Energy Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
Glucose
Energy Transfer
Glycolysis
Oxygen Consumption
Adenosine Triphosphate
Lactic Acid
Phosphocreatine
Mitochondria
Basal Metabolism
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Liver
Calorimetry, Indirect
Metabolism
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Citric Acid Cycle
Models, Biological
Body Weight
Fatty Acids
Muscle, Skeletal
Pyruvic Acid
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Insulin
Brain
Adipose Tissue
Nitrogen
Homeostasis
Myocardium
Carbon
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
Oxygen
Body Composition
Gene Expression Profiling
Metabolome
Leptin
Thermogenesis
Gene Expression Regulation
Rats, Wistar
Anaerobiosis
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
Mitochondrial Proteins
Body Temperature Regulation
Carbon Dioxide
Dietary Fats
Molecular Sequence Data
Thermodynamics
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Hexokinase
Cell Respiration
Signal Transduction
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Citrate (si)-Synthase
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
RNA, Messenger
NAD
Metabolomics
Cells, Cultured
Biotransformation
Adenosine Diphosphate
Caloric Restriction
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Oxidative Stress
Mutation
Dietary Proteins
Swine
Fatty Acids, Nonesterified
Lipids
Acetates
Creatine Kinase
Carbon Isotopes
Proteins
Rats, Inbred Strains
Adaptation, Physiological
Mice, Knockout
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
Adenylate Kinase
Biological Transport
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
Microsomes, Liver
Obesity
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Dietary Carbohydrates
Adenosine Monophosphate
Renewable Energy
Temperature
Transcription Factors
Insulin Resistance
Carbon Radioisotopes
Creatine
Feeding Behavior
Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
Phosphorus
Electron Transport Complex IV
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Ketone Bodies
Aging
Stress, Physiological
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
Electron Transport
Phosphorus Isotopes
Meclizine
Mass Spectrometry
Glycerol
Calorimetry
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Metabolic Diseases
Models, Molecular
Adipose Tissue, Brown
Amino Acid Sequence
Succinic Acid
Random Allocation
Gene Expression
Cattle
Phenotype
Fermentation
Enzymes
Hypothalamus
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Culture Media
Sirtuin 3
Lipolysis
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Mitochondria, Muscle
Calcium
Energy Drinks
Disease Models, Animal
Iron
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Base Sequence
Isoenzymes
Hydrogen
Protein Binding
Cholesterol
Ammonia
Oxidoreductases
Fats
Transcription, Genetic
Mice, Transgenic
Models, Chemical
Mitochondria, Liver
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Hypoxia, Brain
Sirtuin 1
Carnitine
Adipocytes
Escherichia coli
Ghrelin
Oligomycins
PPAR alpha
Propionates
Bone and Bones
Transcriptome
Neurons
Physical Exertion
Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
Reactive Oxygen Species
Computer Simulation
Phosphofructokinases
NADP
Nafronyl
Blotting, Western
Species Specificity
Appetite
Energy depletion differently affects membrane transport and intracellular metabolism of riboflavin taken up by isolated rat enterocytes. (1/13887)
Isolated rat enterocytes, both normal and those de-energized with rotenone, were used to study the energy dependence of membrane and intracellular intestinal riboflavin transport in vitro. Membrane and intracellular transport were investigated by using short (3 min) and long (20 min) incubation times, respectively. For both types of cells and incubation times, [3H]-riboflavin uptake presented a saturable component prevailing at physiologic intraluminal concentrations. At 3 min incubation, saturable [3H]-riboflavin transport was apparently an energy-independent process with high affinity and low capacity. Values of the saturable component and its apparent constants, Km and Jmax, did not differ in normal and de-energized enterocytes. At 20 min incubation, saturable [3H]-riboflavin transport was a strictly energy-dependent process in which values of the saturable component were significantly greater in normal than in de-energized enterocytes. Km values did not differ in the two types of cells and were unmodified over 3 min, whereas in normal enterocytes, Jmax at 20 min [6.25 +/- 0.2 pmol/(mg protein. 20 min)] was significantly greater than at 3 min [2.67 +/- 0.33 pmol/(mg protein. 3 min)] and compared with de-energized enterocytes at 20 min [2.54 +/- 0.16 pmol/(mg protein. 20 min)]. Both membrane and intracellular events were inhibited by unlabeled riboflavin and analogs, which are good substrates for flavokinase, thus demonstrating the paramount role of this enzyme in riboflavin intestinal transport. (+info)Energy cost of sport rock climbing in elite performers. (2/13887)
OBJECTIVES: To assess oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate concentration ([La(b)]), and heart rate (HR) response during indoor and outdoor sport climbing. METHODS: Seven climbers aged 25 (SE 1) years, with a personal best ascent without preview or fall (on sight) ranging from 6b to 7a were assessed using an indoor vertical treadmill with artificial rock hand/foot holds and a discontinuous protocol with climbing velocity incremented until voluntary fatigue. On a separate occasion the subjects performed a 23.4 m outdoor rock climb graded 5c and taking 7 min 36 s (SE 33 s) to complete. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured using a telemetry system and [La(b)] collected at rest and after climbing. RESULTS: Indoor climbing elicited a peak oxygen uptake (VO2climb-peak) and peak HR (HRpeak) of 43.8 (SE 2.2) ml/kg/min and 190 (SE 4) bpm, respectively and increased blood lactate concentration [La(b)] from 1.4 (0.1) to 10.2 (0.6) mmol/l (p < 0.05). During outdoor climbing VO2 and HR increased to about 75% and 83% of VO2climb-peak and HRpeak, respectively. [La(b)] increased from 1.3 (0.1) at rest to 4.5 mmol/l (p < 0.05) at 2 min 32 s (8 s) after completion of the climb. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that for elite climbers outdoor sport rock climbs of five to 10 minutes' duration and moderate difficulty require a significant portion of the VO2climb-peak. The higher HR and VO2 for outdoor climbing and the increased [La(b)] could be the result of repeated isometric contractions, particularly from the arm and forearm muscles. (+info)Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations in horses competing in cross-country events. (3/13887)
The cardiovascular and metabolic response to two cross-country events (CC*: preliminary level and CC*** advanced level) were analysed in 8 male eventing horses (4 Anglo-Hunter and 4 Anglo-Arabian). This study focused on the establishment of the main metabolic pathways involved in the muscle energy resynthesis during the competitions. Heart rate (HR) was recorded throughout the CC events. Jugular venous blood samples were withdrawn before the warm-up period, immediately after the competitions and at 5 and 10 min in the recuperation period. The following haematological parameters were studied: red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cells (WBC), and number and percentages of lymphocytes (LYM) and granulocytes and monocytes (GRAN). One fraction of blood was centrifuged and, in plasma, lactate (LA), total plasma protein (TPP) and the rate of LA disappearance were determined. The competitions induced significant increases in RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV and TPP. Plasma LA response exceeded the anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol/l, reaching a maximum level of 13.3 mmol/l. HR ranged from 140 to more than 200 bpm, peaking at 230 bpm, revealing a limitation in the oxygen supply to the working muscles. It was concluded that muscle energy resynthesis during a CC event is provided both through oxidative processes and glycolysis with LA formation. Therefore, both stamina and power exercises are required for eventing horses. (+info)Energy cost of propulsion in standard and ultralight wheelchairs in people with spinal cord injuries. (4/13887)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Wheelchair- and subject-related factors influence the efficiency of wheelchair propulsion. The purpose of this study was to compare wheelchair propulsion in ultralight and standard wheelchairs in people with different levels of spinal cord injury. SUBJECTS: Seventy-four subjects (mean age=26.2 years, SD=7.14, range=17-50) with spinal cord injury resulting in motor loss (30 with tetraplegia and 44 with paraplegia) were studied. METHOD: Each subject propelled standard and ultralight wheelchairs around an outdoor track at self-selected speeds, while data were collected at 4 predetermined intervals. Speed, distance traveled, and oxygen cost (VO2 mL/kg/m) were compared by wheelchair, group, and over time, using a Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: In the ultralight wheelchair, speed and distance traveled were greater for both subjects with paraplegia and subjects with tetraplegia, whereas VO2 was less only for subjects with paraplegia. Subjects with paraplegia propelled faster and farther than did subjects with tetraplegia. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The ultralight wheelchair improved the efficiency of propulsion in the tested subjects. Subjects with tetraplegia, especially at the C6 level, are limited in their ability to propel a wheelchair. (+info)Nitric oxide inhibits cardiac energy production via inhibition of mitochondrial creatine kinase. (5/13887)
