Endosulfan
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
Insecticides
Organothiophosphates
Azinphosmethyl
Monocrotophos
Pesticides
Dieldrin
Ultrastructural alterations in the liver and intestine of carp Cyprinus carpio induced orally by ultra-low doses of endosulfan. (1/60)
In order to elucidate the importance of food-borne chemical contamination in fish, cytological and ultrastructural alterations in hepatocytes and enterocytes of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. exposed for 5 wk to 0.5 microgram endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzo- dioxyanthiepin-3-oxide) kg-1 food dry weight, equivalent to an ultra-low dosis of 15 ng kg-1 fish d-1, were investigated by means of light and electron microscopy. Observations on liver alterations were quantified by morphometric analysis. Livers show enlargement of the nucleolus, increase in number and size of both Golgi fields and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lamellae, as well as proliferation of peroxisomes and lysosomes. Taken together, these alterations represent the morphological equivalent of a general stimulation of hepatic metabolism. Proliferation of the smooth ER is indicative of the onset of biotransformation processes under the influence of food-borne endosulfan. Further pathological processes in the liver were evident by glycogen and lipid depletion, invasion of phagocytic macrophages, and accumulation of myelinated bodies in endothelial cells of hepatic sinusoids. In the intestinal tract, exposure to endosulfan is associated with a complete lack of chylomicrons in the epithelial lining, which indicates disturbance of intestinal absorption. The reaction of the gut epithelium also included considerable distension of the intercellular space and an elevated number of lysosomal inclusions in enterocytes. An increased rate of mucous cell precursors was detectable, and macrophages were numerous. Results are consistent with endosulfan resorption by the intestinal epithelium and the coexistence of gut and liver ultrastructural changes at extremely low doses. Thus, the substantiation of pathological alterations in organs sequentially in contact with toxicants appears useful as a biomarker of pollutant exposure and effect. With regard to a chemical spill into the Rhine river at Basel, Switzerland, in November 1986, endosulfan, as a component of the mixture of toxic substances, may well have contributed to the overall toxicity of the chemicals released during the accident and the subsequent fish kill, less as a toxicant in itself than as a stimulant for the toxicity of other xenobiotics. (+info)Perturbations induced by alpha- and beta-endosulfan in lipid membranes: a DSC and fluorescence polarization study. (2/60)
The interaction of alpha- and beta-endosulfan isomers with lipid bilayers was searched by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fluorescence polarization of 2-, 6- and 12-(9-anthroyloxy) stearic acids (2-AS, 6-AS and 12-AS) and 16-(9-anthroyloxy) palmitic acid (16-AP). Both endosulfan isomers, at insecticide/lipid molar ratios ranging from 1/40 to 1/1, shift the phase transition midpoint to lower temperature values and broaden the transition profile of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers. At insecticide/lipid molar ratios of 1/40, the isomers fully abolish the bilayer pretransition. Conversely to beta-endosulfan, alpha-endosulfan promotes a new phase transition, centered at 35.4 degrees C, in addition to the main phase transition of DPPC. Therefore, the alpha-isomer may undergo a heterogeneous distribution in separate domains in the plane of the membrane, whereas the beta-isomer may undergo a homogeneous distribution. Fluorescence polarization data indicate that alpha-endosulfan increases the lipid structural order in the regions probed by 2-AS and decreases it in the regions probed by 6-AS, 12-AS and 16-AP. On the other hand, the beta-isomer produces disordering effects in the upper regions of the bilayers, probed by 2-AS, and ordering in deeper regions, probed by 6-AS, 12-AS and 16-AP, mainly in the gel phase. The incorporation of cholesterol into DPPC bilayers progressively decreases the effects of beta-isomer which are vanished at 20 mol% cholesterol. However, this and higher cholesterol concentrations did not prevent alpha-endosulfan membrane interaction, as revealed by DSC and fluorescence polarization. The distinct effects promoted by alpha- and beta-endosulfan are discussed in terms of molecular orientation and positioning within the bilayer. Apparently, the alpha-isomer preferentially locates closer to the phospholipid headgroups whereas the beta-isomer distributes in deeper domains of the bilayer. (+info)Estrogenic effects of organochlorine pesticides on uterine leiomyoma cells in vitro. (3/60)
