Endothelium. Medical search

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR), lymph vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, LYMPHATIC), and the serous cavities of the body.

Single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea.

Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces.

Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

Venous vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the FETUS via the PLACENTA. In humans, there is normally one umbilical vein.

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue.

Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. It is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, p154)

The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.

The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.

The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates neutrophil, monocyte, and memory T-cell adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. E-selectin recognizes sialylated carbohydrate groups related to the Lewis X or Lewis A family.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

Endogenously-synthesized compounds that influence biological processes not otherwise classified under ENZYMES; HORMONES or HORMONE ANTAGONISTS.

An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.

Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates the adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to activated platelets and endothelial cells.

That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.

The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.

A layer of the cornea. It is the basal lamina of the CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM (from which it is secreted) separating it from the CORNEAL STROMA. It is a homogeneous structure composed of fine collagenous filaments, and slowly increases in thickness with age.

Any of the tubular vessels conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).

A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.

Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.

Movement of tethered, spherical LEUKOCYTES along the endothelial surface of the microvasculature. The tethering and rolling involves interaction with SELECTINS and other adhesion molecules in both the ENDOTHELIUM and leukocyte. The rolling leukocyte then becomes activated by CHEMOKINES, flattens out, and firmly adheres to the endothelial surface in preparation for transmigration through the interendothelial cell junction. (From Abbas, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 3rd ed)

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins.

The veins and arteries of the HEART.

An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6)

Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them.

Partial or total replacement of the CORNEA from one human or animal to another.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Bipotential angio-hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to both HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS and ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.

A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.

A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

Cell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11 family of leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION). A defect in the gene encoding CD18 causes LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME.

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Endothelial cells that line venous vessels of the UMBILICAL CORD.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

21-Amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors. The endothelin family consists of three members, ENDOTHELIN-1; ENDOTHELIN-2; and ENDOTHELIN-3. All three peptides contain 21 amino acids, but vary in amino acid composition. The three peptides produce vasoconstrictor and pressor responses in various parts of the body. However, the quantitative profiles of the pharmacological activities are considerably different among the three isopeptides.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A prostaglandin that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation. It is biosynthesized enzymatically from PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES in human vascular tissue. The sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY).

Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that serves as a homing receptor for lymphocytes to lymph node high endothelial venules.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Paracrine substances produced by the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM with VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation (VASODILATION) activities. Several factors have been identified, including NITRIC OXIDE and PROSTACYCLIN.

A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

The passage of cells across the layer of ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, i.e., the ENDOTHELIUM; or across the layer of EPITHELIAL CELLS, i.e. the EPITHELIUM.

The deformation and flow behavior of BLOOD and its elements i.e., PLASMA; ERYTHROCYTES; WHITE BLOOD CELLS; and BLOOD PLATELETS.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.

Transmembrane proteins consisting of a lectin-like domain, an epidermal growth factor-like domain, and a variable number of domains that are homologous to complement regulatory proteins. They are important cell adhesion molecules which help LEUKOCYTES attach to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

The vessels carrying blood away from the capillary beds.

The carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface. This zone can be visualized by a variety of stains as well as by its affinity for lectins. Although most of the carbohydrate is attached to intrinsic plasma membrane molecules, the glycocalyx usually also contains both glycoproteins and proteoglycans that have been secreted into the extracellular space and then adsorbed onto the cell surface. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, p502)

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

The finer blood vessels of the vasculature that are generally less than 100 microns in internal diameter.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

A system of organs and tissues that process and transport immune cells and LYMPH.

A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

The development of new BLOOD VESSELS during the restoration of BLOOD CIRCULATION during the healing process.

A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.

Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)

Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.

The neural systems which act on VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE to control blood vessel diameter. The major neural control is through the sympathetic nervous system.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)

Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS supplying the abdominal VISCERA.

A high-molecular-weight plasma protein, produced by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, that is part of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor complex. The von Willebrand factor has receptors for collagen, platelets, and ristocetin activity as well as the immunologically distinct antigenic determinants. It functions in adhesion of platelets to collagen and hemostatic plug formation. The prolonged bleeding time in VON WILLEBRAND DISEASES is due to the deficiency of this factor.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

An integrin heterodimer widely expressed on cells of hematopoietic origin. CD11A ANTIGEN comprises the alpha chain and the CD18 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD18) the beta chain. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 is a major receptor of T-CELLS; B-CELLS; and GRANULOCYTES. It mediates the leukocyte adhesion reactions underlying cytolytic conjugate formation, helper T-cell interactions, and antibody-dependent killing by NATURAL KILLER CELLS and granulocytes. Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 has been defined as a ligand for lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1.

Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.

Diseases of the cornea.

An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A TIE receptor tyrosine kinase that is found almost exclusively on ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. It is required for both normal embryonic vascular development (NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC) and tumor angiogenesis (NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC).

A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).

A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

Cell surface glycoproteins on lymphocytes and other leukocytes that mediate adhesion to specialized blood vessels called high endothelial venules. Several different classes of lymphocyte homing receptors have been identified, and they appear to target different surface molecules (addressins) on high endothelial venules in different tissues. The adhesion plays a crucial role in the trafficking of lymphocytes.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.

A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.

The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells.

An enzyme formed from PROTHROMBIN that converts FIBRINOGEN to FIBRIN.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASES) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.

The state of activity or tension of a muscle beyond that related to its physical properties, that is, its active resistance to stretch. In skeletal muscle, tonus is dependent upon efferent innervation. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Oxygen-carrying RED BLOOD CELLS in mammalian blood that are abnormal in structure or function.

Veins which return blood from the intestines; the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Centers for storing various parts of the eye for future use.

Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Tubular vessels that are involved in the transport of LYMPH and LYMPHOCYTES.

A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the ABDOMINAL WALL and conveys their blood vessels and nerves.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes.

Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.

Family of proteins associated with the capacity of LEUKOCYTES to adhere to each other and to certain substrata, e.g., the C3bi component of complement. Members of this family are the LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; (LFA-1), the MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; (Mac-1), and the INTEGRIN ALPHAXBETA2 or p150,95 leukocyte adhesion protein. They all share a common beta-subunit which is the CD18 antigen. All three of the above antigens are absent in inherited LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME, which is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, impaired pus formation, and wound healing as well as abnormalities in a wide spectrum of adherence-dependent functions of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid cells.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

The process whereby PLATELETS adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., COLLAGEN; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; MICROFIBRILS; or other "foreign" surfaces.

The process by which a tissue or aggregate of cells is kept alive outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).

The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.

The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.

Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The internal resistance of a material to moving some parts of it parallel to a fixed plane, in contrast to stretching (TENSILE STRENGTH) or compression (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH). Ionic crystals are brittle because, when subjected to shear, ions of the same charge are brought next to each other, which causes repulsion.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

The vein which drains the foot and leg.

Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.

These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize DNA. The factors are related to both the basic and acidic FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS but have different amino acid sequences.