Nitric oxide biosynthesis in cardiac muscle leads to a decreased oxygen consumption and lower ATP synthesis. It is suggested that this effect of nitric oxide is mainly due to the inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase. However, this work demonstrates that nitric oxide is able to inhibit soluble mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK), mitochondrial CK bound in purified mitochondria, CK in situ in skinned fibres as well as the functional activity of mitochondrial CK in situ in skinned fibres. Since mitochondrial isoenzyme is functionally coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, its inhibition also leads to decreased sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to ADP and thus decreases ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption under physiological ADP concentrations. (+info)Genetic evidence for ATP-dependent endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi apparatus trafficking of ceramide for sphingomyelin synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. (6/13887)
LY-A strain is a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant resistant to sphingomyelin (SM)-directed cytolysin and has a defect in de novo SM synthesis. Metabolic labeling experiments with radioactive serine, sphingosine, and choline showed that LY-A cells were defective in synthesis of SM from these precursors, but not syntheses of ceramide (Cer), glycosphingolipids, or phosphatidylcholine, indicating a specific defect in the conversion of Cer to SM in LY-A cells. In vitro experiments showed that the specific defect of SM formation in LY-A cells was not due to alterations in enzymatic activities responsible for SM synthesis or degradation. When cells were treated with brefeldin A, which causes fusion of the Golgi apparatus with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), de novo SM synthesis in LY-A cells was restored to the wild-type level. Pulse-chase experiments with a fluorescent Cer analogue, N-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoyl)-D-erythro-sphingosine (C5-DMB-Cer), revealed that in wild-type cells C5-DMB-Cer was redistributed from intracellular membranes to the Golgi apparatus in an intracellular ATP-dependent manner, and that LY-A cells were defective in the energy-dependent redistribution of C5-DMB-Cer. Under ATP-depleted conditions, conversion of C5-DMB-Cer to C5-DMB-SM and of [3H]sphingosine to [3H]SM in wild-type cells decreased to the levels in LY-A cells, which were not affected by ATP depletion. ER-to-Golgi apparatus trafficking of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored or membrane-spanning proteins in LY-A cells appeared to be normal. These results indicate that the predominant pathway of ER-to-Golgi apparatus trafficking of Cer for de novo SM synthesis is ATP dependent and that this pathway is almost completely impaired in LY-A cells. In addition, the specific defect of SM synthesis in LY-A cells suggests different pathways of Cer transport for glycosphingolipids versus SM synthesis. (+info)Expression of uncoupling protein-3 and mitochondrial activity in the transition from hypothyroid to hyperthyroid state in rat skeletal muscle. (7/13887)
We sought a correlation between rat skeletal muscle triiodothyronine (T3)-mediated regulation of uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) expression and mitochondrial activity. UCP3 mRNA expression increased strongly during the hypothyroid-hyperthyroid transition. The rank order of mitochondrial State 3 and State 4 respiration rates was hypothyroid < euthyroid < hyperthyroid. The State 4 increase may have been due to the increased UCP3 expression, as the proton leak kinetic was stimulated in the hypothyroid-hyperthyroid transition and a good correlation exists between the State 4 and UCP3 mRNA level. As a significant proportion of an organism's resting oxygen consumption is dedicated to opposing the proton leak, skeletal muscle mitochondrial UCP3 may mediate part of T3's effect on energy metabolism. (+info)Reduced cytosolic acidification during exercise suggests defective glycolytic activity in skeletal muscle of patients with Becker muscular dystrophy. An in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. (8/13887)
Becker muscular dystrophy is an X-linked disorder due to mutations in the dystrophin gene, resulting in reduced size and/or content of dystrophin. The functional role of this subsarcolemma protein and the biochemical mechanisms leading to muscle necrosis in Becker muscular dystrophy are still unknown. In particular, the role of a bioenergetic deficit is still controversial. In this study, we used 31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31p-MRS) to investigate skeletal muscle mitochondrial and glycolytic ATP production in vivo in 14 Becker muscular dystrophy patients. Skeletal muscle glycogenolytic ATP production, measured during the first minute of exercise, was similar in patients and controls. On the other hand, during later phases of exercise, skeletal muscle in Becker muscular dystrophy patients was less acidic than in controls, the cytosolic pH at the end of exercise being significantly higher in Becker muscular dystrophy patients. The rate of proton efflux from muscle fibres of Becker muscular dystrophy patients was similar to that of controls, pointing to a deficit in glycolytic lactate production as a cause of higher end-exercise cytosolic pH in patients. The maximum rate of mitochondrial ATP production was similar in muscle of Becker muscular dystrophy patients and controls. The results of this in vivo 31P-MRS study are consistent with reduced glucose availability in dystrophin-deficient muscles. (+info)Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.
There are several ways to measure body weight, including:
1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.
It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.
Examples of inborn errors of metabolism include:
1. Phenylketonuria (PKU): A disorder that affects the body's ability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine, leading to a buildup of this substance in the blood and brain.
2. Hypothyroidism: A condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to developmental delays, intellectual disability, and other health problems.
3. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): A disorder that affects the body's ability to break down certain amino acids, leading to a buildup of these substances in the blood and urine.
4. Glycogen storage diseases: A group of disorders that affect the body's ability to store and use glycogen, a form of carbohydrate energy.
5. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS): A group of disorders that affect the body's ability to produce and break down certain sugars, leading to a buildup of these substances in the body.
6. Citrullinemia: A disorder that affects the body's ability to break down the amino acid citrulline, leading to a buildup of this substance in the blood and urine.
7. Homocystinuria: A disorder that affects the body's ability to break down certain amino acids, leading to a buildup of these substances in the blood and urine.
8. Tyrosinemia: A disorder that affects the body's ability to break down the amino acid tyrosine, leading to a buildup of this substance in the blood and liver.
Inborn errors of metabolism can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as blood and urine tests. Treatment for these disorders varies depending on the specific condition and may include dietary changes, medication, and other therapies. Early detection and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications.
There are several different types of obesity, including:
1. Central obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
2. Peripheral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat in the hips, thighs, and arms.
3. Visceral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the internal organs in the abdominal cavity.
4. Mixed obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by both central and peripheral obesity.
Obesity can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lack of physical activity, poor diet, sleep deprivation, and certain medications. Treatment for obesity typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and a healthy diet, and in some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to achieve weight loss.
Preventing obesity is important for overall health and well-being, and can be achieved through a variety of strategies, including:
1. Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is low in added sugars, saturated fats, and refined carbohydrates.
2. Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or swimming.
3. Getting enough sleep each night.
4. Managing stress levels through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing.
5. Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and quitting smoking.
6. Monitoring weight and body mass index (BMI) on a regular basis to identify any changes or potential health risks.
7. Seeking professional help from a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized guidance on weight management and healthy lifestyle choices.