Although benign, uterine leiomyomas occur with high frequency and significant morbidity in reproductive-age women, and they present a significant health problem. Leiomyomas develop in the uterine myometrium and are sensitive to ovarian hormones, making them potential target sites for endocrine disruptors. Here we utilize cell lines derived from rat uterine leiomyomas to determine if a panel of 7 organochlorine pesticides have potential agonist activity in myometrial cells using cellular and molecular in vitro assays. The organochlorine pesticides investigated have been previously characterized as having agonist activity in other hormonally responsive tissues, but their effects have not been studied in uterine myometrial cells. In Eker rat leiomyoma-derived cells, HPTE, kepone, and the alpha isomer of endosulfan stimulated proliferation, an effect dampened by the antiestrogen ICI 182,780. In addition, these compounds stimulated transcription of the vitellogenin estrogen-response element via the ER in a transcriptional reporter gene assay and induced the expression of an endogenous estrogen-responsive gene, the progesterone receptor (PR). This contrasted with the agonist profile of methoxychlor, dieldrin, toxaphene, and endosulfan-beta. These compounds, unable to stimulate proliferation of uterine leiomyoma cells, did exhibit agonistic activity in these cells at the transcriptional level in the estrogen-sensitive reporter gene assay, and they were also able to upregulate PR message. These data demonstrate that organochlorine pesticides act as estrogen receptor agonists in Eker rat uterine myometrial cells, and they indicate a need for further investigation of the potential tissue-specific agonist activity of these pesticides and their role in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma. (+info)Genotoxic effects of alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan on human HepG2 cells. (4/60)
alpha-Endosulfan and ss-endosulfan are isomers of endosulfan, a pesticide used worldwide. In this study, we examined the genotoxicity of [alpha]- and ss-endosulfan in vitro with a HepG2 cell line. We used sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), micronuclei (MN), and DNA strand breaks as detected by single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCG) assays as biomarkers to judge the genotoxicity of [alpha]- and ss-endosulfan at concentrations from 1 times 10(-12) M to 1 times 10(-3) M. After treating HepG2 cells for 48 hr with ss-endosulfan, SCE showed a significant increase at concentrations from 1 times 10(-7) M to 1 times 10(-5) M, and MN showed a significant increase at concentrations from 5 times 10(-5) M to 1 times 10(-3) M. [alpha]-Endosulfan failed to show significant effects in both the SCE and MN assays. After treating HepG2 cells with [alpha]- or ss-endosulfan for 1 hr, DNA strand breaks were significantly induced by [alpha]-endosulfan at concentrations from 2 times 10(-4) M to 1 times 10(-3) M, and by ss-endosulfan at 1 times 10(-3) M. The results of this study suggest that both [alpha]- and ss-endosulfan are genotoxic to HepG2 cells and that the genotoxicity of ss-endosulfan seems stronger than that of [alpha]-endosulfan. (+info)Enrichment of an endosulfan-degrading mixed bacterial culture. (5/60)
An endosulfan-degrading mixed bacterial culture was enriched from soil with a history of endosulfan exposure. Enrichment was obtained by using the insecticide as the sole source of sulfur. Chemical hydrolysis was minimized by using strongly buffered culture medium (pH 6.6), and the detergent Tween 80 was included to emulsify the insecticide, thereby increasing the amount of endosulfan in contact with the bacteria. No growth occurred in control cultures in the absence of endosulfan. Degradation of the insecticide occurred concomitant with bacterial growth. The compound was both oxidized and hydrolyzed. The oxidation reaction favored the alpha isomer and produced endosulfate, a terminal pathway product. Hydrolysis involved a novel intermediate, tentatively identified as endosulfan monoaldehyde on the basis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemical derivatization results. The accumulation and decline of metabolites suggest that the parent compound was hydrolyzed to the putative monoaldehyde, thereby releasing the sulfite moiety required for growth. The monoaldehyde was then oxidized to endosulfan hydroxyether and further metabolized to (a) polar product(s). The cytochrome P450 inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, did not prevent endosulfan oxidation or the formation of other metabolites. These results suggest that this mixed culture is worth investigating as a source of endosulfan-hydrolyzing enzymes for use in enzymatic bioremediation of endosulfan residues. (+info)Chronic effect of endosulfan on the testicular functions of rat. (6/60)
AIM: To find out the toxic effect of endosulfan on the testicular function of pubertal rats. METHODS: Male rats of pubertal age were orally administered endosulfan at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, the rats were sacrificed and the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate were removed and weighed. A 10% testicular homogenate was prepared for biochemical estimations. RESULTS: In endosulfan-treated rats, there were a reduction in the body weight and the weights of testis and accessory sex organs, a decrease in the testicular lactate and pyruvate activities, and in the testicular DNA and RNA concentrations, whereas the testicular protein concentration was slightly increased; the specific activity of testicular steroidogenic enzyme, 3beta-OH-steroid dehydrogenase and the ascorbic acid level were decreased, which were correlated with a decrease in steroidogenesis. The lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase and brush-border enzyme alkaline phosphatase activities were also decreased in the testis of treated rats. CONCLUSION: In pubertal rats, endosulfan treatment inhibits the testicular functions. (+info)Analysis of endosulfan and its metabolites in human serum using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (7/60)