A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95.

The recording of muscular movements. The apparatus is called a myograph, the record or tracing, a myogram. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor whose expression is restricted primarily to adult lymphatic endothelium. VEGFR-3 preferentially binds the vascular endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth factor D and may be involved in the control of lymphangiogenesis.

A diverse group of agents, with unique chemical structures and biochemical requirements, which generate NITRIC OXIDE. These compounds have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and the management of acute myocardial infarction, acute and chronic congestive heart failure, and surgical control of blood pressure. (Adv Pharmacol 1995;34:361-81)

The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and VISCOSITY.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).

The circulation of the BLOOD through the LUNGS.

A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

A tyrosine phosphoprotein that plays an essential role in CAVEOLAE formation. It binds CHOLESTEROL and is involved in LIPIDS transport, membrane traffic, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.

An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.

A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on CELL DIFFERENTIATION or APOPTOSIS. Coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

The evolution of early fibromuscular lesions hemodynamically induced in the dog renal artery. I. Light and transmission electron microscopy. (1/3541)

In view of the important roles of arterial intimal fibromuscular lesions as precursors of atherosclerotic plaque and occlusive lesions in arterial reconstructions, a model has been developed for the rapid hemodynamic induction of these lesions by anastomosis of the dog right renal artery to the inferior vena cava. Light and transmission electron microscopic observations were made on the arterial shunt after periods of rapid flow ranging form 10 minutes to 2 hours to identify initial factor(s) and evolutionary mechanisms in the etiology of the lesions. The sequence of events included aberrations in ruthenium red staining of the endothelial luminal membrane at 10 minutes, multilayered thickening of the subendothelial basement membrane (BM) at 15 minutes, and initial reorientation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMC) into the intima along with the appearance of areas of degeneration of the internal elastic lamina (IEL) at 30 minutes. The endothelial cells were still intact in some areas overlying the SMC migration and IEL degeneration, but they were separating from the surface in other such areas. As subendothelium became exposed, some platelet adherence was noted. By 2 hours, the entire wall reaction was fully developed. Initial observations indicate that in the evolution of this hemodynamically induced lesion visible alteration in the endothelial cells is not prerequisite to degeneration of the underlying IEL and reorientation and migration of medial SMC. (+info)

A strategy for enhancing the transcriptional activity of weak cell type-specific promoters. (2/3541)

Cell type- and tissue-specific promoters play an important role in the development of site-selective vectors for gene therapy. A large number of highly specific promoters has been described, but their applicability is often hampered by their inefficient transcriptional activity. In this study, we describe a new strategy for enhancing the activity of weak promoters without loss of specificity. The basic principle of this strategy is to establish a positive feedback loop which is initiated by transcription from a cell type-specific promoter. This was achieved by using a cell type-specific promoter to drive the simultaneous expression of the desired effector/reporter gene product and a strong artificial transcriptional activator which stimulates transcription through appropriate binding sites in the promoter. Using a VP16-LexA chimeric transcription factor, we show that this approach leads to a 14- to > 100-fold enhancement of both the endothelial cell-specific von Willebrand factor promoter and the gastrointestinal-specific sucrase-isomaltase promoter while maintaining approximately 30- to > 100-fold cell type specificity. (+info)

Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel angiopoietin family protein, angiopoietin-3. (3/3541)

Using homology-based PCR, we have isolated cDNA encoding a novel member (491 amino acids) of the angiopoietin (Ang) family from human adult heart cDNA and have designated it angiopoietin-3 (Ang3). The NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal portions of Ang-3 contain the characteristic coiled-coil domain and fibrinogen-like domain that are conserved in other known Angs. Ang3 has a highly hydrophobic region at the N-terminus (approximately 21 amino acids) that is typical of a signal sequence for protein secretion. Ang3 mRNA is most abundant in adrenal gland, placenta, thyroid gland, heart and small intestine in human adult tissues. Additionally, Ang3 is a secretory protein, but is not a mitogen in endothelial cells. (+info)

Acetylcholine-induced membrane potential changes in endothelial cells of rabbit aortic valve. (4/3541)

1. Using a microelectrode technique, acetylcholine (ACh)-induced membrane potential changes were characterized using various types of inhibitors of K+ and Cl- channels in rabbit aortic valve endothelial cells (RAVEC). 2. ACh produced transient then sustained membrane hyperpolarizations. Withdrawal of ACh evoked a transient depolarization. 3. High K+ blocked and low K+ potentiated the two ACh-induced hyperpolarizations. Charybdotoxin (ChTX) attenuated the ACh-induced transient and sustained hyperpolarizations; apamin inhibited only the sustained hyperpolarization. In the combined presence of ChTX and apamin, ACh produced a depolarization. 4. In Ca2+-free solution or in the presence of Co2+ or Ni2+, ACh produced a transient hyperpolarization followed by a depolarization. In BAPTA-AM-treated cells, ACh produced only a depolarization. 5. A low concentration of A23187 attenuated the ACh-induced transient, but not the sustained, hyperpolarization. In the presence of cyclopiazonic acid, the hyperpolarization induced by ACh was maintained after ACh removal; this maintained hyperpolarization was blocked by Co2+. 6. Both NPPB and hypertonic solution inhibited the membrane depolarization seen after ACh washout. Bumetanide also attenuated this depolarization. 7. It is concluded that in RAVEC, ACh produces a two-component hyperpolarization followed by a depolarization. It is suggested that ACh-induced Ca2+ release from the storage sites causes a transient hyperpolarization due to activation of ChTX-sensitive K+ channels and that ACh-activated Ca2+ influx causes a sustained hyperpolarization by activating both ChTX- and apamin-sensitive K+ channels. Both volume-sensitive Cl- channels and the Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter probably contribute to the ACh-induced depolarization. (+info)

The cyclo-oxygenase-dependent regulation of rabbit vein contraction: evidence for a prostaglandin E2-mediated relaxation. (5/3541)

1. Arachidonic acid (0.01-1 microM) induced relaxation of precontracted rings of rabbit saphenous vein, which was counteracted by contraction at concentrations higher than 1 microM. Concentrations higher than 1 microM were required to induce dose-dependent contraction of vena cava and thoracic aorta from the same animals. 2. Pretreatment with a TP receptor antagonist (GR32191B or SQ29548, 3 microM) potentiated the relaxant effect in the saphenous vein, revealed a vasorelaxant component in the vena cava response and did not affect the response of the aorta. 3. Removal of the endothelium from the venous rings, caused a 10 fold rightward shift in the concentration-relaxation curves to arachidonic acid. Whether or not the endothelium was present, the arachidonic acid-induced relaxations were prevented by indomethacin (10 microM) pretreatment. 4. In the saphenous vein, PGE2 was respectively a 50 and 100 fold more potent relaxant prostaglandin than PGI2 and PGD2. Pretreatment with the EP4 receptor antagonist, AH23848B, shifted the concentration-relaxation curves of this tissue to arachidonic acid in a dose-dependent manner. 5. In the presence of 1 microM arachidonic acid, venous rings produced 8-10 fold more PGE2 than did aorta whereas 6keto-PGF1alpha and TXB2 productions remained comparable. 6. Intact rings of saphenous vein relaxed in response to A23187. Pretreatment with L-NAME (100 microM) or indomethacin (10 microM) reduced this response by 50% whereas concomitant pretreatment totally suppressed it. After endothelium removal, the remaining relaxing response to A23187 was prevented by indomethacin but not affected by L-NAME. 7. We conclude that stimulation of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway by arachidonic acid induced endothelium-dependent, PGE2/EP4 mediated relaxation of the rabbit saphenous vein. This process might participate in the A23187-induced relaxation of the saphenous vein and account for a relaxing component in the response of the vena cava to arachidonic acid. It was not observed in thoracic aorta because of the lack of a vasodilatory receptor and/or the poorer ability of this tissue than veins to produce PGE2. (+info)