There are several different types of weight gain, including:
1. Clinical obesity: This is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher, and is typically associated with a range of serious health problems, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
2. Central obesity: This refers to excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
3. Muscle gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in muscle mass, rather than fat. This type of weight gain is generally considered healthy and can improve overall fitness and athletic performance.
4. Fat gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in body fat, rather than muscle or bone density. Fat gain can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
Weight gain can be measured using a variety of methods, including:
1. Body mass index (BMI): This is a widely used measure of weight gain that compares an individual's weight to their height. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered normal, while a BMI of 25-29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.
2. Waist circumference: This measures the distance around an individual's waistline and can be used to assess central obesity.
3. Skinfold measurements: These involve measuring the thickness of fat at specific points on the body, such as the abdomen or thighs.
4. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a non-invasive test that uses X-rays to measure bone density and body composition.
5. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive test that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage and other physiological parameters.
Causes of weight gain:
1. Poor diet: Consuming high amounts of processed foods, sugar, and saturated fats can lead to weight gain.
2. Lack of physical activity: Engaging in regular exercise can help burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.
3. Genetics: An individual's genetic makeup can affect their metabolism and body composition, making them more prone to weight gain.
4. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormones such as insulin, thyroid, and cortisol can contribute to weight gain.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and antidepressants, can cause weight gain as a side effect.
6. Sleep deprivation: Lack of sleep can disrupt hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism, leading to weight gain.
7. Stress: Chronic stress can lead to emotional eating and weight gain.
8. Age: Metabolism slows down with age, making it more difficult to maintain a healthy weight.
9. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can also contribute to weight gain.
Treatment options for obesity:
1. Lifestyle modifications: A combination of diet, exercise, and stress management techniques can help individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
2. Medications: Prescription medications such as orlistat, phentermine-topiramate, and liraglutide can aid in weight loss.
3. Bariatric surgery: Surgical procedures such as gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy can be effective for severe obesity.
4. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of counseling can help individuals develop healthy eating habits and improve their physical activity levels.
5. Meal replacement plans: Meal replacement plans such as Medifast can provide individuals with a structured diet that is high in protein, fiber, and vitamins, and low in calories and sugar.
6. Weight loss supplements: Supplements such as green tea extract, garcinia cambogia, and forskolin can help boost weight loss efforts.
7. Portion control: Using smaller plates and measuring cups can help individuals regulate their portion sizes and maintain a healthy weight.
8. Mindful eating: Paying attention to hunger and fullness cues, eating slowly, and savoring food can help individuals develop healthy eating habits.
9. Physical activity: Engaging in regular physical activity such as walking, running, swimming, or cycling can help individuals burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.
It's important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating obesity, and the most effective treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific needs and circumstances. Consulting with a healthcare professional such as a registered dietitian or a physician can help individuals develop a personalized treatment plan that is safe and effective.
There are several factors that can contribute to the development of insulin resistance, including:
1. Genetics: Insulin resistance can be inherited, and some people may be more prone to developing the condition based on their genetic makeup.
2. Obesity: Excess body fat, particularly around the abdominal area, can contribute to insulin resistance.
3. Physical inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can lead to insulin resistance.
4. Poor diet: Consuming a diet high in refined carbohydrates and sugar can contribute to insulin resistance.
5. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Cushing's syndrome, can increase the risk of developing insulin resistance.
6. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and some antipsychotic drugs, can increase insulin resistance.
7. Hormonal imbalances: Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause can lead to insulin resistance.
8. Sleep apnea: Sleep apnea can contribute to insulin resistance.
9. Chronic stress: Chronic stress can lead to insulin resistance.
10. Aging: Insulin resistance tends to increase with age, particularly after the age of 45.
There are several ways to diagnose insulin resistance, including:
1. Fasting blood sugar test: This test measures the level of glucose in the blood after an overnight fast.
2. Glucose tolerance test: This test measures the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels after consuming a sugary drink.
3. Insulin sensitivity test: This test measures the body's ability to respond to insulin.
4. Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA): This is a mathematical formula that uses the results of a fasting glucose and insulin test to estimate insulin resistance.
5. Adiponectin test: This test measures the level of adiponectin, a protein produced by fat cells that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Low levels of adiponectin are associated with insulin resistance.
There is no cure for insulin resistance, but it can be managed through lifestyle changes and medication. Lifestyle changes include:
1. Diet: A healthy diet that is low in processed carbohydrates and added sugars can help improve insulin sensitivity.
2. Exercise: Regular physical activity, such as aerobic exercise and strength training, can improve insulin sensitivity.
3. Weight loss: Losing weight, particularly around the abdominal area, can improve insulin sensitivity.
4. Stress management: Strategies to manage stress, such as meditation or yoga, can help improve insulin sensitivity.
5. Sleep: Getting adequate sleep is important for maintaining healthy insulin levels.
Medications that may be used to treat insulin resistance include:
1. Metformin: This is a commonly used medication to treat type 2 diabetes and improve insulin sensitivity.
2. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs): These medications, such as pioglitazone, improve insulin sensitivity by increasing the body's ability to use insulin.
3. Sulfonylureas: These medications stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas, which can help improve insulin sensitivity.
4. DPP-4 inhibitors: These medications, such as sitagliptin, work by reducing the breakdown of the hormone incretin, which helps to increase insulin secretion and improve insulin sensitivity.
5. GLP-1 receptor agonists: These medications, such as exenatide, mimic the action of the hormone GLP-1 and help to improve insulin sensitivity.
It is important to note that these medications may have side effects, so it is important to discuss the potential benefits and risks with your healthcare provider before starting treatment. Additionally, lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise can also be effective in improving insulin sensitivity and managing blood sugar levels.
These diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms such as fatigue, weight changes, and poor wound healing. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition but may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
Brain hypoxia is a serious medical condition that requires prompt treatment to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients. Treatment options may include oxygen therapy, medications to improve blood flow to the brain, and surgery to remove any blockages or obstructions in blood vessels.
There are different types of anoxia, including:
1. Cerebral anoxia: This occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cognitive impairment, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
2. Pulmonary anoxia: This occurs when the lungs do not receive enough oxygen, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.
3. Cardiac anoxia: This occurs when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cardiac arrest and potentially death.
4. Global anoxia: This is a complete lack of oxygen to the entire body, leading to widespread tissue damage and death.
Treatment for anoxia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, pain management, and other supportive care. In severe cases, anoxia can lead to long-term disability or death.
Prevention of anoxia is important, and this includes managing underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. It also involves avoiding activities that can lead to oxygen deprivation, such as scuba diving or high-altitude climbing, without proper training and equipment.
In summary, anoxia is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or specific tissues or organs. It can cause cell death and tissue damage, leading to serious health complications and even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term disability or death.
Mitochondrial diseases can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender, and they can be caused by mutations in either the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or the nuclear DNA (nDNA). These mutations can be inherited from one's parents or acquired during embryonic development.
Some of the most common symptoms of mitochondrial diseases include:
1. Muscle weakness and wasting
2. Seizures
3. Cognitive impairment
4. Vision loss
5. Hearing loss
6. Heart problems
7. Neurological disorders
8. Gastrointestinal issues
9. Liver and kidney dysfunction
Some examples of mitochondrial diseases include:
1. MELAS syndrome (Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes)
2. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (a rare progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and other organs)
3. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), which is characterized by weakness of the extraocular muscles and vision loss
4. Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, which can cause a wide range of symptoms including seizures, developmental delays, and muscle weakness.
5. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
6. Leigh syndrome, which is a rare genetic disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord.
7. LHON (Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy), which is a rare form of vision loss that can lead to blindness in one or both eyes.
8. Mitochondrial DNA mutation, which can cause a wide range of symptoms including seizures, developmental delays, and muscle weakness.
9. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
10. Kearns-Sayre syndrome, which is a rare progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and other organs.
It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there are many more mitochondrial diseases and disorders that can affect individuals. Additionally, while these diseases are rare, they can have a significant impact on the quality of life of those affected and their families.
There are many different approaches to weight loss, and what works best for one person may not work for another. Some common strategies for weight loss include:
* Caloric restriction: Reducing daily caloric intake to create a calorie deficit that promotes weight loss.
* Portion control: Eating smaller amounts of food and avoiding overeating.
* Increased physical activity: Engaging in regular exercise, such as walking, running, swimming, or weightlifting, to burn more calories and build muscle mass.
* Behavioral modifications: Changing habits and behaviors related to eating and exercise, such as keeping a food diary or enlisting the support of a weight loss buddy.
Weight loss can have numerous health benefits, including:
* Improved blood sugar control
* Reduced risk of heart disease and stroke
* Lowered blood pressure
* Improved joint health and reduced risk of osteoarthritis
* Improved sleep quality
* Boosted mood and reduced stress levels
* Increased energy levels
However, weight loss can also be challenging, and it is important to approach it in a healthy and sustainable way. Crash diets and other extreme weight loss methods are not effective in the long term and can lead to nutrient deficiencies and other negative health consequences. Instead, it is important to focus on making sustainable lifestyle changes that can be maintained over time.
Some common misconceptions about weight loss include:
* All weight loss methods are effective for everyone.
* Weight loss should always be the primary goal of a fitness or health program.
* Crash diets and other extreme weight loss methods are a good way to lose weight quickly.
* Weight loss supplements and fad diets are a reliable way to achieve significant weight loss.
The most effective ways to lose weight and maintain weight loss include:
* Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is high in nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
* Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, running, swimming, or weight training.
* Getting enough sleep and managing stress levels.
* Aiming for a gradual weight loss of 1-2 pounds per week.
* Focusing on overall health and wellness rather than just the number on the scale.
It is important to remember that weight loss is not always linear and can vary from week to week. It is also important to be patient and consistent with your weight loss efforts, as it can take time to see significant results.
Overall, weight loss can be a challenging but rewarding process, and it is important to approach it in a healthy and sustainable way. By focusing on overall health and wellness rather than just the number on the scale, you can achieve a healthy weight and improve your overall quality of life.
Starvation is a condition where an individual's body does not receive enough nutrients to maintain proper bodily functions and growth. It can be caused by a lack of access to food, poverty, poor nutrition, or other factors that prevent the intake of sufficient calories and essential nutrients. Starvation can lead to severe health consequences, including weight loss, weakness, fatigue, and even death.
Types of Starvation:
There are several types of starvation, each with different causes and effects. These include:
1. Acute starvation: This occurs when an individual suddenly stops eating or has a limited access to food for a short period of time.
2. Chronic starvation: This occurs when an individual consistently does not consume enough calories and nutrients over a longer period of time, leading to gradual weight loss and other health problems.
3. Malnutrition starvation: This occurs when an individual's diet is deficient in essential nutrients, leading to malnutrition and other health problems.
4. Marasmus: This is a severe form of starvation that occurs in children, characterized by extreme weight loss, weakness, and wasting of muscles and organs.
5. Kwashiorkor: This is a form of malnutrition caused by a diet lacking in protein, leading to edema, diarrhea, and other health problems.
Effects of Starvation on the Body:
Starvation can have severe effects on the body, including:
1. Weight loss: Starvation causes weight loss, which can lead to a decrease in muscle mass and a loss of essential nutrients.
2. Fatigue: Starvation can cause fatigue, weakness, and a lack of energy, making it difficult to perform daily activities.
3. Weakened immune system: Starvation can weaken the immune system, making an individual more susceptible to illnesses and infections.
4. Nutrient deficiencies: Starvation can lead to a deficiency of essential nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, which can cause a range of health problems.
5. Increased risk of disease: Starvation can increase the risk of diseases such as tuberculosis, pellagra, and other infections.
6. Mental health issues: Starvation can lead to mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and irritability.
7. Reproductive problems: Starvation can cause reproductive problems, including infertility and miscarriage.
8. Hair loss: Starvation can cause hair loss, which can be a sign of malnutrition.
9. Skin problems: Starvation can cause skin problems, such as dryness, irritation, and infections.
10. Increased risk of death: Starvation can lead to increased risk of death, especially in children and the elderly.
It is important to note that these effects can be reversed with proper nutrition and care. If you or someone you know is experiencing starvation, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately.
There are two main types of fatty liver disease:
1. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD): This type of fatty liver disease is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and is the most common cause of fatty liver disease in the United States.
2. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): This type of fatty liver disease is not caused by alcohol consumption and is the most common cause of fatty liver disease worldwide. It is often associated with obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
There are several risk factors for developing fatty liver disease, including:
* Obesity
* Physical inactivity
* High calorie intake
* Alcohol consumption
* Diabetes
* High cholesterol
* High triglycerides
* History of liver disease
Symptoms of fatty liver disease can include:
* Fatigue
* Abdominal discomfort
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abnormal liver function tests
Diagnosis of fatty liver disease is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:
* Liver biopsy
* Imaging studies (ultrasound, CT or MRI scans)
* Blood tests (lipid profile, glucose, insulin, and liver function tests)
Treatment of fatty liver disease depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, exercise, and a healthy diet can help improve the condition. In severe cases, medications such as antioxidants, fibric acids, and anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed. In some cases, surgery or other procedures may be necessary.
Prevention of fatty liver disease includes:
* Maintaining a healthy weight
* Eating a balanced diet low in sugar and saturated fats
* Engaging in regular physical activity
* Limiting alcohol consumption
* Managing underlying medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol.
Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.
Types of Neoplasms
There are many different types of neoplasms, including:
1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.
Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms
The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.
Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms
The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms
The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:
1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
Prevention of Neoplasms
While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:
1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.
It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.
Types of Nutrition Disorders:
1. Malnutrition: This occurs when the body does not receive enough nutrients to maintain proper bodily functions. Malnutrition can be caused by a lack of access to healthy food, digestive problems, or other underlying health issues.
2. Obesity: This is a condition where excess body fat accumulates to the point that it negatively affects health. Obesity can increase the risk of various diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.
3. Anorexia Nervosa: This is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of gaining weight or becoming obese. People with anorexia nervosa may restrict their food intake to an extreme degree, leading to malnutrition and other health problems.
4. Bulimia Nervosa: This is another eating disorder where individuals engage in binge eating followed by purging or other compensatory behaviors to rid the body of calories consumed. Bulimia nervosa can also lead to malnutrition and other health issues.
5. Diabetes Mellitus: This is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes, in particular, has been linked to poor dietary habits and a lack of physical activity.
6. Cardiovascular Disease: Poor dietary habits and a lack of physical activity can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, which includes heart disease and stroke.
7. Osteoporosis: A diet low in calcium and vitamin D can contribute to the development of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by brittle bones and an increased risk of fractures.
8. Gout: This is a type of arthritis caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. A diet rich in purine-containing foods such as red meat, seafood, and certain grains can increase the risk of developing gout.
9. Dental Problems: Poor dietary habits, particularly a diet high in sugar, can contribute to dental problems such as cavities and gum disease.
10. Mental Health Disorders: Malnutrition and other health problems caused by poor dietary habits can also contribute to mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety.
In conclusion, poor dietary habits can have significant negative effects on an individual's overall health and well-being. It is essential to adopt healthy dietary habits such as consuming a balanced diet, limiting processed foods and sugars, and increasing physical activity to maintain good health and prevent chronic diseases.