A new analytical method combining solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) is proposed to determine the insecticide endosulfan as well as its metabolites endosulfan-ether, -lactone, and -sulfate in human serum. Most matrix interferences are avoided using a cleanup step included in the sample treatment and an instrumental technique such as GC-MS-MS, which presents a high sensitivity and selectivity. Recoveries of spiked compounds range between 94.8 and 100.4% and 93.4 and 99.7% at fortification levels of 10 and 30 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation is lower than 17.6% in all cases, and the limits of detection calculated range from 6 to 19 pg/mL. Serum samples of nine agricultural workers that spray endosulfan into greenhouses in Almeria (Spain) and two nonoccupationally exposed people are analyzed, and endosulfan is found in all the samples studied. (+info)Differential regulation of cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 by a combination of dioxin and pesticides in the breast tumor cell line MCF-7. (8/60)
Dioxin and pesticides with xenoestrogenic activity are environmental contaminants that are suspected of promoting human diseases such as cancers. However, few studies have addressed the molecular consequences of a combination of these contaminants, a situation that is likely to occur in the environment. We investigated the effects of natural and xenoestrogens on basal and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1B1. The CYP1B1/1A1 ratio is a critical determinant of the metabolism and toxicity of estradiol in mammary cells. Here we show that in MCF-7 cells, 17beta-estradiol and alpha-endosulfan can repress whole cell ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, lowering CYP1A1 mRNA levels as well as promoter activity as assessed by transient transfection assays. These negative effects are observed at both the basal and tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced levels. Under the same conditions, CYP1B1 mRNA levels and promoter activity are not affected. The effects on mRNA-induced levels are also observed in another mammary cell line, T47D, but not in mammary cell lines that do not express aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor (ER). Moreover, the use of ER antagonists shows that these effects are ER dependent in MCF-7 cells. In human hepatoma HepG2 cells, which lack functional ER, alpha-endosulfan, but not 17beta-estradiol, displays a repressive effect on CYP1A1 through a different mechanism. These results show that xenoestrogens, by altering the ratio of CYP1B1/CYP1A1, could redirect estradiol metabolism in a more toxic pathway in the breast cell line MCF-7. (+info)Endosulfan is a synthetic, broad-spectrum insecticide that was widely used in agriculture for controlling a variety of pests. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organochlorines, which are characterized by having a chlorinated aromatic ring. Endosulfan exists in two stereoisomeric forms, alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, and is often used as a mixture of these two forms.
Endosulfan has been linked to several health problems, including neurological disorders, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. It is also considered to be highly toxic to aquatic life and birds. Due to its persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation, endosulfan has been banned or restricted in many countries around the world.
The medical definition of Endosulfan can be described as a synthetic organochlorine insecticide that is highly toxic and has been linked to various health problems, including neurological disorders, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. It is no longer approved for use in many countries due to its environmental persistence and potential health risks.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of organic compounds that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and chlorine (Cl) atoms. These chemicals are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule with chlorine atoms. The properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons can vary widely, depending on the number and arrangement of chlorine and hydrogen atoms in the molecule.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons have been widely used in various industrial applications, including as solvents, refrigerants, pesticides, and chemical intermediates. Some well-known examples of chlorinated hydrocarbons are:
1. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) - a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor, used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including the production of pharmaceuticals and photographic films.
2. Chloroform - a heavy, volatile, and sweet-smelling liquid, used as an anesthetic in the past but now mainly used in chemical synthesis.
3. Carbon tetrachloride - a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mildly sweet odor, once widely used as a solvent and fire extinguishing agent but now largely phased out due to its ozone-depleting properties.
4. Vinyl chloride - a flammable, colorless gas, used primarily in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and other synthetic materials.
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - a group of highly stable and persistent organic compounds that were widely used as coolants and insulating fluids in electrical equipment but are now banned due to their toxicity and environmental persistence.
Exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, depending on the specific compound and its physical state. Some chlorinated hydrocarbons have been linked to various health effects, including liver and kidney damage, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and cancer. Therefore, proper handling, use, and disposal of these chemicals are essential to minimize potential health risks.
Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.
Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) is not a medication or a therapeutic agent, so it doesn't have a typical "medical definition" as such. However, it is a chemical compound with a specific use in the medical field, particularly in relation to pest control and public health.
Piperonyl Butoxide is an organic compound that is commonly used as a synergist in pesticides. A synergist is a substance that enhances the effectiveness of a primary active ingredient. In the case of PBO, it is often combined with pyrethrin or pyrethroid-based insecticides to increase their potency and duration of action.
PBO works by inhibiting certain enzymes in insects that would otherwise help them metabolize and detoxify the insecticide. This allows the insecticide to remain active for a longer period, thereby increasing its efficacy.
It's important to note that while PBO is used in pest control, it is not directly toxic to humans or other mammals in the concentrations typically used. However, exposure should still be minimized as much as possible due to potential respiratory and skin irritation, and long-term health effects are not fully understood.
Organothiophosphates are a class of organophosphorus compounds that contain a phosphorus atom bonded to one or more organic groups and one or more sulfur atoms. These compounds have various uses, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, and insecticides. The most well-known member of this group is the insecticide parathion. Organothiophosphates are also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals.
It's important to note that some organothiophosphates have been associated with health risks, including neurotoxicity and potential developmental effects. Therefore, their use is regulated by various government agencies around the world.
Azinphosmethyl is a type of organophosphate insecticide that is used to control various pests in agriculture. Its chemical formula is C6H12NO6PS. It works by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that is crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous system. This leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which can result in a variety of symptoms such as muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and eventually respiratory failure.
Azinphosmethyl is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, and it can pose significant risks to human health if not handled properly. Exposure to this chemical can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and it can cause a range of adverse health effects, including headaches, nausea, dizziness, and respiratory problems. Long-term exposure has been linked to more serious health issues such as neurological damage and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.
Due to its high toxicity and potential risks to human health, the use of azinphosmethyl is regulated by various governmental agencies around the world. In the United States, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified azinphosmethyl as a restricted-use pesticide, which means that it can only be applied by certified applicators who have received special training in its safe use.
Monocrotophos is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is a pesticide that can have medical implications. It's a type of organophosphate insecticide that works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to an overaccumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and resulting in symptoms such as muscle twitching, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and, at high exposures, seizures and respiratory failure. Chronic exposure can lead to neurological problems and an increased risk of certain cancers.
Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or other organisms that can cause damage to crops, animals, or humans and their living conditions. The term "pesticide" includes all of the following: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, bactericides, and various other substances used to control pests.
It is important to note that while pesticides are designed to be toxic to the target pests, they can also pose risks to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow all label instructions and safety precautions when handling and applying pesticides.
Methiocarb is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical compound with a specific use in the field of medicine. Methiocarb is a type of anticholinergic drug that is primarily used as an agricultural pesticide to control various pests in crops. It works by inhibiting the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the nervous system of both animals and insects.
In medicine, methiocarb has been used off-label as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning, which can occur from exposure to certain pesticides or chemical weapons. Organophosphates work by irreversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the body. Methiocarb can help to reverse this effect by competitively binding to the active site of acetylcholinesterase and preventing further organophosphate binding.
It's important to note that methiocarb is not approved by regulatory agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a medication in humans, and its use should be restricted to trained medical professionals in specific clinical situations.
Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and household pest control. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Dieldrin has high toxicity to both insects and mammals, including humans. It can cause a range of harmful health effects, such as seizures, damage to the nervous system, and liver and kidney damage. Dieldrin was banned for most uses in the United States in 1974 due to its persistence in the environment and potential to accumulate in the food chain. It is now classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) and is regulated under international treaties.
Phosphamidon is a type of organophosphate insecticide. It functions by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and results in toxic effects such as muscle twitching, convulsions, and respiratory failure. Phosphamidon is used to control a wide variety of insect pests in agriculture and public health. However, due to its high toxicity, it is classified as a highly hazardous pesticide by the World Health Organization (WHO) and its use is restricted or banned in many countries.