Studies of the role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide release in the sustained vasodilator effects of corticotrophin releasing factor and sauvagine. (6/3541)

1. The mechanisms of the sustained vasodilator actions of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and sauvagine (SVG) were studied using rings of endothelium de-nuded rat thoracic aorta (RTA) and the isolated perfused rat superior mesenteric arterial vasculature (SMA). 2. SVG was approximately 50 fold more potent than CRF on RTA (EC40: 0.9 +/- 0.2 and 44 +/- 9 nM respectively, P < 0.05), and approximately 10 fold more active in the perfused SMA (ED40: 0.05 +/- 0.02 and 0.6 +/- 0.1 nmol respectively, P < 0.05). Single bolus injections of CRF (100 pmol) or SVG (15 pmol) in the perfused SMA caused reductions in perfusion pressure of 23 +/- 1 and 24 +/- 2% that lasted more than 20 min. 3. Removal of the endothelium in the perfused SMA with deoxycholic acid attenuated the vasodilatation and revealed two phases to the response; a short lasting direct action, and a sustained phase which was fully inhibited. 4. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME (100 microM) L-NMMA (100 microM) or 2-ethyl-2-thiopseudourea (ETPU, 100 microM) had similar effects on the vasodilator responses to CRF as removal of the endothelium, suggesting a pivotal role for nitric oxide. However the selective guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[l,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 microM) did not affect the response to CRF. 5. High potassium (60 mM) completely inhibited the vasodilator response to CRF in the perfused SMA, indicating a role for K channels in this response. 6. Compared to other vasodilator agents acting via the release of NO, the actions of CRF and SVG are strikingly long-lasting, suggesting a novel mechanism of prolonged activation of nitric oxide synthase. (+info)

Nicotine increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production by human brain endothelial cells via protein kinase C-associated pathway. (7/3541)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Smoking both increases stroke risk and reduces the risk of thrombolysis-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a major regulator of fibrinolysis; elevation of PAI-1 is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic disorders. We studied the effect of nicotine, an important constituent of cigarette smoke, on PAI-1 production by human brain endothelial cells. METHODS: Adult human central nervous system endothelial cells (CNS-EC) were used for tissue culture experiments. We analyzed culture supernatant for PAI-1 protein and measured PAI-1 mRNA (by Northern blot analysis) and protein kinase C (PK-C) activity. RESULTS: Nicotine at 100 nmol/L increased PAI-1 protein production and mRNA expression by CNS-EC. After 72 hours of exposure to nicotine, the concentration of secreted PAI-1 in the cell supernatant was increased 1.90+/-0.2 fold compared with untreated cells. PAI-1 mRNA also increased approximately twofold. Inhibition of PK-C completely abolished this effect. Nicotine had no effect on the concentration of tissue plasminogen activator. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine increases brain endothelial cell PAI-1 mRNA expression and protein production via PK-C-dependent pathway. These findings provide new insights into why smoking may be associated with predisposition to thrombosis and inversely associated with intracerebral hemorrhage after therapeutic tissue plasminogen activator therapy. (+info)

Rat liver endothelial cell glutamine transporter and glutaminase expression contrast with parenchymal cells. (8/3541)

Despite the central role of the liver in glutamine homeostasis in health and disease, little is known about the mechanism by which this amino acid is transported into sinusoidal endothelial cells, the second most abundant hepatic cell type. To address this issue, the transport of L-glutamine was functionally characterized in hepatic endothelial cells isolated from male rats. On the basis of functional analyses, including kinetics, cation substitution, and amino acid inhibition, it was determined that a Na+-dependent carrier distinct from system N in parenchymal cells, with properties of system ASC or B0, mediated the majority of glutamine transport in hepatic endothelial cells. These results were supported by Northern blot analyses that showed expression of the ATB0 transporter gene in endothelial but not parenchymal cells. Concurrently, it was determined that, whereas both cell types express glutamine synthetase, hepatic endothelial cells express the kidney-type glutaminase isozyme in contrast to the liver-type isozyme in parenchymal cells. This represents the first report of ATB0 and kidney-type glutaminase isozyme expression in the liver, observations that have implications for roles of specific cell types in hepatic glutamine homeostasis in health and disease. (+info)

Many considered the endothelium a specialized epithelial tissue. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood ... The endothelium is a thin layer of single flat (squamous) cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic ... The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. Endothelial ... The endothelium is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium

... across the corneal endothelium. The corneal endothelium then transports water from the stromal-facing surface to the aqueous- ... The corneal endothelium is a single layer of endothelial cells on the inner surface of the cornea. It faces the chamber formed ... The corneal endothelium is attached to the rest of the cornea through Descemet's membrane, which is an acellular layer composed ... The corneal endothelium governs fluid and solute transport across the posterior surface of the cornea and maintains the cornea ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_endothelium

... is a special subset of endothelial cells scattered within blood vessels that can differentiate into ... A short history of hemogenic endothelium. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2013 Dec;51(4):206-12 C. Lancrin, P. Sroczynska, C. Stephenson, ... The haemangioblast generates haematopoietic cells through a haemogenic endothelium stage. Nature 2009;457:892-895 v t e (Cell ... of hematopoietic cells in the embryo proceeds sequentially from mesoderm through the hemangioblast to the hemogenic endothelium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemogenic_endothelium

The lymphatic endothelium is a specialised form of epithelium, distinct from but similar to vascular endothelium. A lymph ... At this stage vascular and lymphatic endothelia were seen to be morphologically distinct and lymphatic vessels considered less ... These being LYVE-1 (Jackson et al., 1999) and podoplanin (Kerjaschki, 1999). Endothelium Banerji, Suneale; Ni, Jian; Wang, Shu- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_endothelium

