contribution of advection to the residual was not statistically significant. Citation: Higgins, C. W. (2012), A-posteriori analysis of surface energy budget closure to determine missed energy pathways, Geophys. ...
What is an energy-producing organelle? | Reference.comWhat is an energy-producing organelle? | Reference.com
Energy-producing organelles are called mitochondria. Animal cells normally have 1000 to 2000 mitochondria. Cells with higher energy needs, such as fat and muscle cells, have more. Mitochondria are...
Dietary Energy Balance Modulates Signaling through the Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathways in Multiple Epithelial...Dietary Energy Balance Modulates Signaling through the Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathways in Multiple Epithelial...
The current study was designed to examine potential mechanisms involved in the effects of dietary energy balance on cellular signaling and epithelial carcinogenesis. Numerous studies have examined the dietary energy balance-cancer link, although few have provided a mechanistic explanation for the observed effects. We employed commonly used regimens for dietary manipulation to examine alterations in steady-state cellular signaling that occur in multiple epithelial tissues. Body weight distribution data generated in the current study paralleled those reported in recent publications, thus validating the model systems used in the current investigation (5, 45-48). Consistent with the data published in earlier studies (5, 45), we also found that positive energy balance significantly increased, whereas negative energy balance significantly decreased, the levels of circulating IGF-I in FVB/N and C57BL/6 mice, relative to the respective controls. Similar effects of dietary energy balance on serum IGF-I ...
JCI - Gα12 ablation exacerbates liver steatosis and obesity by suppressing USP22/SIRT1-regulated mitochondrial respirationJCI - Gα12 ablation exacerbates liver steatosis and obesity by suppressing USP22/SIRT1-regulated mitochondrial respiration
Gα12 belongs to the group of heterotrimeric G proteins that control various cellular responses, including growth, motility, proliferation, and transdifferentiation (7-11). So far, the impact of Gα12 on cellular energy metabolism has not been investigated. Our results revealed the role of Gα12 signaling in mitochondrial respiration for the control of lipid oxidation and the underlying basis of its regulation of SIRT1, as mediated by HIF-1α-dependent transcriptional induction of USP22. Since Gα12 and SIRT1 are ubiquitously expressed in most metabolic tissues (6), our results support the notion that Gα12 signaling plays a role in overall FA metabolism and, consequently, whole-body energy expenditure.. Moreover, we verified that fasting conditions increased the level of Gα12 in the liver in parallel with fat accumulation and that Gα12 ablation exacerbated fasting-induced liver steatosis along with decreasing circulating fat. These findings raised the contention that Gα12 signaling is ...
Dietary variety, energy regulation, and obesityDietary variety, energy regulation, and obesity
Increased variety in the food supply may contribute to the development and maintenance of obesity. Thirty-nine studies examining dietary variety, energy intake, and body composition are reviewed. Animal and human studies show that food consumption increases when there is more variety in a meal or di …
Obesity and Energy Regulation | Friedman School of Nutrition Science and PolicyObesity and Energy Regulation | Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy
This course is a perspective from the intersection of food and biology and will build upon principles of energy balance that were developed in Nutritional Biochemistry. In the first section, physiologic regulation of body weight and its dysregulation leading to obesity will be explored. The interaction between hormonal/neuroendocrine systems and dietary factors will featured.
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Metabolically obese, normal-weight (MONW) individuals are a hypothesized subgroup of the general population. These normal-weight individuals potentially display a cluster of obesity-related features, although this has not been systematically tested in young women. We hypothesized that MONW young women would display higher levels of total and visceral fat and lower levels of physical activity than normal women. In a cohort of 71 healthy nonobese women (21-35 years old), we identified MONW women based on cut points for insulin sensitivity (normal = glucose disposal ,8 mg x min(-1) x kg(-1) of fat-free mass [FFM], n = 58; impaired = glucose disposal ,8 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) of FFM, n = 13). Thereafter, we measured body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and body fat distribution (computed tomography), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max on a treadmill), physical activity energy expenditure (doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry), glucose tolerance (oral glucose tolerance test), ...
Energetic metabolism in cardiomyocytes: molecular basis of heart ischemia and arrhythmogenesisEnergetic metabolism in cardiomyocytes: molecular basis of heart ischemia and arrhythmogenesis
Vessel Plus publishes articles related to vascular disease, arterial and venous, acute respiratory distress syndrome, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke etc.
Energetic metabolism in cardiomyocytes: molecular basis of heart ischemia and arrhythmogenesisEnergetic metabolism in cardiomyocytes: molecular basis of heart ischemia and arrhythmogenesis
Vessel Plus publishes articles related to vascular disease, arterial and venous, acute respiratory distress syndrome, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke etc.
Search Results for energy expenditure | Human KineticsSearch Results for "energy expenditure" | Human Kinetics
The current study aimed to show the validity of a portable motion sensor, the SenseWear Armband (SWA), for the estimation of energy expenditure during pole walking. Twenty healthy adults (mean ± SD: age 30.1 ± 7.2 year, body mass 66.1 ± 10.6 kg, height 172.4 ± 8.0 cm, BMI 22.1 ± 2.4 kg·m−2) wore the armband during randomized pole walking activities at a constant speed (1.25 m·s−1) and at seven grades (0%, ±5%, ±15% and ±25%). Estimates of total energy expenditure from the armband were compared with values derived from indirect calorimetry methodology (IC) using a 2-way mixed model ANOVA (Device × Slope), correlation analyses and Bland-Altman plots. Results revealed significant main effects for device, and slope (p , .025) as well as a significant interaction (p , .001). Significant differences between IC and SWA were observed for all conditions (p , .05). SWA generally underestimate the EE values during uphill PW by 0.04 kcal·kg−1·min−1 (p , .05). Whereas, a significant ...
Cytokine Stimulation of Energy Expenditure through p38 MAP Kinase Activation of PPARγ Coactivator-1<...Cytokine Stimulation of Energy Expenditure through p38 MAP Kinase Activation of PPARγ Coactivator-1<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cytokine Stimulation of Energy Expenditure through p38 MAP Kinase Activation of PPARγ Coactivator-1. AU - Puigserver, Pere. AU - Rhee, James. AU - Lin, Jiandie. AU - Wu, Zhidan. AU - Yoon, J. Cliff. AU - Zhang, Chen Yu. AU - Krauss, Stefan. AU - Mootha, Vamsi K.. AU - Lowell, Bradford B.. AU - Spiegelman, Bruce M.. PY - 2001/11/21. Y1 - 2001/11/21. N2 - Cachexia is a chronic state of negative energy balance and muscle wasting that is a severe complication of cancer and chronic infection. While cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNFα can mediate cachectic states, how these molecules affect energy expenditure is unknown. We show here that many cytokines activate the transcriptional PPAR gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) through phosphorylation by p38 kinase, resulting in stabilization and activation of PGC-1 protein. Cytokine or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of PGC-1 in cultured muscle cells or muscle in vivo causes increased respiration and expression of genes linked ...
Resting energy expenditure | definition of resting energy expenditure by Medical dictionaryResting energy expenditure | definition of resting energy expenditure by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of resting energy expenditure in the Medical Dictionary? resting energy expenditure explanation free. What is resting energy expenditure? Meaning of resting energy expenditure medical term. What does resting energy expenditure mean?
RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND ESTIMATED CALORIC INTAKE OF OVERWEIGHT ADOLESCENTS WITH ASTHMA | Archives of Disease in ChildhoodRESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND ESTIMATED CALORIC INTAKE OF OVERWEIGHT ADOLESCENTS WITH ASTHMA | Archives of Disease in Childhood
Overweight, energy expenditure and caloric intake are associated with an increased prevalence of asthma. To measure resting energy expenditure and calculate caloric intake of overweight adolescents with asthma and compare results with those of groups of well-nourished adolescents with asthma and overweight adolescents without asthma. Cross-sectional study with 69 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years divided into three matched groups. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric and body composition measurements. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure energy expenditure; caloric intake was estimated from dietary recalls. In each group, there were 23 adolescents (10 girls) aged 12.39±2.40 years. Results for each group (overweight adolescents with asthma; well-nourished adolescents with asthma; and overweight adolescents without asthma) were, respectively: Body mass index = 24.83±2.73 kg/m2, 19.01±2.10 kg/m2, and 25.35±3.66 kg/m2; resting energy expenditure (REE) = 1550.24±547.23 ...
Gastric bypass increases energy expenditure in rats - Zurich Open Repository and ArchiveGastric bypass increases energy expenditure in rats - Zurich Open Repository and Archive
BACKGROUND: Mechanisms underlying weight loss maintenance after gastric bypass surgery are poorly understood. Our aim was to examine the effects of gastric bypass on energy expenditure in rats. METHODS: Thirty diet-induced obese male Wistar rats underwent either gastric bypass (n=14), sham operation ad libitum fed (n=8) or sham-operation body weight-matched (n=8). Energy expenditure was measured in an open circuit calorimetry system. RESULTS: Body weight after 70 days was lower after gastric bypass compared to sham ad libitum fed rats (p,0.0001). Sham-operated body weight-matched controls ate less than gastric bypass animals to reach the same weight (16.2+/-0.5g vs. 27.5+/-0.8g, p,0.001). Twenty-four hour energy expenditure was increased after gastric bypass (4.50+/-0.04 kcal/kg/h) compared to sham-operated ad libitum fed (4.29+/-0.08 kcal/kg/h) and sham-operated body weight-matched controls (3.98+/-0.10 kcal/kg/h, p,0.001). Gastric bypass rats showed higher energy expenditure during the light ...
Augmented mitochondrial energy metabolism is an early response to chronic glucose stress in human pancreatic beta cells. |...Augmented mitochondrial energy metabolism is an early response to chronic glucose stress in human pancreatic beta cells. |...
In islets from individuals with type 2 diabetes and in islets exposed to chronic elevated glucose, mitochondrial energy metabolism is impaired. Here, we studied early metabolic changes and mitochondrial adaptations in human beta cells during chronic glucose stress.Respiration and cytosolic ATP changes were measured in human islet cell clusters after culture for 4 days in 11.1 mmol/l glucose. Metabolomics was applied to analyse intracellular metabolite changes as a result of glucose stress conditions. Alterations in beta cell function were followed using insulin secretion assays or cytosolic calcium signalling after expression of the calcium probe YC3.6 specifically in beta cells of islet clusters.At early stages of glucose stress, mitochondrial energy metabolism was augmented in contrast to the previously described mitochondrial dysfunction in beta cells from islets of diabetic donors. Following chronic glucose stress, mitochondrial respiration increased (by 52.4%, p ...
Energy reserves | definition of energy reserves by Medical dictionaryEnergy reserves | definition of energy reserves by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of energy reserves in the Medical Dictionary? energy reserves explanation free. What is energy reserves? Meaning of energy reserves medical term. What does energy reserves mean?
Investigation of muscle bioenergetics in the Marfan syndrome indicates reduced metabolic efficiency. - Nuffield Department of...Investigation of muscle bioenergetics in the Marfan syndrome indicates reduced metabolic efficiency. - Nuffield Department of...
The Marfan syndrome is an inherited multisystem disorder caused by mutations in fibrillin 1, with cardiovascular involvement being the most important feature of the phenoptype. Affected individuals have impaired flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of large arteries of a similar severity to patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).Skeletal muscle bioenergetics were studied in patients with the Marfan syndrome in order to evaluate the impact of impaired flow-mediated dilatation on skeletal muscle metabolism. Skeletal muscle metabolism is abnormal in CHF and the aetiology is unclear.Thirteen patients and 12 controls were studied by phosphorus Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy of the calf muscle using an incremental exercise protocol and by Magnetic Resonance imaging.Metabolic variables measured at rest were normal in Marfan patients. For a similar total work output measured at end of the standardized incremental exercise, the total rate of energy consumption (EC) was significantly increased in patients (21.2 +/-
Effects of prolonged sleep deprivation on local rates of cerebral energy metabolism in freely moving rats | Journal of...Effects of prolonged sleep deprivation on local rates of cerebral energy metabolism in freely moving rats | Journal of...
Although sleep deprivation interferes with biological processes essential for performance, health, and longevity, previous studies have failed to reveal any structural or functional changes in brain. We have therefore measured local rates of cerebral glucose utilization (ICMRglc) with the quantitative autoradiographic 2-14C-deoxyglucose method in an effort to determine if and, if so, where sleep deprivation might affect function in sleep-deprived rats. Sleep deprivation was maintained for 11-12 d, long enough to increase whole body energy metabolism, thus confirming that pathophysiological processes that might involve brain functions were evolving. Deep brain temperature was also measured in similarly treated rats and found to be mildly elevated relative to core body temperature. Despite the increased deep brain temperature, systemic hypermetabolism, and sympathetic activation, ICMRglc was not elevated in any of the 60 brain structures examined. Average glucose utilization in the brain as a ...
Effects of a commercially available energy drink on anaerobic performa by Jason J. Downing"Effects of a commercially available energy drink on anaerobic performa" by Jason J. Downing
In an attempt to improve aerobic and anaerobic performance, athletes and fitness enthusiasts consume a variety of supplements. Because of this, energy drinks are quickly becoming more and more popular every day. Despite its highly addictive nature, caffeine, which is the main active ingredient in energy drinks, is gaining recognition as an ergogenic aid. However, due to the many factors that affects the action of caffeine, and because the research on caffeine and anaerobic performance is limited, the potential for studying energy drinks and anaerobic performance is quite large. PURPOSE: To determine if a commercially available energy drink has any ergogenic effects on lower body and upper body resistance exercise performance. METHODS: In a block randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study thirteen recreationally trained male and female volunteers (mean ± SD age = 22.5 ± 3.4 years) performed 4 sets of the leg press and 4 sets of the bench press exercises (at 80% of 1 RM with all sets
Cellular Bioenergetics: Role of Coupled Creatine KinasesCellular Bioenergetics: Role of Coupled Creatine Kinases
www.MOLUNA.de Cellular Bioenergetics: Role of Coupled Creatine Kinases [4194320] - Preface. I: Muscle Energy Metabolism. II: Substrate and Creatine Kinase Isoenzyme Compartmentation. III: Creatine Kinases and Metabolic Integration. IV: Molecular Biology of Creatine Kinases. V: Developmental and Pathological Alterations of Creatine Kinases. VI: Metabolic Regulation: Theoretical Basis.InhaltsverzeichnisPreface. I: Muscle Energy Metabolism. II: Substrate and Creatine Kinase Isoenzyme
5 hour energy plus viagra - Viagra patent expiration uk5 hour energy plus viagra - Viagra patent expiration uk
Unlike other energy drinks, 5-hour Energy is a 1.93 fluid ounce. 5-hour Energy Linked to 13 Deaths. 5-hour Energy has been.Energy drinks are generally safe, but like most things, you should drink them in moderation.Vigrx Plus is designed to be. did so on 3 separate occasions once even with a 5 hour energy shot for ...