Types of Lipid Metabolism Disorders:
1. Hyperlipidemia: Elevated levels of lipids in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides.
2. Hypolipidemia: Low levels of lipids in the blood.
3. Lipoprotein disorders: Abnormalities in the structure or function of lipoproteins, such as chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL).
4. Cholesteryl ester storage disease: A rare genetic disorder characterized by the accumulation of cholesteryl esters in the body, leading to progressive damage to the liver, heart, and other organs.
5. Familial dyslipidemia: Inherited disorders that affect the metabolism of lipids, such as familial hypercholesterolemia (elevated LDL levels) or familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (low HDL and LDL levels).
6. Glycogen storage disease type III: A rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates, leading to the accumulation of fat in the liver and other organs.
7. Lipid-lowering drug therapy: The use of medications, such as statins, to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
8. Pediatric lipidemias: Lipid disorders that affect children and adolescents, such as familial hypercholesterolemia in children.
9. Pregnancy-related lipid metabolism disorders: Changes in lipid metabolism during pregnancy, which can lead to the development of gestational diabetes and other complications.
10. Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS): A severe inflammatory lung disease that can cause abnormal lipid metabolism and fat accumulation in the lungs.
11. X-linked dystonia-Parkinsonism: A rare genetic disorder that affects the brain and nervous system, leading to movement disorders and other symptoms.
These are just a few examples of the many different types of lipid metabolism disorders that exist. Each type has its own set of symptoms, causes, and treatment options, and it is important to work with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of treatment for each individual case.
Types of Experimental Diabetes Mellitus include:
1. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes: This type of EDM is caused by administration of streptozotocin, a chemical that damages the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to high blood sugar levels.
2. Alloxan-induced diabetes: This type of EDM is caused by administration of alloxan, a chemical that also damages the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
3. Pancreatectomy-induced diabetes: In this type of EDM, the pancreas is surgically removed or damaged, leading to loss of insulin production and high blood sugar levels.
Experimental Diabetes Mellitus has several applications in research, including:
1. Testing new drugs and therapies for diabetes treatment: EDM allows researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of new treatments on blood sugar control and other physiological processes.
2. Studying the pathophysiology of diabetes: By inducing EDM in animals, researchers can study the progression of diabetes and its effects on various organs and tissues.
3. Investigating the role of genetics in diabetes: Researchers can use EDM to study the effects of genetic mutations on diabetes development and progression.
4. Evaluating the efficacy of new diagnostic techniques: EDM allows researchers to test new methods for diagnosing diabetes and monitoring blood sugar levels.
5. Investigating the complications of diabetes: By inducing EDM in animals, researchers can study the development of complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease.
In conclusion, Experimental Diabetes Mellitus is a valuable tool for researchers studying diabetes and its complications. The technique allows for precise control over blood sugar levels and has numerous applications in testing new treatments, studying the pathophysiology of diabetes, investigating the role of genetics, evaluating new diagnostic techniques, and investigating complications.
Type 2 diabetes can be managed through a combination of diet, exercise, and medication. In some cases, lifestyle changes may be enough to control blood sugar levels, while in other cases, medication or insulin therapy may be necessary. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels and follow-up with a healthcare provider are important for managing the condition and preventing complications.
Common symptoms of type 2 diabetes include:
* Increased thirst and urination
* Fatigue
* Blurred vision
* Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal
* Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet
* Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections
If left untreated, type 2 diabetes can lead to a range of complications, including:
* Heart disease and stroke
* Kidney damage and failure
* Nerve damage and pain
* Eye damage and blindness
* Foot damage and amputation
The exact cause of type 2 diabetes is not known, but it is believed to be linked to a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as:
* Obesity and excess body weight
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet and nutrition
* Age and family history
* Certain ethnicities (e.g., African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native American)
* History of gestational diabetes or delivering a baby over 9 lbs.
There is no cure for type 2 diabetes, but it can be managed and controlled through a combination of lifestyle changes and medication. With proper treatment and self-care, people with type 2 diabetes can lead long, healthy lives.
Symptoms of Reye Syndrome can include:
* Headache
* Confusion
* Vomiting
* Seizures
* Loss of consciousness
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Abdominal pain
If you suspect that your child may have Reye Syndrome, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. The condition can be difficult to diagnose, as it can resemble other conditions such as meningitis or encephalitis. A healthcare provider will typically perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis.
There is no specific treatment for Reye Syndrome, but the condition is usually managed with supportive care in a hospital setting. Treatment may include:
* Medication to control seizures
* Intravenous fluids and nutrition
* Monitoring of vital signs and liver function
* Antiviral medication in some cases
Reye Syndrome can be fatal if left untreated, so early diagnosis and aggressive management are crucial. The condition is rare, but it is important for parents and healthcare providers to be aware of the signs and symptoms in order to provide prompt and appropriate care.
These disorders can cause a range of symptoms including cognitive impairment, confusion, memory loss, seizures, and changes in behavior and mood. Treatment options for brain disease metabolic disorders vary depending on the specific condition and may include medication, lifestyle changes, and other interventions such as surgery or rehabilitation therapy.
Examples of brain diseases, metabolic include:
* Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
* Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
* Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2)
* Metabolic stroke
* Traumatic brain injury
* Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
It is important to note that while these conditions are considered metabolic disorders, they can also have a significant impact on other aspects of an individual's life, including their mood, behavior, and cognitive functioning. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
The term ischemia refers to the reduction of blood flow, and it is often used interchangeably with the term stroke. However, not all strokes are caused by ischemia, as some can be caused by other factors such as bleeding in the brain. Ischemic stroke accounts for about 87% of all strokes.
There are different types of brain ischemia, including:
1. Cerebral ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain and responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thought, emotion, and voluntary movement.
2. Cerebellar ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating and regulating movement, balance, and posture.
3. Brainstem ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the brainstem, which is responsible for controlling many of the body's automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
4. Territorial ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to a specific area of the brain, often caused by a blockage in a blood vessel.
5. Global ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the entire brain, which can be caused by a cardiac arrest or other systemic conditions.
The symptoms of brain ischemia can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:
1. Weakness or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body
2. Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
3. Sudden vision loss or double vision
4. Dizziness or loss of balance
5. Confusion or difficulty with memory
6. Seizures
7. Slurred speech or inability to speak
8. Numbness or tingling sensations in the face, arm, or leg
9. Vision changes, such as blurred vision or loss of peripheral vision
10. Difficulty with coordination and balance.
It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms, as brain ischemia can cause permanent damage or death if left untreated.
There are several types of mitochondrial myopathies, each with different clinical features and inheritance patterns. Some of the most common forms include:
1. Kearns-Sayre syndrome: This is a rare progressive disorder that affects the nervous system, muscles, and other organs. It is characterized by weakness and paralysis, seizures, and vision loss.
2. MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes): This condition is characterized by recurring stroke-like episodes, seizures, muscle weakness, and cognitive decline.
3. MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers): This disorder is characterized by myoclonus (muscle jerks), seizures, and progressive muscle weakness.
4. LHON (Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy): This condition affects the optic nerve and can lead to sudden vision loss.
The symptoms of mitochondrial myopathies can vary widely, depending on the specific disorder and the severity of the mutation. They may include muscle weakness, muscle cramps, muscle wasting, seizures, vision loss, and cognitive decline.
There is no cure for mitochondrial myopathies, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include physical therapy, medications to control seizures or muscle spasms, and nutritional supplements to support energy production. In some cases, a lung or heart-lung transplant may be necessary.
The diagnosis of a mitochondrial myopathy is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to measure the levels of certain enzymes and other molecules in the body, as well as muscle biopsy to examine the muscle tissue under a microscope. Genetic testing can help identify the specific mutation responsible for the condition.
The prognosis for mitochondrial myopathies varies depending on the specific disorder and the severity of the symptoms. Some forms of the disease are slowly progressive, while others may be more rapidly debilitating. In general, the earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the outcome.