... (EDRF) is a name for a substance that Robert F. Furchgott discovered had the eponymous ... Today, it is firmly established this substance is nitric oxide (NO). Endothelium produces NO which then diffuses to the ... Chowdhary S, Townend JN (April 2001). "Nitric oxide and hypertension: not just an endothelium derived relaxing factor". J Hum ... Vanhoutte, P.-M.; Boulanger, C.-M.; Mombouli, J.-V. (1995-11-24). "Endothelium-derived relaxing factors and converting enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium-derived_relaxing_factor

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor Luksha L, Agewall S, Kublickiene K (February 2009). "Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing ... increased evidence for the role of another endothelium-derived vasodilator known as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor ... Endothelium-derived CNP has been proposed to act as an EDHF via specific C-subtype of natriuretic peptide receptor, however the ... In blood vessels Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor or EDHF is proposed to be a substance and/or electrical signal that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium-derived_hyperpolarizing_factor

Endothelium. 13 (1): 51-59. doi:10.1080/10623320600669053. PMID 16885067. Lazarovici, Philip; Lahiani, Adi; Gincberg, Galit; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Lazarovici

Ribatti D (2008). "Napoleone Ferrara and the saga of vascular endothelial growth factor". Endothelium. 15 (1): 1-8. doi:10.1080 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevacizumab

Bussolino F, Valdembri D, Caccavari F, Serini G (2006). "Semaphoring vascular morphogenesis". Endothelium. 13 (2): 81-91. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLXNA4A

Endothelium. 15 (1): 1-8. doi:10.1080/10623320802092377. PMID 18568940. "FDA Approval for Thalidomide". National Cancer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman

Marr HS, Basalamah MA, Edgell CJ (1998). "Endothelial cell expression of testican mRNA". Endothelium. 5 (3): 209-19. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPOCK1

2001). "Expression of VACM-1 protein in cultured rat adrenal endothelial cells is linked to the cell cycle". Endothelium. 8 (1 ... 1999). "VACM-1 receptor is specifically expressed in rabbit vascular endothelium and renal collecting tubule". Am J Physiol. ... 1999). "VACM-1 receptor is specifically expressed in rabbit vascular endothelium and renal collecting tubule". Am. J. Physiol. ... and is specifically expressed in vascular endothelium and renal collecting tubules. Cul5 inhibits cellular proliferation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUL5

Endothelium. 14 (1): 25-34. doi:10.1080/10623320601177288. PMID 17364894. Zou Y, Kim CH, Chung JH, et al. (2007). "Upregulation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR4

Role of endothelium. Endothelium 4: 247 - 272. doi:10.3109/10623329609024701 Jones, E.A.V. (April, 2010). Mechanotransduction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_remodelling_in_the_embryo

The first was on corneal endothelium morphogenesis and they, with Sam Meller, showed that the key constraint on migration was ... Bard, Jonathan; Meller, Sam; Hay, Elizabeth Dexter (1975). "Formation of corneal endothelium; a study of cell movement in vivo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Hay

... endothelium) of a large blood vessel controlled underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived ... Lüscher was the editor of the European Heart Journal from 2009 to 2020, by which time he had studied the endothelium for over ... By the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, he had been studying the endothelium for over 30 years. He says that COVID-19 is ultimately ... Co-author) The endothelium: modulator of cardiovascular function. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2020. ISBN 978-1-000-08331-6. OCLC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lüscher

... there is no endothelium. In their micro-structure the muscular fibres resemble those of nematodes. Except for the absence of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocephala

1931 - Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians 1936 - F.R.S. Kettle EH (1918). "Tumours arising from endothelium". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Hartley_Kettle

With a decline in EPCs the body loses its ability to repair the endothelium. The use of stem cells for treatment has become a ... The endothelium secretes soluble factors to regulate vasodilatation and to preserve homeostasis. When there is any dysfunction ... Not only is VEGF critical for mesoderm cells to become an EC, but also for EPCs to differentiate into mature endothelium. ... Endothelium dysfunction is a prototypical characteristic of vascular disease, which is common in patients with autoimmune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_stem_cell

Atrial myxoma covered by endothelium. H&E stain. The surgery is treatment of choice, tumor must be surgically removed. Some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_myxoma

"Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium". Science. 289 (5482): 1197-202. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1197S. doi:10.1126/science. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASD2

2005). "Endosialin (TEM1, CD248) is a marker of stromal fibroblasts and is not selectively expressed on tumour endothelium" ( ... a C-type lectin-like cell surface receptor of tumor endothelium". J Biol Chem. 276 (10): 7408-14. doi:10.1074/jbc.M009604200. ... "Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium". Science. 289 (5482): 1197-202. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1197S. doi:10.1126/science. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD248

"Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium". Science. 289 (5482): 1197-202. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1197S. doi:10.1126/science. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLXDC1

Ribatti, Domenico (2008). "Napoleone Ferrara and the saga of vascular endothelial growth factor". Endothelium: Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries

2000). "Genes Expressed in Human Tumor Endothelium". Science. 289 (5482): 1197-1202. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1197S. doi:10.1126/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Genome_Anatomy_Project

Ballermann, B. J., Nystrom, J., & Haraldsson, B. (2021). The glomerular endothelium restricts albumin filtration. Frontiers in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Börje_Haraldsson

"Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium". Science. 289 (5482): 1197-202. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1197S. doi:10.1126/science. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANTXR1

"The Vascular Endothelium and Human Diseases". International Journal of Biological Sciences. 9 (10): 1057-1069. doi:10.7150/ijbs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_disease

"Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium". Science. 289 (5482): 1197-202. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1197S. doi:10.1126/science. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASD1

... dark patches in the corneal endothelium, thought to represent patchy corneal endothelial swelling. The endothelium appears ... patients suffer from periodical transient inflammation of the corneal endothelium and stroma, leading to short term obscuration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratoendotheliitis_fugax_hereditaria

We investigated the correlation between hypercholesterolaemia and oxidative stress and P-selectin and interleukin-6 [‎IL-6]‎ as markers for endothelial status. We studied 40 Egyptian adults with asymptomatic hypercholesterolaemia ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Endothelium%2C+Vascular&type=mesh

... Lab Invest. 2004 May;84(5):562-72. doi: 10.1038 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15064773/?ordinalpos=10&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum

... researchers have developed a tool for assessing corneal endothelium function. ... Low-Cost, Smartphone-Based Specular Imaging and Automated Analysis of the Corneal Endothelium. Presented during the cornea ... researchers have developed a tool for assessing corneal endothelium (CE) function. The novel system prom-ises to enable mobile ...

https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/smartphone-used-to-assess-health-of-endothelium

Endothelium Is the Subject Area "Endothelium" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0140370

The corneal endothelium was imaged by the Topcon SP-2000P. ,i,Results,/i,. The mean ECD in diabetic eyes was 2435.55 ± ... Evaluating the condition of the corneal endothelium is important since one of the most frequent reasons of corneal endothelium ... Evaluation of Corneal Endothelium in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Beata Urban. ,1Dorota Raczyńska. , ... The corneal endothelium was imaged by the Topcon SP-2000P. Results. The mean ECD in diabetic eyes was 2435.55 ± 443.43 cells/mm ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2013/913754/

Aqueous humour transport across the inner wall endothelium of Schlemms canal likely involves flow through giant vacuoles and ... Aqueous humour transport across the inner wall endothelium of Schlemms canal likely involves flow through giant vacuoles and ...