The Influence of Different Fiber and Starch Types on Nutrient Balance and Energy Metabolism in Growing Pigs - Semantic ScholarThe Influence of Different Fiber and Starch Types on Nutrient Balance and Energy Metabolism in Growing Pigs - Semantic Scholar
A repeated 4×4 Latin square design was conducted with eight ileal cannulated castrates to examine the effect of source of starch and fiber on nutrient balance and energy metabolism. Pigs were fed on one of the four experimental diets: Control diet (C) mainly based on cooked rice; and diets P, S and W with the inclusion of either raw potato starch, sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, respectively. With the exception of an increased (p|0.05) energy loss from methane production with diet S observed, no significant differences (p|0.05) in the ratio of metabolizable energy (ME)/digestible energy, the utilization of ME for fat deposition and for protein deposition, energy loss as hydrogen and urinary energy were found between diets. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was lower (p|0.05) with diets P and S than with diet C. The inclusion of fiber sources (sugar beet pulp or wheat bran) or potato starch reduced the maintenance energy requirement. The fecal energy excretion was
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The time course of energy metabolism has been studied in weight-stable and nongrowing mice with a transplantable methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma.. Daily oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured in relation to the tumor growth from the time of tumor implantation. The time course of energy dynamics was related to the end-state changes in body composition. Freely fed sarcoma-bearing mice decreased their whole-body energy expenditure in proportion to the tumor growth. This was due to the accompanying anorexia. The alteration in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production was continuously evident 24 hr/day in sarcoma-bearing mice. The tumor-bearing mice lost body fat and had decreased respiratory quotient, while pair-fed controls maintained their body composition, and their respiratory quotients agreed with the food respiratory quotient. Loss of body lipids in freely fed sarcoma-bearing mice reflected a negative energy balance, accompanied with increased fat oxidation, ...
08th week of 2009 patent applcation highlights part 2208th week of 2009 patent applcation highlights part 22
Energy-Saving LED Street Lamp and Method for Saving Energy with the Same - The present invention provides an energy-saving LED street lamp and a method of saving energy with said LED street lamp. A energy-saving LED street lamp comprises lamp body, power supply adapters, constant current actuating device, and LED lamps. said constant current actuating device is connected in series with the output end of the Power supply adapter, supplying power to said LED lamps. Said energy-saving lamp also comprises auto light-dimmer energy-saving controller; the signal output end of said auto light-dimmer energy-saving controller being connected with constant current actuating device. Said LED lamps compose a plurality of working module; each of the said working module is connected with an independent Power supply adapter. Said auto light-dimmer energy-saving controller has a plurality of routes of output signal, and each of the route of signal output end is connected with a constant current actuating device, ...
Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. IV. Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in...Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. IV. Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in...
This is the final paper in or series examining the link between the energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. In this paper the kinetic energy of the limbs and body relative to the centre of mass (EKE, tot of paper two) is combined with the potential plus kinetic energy of the centre of mass (ECM, tot of paper three) to obtain the total mechanical energy (excluding elastic energy) of an animal during constant average-speed locomotion. The minimum mass-specific power required of the muscles and tendons to maintain the observed oscillations in total energy, Etot/Mb, can be described by one equation: Etot/Mb = 0.478. vg 1.53 + 0.685. vg + 0.072 where Etot/Mb is in W kg-1 and vg is in m s-1. This equation is independent of body size, applying equally as well to a chipmunk or a quail as to a horse or an ostrich. In marked contrast, the metabolic energy consumed by each gram of an animal as it moves along the ground at a constant speed increases linearly with speed and is proportional to ...
Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. IV. Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in...Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. IV. Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in...
This is the final paper in or series examining the link between the energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. In this paper the kinetic energy of the limbs and body relative to the centre of mass (EKE, tot of paper two) is combined with the potential plus kinetic energy of the centre of mass (ECM, tot of paper three) to obtain the total mechanical energy (excluding elastic energy) of an animal during constant average-speed locomotion. The minimum mass-specific power required of the muscles and tendons to maintain the observed oscillations in total energy, Etot/Mb, can be described by one equation: Etot/Mb = 0.478. vg 1.53 + 0.685. vg + 0.072 where Etot/Mb is in W kg-1 and vg is in m s-1. This equation is independent of body size, applying equally as well to a chipmunk or a quail as to a horse or an ostrich. In marked contrast, the metabolic energy consumed by each gram of an animal as it moves along the ground at a constant speed increases linearly with speed and is proportional to ...
The Science of Human Energy Expenditure - Part IIIThe Science of Human Energy Expenditure - Part III
... In Part II of this series on energy expenditure, we turned our attention to the measurement of free
Alkaline ceramidase 1 is essential for mammalian skin homeostasis and regulating whole-body energy expenditureAlkaline ceramidase 1 is essential for mammalian skin homeostasis and regulating whole-body energy expenditure
The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin that acts as a barrier to protect the body from the external environment and to control water and heat loss. This barrier function is established through the multistage differentiation of keratinocytes and the presence of bioactive sphingolipids such as c …
Spiral: AMPK signalling in health and diseaseSpiral: AMPK signalling in health and disease
In eukaryotic cells AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a major role in regulating cellular energy balance. AMPK responds to changes in intracellular adenine nucleotide levels, being activated by an increase in AMP/ADP relative to ATP. Activation of AMPK increases the rate of catabolic (ATP-generating) pathways and decreases the rate of anabolic (ATP-utilising) pathways. In addition to its role in maintaining intracellular energy balance, AMPK regulates whole body energy metabolism. Given its key role in controlling energy homeostasis, AMPK has attracted widespread interest as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and, more recently, cancer. Here I review the regulation of AMPK and its potential as a target for therapeutic intervention in human disease ...
Role Of Testosterone In Regulation Of Substrate Use During E... : Medicine & Science in Sports & ExerciseRole Of Testosterone In Regulation Of Substrate Use During E... : Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Men use proportionately more carbohydrate and less fat during submaximal exercise than women and circulating hormones appear to play a role in mediating this difference. We have shown that circulating estrogen and progesterone have potent and opposing effects on the regulation of substrate use during exercise in women, but the role of testosterone in mediating exercise substrate use in men is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that high concentrations of testosterone (T) would shift substrate use toward greater carbohydrate utilization. Nine healthy active men cycled at ∼60% of VO2peak for 90 min under 3 hormonal conditions: physiological T (no intervention), low T (pharmacological suppression of endogenous T with GnRH antagonist) and high T (supplementation with transdermal T). Total plasma testosterone was significantly different between physiological T, low T, and high T (mean±SEM, 5.5±0.4 ng/ml, 0.8±0.1, 10.9±1.0 (p , 0.0001), respectively). Despite the large change in plasma T, there ...
PLOS ONE: Conserved and Differential Effects of Dietary Energy Intake on the Hippocampal Transcriptomes of Females and MalesPLOS ONE: Conserved and Differential Effects of Dietary Energy Intake on the Hippocampal Transcriptomes of Females and Males
The level of dietary energy intake influences metabolism, reproductive function, the development of age-related diseases, and even cognitive behavior. Because males and females typically play different roles in the acquisition and allocation of energy resources, we reasoned that dietary energy intake might differentially affect the brains of males and females at the molecular level. To test this hypothesis, we performed a gene array analysis of the hippocampus in male and female rats that had been maintained for 6 months on either ad libitum (control), 20% caloric restriction (CR), 40% CR, intermittent fasting (IF) or high fat/high glucose (HFG) diets. These diets resulted in expected changes in body weight, and circulating levels of glucose, insulin and leptin. However, the CR diets significantly increased the size of the hippocampus of females, but not males. Multiple genes were regulated coherently in response to energy restriction diets in females, but not in males. Functional physiological pathway
Energy expenditure genes or `energy absorption genes: a new target for the treatment of obesity and Type II diabetes | UBC...Energy expenditure genes' or `energy absorption genes': a new target for the treatment of obesity and Type II diabetes | UBC...