There is currently no cure for mitochondrial myopathies, but research is ongoing to develop new treatments and therapies. In addition, there are several organizations and support groups that provide information and resources for individuals with these conditions and their families.
There are several types of acidosis, including:
1. Respiratory acidosis: This occurs when the lung's ability to remove carbon dioxide from the blood is impaired, leading to an increase in blood acidity.
2. Metabolic acidosis: This type of acidosis occurs when there is an excessive production of acid in the body due to factors such as diabetes, starvation, or kidney disease.
3. Mixed acidosis: This type of acidosis is a combination of respiratory and metabolic acidosis.
4. Severe acute respiratory acidosis (SARA): This is a life-threatening condition that occurs suddenly, usually due to a severe lung injury or aspiration of a corrosive substance.
The symptoms of acidosis can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:
1. Fatigue
2. Weakness
3. Confusion
4. Headaches
5. Nausea and vomiting
6. Abdominal pain
7. Difficulty breathing
8. Rapid heart rate
9. Muscle twitching
If left untreated, acidosis can lead to complications such as:
1. Kidney damage
2. Seizures
3. Coma
4. Heart arrhythmias
5. Respiratory failure
Treatment of acidosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some common treatments include:
1. Oxygen therapy
2. Medications to help regulate breathing and heart rate
3. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
4. Dietary changes
5. Surgery, in severe cases.
In conclusion, acidosis is a serious medical condition that can have severe consequences if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else may have acidosis. With prompt and appropriate treatment, it is possible to effectively manage the condition and prevent complications.
In other words, pure autonomic failure refers to a situation where an individual experiences a decline in their autonomic nervous system's ability to regulate involuntary functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and body temperature, without any identifiable underlying cause. This can result in a range of symptoms, including fatigue, dizziness, lightheadedness, and difficulty maintaining balance.
Pure autonomic failure is rare and often presents challenges for diagnosis and treatment. It may be associated with other medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders or neurodegenerative diseases, but in some cases, the cause remains unknown. Treatment options are limited and may include medication, lifestyle modifications, and management of symptoms.
Some common examples of neurodegenerative diseases include:
1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive loss of cognitive function, memory, and thinking skills that is the most common form of dementia.
2. Parkinson's disease: A disorder that affects movement, balance, and coordination, causing tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with walking.
3. Huntington's disease: An inherited condition that causes progressive loss of cognitive, motor, and psychiatric functions.
4. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A disease that affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually death.
5. Prion diseases: A group of rare and fatal disorders caused by misfolded proteins in the brain, leading to neurodegeneration and death.
6. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: A rare, degenerative, and fatal brain disorder caused by an abnormal form of a protein called a prion.
7. Frontotemporal dementia: A group of diseases that affect the front and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to changes in personality, behavior, and language.
Neurodegenerative diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, age, lifestyle, and environmental factors. They are typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases vary depending on the specific condition and its underlying causes, but may include medications, therapy, and lifestyle changes.
Preventing or slowing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases is a major focus of current research, with various potential therapeutic strategies being explored, such as:
1. Stem cell therapies: Using stem cells to replace damaged neurons and restore brain function.
2. Gene therapies: Replacing or editing genes that are linked to neurodegenerative diseases.
3. Small molecule therapies: Developing small molecules that can slow or prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
4. Immunotherapies: Harnessing the immune system to combat neurodegenerative diseases.
5. Lifestyle interventions: Promoting healthy lifestyle choices, such as regular exercise and a balanced diet, to reduce the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.
In conclusion, neurodegenerative diseases are a complex and diverse group of disorders that can have a profound impact on individuals and society. While there is currently no cure for these conditions, research is providing new insights into their causes and potential treatments. By continuing to invest in research and developing innovative therapeutic strategies, we can work towards improving the lives of those affected by neurodegenerative diseases and ultimately finding a cure.
Lipid metabolism
Information metabolism
Overflow metabolism
Microbial metabolism
Torpor
Fatty acid metabolism
Radiosynthesis (metabolism)
Zygosaccharomyces bailii
Bioluminescence imaging
Sleep and memory
German Diabetes Center
Primary nutritional groups
Nocturnal bottleneck
Catherine Geissler
Brain
Sperm competition
Mitochondrion
Human brain
Polyphosphate
FAM71E2
Climate justice
Maize
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenylate kinase
Basal metabolic rate
Cortisol
Industrial metabolism
Central melanocortin system
Mila Rechcigl
Constitutive androstane receptor
Mycoplasma incognitus
Hyporheic zone
Uridine monophosphate synthase
Biliblanket
Hibernation
Brain ischemia
Halobacterium salinarum
Metabolism
Food web
Sulfolobus
Diseases of poverty
Topical fluoride
Children of the Vault
Senescence
Sodium-potassium pump
Mitochondrial DNA
John Paul Blass
Product inhibition
Peptide bond
Lipid storage disorder
Bilirubin glucuronide
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Industrial symbiosis
Systemic primary carnitine deficiency
PM20D1
List of Puerto Rican scientists and inventors
Stuart Mudd
The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability
Acetogenin
Zhimin Lu
Metabolism, Energy Balance & Obesity - NIDDK
JCI -
Energy Metabolism of Human Neutrophils during Phagocytosis
Energy Metabolism - School of Biochemistry and Immunology - Trinity College Dublin
Lkb1 regulates cell cycle and energy metabolism in haematopoietic stem cells
Influenza infection rewires energy metabolism and induces browning features in adipose cells and tissues | Communications...
Connecting energy metabolism to intestinal stem cell fate | University of Helsinki
Browsing by Subject "Energy Metabolism"
Grant Abstract: Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Heart Failure
Metabolism - Biology - Matter Cycles and Energy Transfer | AskRose
Energy metabolism news and latest updates
SIRT1 and energy metabolism - PubMed
Mammalian sirtuins and energy metabolism - PubMed
Grant Abstract: Molecular Control of Brown Adipose Cell Fate and Energy Metabolism
ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR REGULATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM
Frontiers | Metabolism of Exogenous D-Beta-Hydroxybutyrate, an Energy Substrate Avidly Consumed by the Heart and Kidney
Tips for Getting More Energy as You Age and Your Metabolism
Measuring energy metabolism in cultured cells, including human pluripotent stem cells and differentiated cells. | California's...
Oligodendrocytes enhance axonal energy metabolism by deacetylation of mitochondrial proteins through transcellular delivery of...
Language: English / Subject: Energy Metabolism / Genre: Articles / Story Section: The Institute for Muscle Research, 1947-1972 ...
The enzymatic activity of apoptosis-inducing factor supports energy metabolism benefiting the growth and invasiveness of...
6: Energy and Metabolism - Biology LibreTexts
Alterations in myocardial energy metabolism induced by the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin. - Inserm - Institut national de la...
Effect of sodium bicarbonate contribution on energy metabolism during exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Journal...