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/mechengfacpub/287/

Lassa Virus Targeting of Anterior Uvea and Endothelium of Cornea and Conjunctiva in Eye of Guinea Pig Model Joy M. Gary, ... Lassa Virus Targeting of Anterior Uvea and Endothelium of Cornea and Conjunctiva in Eye of Guinea Pig Model. ... Josiah by hematoxylin and eosin stain in study of LASV targeting of anterior uvea and endothelium of cornea and conjunctiva in ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/25/5/18-1254-f3

Tools & Techniques: siRNA Delivery to Endothelia; miRNA Analysis in Non-Model Animals; and More May 09, 2013 ...

https://www.genomeweb.com/rnai/tools-techniques-sirna-delivery-endothelia-mirna-analysis-non-model-animals-and

Vascular reactivity, EDHF, nitric oxide, P2Y-, P2U-purinoceptor, pyrimidine-receptor, dilatation, endothelium. in British ... P2U-receptor mediated endothelium-dependent but nitric oxide-independent vascular relaxation. *Mark ... This indicates a dilatation mediated by an endothelium-dependent non-NO factor, probably EDHF. 5. Agonist potency (UTP>ATP& ... However, in the carotid artery the dilatation was solely mediated by an endothelium-dependent NO mechanism, even at different ...

https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/1112616

Brain endothelium expresses particularly high levels of CXCL10 and CXCL8, which may account for the predominant TH1-type ... Expression of chemokines and their receptors by human brain endothelium: Implications for multiple sclerosis.. Journal of ... Leukocyte migration into the CNS is mediated by chemokines, expressed on the surface of brain endothelium. This study ... Expression of chemokines and their receptors by human brain endothelium: Implications for multiple sclerosis ...

http://oro.open.ac.uk/12978/

A potential gliovascular mechanism for microglial activation: differential phenotypic switching of microglia by endothelium ... A potential gliovascular mechanism for microglial activation: differential phenotypic switching of microglia by endothelium ...

https://www.altmetric.com/details/70460523

Epigenetic Modification of the von Willebrand Factor Promoter Drives Platelet Aggregation on the Pulmonary Endothelium in ... Epigenetic Modification of the von Willebrand Factor Promoter Drives Platelet Aggregation on the Pulmonary Endothelium in ...

https://www.thoracic.org/members/assemblies/assemblies/pc/journal-club/epigenetic-modification-of-the-von-willebrand.php

Posterior chamber implantation of a Preserflo Microshunt in a patient with a compromised endothelium ... placing it in the posterior chamber to minimise the risk of endothelial cell loss in cases with a compromised endothelium. ... Microshunt was implanted in the posterior chamber to minimise the possibility of further damage to the corneal endothelium. Six ...

https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-archivos-sociedad-espanola-oftalmologia-english-496-articulo-posterior-chamber-implantation-preserflo-microshunt-S2173579422000226

A Study of Niaspan on Endothelium-Dependent and Endothelium-Independent Vascular Reactivity (0000-093) ... A Study of Niaspan on Endothelium-Dependent and Endothelium-Independent Vascular Reactivity (0000-093). Information source: ... Crossover Study to Evaluate the Effects of Multiple Oral Doses of 2000 mg of Niaspan on Endothelium-Dependent and Endothelium- ...

http://www.druglib.com/trial/19/NCT01104519.html

Reduction in extracellular Ca 2+ attenuates endothelium- dependent relaxation more than nitroprussideinduced relaxation ... Conclusion: Thus, endothelium-dependent relaxation is more dependent on [Ca2+]o than endothelium-independent relaxation, and it ... Aim: To quantitatively assess the effect of lowering external Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o) on both endothelium-dependent and -independent ... Nitroprusside-induced relaxations, which are independent of the endothelium, are also attenuated by reduced [Ca2+]o. Relaxant ...

http://www.chinaphar.com/article/view/4473

Corneal endothelium cells are important in maintaining the transparency of the cornea. The loss of corneal endothelium cells ... and may therefore influence corneal endothelium cells. Reports5-7 have described that endothelium cell density (ECD) loss ... Corneal endothelium density. Preoperatively, as well as 3 months after the operation and at the last follow-up, the mean values ... The distance between central ICl and corneal endothelium. Three months after the operation and at the last follow-up visit, the ...

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/105/5/625

Table 1 Leukocyte-endothelium interactions in rat mesenteric postcapillary venules. Full size table. ... Nakagawa, N., Nogueira, R., Sinosaki, S. et al. In vivo leukocyte-endothelium interactions in rat mesenteric microvessels after ... A leukocyte-endothelium interaction is known to be a remarkable event at the beginning of systemic inflammatory response ... In vivo leukocyte-endothelium interactions in rat mesenteric microvessels after ischemia/reperfusion and sepsis. *NK Nakagawa1 ...

https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/cc3585

Potent antitumor effects of ZD6474 on neuroblastoma via dual targeting of tumor cells and tumor endothelium Paul Beaudry; Paul ... We investigated the effect of dual targeting of tumor cells and tumor endothelium with ZD6474, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase ... Similar localization of EGFR and VEGFR2 was also found on the endothelium in tumors from mice treated with bevacizumab, ... Expression of EGFR and VEGFR2 on neuroblastoma tumor endothelium. Neuroblastoma tumor sections were stained with anti-CD31 (red ...

https://aacrjournals.org/mct/article/7/2/418/93107/Potent-antitumor-effects-of-ZD6474-on?searchresult=1

Diminished adherence of sickle erythrocytes to cultured vascular endothelium by piracetam. In: American journal of hematology. ... Diminished adherence of sickle erythrocytes to cultured vascular endothelium by piracetam. Robert M. Nalbandian, Raymond L. ... Diminished adherence of sickle erythrocytes to cultured vascular endothelium by piracetam. American journal of hematology. 1983 ... Dive into the research topics of Diminished adherence of sickle erythrocytes to cultured vascular endothelium by piracetam. ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/diminished-adherence-of-sickle-erythrocytes-to-cultured-vascular--3

We found that endothelia-specific NLRP3-depletion significantly attenuated AS severity in mice treated with HFD, likely through ... Figure 3. Preparation of endothelia-specific NLRP3 mutant mice in ApoE-null background. (A) Endothelia-specific NLRP3 mutant ... Figure 5. Endothelial cell apoptosis and ROS production are attenuated in HFD-treated endothelia-specific NLRP3 knockout mice. ... Figure 4. Endothelia-specific NLRP3 knockout attenuates severity of AS in HFD-treated mice. The animals were randomly divided ...