Several hundred genes associated or linked to obesity have been described in the scientific literature. Whereas many of these genes are potential targets for the treatment of obesity and associated conditions, none of them have permitted the developement of an efficient drug therapy. As proposed by the `thrifty genotype theory, obesity genes may have conferred an evolutionary advantage in times of food shortage through efficient energy exploitation, while `lean or `energy expenditure genes may have become very rare during the same periods. It is therefore a challenge to identify `energy expenditure genes or `energy absorption genes, whose mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms do result in reduced energy intake. We submit that such `energy absorption or `energy expenditure genes (crucial genes) are potential new targets for the treatment of obesity. These genes can be identified in rare genetic diseases that produce a lean, failure-to-thrive, energy malabsorption or starvation ...
NOVEL USE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - Patent applicationNOVEL USE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - Patent application
0009]Special embodiments of the present invention are [0010]the use of β-carotene for maintaining the energy metabolism, the energy flow and/or the energy production in skin or of skin of animals including humans; [0011]the use of β-cryptoxanthin for maintaining the energy metabolism, the energy flow and/or the energy production in skin or of skin of animals including humans; [0012]the use of lutein for maintaining the energy metabolism, the energy flow and/or the energy production in skin or of skin of animals including humans; [0013]the use of lycopene for maintaining the energy metabolism, the energy flow and/or the energy production in skin or of skin of animals including humans; [0014]the use of a combination of lutein and lycopene for maintaining the energy metabolism, the energy flow and/or the energy production in skin or of skin of animals including humans; [0015]the use of a combination of lutein and β-cryptoxanthin for maintaining the energy metabolism, the energy flow and/or the ...
Acute effects of caloric intake and macronutrient type on body weight, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and total...Acute effects of caloric intake and macronutrient type on body weight, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and total...
Obesity is a growing epidemic with no consensus regarding solutions. Thirty healthy overweight and obese female subjects (41.9 ± 12 years, 166 cm ± 7 cm, a 100.5 kg ± 19.6 kg, 46.0% ± 4.0% body fat, and BMI 37.4 ± 6.9) participated in the study. A 14-day dietary intervention examined acute effects of energy balance and macronutrient type on dietary intake, REE, body weight, body composition, and thyroid panel. Significant changes occurred in weight loss over time (p , 0.001); body fat mass over time (p , 0.001) and time x diet (p = 0.02); body fat percentage over time (p , 0.002) and time x diet (p = 0.023); REE over time (p = 0.03), and thyroid panel. Body weight continued to decrease during positive energy balance, yet metabolism rebounded. Results suggest energy balance has a greater overall effect on REE and weight loss than macronutrient type ...
Cyclic mechanical stretch promotes energy metabolism in osteoblast-like cells through an mTOR signaling-associated mechanismCyclic mechanical stretch promotes energy metabolism in osteoblast-like cells through an mTOR signaling-associated mechanism
Studies have demonstrated the role mechanical stress plays in regulating osteoblastic functions, such as cellular proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, signal transduction and apoptosis (14-16,26). Energy metabolism is essential to maintaining the biological activities of osteoblasts (17). In the present study, we revealed a novel mechanism in osteoblastic mechanobiology, through which cyclic stretch promotes osteoblastic energy metabolism by increasing the expression of enzymes associated with energy metabolism, partially through the Akt/mTOR/p70s6k signaling pathway. Firstly, cyclic mechanical stretch promoted energy metabolism in the MG-63 cells, which was evidenced by the increased glucose consumption, and the increased levels of lactate, intracellular ATP, and energy metabolism-related genes (ATP5B, ATP5F1, ATP5J, F1-ATPase α, LDHA and enolase 1), and ATP5B and ATP5J proteins. Secondly, cyclic mechanical stretch stimulated the activation of the Akt/mTOR/p70s6k pathway by prompting the ...
10 Hour Energy and Brain Power | Neuro By Nature ™10 Hour Energy and Brain Power | Neuro By Nature ™
10 Hours Energy and Brain Power drink provides ingredients that are used to synthesize neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters include dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline. This drink is chock full of vitamins, amino acids, fumaric acid and biotin. This beverage provides energy that lasts all day and doesnt generate afternoon crashes like some other energy drinks. This mixture naturally acts as an appetite suppressor to keep you on track and may help combat stress you experience during the day. Pure Health Trends touts that you get "Double the energy at half the price of most energy drinks". 10 Hour Energy helps to keep your alert, increase concentration and memory. And, it has zero calories, zero carbs, zero fat, sweetened with Xylitol, and has a great lemonade flavor.. ...
Edit Publication: Flis 2019 Int J Mol Sci - BioblastEdit Publication: Flis 2019 Int J Mol Sci - Bioblast
Metabolic reprogramming in skeletal muscles in the human and animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may be an important factor in the diseases progression. We hypothesized that swim training, a modulator of cellular metabolism via changes in muscle bioenergetics and oxidative stress, ameliorates the reduction in muscle strength in ALS mice. In this study, we used transgenic male mice with the G93A human SOD1 mutation B6SJL-Tg (SOD1,sup>G93A,/sup>) 1Gur/J and wild type B6SJL (WT) mice. Mice were subjected to a grip strength test and isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria were used to perform high-resolution respirometry. Moreover, the activities of enzymes involved in the oxidative energy metabolism and total sulfhydryl groups (as an oxidative stress marker) were evaluated in skeletal muscle. ALS reduces muscle strength (-70% between 11 and 15 weeks, p , 0.05), modulates muscle metabolism through lowering citrate synthase (CS) (-30% vs. WT, p = 0.0007) and increasing cytochrome c ...
Perturbed Brain Energy Metabolism in Alzheimers Disease and DiabetesPerturbed Brain Energy Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes
The brain has high energy demands, which are met by the complete oxidation of glucose, the obligatory energy substrate for the brain under physiological conditions. Glucose oxidative metabolism consists of cytosolic processes that generate pyruvate, TCA cycle that provides reducing equivalents, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that converts energy to ATP. Consistent with the crucial role of energy metabolism in the maintenance of brain function, impaired glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the pathobiology of many brain disorders, including Alzheimers disease (AD) and diabetes. In this dissertation, the molecular mechanisms underlying altered glucose metabolism in the brains at genetic risk for AD and perturbed mitochondrial function in diabetes-associated brain dysfunction are studied. In the first study, the impact of human ApoE isoforms, which confer differential risk for AD, on brain glucose metabolism were investigated in human ApoE ...
Direct Evidence of the Link Between Energetic Metabolism and Proliferation Capacity of Cancer Cells In Vitro | DIAL.pr -...Direct Evidence of the Link Between Energetic Metabolism and Proliferation Capacity of Cancer Cells In Vitro | DIAL.pr -...
The aim of the study was to assess the link between the metabolic profile and the proliferation capacity of a range of human and murine cancer cell lines. First, the combination of mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic efficiency measurements allowed the determination of different metabolic profiles among the cell lines, ranging from a mostly oxidative to a mostly glycolytic phenotype. Second, the study revealed that cell proliferation, evaluated by DNA synthesis measurements, was statistically correlated to glycolytic efficiency. This indicated that glycolysis is the key energetic pathway linked to cell proliferation rate. Third, to validate this hypothesis and exclude non-metabolic factors, mitochondria-depleted were compared to wild-type cancer cells, and the data showed that enhanced glycolysis observed in mitochondria-depleted cells is also associated with an increase in proliferation capacity. ...
Thyroid Issues? Low Energy Intake Triggers Low T3 / High rT3 Syndrome in Exercising Women >19kcal/kg LBM Avail. Energy Required...Thyroid Issues? Low Energy Intake Triggers Low T3 / High rT3 Syndrome in Exercising Women >19kcal/kg LBM Avail. Energy Required...