The enzymatic activity of apoptosis-inducing factor supports energy metabolism benefiting the growth and invasiveness of...
energy metabolism
Chemical Energy - Cellular Metabolism
Intermediate and energy metabolism of trypanosomes (iMET)
Super Metabolism Energy Boost Bundle
Mitochondria3
- Maren Laughlin, Ph.D. Energy balance, thermogenesis and mitochondria biology, whole body intermediary carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, and functional and metabolic imaging in adipose, pancreas and other metabolic organs. (nih.gov)
- In addition to their role in energy metabolism, mitochondria play important roles in other cellular processes, such as apoptosis, calcium signaling and the synthesis of certain biomolecules. (medicalxpress.com)
- One of the main benefits of ketones is their ability to act as an alternative energy source to glucose or fatty acids for production of ATP by mitochondria. (frontiersin.org)
Glucose metabolism3
- Here, we show that influenza infection induces alterations in whole-body glucose metabolism that persist long after the virus has been cleared. (nature.com)
- This supplement aims to expand the scope of the parent R01DK097441-08, entitled "Molecular Control of Brown Adipose Cell Fate and Energy Metabolism" which focuses on the role of a newly identified non-canonical adipose tissue thermogenesis (UCP1-independent Ca2+ cycling thermogenesis) in the regulation of energy expenditure and glucose metabolism. (nih.gov)
- This reduced survival correlated with decreased expression of mitochondrial complex I protein subunits and concomitant changes in glucose metabolism. (nih.gov)
Expenditure1
- Activity, energy expenditure and energy requirements of infants and children : proceedings of an IDECG workshop held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, November 14 to 17, 1989 / Beat Schürch and Nevin S. Scrimshaw, editors. (who.int)
Anaerobic metabolism2
- This meta-analysis has found that the anaerobic metabolism system (AnMS), especially the glycolytic but not the oxidative system during exercise is affected by ingestion of NaHCO 3 . (biomedcentral.com)
- Its excess represents increased anaerobic metabolism due to tissue hypoperfusion. (medscape.com)
Cardiac8
- This translational research project uses sophisticated animal models of HF to evaluate novel mechanisms that link various aspects of cardiac metabolism to clinically relevant outcomes. (nih.gov)
- This application will investigate fundamental questions about the pathophysiology of HF, and the effects of manipulating energy metabolism on cardiac function and HF progression. (nih.gov)
- Beyond brain energy rescue, this opens additional opportunities for therapeutic exploration of D-BHB supplements as a "super fuel" in cardiac and chronic kidney diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- Here we review doxorubicin-induced detrimental changes in cardiac energetics, with an emphasis on the emerging importance of defects in energy-transferring and -signalling systems, like creatine kinase and AMP-activated protein kinase. (inserm.fr)
- Regulating cardiac energy metabolism is a frontier topic in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases . (bvsalud.org)
- Our hypothesis was that these agents prevent the derangement of cardiac energy metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)
- Two months later, cardiac function was measured in the isolated heart by a left ventricular balloon (pressure-volume curves), and energy metabolism of residual intact myocardium was analyzed in terms of total and isoenzyme creatine kinase (CK) activity, steady-state levels (ATP, phosphocreatine), and turnover rates (CK reaction velocity) of high-energy phosphates (31P nuclear magnetic resonance) and total creatine content (HPLC). (ox.ac.uk)
- Thus the favorable functional effects of beta-receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors post-MI are accompanied by substantial beneficial effects on cardiac energy metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)
Oxidative2
- Causal relationships will be explored between altered energy substrate metabolism and oxidative stress in HF. (nih.gov)
- the glycolytic system mainly provides energy for medium-high-intensity, short-term exercise (i.e., 400 m running and 100 m swimming) and the oxidative system mainly functions for low-medium-intensity, medium-long time exercise (i.e., long distance running, rowing and cycling), (Table 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Protein metabolism1
- Additionally, sampling of urine can be used to assess protein metabolism or the retention of various nutrients. (lindenwood.edu)
Redox2
- Overall these studies show that AIF is an important factor for advanced prostate cancer cells and that through control of energy metabolism and redox balance, the enzymatic activity of AIF is critical for this support. (nih.gov)
- The purpose of the present study is to investigate early alterations in redox status, energy metabolism and astrocytic reactivity of rats submitted to ALF. (ufrgs.br)
Hepatic2
- Acute liver failure (ALF) implies a severe and rapid liver dysfunction that leads to impaired liver metabolism and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). (ufrgs.br)
- Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) have recently been incriminated as a cause of hepatic coma, and in vitro studies have suggested that the coma may be due to impaired cerebral energy metabolism. (translationalres.com)
Substrate2
- We studied the Lkb1 tumour suppressor and its substrate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), kinases that coordinate metabolism with cell growth. (nih.gov)
- The energy substrate of the glycolytic system is glucose, which synthesizes ATP by decomposing glucose. (biomedcentral.com)
Cellular3
- This is an active area of biological research that includes the study of thousands of different cellular processes such as cellular respiration and the many other metabolic processes that can lead to production and utilization of energy in forms such as ATP molecules. (medicalxpress.com)
- Measurements of glycolysis and mitochondrial function are required to quantify energy metabolism in a wide variety of cellular contexts. (ca.gov)
- In basic terms, lactic acid is essentially a carbohydrate within cellular metabolism and its levels rise with increased metabolism during exercise and with catecholamine stimulation. (medscape.com)
Alterations2
- Alterations in myocardial energy metabolism induced by the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin. (inserm.fr)
- Recent studies have suggested that several brain alterations such as astrocytic dysfunction and energy metabolism impairment may synergistically interact, playing a role in the development of HE. (ufrgs.br)
Myocardial1
- There is increasing evidence that essential components of myocardial energy metabolism are among the highly sensitive and early targets of doxorubicin-induced damage. (inserm.fr)
Lipid1
- Like all obligate intracellular pathogens, influenza A virus (IAV) reprograms host cell's glucose and lipid metabolism to promote its own replication. (nature.com)
Carbohydrate2
- Energy supply is an important prerequisite for maintaining exercise, in which fat, carbohydrate (glucose) and protein are converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to provide energy for the body. (biomedcentral.com)
- Lactic acidosis, on the other hand, is associated with major metabolic dysregulation, tissue hypoperfusion, the effects of certain drugs or toxins, and congenital abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism. (medscape.com)
Regulate3
- However, we are not very clear about the choice of different substrates , the specific mechanism of energy metabolism participating in the course of cardiovascular disease , and how to develop appropriate drugs to regulate energy metabolism to treat cardiovascular disease . (bvsalud.org)
- Eating a balanced diet also helps regulate blood sugar levels, which can help optimize metabolism and energy levels. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
- This is because it helps regulate blood sugar levels, which in turn helps regulate metabolism. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
Homeostasis3
- However, the impact of influenza infection on white adipose tissue (WAT), a key tissue in the control of systemic energy homeostasis, has not been yet characterized. (nature.com)
- Sex differences exist in the regulation of energy homeostasis. (medicalxpress.com)
- Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) promotes cell death yet also controls mitochondrial homeostasis and energy metabolism. (nih.gov)
Participates2
- ATP-CP participates in energy supply directly, which is the fastest but also shortest way to maintain the duration of the energy supply. (biomedcentral.com)
- Therefore, this paper reviews how energy metabolism participates in cardiovascular pathophysiological processes and potential drugs aimed at interfering energy metabolism .It is expected to provide good suggestions for promoting the clinical prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases from the perspective of energy metabolism . (bvsalud.org)
Left ventricular1
- The consequences of metabolic dysfunction in HF are poorly understood, but there is strong evidence that energy metabolism can effect contractile function and progressive left ventricular remodeling. (nih.gov)
Mathematical models1
- This program also supports studies that explore mathematical models contributing to the understanding of whole-body energy balance and metabolism as well as the metabolic pathways in cells, tissues, and organs. (nih.gov)
Brain3
- By promoting ketosis, Keto Fusion Sugar-Free Gummies can help provide your brain with a consistent source of energy, which may help you think more clearly and feel more focused. (hashnode.dev)