https://aging-us.com/article/103666/text

Results for Endothelium. Publications & Outputs. *. Stroke-induced opposite and age-dependent changes of vessel-associated ...

https://www.research.lancs.ac.uk/portal/en/browse.html?from=publications&word=Endothelium

Endothelium -- cytology ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Endothelium -- cytology Authors Frontiers in Basic Sciences That Relate to ...

https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.authorAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Frontiers+in+Basic+Sciences+That+Relate+to+Heart%2C+Lung%2C+and+Blood+Diseases+Symposium+%281985+%3A+Bethesda%2C+Md.%29&f%5Bdrep2.isMemberOfCollection%5D%5B%5D=DREPIHM&f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Endothelium+--+cytology&f%5Bdrep2.subjectGenre%5D%5B%5D=Congresses&f%5BdrepX.yearStartInt%5D%5B%5D=1985&f%5Bexample_query_facet_field%5D%5B%5D=years_1950&per_page=100&sort=score+desc

... Academic Article ...

http://scholars.uab.edu/display/pub35894

Oxytocin causes endothelium-depending relaxations of canine basilar arteries by activating V1-vasopressinergic receptors. / ... Oxytocin causes endothelium-depending relaxations of canine basilar arteries by activating V1-vasopressinergic receptors. ... Oxytocin causes endothelium-depending relaxations of canine basilar arteries by activating V1-vasopressinergic receptors. ... Katusic, Z. S. ; Shepherd, J. T. ; Vanhoutte, P. M. / Oxytocin causes endothelium-depending relaxations of canine basilar ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/oxytocin-causes-endothelium-depending-relaxations-of-canine-basil

Author(s): Murphy, Patrick Andries | Advisor(s): Wang, Rong A | Abstract: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are dangerous vascular lesions of largely unknown etiology. Those that occur in the brain (BAVMs) are particularly devastating, since they often lead to hemorrhagic stroke. Current treatment strategies are limited and may be as risky as the disease itself. At their core, AVMs are an aberration of normal vascular hierarchy caused by enlarged direct connections between the artery and the vein, which shunt blood past the capillary bed. Influenced by the discovery of a Notch-regulated program of arteriovenous (AV) specification, I hypothesized that disruption of this program could cause BAVM. My thesis work identifies increased endothelial Notch signaling as a candidate lesion in brain AVMs by showing that it is sufficient to cause BAVM-like abnormalities in a mouse model, and that it is upregulated in human BAVM tissue samples. Furthermore, it demonstrates that a sustained increase in Notch

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4525m31v

Dive into the research topics of Reduced endothelium-dependent peripheral vasodilation in the aged. Together they form a ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/reduced-endothelium-dependent-peripheral-vasodilation-in-the-aged

Hyperpolarization and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle to endothelium-derived nitric oxide ... Hyperpolarization and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle to endothelium-derived nitric oxide ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/106614

... is an indispensable tool for studying the role of the endothelium in physical and pathological conditions. Primary ECs, however ... The in vitro culture of endothelial cells (ECs) is an indispensable tool for studying the role of the endothelium in physical ... Furthermore, the endothelium is actively involved in a wide variety of pathological processes, including tumor invasion, ... Therefore, much of the knowledge on properties and functions of the vascular endothelium has been obtained from primary EC ...

https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-9-170

... proinflammatory phenotype is caused by loss of mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in endothelium. ...

https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/80723

Sickle RBCs adhere to endothelium because of increased stickiness. The endothelium participates in this process, as do ... inflammatory activation of endothelium may have an indispensable role in enhanced sickle RBC-endothelium interactions. Sickle ... In addition, a-V-ß-3 integrin is upregulated in activated endothelium in patients with sickle cell disease. a-V-ß-3 integrin ... 10] Adhesion molecules (ie, P-selectin, VCAM-1, a-V-ß-3 integrin) are also expressed on activated endothelium. Finally, plasma ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/205926-15330/what-is-the-likelihood-that-a-child-will-have-sickle-cell-disease-scd-if-both-parents-have-the-sickle-cell-trait-sct

With a smartphone, a slit lamp, and artificial intelligence (AI)-generated software, researchers have developed a tool for assessing corneal endothelium (CE) function. (aao.org)
Low-Cost, Smartphone-Based Specular Imaging and Automated Analysis of the Corneal Endothelium. (aao.org)
The corneal endothelium was imaged by the Topcon SP-2000P. (hindawi.com)
The corneal endothelium is a single layer of uniformly sized cells with hexagonal shape. (hindawi.com)
Prevention of the corneal endothelium dysfunction, its early detection and immediate treatment are therefore crucial, especially if the problem concerns young patients. (hindawi.com)
The aim of our study was to compare the endothelial cell density and central corneal thickness in diabetic and nondiabetic patients and to evaluate the local and systemic factors which may affect the corneal endothelium in this group. (hindawi.com)
A Preserflo Microshunt was implanted in the posterior chamber to minimise the possibility of further damage to the corneal endothelium. (elsevier.es)
Background To evaluate the changes in corneal endothelium cell density (ECD) and the correlated factors after Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) V4c implantation. (bmj.com)
Patients were followed up for at least 4 years, during which manifest refraction, uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), intraocular pressure, ECD, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber angle (ACA), vault and distance from the corneal endothelium to the central ICL (C-ICL) were measured. (bmj.com)
The resting potential (E(m)) of freshly isolated rabbit corneal endothelium was measured at room temperature (22°C) and at 34°C. Due to the wide range of values reported in the literature and the difficulty in obtaining long-term measurements using microelectrodes in these cells, a current-clamp technique was employed using whole cell patch-clamp electrodes. (elsevier.com)
These results demonstrate temperature dependence for E(m) in the corneal endothelium and show that more extensively dissected preparations have similar although not identical E(m)s to those of the intact cornea. (elsevier.com)
Watsky, MA & Rae, JL 1991, ' Resting voltage measurements of the rabbit corneal endothelium using patch-current clamp techniques ', Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science , vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 106-111. (elsevier.com)
Rae, J. L. / Resting voltage measurements of the rabbit corneal endothelium using patch-current clamp techniques . (elsevier.com)
Diseases of the corneal endothelium. (medlineplus.gov)
To study the corneal endothelium, fiat preparations were made. (arvojournals.org)

1. The dilator effect of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has mainly been characterized as a direct effect on smooth muscle or as an endothelium-dependent effect mediated by nitric oxide (NO) or prostaglandins. (lu.se)
Influence of the endothelium is modeled as the increase of nitric oxide (NO) concentration and subsequent production of cyclic quanosine monophosphate (cGMP). (sgu.ru)
This study was designed to investigate the possible role of Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in obesity-induced vascular endothelium dysfunction. (who.int)
Although the endothelium co-generates both nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), the relative contribution from each vasodilator is not clear. (ox.ac.uk)