Said study was conducted by Anne B. Loucks and Edward M. Heath who worked at the Derpartment of Biological Sciences and the College of Osteopathic Medicine at the Ohio University back in 1994. The purpose of their study was to characterize the functional relationship between energy availability and thyroid metabolism to gain insight into the extent of he dietary reform that might be necessary. The scientists expected to find a proportional relationship that would prove the necessity of dietary compensation for exercise energy expenditure to prevent reductions in T3 levels, scientists call "low T3 syndrome ...
Mitochondrial energy production and cation control in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion<...Mitochondrial energy production and cation control in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Mitochondrial energy production and cation control in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. AU - Ferrari, R.. AU - Pedersini, P.. AU - Bongrazio, M.. AU - Gaia, G.. AU - Bernocchi, P.. AU - Di Lisa, F.. AU - Visioli, O.. PY - 1993/9. Y1 - 1993/9. N2 - In the heart mitochondria exert two roles essential for cell survival: ATP synthesis and maintainance of Ca2+ homeostasis. These two processes are driven by the same energy source: the H+ electrochemical gradient (ΔμH) which is generated by electron transport along the inner mitochondrial membrane. Under aerobic physiological condition mitochondria do not contribute to the beat to beat regulation of cytosolic Ca2+, although Ca2+ transient in mitochondrial matrix has been described. Increases in mitochondrial Ca2+ of μmolars concentration stimulate the Krebs cycle and NADH redox potential and, therefore, ATP synthesis. Under pathological conditions, however, mitochondrial Ca2+ transport and overload might cause a series of vicious ...
The Development of Polymer Constructs for Adipose Tissue Engineering A by Kendall Murphy"The Development of Polymer Constructs for Adipose Tissue Engineering A" by Kendall Murphy
The adipose tissue functions as the bodys main energy reservoir and plays a central role in maintaining whole body energy homeostasis. The ability to modulate this tissues inherent endocrine and metabolic functions has promising implications in treating disease associated with adipose tissue dysfunction. This work revolves around two diseases where adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction drive the disease, obesity and cachexia. Both diseases impact a significant population of U.S. adults and substantially reduce patient quality of life. In this study, we first demonstrate the use of novel therapeutic platforms engineered to specifically target adipose tissue inflammation and lipid catabolism through localized drug delivery for the treatment of obesity. Specifically, we developed poly(lactide-coglycolide) scaffolds loaded with resveratrol, a small molecule with promising anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties, but one that suffers from poor bioavailability. Implant into the
EIA Projects Growth in U.S. Energy Consumption, Greater Use of Renewables | EC MagEIA Projects Growth in U.S. Energy Consumption, Greater Use of Renewables | EC Mag
The Annual Energy Outlook 2010 (AEO2010) reference case by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) presents updated projections for U.S. energy consumption and production through 2035.. "Our projections show that existing policies that stress energy efficiency and alternative fuels, together with higher energy prices, curb energy consumption growth and shift the energy mix toward renewable fuels," said Richard Newell, EIA administrator. "However, assuming no new policies, fossil fuels would still provide about 78 percent of all the energy used in 2035.". These reference case projections do not include the effects of potential future policies that have not yet become law and only include technologies that are commercially available or can reasonably be expected to become commercially available over roughly the next decade.. The report predicts total primary energy consumption to grow by 14 percent between 2008 and 2035, as the fossil fuel share of total U.S. energy consumption falls from ...
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The central nervous system mediates energy balance (energy intake and energy expenditure) in the body; the hypothalamus has a key role in this process. Recent evidence has demonstrated an important role for hypothalamic malonyl CoA in mediating energy balance. Malonyl CoA is generated by the carboxylation of acetyl CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase and is then either incorporated into long-chain fatty acids by fatty acid synthase, or converted back to acetyl-CoA by malonyl CoA decarboxylase. Increased hypothalamic malonyl CoA is an indicator of energy surplus, resulting in a decrease in food intake and an increase in energy expenditure. In contrast, a decrease in hypothalamic malonyl CoA signals an energy deficit, resulting in an increased appetite and a decrease in body energy expenditure. A number of hormonal and neural orexigenic and anorexigenic signaling pathways have now been shown to be associated with changes in malonyl CoA levels in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. Despite ...
Comment on Effects of Arsenite during Fetal Development on Energy Metabolism and Susceptibility to Diet-Induced Fatty Liver...Comment on "Effects of Arsenite during Fetal Development on Energy Metabolism and Susceptibility to Diet-Induced Fatty Liver...
Fowler , P A , Drake , A J , OShaughnessy , P J , Bhattacharya , S , Raab , A , Sinclair , K D , Feldmann , J & Meharg , A A 2016 , Comment on "Effects of Arsenite during Fetal Development on Energy Metabolism and Susceptibility to Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Diseases in Male Mice" and "Mechanisms Underlying Latent Disease Risk Associated with Early-Life Arsenic Exposure: Current Trends and Scientific Gaps" Environmental Health Perspectives , vol 124 , no. 6 , pp. A99-A99 . DOI: 10.1289/ehp. ...
Effect of exercise and protein intake on energy expenditure in adolescentsEffect of exercise and protein intake on energy expenditure in adolescents
Barenys, M.; Recasens, M.A.; Martí-Henneberg, C.; Salas-Salvadó, J., 1993: Effect of exercise and protein intake on energy expenditure in adolescents
New Market Design is needed: lessons to learn from renewable energy regulation in California and Germany - PIK Research..."New Market Design is needed": lessons to learn from renewable energy regulation in California and Germany - PIK Research...
09.07.2019 - Important lessons can be learned from the two global frontrunners in the energy transition, Germany and California, a new report shows. Being the 4th biggest and 5th biggest economies worldwide, both jurisdictions draw more than 30 percent of their electricity from wind and solar and biomass, both have ambitious renewables targets of 80 and 100 percent by mid-century. An international team of scientists from Germany and the US now analyzed Californian and German policy pathways to draw conclusions for the way ahead. They find that market and renewable policy design adjustments in both jurisdictions to integrate the first 30 percent were small compared to the adjustments needed to integrate the second 30 percent. Importantly, strengthening CO2-pricing and policies to foster electrification must be an integral part of this.
Energy Regulations Expected To Push Up Prices For New California Homes « CBS San FranciscoEnergy Regulations Expected To Push Up Prices For New California Homes « CBS San Francisco
The California Energy Commission said the rules it approved unanimously Thursday will raise the average cost of a new home by nearly $2,300.
Valence Electrons - Definition, Obits and Energy LevelValence Electrons - Definition, Obits and Energy Level
In 1913 Niels Bohr proposed a model to describe how energy levels are organized around an atom. According to the theory, an electron travels from one energy level to the next, a bit like changing lanes in traffic and you overtake on the outer lane. If you want to travel slower, you go on the inside lane.. When an electron absorbs enough light energy, it travels up an energy level onto the faster lane. However, it may quickly becomes unstable and starts to loose energy. When this happens, the electron moves back down an energy level. Its called decay and the electron emits a photon of red light.. In this theory, energy levels are given as n=1, n=2, n=3 and n=4. If an electron moves from n=1 to n=3, the amount of energy aborbed is 2 energy level. If it goes from level 4 to 3, then it looses 1 energy level.. Dont confuse energy levels with orbitals. One energy level can cover over a few orbitals.. ...
Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle During Lipid Overfeeding in Healthy Men -...Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle During Lipid Overfeeding in Healthy Men -...