- The increase in brain energy metabolism caused by astrocytic reactivity resulted in augmented levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1) and a decreased activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). (ufrgs.br)
- The results of a new clinical trial, published in the peer-reviewed journal Cell Metabolism, show that oral intake of nicotinamide riboside (NR) enhances NAD-metabolism in the brain of individuals with Parkinson's disease, and shows promise as a potential therapy. (uib.no)
Nutrition3
- Overall, our findings shed light on the role that the white adipose tissue, which lies at the crossroads of nutrition, metabolism and immunity, may play in influenza infection. (nature.com)
- The energy trap : work, nutrition and child malnutrition in Northern Nigeria / by Richard Longhurst. (who.int)
- Protein and energy : a study of changing ideas in nutrition / Kenneth J. Carpenter. (who.int)
Urine1
- As L-BHB is not metabolized significantly into energy intermediates and is slowly excreted in the urine ( 9 , 15 ), D+L-BHB would be anticipated to be less ketogenic than pure D-BHB. (frontiersin.org)
Lean muscle3
- Truthentics METABOLISM NITE Energy and Rejuvenation Formula is an amino acid rich complex, designed to help naturally burn fat (even belly fat), stabilize blood sugars, boost exercise recovery, and repair lean muscle while you sleep. (truthentics.com)
- Building lean muscle mass is one of the most effective ways to maximize metabolism. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
- Strength training exercises such as weightlifting, resistance band workouts, and bodyweight exercises can help build lean muscle mass and boost metabolism. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
Defects1
- Congenital lactic acidosis is secondary to inborn errors of metabolism, such as defects in gluconeogenesis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, or the respiratory chain. (medscape.com)
Adults1
- A web-based implementation of the published dynamic model has been created to allow users to perform simulations for planning weight loss interventions in adults and accounts for individual differences in metabolism and body composition. (nih.gov)
Substrates1
- The energy supply substrates of the phosphagen system are ATP and creatine phosphate (CP or phosphocreatine [PCr]), also called the ATP-CP system. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanisms1
- Basic and clinical studies related to energy balance and physiological mechanisms modulating weight gain, loss and maintenance. (nih.gov)
Rats2
- In this study, cerebral energy metabolism was assessed in vivo in rapidly frozen cortex and brainstem of rats with coma induced by administration of SCFA. (translationalres.com)
- Effects of ACE inhibition and beta-receptor blockade on energy metabolism in rats postmyocardial infarction. (ox.ac.uk)
Lactate3
- However, all tissues can use lactate as an energy source, as it can be converted quickly back to pyruvate and enter into the Krebs cycle. (medscape.com)
- L-lactate is the most commonly measured level, as it is the only form produced in human metabolism. (medscape.com)
- D-lactate is a byproduct of bacterial metabolism and may accumulate in patients with short-gut syndrome or in those with a history of gastric bypass or small-bowel resection. (medscape.com)
Promotes1
- The metabolove is a cutting-edge nutritional supplement that promotes healthy metabolism and supports overall well-being. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
Burn3
- By following a ketogenic diet and entering a state of ketosis, the body can more efficiently burn fat for energy, which can lead to weight loss. (hashnode.dev)
- When the body does not have enough carbohydrates to burn for energy, it begins to break down fat into ketones, which are then used as fuel. (hashnode.dev)
- It's an essential component of human health and vitality, as a well-functioning metabolism helps burn fat, build energy, and maintain overall wellness. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
Chemical2
- Metabolism: The set of chemical reactions that happen in the cells of living organisms to sustain life. (askrose.org)
- Water is essential for many of the chemical reactions that occur in the body, including metabolism. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
Human3
- Measuring energy metabolism in cultured cells, including human pluripotent stem cells and differentiated cells. (ca.gov)
- Energy output from human movement is divided between anaerobic and aerobic energy supply systems. (biomedcentral.com)
- The invention provides a Java applet for modeling of human metabolism to improve the weight change predictions. (nih.gov)
Intake1
- To maximize metabolism, it's important to limit your intake of processed foods and added sugars and focus on whole, nutrient-dense foods instead. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
Boost1
- When your body is in ketosis, it uses fat as its primary source of fuel, which can provide a more sustained energy boost than carbohydrates. (hashnode.dev)
Liver1
- Ketosis is a metabolic state where the body uses ketones, which are produced from the breakdown of fat in the liver, for energy instead of glucose from carbohydrates. (hashnode.dev)
Researchers1
- To further assess fitness status, EPNL researchers can collect blood samples to measure changes in markers of energy metabolism and can also attach electrodes to the participants' chest to assess their heart function. (lindenwood.edu)
Mechanism1
- Studies investigating the mechanism by which interventions, including drugs, devices, and surgery, affect food consumption or food preferences, physical activity, body composition, or other aspects of energy regulation are also supported by this program. (nih.gov)
Search1
- Results of search for 'su:{Energy metabolism. (who.int)
Biological3
- Energy is required by and transformed in biological systems. (asbmb.org)
- Students should be able to explain and apply core concepts of matter and energy transformation, including thermodynamics, catalysis, the coupling of exergonic and endergonic processes, and the nature of biological energy. (asbmb.org)
- Structure and behavior of organic and biological compounds, metabolism, and regulation. (csufresno.edu)
Study2
- The effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) on anaerobic and aerobic capacity are commonly acknowledged as unclear due to the contrasting evidence thus, the present study analyzes the contribution of NaHCO 3 to energy metabolism during exercise. (biomedcentral.com)
- To study how different diets affect a person s health and metabolism. (nih.gov)
Body4
- kg − 1 body mass of NaHCO 3 90 min before the exercise in which energy is supplied by the glycolytic system. (biomedcentral.com)
- The goal of the ketogenic diet is to enter a state of ketosis, where the body burns fat for energy instead of carbohydrates. (hashnode.dev)
- BHB is a natural energy source that can help to reduce the symptoms of the keto flu and provide a sustainable source of energy for the body. (hashnode.dev)
- Metabolism is the process by which the body converts food into energy. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
Studies2
- The same is true for studies of energy metabolism, genetic variation influencing our dietary preferences, and the effects of aging. (nih.gov)
- Many studies have shown that abnormal energy metabolism plays a key role in the occurrence and development of acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases . (bvsalud.org)
Role1
- Avoiding carbohydrates and restricting calories later in the day can have an adverse effect on your thyroid hormones, which play a major role in metabolism. (confessionsofanover-workedmom.com)
Chronic1
- Chronic stress can have a negative impact on metabolism and overall health. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
Biochemistry1
- Bioenergetics is the subject of a field of biochemistry that concerns energy flow through living systems. (medicalxpress.com)
Supports1
- The enzymatic activity of apoptosis-inducing factor supports energy metabolism benefiting the growth and invasiveness of advanced prostate cancer cells. (nih.gov)
Increase4
- Tumor cells typically alter their energy metabolism and increase glucose uptake to support their rapid division and spread. (medicalxpress.com)
- Increase Metabolism and Energy! (hashnode.dev)
- By promoting ketosis, Keto Fusion Sugar-Free Gummies can help you experience this increase in energy. (hashnode.dev)
- Drinking enough water can help increase metabolism, improve energy levels, and promote overall health. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
Symptoms1
- When the thyroid fails to secrete enough of the hormones that control metabolism, this can trigger symptoms like fatigue, depression, weight gain, thinning hair, and dry skin. (confessionsofanover-workedmom.com)
Weight gain2
- Sleep deprivation can disrupt the body's natural hormonal balance, which can lead to increased appetite, weight gain, and decreased energy levels. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
- Stress triggers the release of the hormone cortisol, which can lead to increased appetite, weight gain, and decreased energy levels. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
Health4
- While metabolism can be influenced by a variety of factors such as age, genetics, and gender, there are many strategies that can help maximize metabolism and optimize health. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
- A balanced diet is essential for maximizing metabolism and overall health. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
- Getting enough sleep is critical for optimizing metabolism and overall health. (digitalinnovationshow.com)
- Processed foods and added sugars can have a negative impact on metabolism and overall health. (digitalinnovationshow.com)