Leukocyte migration into the CNS is mediated by chemokines, expressed on the surface of brain endothelium. (open.ac.uk)
Brain endothelium expresses particularly high levels of CXCL10 and CXCL8, which may account for the predominant TH1-type inflammatory reaction seen in chronic conditions such as multiple sclerosis. (open.ac.uk)
occasional immunoreactivity was found in dermis and brain endothelium. (cdc.gov)

Oxytocin and vasopressin caused endothelium-dependent relaxation of basilar arteries contracted with prostaglandin F(2α). (elsevier.com)

2. By screening different blood vessels in the rat we found that both acetylcholine (ACh) and ATP dilate mesenteric arteries with a resting tone of 1 mN by an endothelium-dependent non-NO mechanism. (lu.se)
The extent of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation, which is dependent on an intact endothelium, is time-dependent, and inversely related to [Ca 2+ ] o in a range of 0.02−2 mmol/L. ACh-induced relaxations were not significantly altered by the magnitude of the precontraction induced by PGF 2α . (chinaphar.com)
The goal of this study was to determine whether the elect of l-arginine on endothelium-dependent vasoditation evoked with acetylcholine differs between the coronary and forearm vasculatures in humans. (elsevier.com)
Endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent relaxations due to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were observed respectively, in isolated rat thoracic aortic ring preparation. (who.int)
Ovariectomy produced significant vascular endothelial dysfunction, measured in terms of reduced acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, serum and urinary nitrite/nitrate concentration and impairment of integrity of vascular endothelium. (who.int)
YS-49 (1.6 mg/kg, i.p.) a specific activator of PI3K and atorvastatin in obese rats significantly improves the lipid profile and markedly improved acetylcholine induced endothelium dependent relaxation, serum nitrite/nitrate concentration and mean arterial blood pressure. (who.int)
Acetylcholine induced concentration-related endothelium-dependent relaxation of renal arteries that was significantly more potent in diabetic rabbits than in control rabbits. (uv.es)
In renal arteries depolarised with KCl 30 mM and incubated with L-NOArg plus indomethacin, acetylcholine-induced relaxation was almost abolished in both groups of rabbits and this response was not different from that obtained in arteries without endothelium. (uv.es)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Ameliorative effect of daidzein: A caveolin-1 inhibitor in vascular endothelium dysfunction induced by ovariectomy. (who.int)
Dysfunction of vascular endothelium is an early and critical event in the development of vascular complications. (theresearchpedia.com)
in experimental obesity induced vascular endothelium dysfunction. (who.int)
Furthermore vascular endothelial dysfunction was assessed in terms of decrease in endothelium dependent relaxation and serum nitrate/nitrite level and increase in mean arterial blood pressure. (who.int)
2020. Endothelium-Macrophage Crosstalk Mediates Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Hypertension. . (cornell.edu)

Thus, endothelium-dependent relaxation is more dependent on [Ca 2+ ] o than endothelium-independent relaxation, and it seems likely that [Ca 2+ ] o plays an important role not only in contractile processes, but also in relaxant processes as well. (chinaphar.com)
Neganova A. I., Postnov D. E. Mathematical Modeling of Endothelium-Induced Smooth Muscle Cell Relaxation. (sgu.ru)
Mg2+-induced relaxation in the presence of an A2a receptor blocker was not suppressed either by denudation of endothelium or presence of L-NAME. (elis.sk)

We investigated the effect of dual targeting of tumor cells and tumor endothelium with ZD6474, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2, epidermal growth factor receptor, and RET. (aacrjournals.org)
Immunohistochemical analysis showed that ZD6474 treatment led to an increase in endothelial cell apoptosis along with inhibition of VEGF receptor-2 activation on tumor endothelium. (aacrjournals.org)

Inhalation of asbestos may activate the pulmonary endothelium to promote an altered cell phenotype that participates in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. (cdc.gov)

Particulate matter exposure impairs systematic microvascular endothelium-dependent dilation. (cdc.gov)

Perfusion with histamine (1 µg/ml) results in partial removal of fenestral diaphragms, occasional detachment of the endothelium from the basement membrane, and focal separation of endothelial intercellular junctions. (rupress.org)
We will investigate how the endothelial receptors CD99 and CD99L2 that bind to different ligands mediate different steps of leukocyte adhesion to and transmigration through endothelium and the basement membrane. (uni-muenster.de)

We tested the hypothesis that endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) may also be involved. (lu.se)
Recent studies of the physiology of the MLVs suggested the presence of an EDRF other than NO. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that lymphatic endothelium-derived histamine relaxes MLVs. (elsevier.com)

However, EPO with his receptor EPOR are expressed also in non-hematopoietic tissues such as endothelium where they exert a protective function. (uniba.it)

Mild mononuclear anterior uveitis in eyes of guinea pigs infected with Lassa virus (LASV) Josiah by hematoxylin and eosin stain in study of LASV targeting of anterior uvea and endothelium of cornea and conjunctiva in eye. (cdc.gov)

4. In carotid arteries and mesenteric arteries at high resting tones (4 mN) the ATP-dilatation was totally inhibited by endothelium removal or L-NAME (10(-3) M). In mesenteric arteries at low resting tone (1 mN) the ATP, UTP (uridine-triphosphate) and 2-MeSATP (2methylthioATP)-dilatation was totally inhibited by endothelium removal. (lu.se)
Katusic, ZS , Shepherd, JT & Vanhoutte, PM 1986, ' Oxytocin causes endothelium-depending relaxations of canine basilar arteries by activating V 1 -vasopressinergic receptors ', Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , vol. 236, no. 1, pp. 166-170. (elsevier.com)
Vanhoutte, P. M. / Oxytocin causes endothelium-depending relaxations of canine basilar arteries by activating V 1 -vasopressinergic receptors . (elsevier.com)
In studies where the endothelium is stimulated acutely, EDHF responses predominate in small arteries. (ox.ac.uk)

Three preparations of endothelium were examined: single dissociated cells, the isolated monolayer (stripped from the stroma with Descemet's membrane), and the intact isolated cornea. (elsevier.com)

8. Cipolla MJ, Vitullo L, De Lance N, Hammer E. The cerebral endothelium during pregnancy: a potential role in the development of eclampsia. (bvsalud.org)

To quantitatively assess the effect of lowering external Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] o ) on both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations in rabbit aorta. (chinaphar.com)

A leukocyte-endothelium interaction is known to be a remarkable event at the beginning of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
The aim of this study was to evaluate leukocyte-endothelium interactions in superfused mesenteric postcapillary venules after hemorrhagic shock/reperfusion and cecal ligation and puncture in rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Data of leukocyte-endothelium interactions in rat mesenteric microcirculation are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
CD62L is important in lymphocyte homing to high endothelial venules (HEV) in peripheral lymph nodes and leukocyte "rolling" on activated endothelium. (biolegend.com)

A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR), lymph vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, LYMPHATIC), and the serous cavities of the body. (bvsalud.org)

The role of the vascular endothelium in progressive renal disease is not well understood. (houstonmethodist.org)