Context/Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the regulation of the fuel partitioning and energy metabolism in skeletal muscle during lipid overfeeding in healthy men. Design/Participants/Intervention: Thirty-nine healthy volunteers were overfed for 56 days with a high-fat diet (3180 kJ/d). Energy metabolism (indirect calorimetry) was characterized in the fasting state and during a test meal before and at the end of the diet. Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken at day 0 and day 56. Main Outcome Measures: Change in gene expression, mitochondrial respiration, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) content, and acetylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) in skeletal muscle was measured. Results: Overfeeding increased body weight (+2.6 kg) and fat mass concomitantly with a shift in the use of substrates as energy fuel toward preferential oxidation of carbohydrates instead of lipids. Changes in lipid metabolic gene expression supported this
Validity of the equation of Henry and Rees that estimates the resting metabolic rate in male adolescentsValidity of the equation of Henry and Rees that estimates the resting metabolic rate in male adolescents
Introduction Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is defined as the minimum energy consumption needed to sustain all cellular functions and is responsible for 60 to 70% of humans daily energy expenditure(1). It therefore represents the principal component of total energy consumption(2), particularly when one is determining the day the energy needs of inactive people(3). In 1951, Quenouille et al proposed to the World Health Organization (WHO) the hypothesis that BMR could be useful for estimating the energy requirements of population groups and that BMR could be multiplied by factors representing different levels of physical activity(4). In 1985, the WHO(5) proposed new equations in response to the impossibility of measuring BMR by direct calorimetry. These equations originated from a review of studies analyzed by Schofield(6), including approximately 11,000 BMR measurements taken using indirect calorimetry. However, several studies demonstrated that those equations overestimated BMR when used with ...
SVI :: Diabetes & metabolic diseaseSVI :: Diabetes & metabolic disease
Stemming from dyslipidemia and maladaptive inflammatory responses, atherosclerosis precedes and predicts the development of cardiovascular complications including stroke and myocardial infarction, which account for more than 30% of all deaths worldwide. AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of whole body energy metabolism, including lipid metabolism, glucose uptake and mitochondrial biogenesis. It has been shown that the suppression of AMPK activity under conditions of chronic over-nutrition may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. We have recently shown that activation of the regulatory enzyme AMPK reduces cholesterol production in a way similar to statin therapy (Loh et.al 2019 Hepatology Communications). The main objective of this project is to study how AMPK controls cholesterol production in the liver and macrophages. AMPKs activation in response to exercise is thought to be part of the protective mechanism against the development of heart disease. We aim to ...
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Research Programs and Projects at this Location : USDA ARSResearch Programs and Projects at this Location : USDA ARS
LAB NAME: ENERGY METABOLISM The mission of the Obesity and Energetics Laboratory is to understand the effects of lifestyle factors on energy metabolism and weight regulation. Our research examines dietary and behavioral variables that influence both energy intake and metabolism throughout the adult lifecycle, and our focus is to develop and test effective lifestyle interventions for implementing sustainable, healthy weight control at all ages. Studies in our laboratory include in-depth biological examinations of the impact of different dietary factors on biochemical and neurological factors involved in energy regulation and body composition, chemical studies of food composition, and randomized controlled trials testing practical interventions that can be scaled for population-wide benefits. LAB NAME: OBESITY AND METABOLISM To address the role of acyl CoA synthetase 5 (ACSL5) and perilipin 2 (plin2) in intestinal enterocytes and hepatocytes we have generated conditional lines of knockout of ACSL5 ...
Whats In A 5-hour ENERGY® Shot?What's In A 5-hour ENERGY® Shot?
Whats in a 5-hour ENERGY® shot? 5-hour ENERGY® shots combine a unique blend of ingredients to provide you with the energy you need when you need it.
Mutations of cytochrome c identified in patients with thrombocytopenia THC4 affect both apoptosis and cellular bioenergetics<...Mutations of cytochrome c identified in patients with thrombocytopenia THC4 affect both apoptosis and cellular bioenergetics<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Mutations of cytochrome c identified in patients with thrombocytopenia THC4 affect both apoptosis and cellular bioenergetics. AU - De Rocco, Daniela. AU - Cerqua, Cristina. AU - Goffrini, Paola. AU - Russo, Giovanna. AU - Pastore, Annalisa. AU - Meloni, Francesca. AU - Nicchia, Elena. AU - Moraes, Carlos T.. AU - Pecci, Alessandro. AU - Salviati, Leonardo. AU - Savoia, Anna. PY - 2014/2/1. Y1 - 2014/2/1. N2 - Inherited thrombocytopenias are heterogeneous diseases caused by at least 20 genes playing different role in the processes of megakaryopoiesis and platelet production. Some forms, such as thrombocytopenia 4 (THC4), are very rare and not well characterized. THC4 is an autosomal dominant mild thrombocytopenia described in only one large family from New Zealand and due to a mutation (G41S) of the somatic isoform of the cytochrome c (CYCS) gene. We report a novel CYCS mutation (Y48H) in patients from an Italian family. Similar to individuals carrying G41S, they have platelets of ...
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Healthy diet and physical activity are associated with a lower cardiometabolic risk (CMR). Little is known about whether they interact to improve CMR. The purpose of the present study was to determine the synergistic associations of diet quality and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) on CMR factors. The present study was an a posteriori analysis of two cross-sectional studies on 124 inactive non-diabetic postmenopausal women with a BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2. The following factors were measured: diet quality (assessed by the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) from a 3 d food record); PAEE (doubly labelled water); body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computed tomography scan); lipoprotein profile (total, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), non-HDL-C, total cholesterol:HDL-C, TAG, apoA1, apoB, apoA1:apoB and LDL-C:apoB); insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp); inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity ...
The best protein - Nutrition Express ArticlesThe best protein - Nutrition Express Articles
Thermogenesis, or more appropriately the thermic effect of feeding, refers to the generation of heat due to digestion and metabolism of food. Several studies show protein to be more thermogenic than carbohydrates and fat. That means calorie for calorie more of the energy from protein is given off as heat and less is available for storage as fat. Not all protein is created equal when it comes to promoting a thermic effect. Danish researchers studied the effects of two high-protein diets rich in either or pork protein versus a high-carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure. The diets were fed for four days each. On day four detailed measurements of energy expenditure were made over a 24-hour period using a respiratory chamber. Compared to the high-carbohydrate diet, the diet increased calorie burning by 58 calories a day and the animal protein (pork) diet by 118 calories a day. The results confirm the greater thermic effect of protein versus carbohydrates and further show that a higher quality ...
Perspective of an Appropriate Amount of Energy Intake and Actual Meal for the Diabetic and/or Obesity | AbstractPerspective of an Appropriate Amount of Energy Intake and Actual Meal for the Diabetic and/or Obesity | Abstract
Adequate nutritional therapy and research have been crucial for diabetes and obesity. Recent topics include Calorie restriction (CR) and Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD). It is rather difficult to calculate energy intake in person, and also to calculate the energy of the meal. There are some methods for investigating these factors, such as the total energy expenditure (TEE), physical-activity-related energy expenditure (PAEE), metabolic equivalent (MET) values, and the doubly-labeled water (DLW) method. Multi factors would be involved in the study. Further investigation would be expected for the determination of an appropriate amount of energy intake and meal energy in the future.
Faculty and Staff | Institute of Human NutritionFaculty and Staff | Institute of Human Nutrition
Ph.D. McGill University. Courses. Clinical Nutrition. Research Interests. My lab is currently interested in studying the effect of sleep duration on energy balance as well as the impact of functional foods and ingredients on energy balance. Energy balance is measured by assessing energy expenditure, using indirect calorimetry, doubly-labeled water, and actigraphy, and energy intake, via weighed laboratory measurements and taking the difference between the 2. Alternatively, careful evaluation of a persons change in body composition can yield information on his or her metabolic status and energy balance; a reduction in body weight and adipose tissue will indicate a negative energy balance. Body composition measurements of choice in my laboratory are magnetic resonance imaging and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.. Recent Publications - Pubmed. St-Onge MP, Grandner MA, Brown D, Conroy MB, Jean-Louis G, Coons M, Bhatt DL. Sleep duration and quality: Impact on lifestyle behaviors and cardiometabolic ...
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) shorten the negative energy balance phase in dairy cows | BTC EuropeConjugated linoleic acids (CLA) shorten the negative energy balance phase in dairy cows | BTC Europe
After calving, dairy cows often have an energy deficit which can lead to health risks. Endulac® CLA counteracts this negative energy balance, enabling a sustainable increase in milk production and lengthening the longevity of dairy cows.

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AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Energy MetabolismEnergy IntakeLipid MetabolismGlucoseEnergy TransferGlycolysisOxygen ConsumptionAdenosine TriphosphateLactic AcidPhosphocreatineMitochondriaBasal MetabolismOxidation-ReductionOxidative PhosphorylationLactatesLiverCalorimetry, IndirectMetabolismMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCitric Acid CycleModels, BiologicalBody WeightFatty AcidsMuscle, SkeletalKineticsEatingPyruvic AcidMetabolic Networks and PathwaysInsulinBrainTime FactorsAdipose TissueNitrogenHomeostasisMyocardiumBlood GlucoseCarbonFluorescence Resonance Energy TransferOxygenPhosphatesAdenine NucleotidesBody CompositionGene Expression ProfilingMetabolomeLeptinThermogenesisGene Expression RegulationRats, WistarAnaerobiosisAMP-Activated Protein KinasesMitochondrial ProteinsPyruvatesBody Temperature RegulationCarbon DioxideDietary FatsMolecular Sequence DataThermodynamicsRats, Sprague-DawleyHexokinaseCell RespirationSignal TransductionConservation of Energy ResourcesMetabolism, Inborn ErrorsGlycogenCitrate (si)-SynthaseDeoxyglucoseHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSolar EnergyRNA, MessengerAerobiosisNADMetabolomicsCells, CulturedMice, Inbred C57BLBiotransformationAdenosine DiphosphateCaloric RestrictionChromatography, High Pressure LiquidOxidative StressMutationDietary ProteinsSwineTriglyceridesFatty Acids, NonesterifiedLipidsAcetatesCreatine KinaseCarbon IsotopesProteinsRats, Inbred StrainsAdaptation, PhysiologicalFastingMice, KnockoutProteome3-Hydroxybutyric AcidAdenylate KinaseBiological TransportCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemMicrosomes, LiverObesityOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisDietary CarbohydratesWeight GainAdenosine MonophosphateRenewable EnergyTemperatureTranscription FactorsInsulin ResistanceCarbon RadioisotopesProteomicsBacterial ProteinsAnimal FeedCreatineFeeding BehaviorElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalPhosphorusElectron Transport Complex IVGene Expression Regulation, BacterialMitochondria, HeartKetone BodiesAgingCell LineStress, PhysiologicalL-Lactate DehydrogenaseElectron TransportPhosphorus IsotopesMeclizineMass SpectrometryGlycerolCalorimetryDose-Response Relationship, DrugMetabolic DiseasesModels, MolecularAdipose Tissue, BrownAmino Acid SequenceSuccinic AcidRandom AllocationGene ExpressionCattlePhenotypeMusclesFermentationEnzymesHypothalamusOrgan SizeSuccinate DehydrogenaseCulture MediaSirtuin 3DietLipolysisPerfusionReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionHydroxybutyratesMitochondria, MuscleBody TemperatureCalciumEnergy DrinksDisease Models, AnimalIronCarbohydrate MetabolismBase SequenceIsoenzymesHeartHydrogenProtein BindingCholesterolAmmoniaOxidoreductasesFatsTranscription, GeneticMice, TransgenicModels, ChemicalMitochondria, LiverAcetyl Coenzyme AHypoxia, BrainSirtuin 1CarnitineDinitrophenolsFood DeprivationAnoxiaAnimal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaMalatesAdipocytesEscherichia coliGhrelinOligomycinsPPAR alphaPropionatesBone and BonesTranscriptomeNeuronsPhysical ExertionCarnitine O-PalmitoyltransferaseReactive Oxygen SpeciesComputer SimulationPhosphofructokinasesNADPNafronylBlotting, WesternSpecies SpecificityAppetite
Evaluation of oxidative stress and energy metabolism in the heart of rats supplemented with different vitamin D dosesEvaluation of oxidative stress and energy metabolism in the heart of rats supplemented with different vitamin D doses
Validation of a genomics-based hypothetical adverse outcome pathway: 2,4-dinitrotoluene perturbs PPAR signaling impairing...Validation of a genomics-based hypothetical adverse outcome pathway: 2,4-dinitrotoluene perturbs PPAR signaling impairing...
Does Coffee Boost Your Metabolism?Does Coffee Boost Your Metabolism?
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A Tribute to Loic le Ribault - Silica at Minerals Support Forum, topic 1309130A Tribute to Loic le Ribault - Silica at Minerals Support Forum, topic 1309130
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Why coffee can be a good drink for weight loss - and how to drink it to help you lose weightWhy coffee can be a good drink for weight loss - and how to drink it to help you lose weight
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Smoking, body weight, and their effects on smoking behavior: a comprehensive review of the literatureSmoking, body weight, and their effects on smoking behavior: a comprehensive review of the literature
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Energy MetabolismEnergy IntakeLipid MetabolismGlucoseEnergy TransferGlycolysisOxygen ConsumptionAdenosine TriphosphateLactic AcidPhosphocreatineMitochondriaBasal MetabolismOxidation-ReductionOxidative PhosphorylationLactatesLiverCalorimetry, IndirectMetabolismMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCitric Acid CycleModels, BiologicalBody WeightFatty AcidsMuscle, SkeletalKineticsEatingPyruvic AcidMetabolic Networks and PathwaysInsulinBrainTime FactorsAdipose TissueNitrogenHomeostasisMyocardiumBlood GlucoseCarbonFluorescence Resonance Energy TransferOxygenPhosphatesAdenine NucleotidesBody CompositionGene Expression ProfilingMetabolomeLeptinThermogenesisGene Expression RegulationRats, WistarAnaerobiosisAMP-Activated Protein KinasesMitochondrial ProteinsPyruvatesBody Temperature RegulationCarbon DioxideDietary FatsMolecular Sequence DataThermodynamicsRats, Sprague-DawleyHexokinaseCell RespirationSignal TransductionConservation of Energy ResourcesMetabolism, Inborn ErrorsGlycogenCitrate (si)-SynthaseDeoxyglucoseHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSolar EnergyRNA, MessengerAerobiosisNADMetabolomicsCells, CulturedMice, Inbred C57BLBiotransformationAdenosine DiphosphateCaloric RestrictionChromatography, High Pressure LiquidOxidative StressMutationDietary ProteinsSwineTriglyceridesFatty Acids, NonesterifiedLipidsAcetatesCreatine KinaseCarbon IsotopesProteinsRats, Inbred StrainsAdaptation, PhysiologicalFastingMice, KnockoutProteome3-Hydroxybutyric AcidAdenylate KinaseBiological TransportCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemMicrosomes, LiverObesityOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisDietary CarbohydratesWeight GainAdenosine MonophosphateRenewable EnergyTemperatureTranscription FactorsInsulin ResistanceCarbon RadioisotopesProteomicsBacterial ProteinsAnimal FeedCreatineFeeding BehaviorElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalPhosphorusElectron Transport Complex IVGene Expression Regulation, BacterialMitochondria, HeartKetone BodiesAgingCell LineStress, PhysiologicalL-Lactate DehydrogenaseElectron TransportPhosphorus IsotopesMeclizineMass SpectrometryGlycerolCalorimetryDose-Response Relationship, DrugMetabolic DiseasesModels, MolecularAdipose Tissue, BrownAmino Acid SequenceSuccinic AcidRandom AllocationGene ExpressionCattlePhenotypeMusclesFermentationEnzymesHypothalamusOrgan SizeSuccinate DehydrogenaseCulture MediaSirtuin 3DietLipolysisPerfusionReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionHydroxybutyratesMitochondria, MuscleBody TemperatureCalciumEnergy DrinksDisease Models, AnimalIronCarbohydrate MetabolismBase SequenceIsoenzymesHeartHydrogenProtein BindingCholesterolAmmoniaOxidoreductasesFatsTranscription, GeneticMice, TransgenicModels, ChemicalMitochondria, LiverAcetyl Coenzyme AHypoxia, BrainSirtuin 1CarnitineDinitrophenolsFood DeprivationAnoxiaAnimal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaMalatesAdipocytesEscherichia coliGhrelinOligomycinsPPAR alphaPropionatesBone and BonesTranscriptomeNeuronsPhysical ExertionCarnitine O-PalmitoyltransferaseReactive Oxygen SpeciesComputer SimulationPhosphofructokinasesNADPNafronylBlotting, WesternSpecies SpecificityAppetite