A Model of Giant Vacuole Dynamics in Human Schlemm's Canal Endothelia" by Ryan M. Pedrigi, David Simon et al. (unl.edu)
Aqueous humour transport across the inner wall endothelium of Schlemm's canal likely involves flow through giant vacuoles and pores, but the mechanics of how these structures form and how they influence the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) are not well understood. (unl.edu)
Two cell types, trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC) endothelia, interact in the juxtacanalicular tissue (JCT) region of the conventional outflow tract to regulate outflow resistance. (novartis.com)

Neutrophil interaction with inflamed postcapillary venule endothelium alters annexin 1 expression. (ox.ac.uk)
This is related to its ability to mimic the effect of endogenous ANX-A1 that is externalized on neutrophil adhesion to the postcapillary endothelium. (ox.ac.uk)

Nitroprusside-induced relaxations, which are independent of the endothelium, are also attenuated by reduced [Ca 2+ ] o . (chinaphar.com)
the antagonist did not affect endothelium-dependent relaxations in response to bradykinin. (elsevier.com)

This indicates a dilatation mediated by an endothelium-dependent non-NO factor, probably EDHF. (lu.se)
6. In conclusion, the dilator effects of ATP and especially UTP can be mediated by an endothelium-dependent non-NO-mediated mechanism, probably EDHF, mediated by a P2U-receptor, possibly a selective pyrimidine-receptor, while NO-mediated dilatation is stimulated mainly by a P2Y1-receptor. (lu.se)

Huang D , Gao W , Zhong X , Ge J , . NLRP3 activation in endothelia promotes development of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. (aging-us.com)
Reduced negative surface charge on arterial endothelium explains accelerated atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. (ox.ac.uk)

In the femoral artery, in the two hormones caused endothelium-independent contractions with the same order of potency. (elsevier.com)
These results indicate that catecholamines released by endothelium regulate the EFS-induced contractions. (fapesp.br)

Healthy flora help digest food, maintain the intestinal endothelium, inhibit pathogens or perform other useful functions. (commonground.ca)

The Krebs Cycle and Mitochondrial Mass Are Early Victims of Endothelia" by Francesco Addabbo, Brian Ratliff et al. (marshall.edu)
Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity showed that L-NMMA-treated animals exhibited lower fluorescence of MitoTracker in microvascular endothelia as a result of reduced mitochondrial mass. (marshall.edu)

The purpose of this study was to determine if pulmonary exposure to a PM surrogate, such as residual oil fly ash (ROFA), affects endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic microcirculation. (cdc.gov)

Infection begins with non-specific symptoms like fever, headache, and muscle pain, but unmitigated damage to the vascular endothelium quickly results in organ failure, necrosis, and ultimately death. (cdc.gov)
We describe 3 patients in California, USA, with trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV) infection of endothelium after steroid administration. (cdc.gov)

The system was mounted on a confocal microscope for time-lapse en face imaging, and cells were stained with calcein, a fluorescent vital dye. (unl.edu)
We found that endothelia-specific NLRP3-depletion significantly attenuated AS severity in mice treated with HFD, likely through reduced apoptotic death of endothelial cells and production of ROS. (aging-us.com)
Next, the role of NLRP3 in endothelial cells in the development of diabetes-associated AS was assessed in endothelia-specific NLRP3 mutant, ApoE (-/-) mice (APOEKO/Tie2p-Cre/NLRP3 MKO ), compared to control ApoE (-/-) mice (APOEKO), supplied with either HFD, or normal diet (ND). (aging-us.com)
The in vitro culture of endothelial cells (ECs) is an indispensable tool for studying the role of the endothelium in physical and pathological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Endothelium cells around the chalaza and toward the micropylar region are rich in cytoplasmic organelles. (akjournals.com)
The endothelium and the micropylar integumentary cells play a role in transport of metabolites into the embryo sac. (akjournals.com)

Additionally, animal models of hemostasis also, by definition, lack human endothelium , which may limit their clinical relevance . (bvsalud.org)

This question was addressed in the current study using endothelia-specific NLRP3 mice by breeding inducible NLRP3 mutant mice with mice carrying a Cre recombinase under an endothelia-specific Tie2 promoter (Tie2p-Cre). (aging-us.com)

These results indicate that pulmonary PM exposure impairs systemic endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilation. (cdc.gov)

The catecholamine concentrations were significantly reduced in endothelium-denuded aortic rings. (fapesp.br)

Is the Subject Area "Endothelium" applicable to this article? (plos.org)

Anatomy62

Organisms14

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs90

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes42

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Health Care1

The evolution of early fibromuscular lesions hemodynamically induced in the dog renal artery. I. Light and transmission electron microscopy. (1/3541)

A strategy for enhancing the transcriptional activity of weak cell type-specific promoters. (2/3541)

Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel angiopoietin family protein, angiopoietin-3. (3/3541)

Acetylcholine-induced membrane potential changes in endothelial cells of rabbit aortic valve. (4/3541)

The cyclo-oxygenase-dependent regulation of rabbit vein contraction: evidence for a prostaglandin E2-mediated relaxation. (5/3541)

Studies of the role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide release in the sustained vasodilator effects of corticotrophin releasing factor and sauvagine. (6/3541)

Nicotine increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production by human brain endothelial cells via protein kinase C-associated pathway. (7/3541)

Rat liver endothelial cell glutamine transporter and glutaminase expression contrast with parenchymal cells. (8/3541)

Endothelium, Vascular

Endothelium

Endothelium, Corneal

Endothelium, Lymphatic

Endothelial Cells

Cell Adhesion

Nitric Oxide

Vasodilation

Cells, Cultured

Aorta

Muscle, Smooth, Vascular

Umbilical Veins

Aorta, Thoracic

Vasoconstriction

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1

Capillaries

Microcirculation

Arteries

Acetylcholine

Cell Adhesion Molecules

E-Selectin

Vasodilator Agents

Rabbits

Cornea

Vasoconstrictor Agents

Leukocytes

Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III

Biological Factors

Nitric Oxide Synthase

P-Selectin

Muscle Relaxation

Capillary Permeability

Descemet Membrane

Blood Vessels

NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester

Mesenteric Arteries

Leukocyte Rolling

Cell Movement

Venules

Coronary Vessels

Nitroarginine

Antigens, CD31

Corneal Transplantation

Indomethacin

Hemangioblasts

Immunohistochemistry

Methylene Blue

Nitroprusside

Neutrophils

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Arterioles

Stress, Mechanical

Enzyme Inhibitors

Cattle

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

Antigens, CD18

Phenylephrine

Arginine

Pulmonary Artery

Microscopy, Electron

Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Endothelins

Rats, Wistar

Swine

Epoprostenol

L-Selectin

RNA, Messenger

Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors

Bradykinin

Muscle Contraction

Lung

Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration

Hemorheology

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Time Factors

Signal Transduction

Integrin alpha4beta1