EnzymesMetabolicNutrientsBoosts metabolismPromotesCaffeineCarbohydrateCell metabolismVitaminsPhysiologyProteinsCarbonGlucoseLipidTaurineDigestionSupportsCalorieEnduranceBody'sGenesMiceHealthIntakeMoodExpenditureFattyExerciseSupportVitaminRegulatorRegulationBodyRelationImmune systemProductionNaturallyPathwaysProteinWeightCaloriesLiving organisms
Enzymes1
Metabolic9
Nutrients5
Boosts metabolism3
Promotes2
Caffeine2
Carbohydrate1
Cell metabolism2
Vitamins1
Physiology3
  • P4: Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body. (antiessays.com)
  • the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- M1: Discuss the role of energy in the body ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- D1: Analyse how two body systems interrelate to perform a body system. (antiessays.com)
  • and Social Care Assignment 3 Body Systems and their role in Energy Metabolism and The Inter-relationship between Body Systems Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care Assignment 3 Body Systems and their role in Energy Metabolism and The Inter-relationship between Body Systems "Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in your body" Cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system has many different functions. (educationindex.com)
Proteins1
Carbon3
Glucose1
Lipid1
Taurine1
  • Because of the energy-boosting effects of Guarana and Taurine, you should not take Thermogenic Formula at night as this may disrupt your usual sleep pattern. (menscience.com)
Digestion1
  • 1. Aspects of digestion, energy metabolism and endocrinology were discussed in relation to nutrient supply and substrate utilisation for milk synthesis. (gla.ac.uk)
Supports1
Calorie7
  • The phenomenon of calorie-counting started in the 20th century when scientist Wilbur Atwater invented the bomb calorimeter, a device used to determine the amount of "energy" it would take for a food item to be completely burned. (mbsf.org)
  • A calorie is a measure of energy, just as a pound is a measure of weight and a mile is a measure of distance. (healthstatus.com)
  • It was found that, after taking a supplement of resveratrol once a day, the men's overall metabolism improved and their cells behaved in the way that would be expected from someone reducing their calorie intake. (earthtimes.org)
  • To make it through the morning you may grab a coffee, energy drink, or high calorie snack from a fast food restaurant or vending machine but your body is still left feeling hungry and tired. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Boost Energy and Calorie Burning. (menscience.com)
  • The Thermogenic Formula utilizes a high concentration of Green Tea, Creatine and Guarana in addition to the most effective natural ingredients to increase calorie-burning by boosting energy, metabolism and providing significant results from an exercise program. (menscience.com)
  • Take the Thermogenic Formula with the first meal of the day coupled with a healthy diet and regular exercise to increase calorie-burning by boosting energy and metabolism. (menscience.com)
Endurance3
  • MALE SEX ENHANCER FORMULA: Enhance your general mood, testosterone & energy level, sex urge, libido, stamina & endurance level, enlarge your penis and stay free from erectile dysfunction forever. (curejm.com)
  • G Fuel Bahama Mama Tub (40 Servings) Elite Energy and Endurance Formula 9.8 oz. (curejm.com)
  • Take the Pre-Workout 5-20 minutes before exercising to significantly increase your energy and endurance for a more intense workout. (menscience.com)
Body's1
  • It looks like a combination of exercise and decaffeinated green tea enhances the body's ability to use energy that is taken in. (futurity.org)
Genes1
Mice2
Health6
  • When it comes to coffee, there is a big question in the health and wellness industry: Is coffee a true energy enhancer? (chopra.com)
  • Dr. Gundry and followers of the plant paradox diet claim that it brings a lot of health benefits to the user from improved bowel movements to giving you more energy. (healthcanal.com)
  • Join Dr. Kristijana Rakic, Naturopathic, and Functional Medicine Doctor, as she discusses how you can RESET your metabolism, RESTORE your optimal health, and RADIATE from the inside out by understanding 3 overlooked causes in weight loss resistance. (eventbrite.ca)
  • This journey has been so much about health, energy and metabolism. (eventbrite.ca)
  • A Certified USDA Organic, Non-GMO Project Verified women's multivitamin formula made from certified organic whole foods for women's health, energy and beauty. (gardenoflife.com)
  • Once theses harmful substances have been eliminated and our cellular energy begins to circulate effectively, our body can achieve homeostasis and return to its natural state of good health. (naturaltherapypages.com.au)
Intake1
Mood2
Expenditure3
  • Minimal adherence to current physical activity guidelines, which yield an energy expenditure of about 1000 kcal x wk(-1) (4200 kJ x wk(-1)), is associated with a significant 20--30% reduction in risk of all-cause mortality. (nih.gov)
  • Further reductions in risk are observed at higher volumes of energy expenditure. (nih.gov)
  • Activity energy expenditure (AEE) computed as EE - RMR was regressed against counts to derive threshold counts. (nih.gov)
Fatty2
Exercise2
Support2
Vitamin1
Regulator1
Regulation2
Body12
Relation1
Immune system2
Production4
Naturally1
Pathways2
Protein1
  • The bugs in our gut affect our energy metabolism, making it easier to break down carbohydrates, protein and fiber. (eurekalert.org)
Weight8
  • Though the drink is most popular for boosting energy, it can also be healthy and help with your weight loss goals. (yahoo.com)
  • A higher or faster metabolism will allow you to burn more calories at rest or during physical activity , which may help lead to weight loss. (yahoo.com)
  • The 30 Days to Healthy Living Set, formerly the Arbonne Essentials® ASVP, and program were designed to act as a reset to establishing healthy habits and a healthy lifestyle, so you can have more energy, manage weight, and feel fit. (arbonne.com)
  • Shop the best deal on Arbonne nutrition and jumpstart your healthy living journey to have more energy , help manage weight , and feel more fit ! (arbonne.com)
  • A proposed working research model for studying the relationship between smoking, energy balance, and weight gain is offered. (nih.gov)
  • It is widely believed that lower metabolism actually causes weight gain but this is not necessarily the case. (earthtimes.org)
  • It also benefits metabolism, energy, and weight management. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • This is an effective weight loss supplement that you can take everyday and it doesn't have any side effects on your metabolism. (menscience.com)
Calories2
Living organisms1

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