Endosulfan
Pesticide toxicity to bees
Enmakaje
Pesticides in New Zealand
MV Princess of the Stars
Sharad Pawar
Azotobacter salinestris
Garra mullya
Fish acute toxicity syndrome
Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara
Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal
Reference dose
Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian
2001 in India
2017 in Kerala
Cis-Butene-1,4-diol
The Stoker Company
Thalappil Pradeep
Papilio demoleus
Yara International School
Ambikasuthan Mangad
Cladosporium oxysporum
Prakash Bare
Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale
Potato leafroll virus
Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi
Gerald A. LeBlanc
Amoeba (film)
Organochlorine chemistry
Kaleeswaram Raj
Endosulfan - Wikipedia
Endosulfan | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
ENDOSULFAN Definition & Usage Examples | Dictionary.com
Endosulfan - Википедија
Kerala imposes ban on Endosulfan use - The Hindu
Children of endosulfan
Comments on Endosulfan and DDT
Endosulfan: Request for Information (POPRC)
Push to revoke endosulfan ban
Endosulfan in Benin and Togo | IPEN
Endosulfan «
ENDOSULFAN VICTIM | Toxics Link
Mangaluru: MRPL donates Rs 1 crore for endosulfan-affected patients - Daijiworld.com
CNS: Mounting pressure on India to ban Endosulfan
India blocks endosulfan; Hospitals and pesticides; Bhopal water case reinstated; more | Pesticide Action Network (PAN)
Degradation of endosulfan I and endosulfan II in the aquatic environment: A proposed enzymatic kinetic model that takes into...
Effects of endosulfan sublethal concentrations on carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758): Morphometric, hystologic,...
Endosulfan I and endosulfan sulfate disrupts zebrafish embryonic development. | College of Agricultural Sciences
The End of Days for Endosulfan | Building and Enabling Disaster Resilience of Coastal Communities (BEDROC)
Pesticide suicides reduce post 2011 ban on Endosulfan - Kractivism
endosulfan - Sergei Ostroumov
ENDOSULFAN - UPSC ONLINE ACADEMY
Impact of endosulfan on living beings
1990's: Endosulfan detected in Namoi River - Australian Pesticides Map
Phase out of Endosulfan in China - UNDP Open Planet
Pesticide endosulfan5
- 2011: The Supreme Court of India banned manufacture, sale, and use of toxic pesticide endosulfan in India. (wikipedia.org)
- Residents blame aerial spraying of the pesticide endosulfan by the Plantation Corporation of Kerala. (org.in)
- The lush green Indian state of Kerala is at the center of a continuing battle in the country to secure an early ban on the use of the pesticide endosulfan. (farm-d.org)
- The present work reports the electrocatalytic oxidation of the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan (EDS) using iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles synthesized from Callistemon viminalis leaf extracts. (figshare.com)
- The present work on histological observation was carried out to know lesions in liver that had resulted from sublethal exposure of the fish Tilapia mossambica to pesticide endosulfan. (journalcra.com)
India12
- On 13.05.2011, the India Supreme Court ordered a ban on the production and sale of endosulfan in India, pending further notice. (wikipedia.org)
- In October, the Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention moved endosulfan along in the procedure for listing under the treaty, while India blocked its addition to the Rotterdam Convention. (wikipedia.org)
- The producers reason that India is a signatory to the Stockholm Convention and has to phase out endosulfan, and so until then they should be allowed to produce it. (org.in)
- Endosulfan is already banned by 81 countries and Indian states of Kerala and Karnataka, but the national government of India is still not convinced to ban the use and manufacture of this deadly pesticide nation-wide! (citizen-news.org)
- The strong lobby of Pesticides Manufacturers and Formulators Association of India (PMFAI) is opposing this ban on the grounds that EU companies want to sell their pesticides by enforcing ban on generic production of cheap Endosulfan. (citizen-news.org)
- Last week in Rome, India, now the worlds largest producer of endosulfan, succeeded in blocking the addition of this neurotixic pesticide to the Rotterdam Convention. (panna.org)
- While Pakistan and Sudan initially supported India's objection, by the end of negotiations India was alone in blocking endosulfan. (panna.org)
- India is the world's largest user of endosulfan, and a major producer with three companies-Excel Crop Care, Hindustan Insecticides Ltd, and Coromandal Fertilizers-producing 4,500 tonnes annually for domestic use and another 4,000 tonnes for export. (bedroc.in)
- This month, TRINet looks at the history of endosulfan controversy in India and the struggle by civil society and environmentalists seeking for a ban on this controversial generic pesticide. (bedroc.in)
- In February 2002, in response to a petition by the Pesticide Manufacturers and Formulators Association of India (PMFAI) at the Kerala High Court, the government issued orders prohibiting aerial spraying of endosulfan and permitted the PCK to so ground based spraying only. (bedroc.in)
- This paper investigates whether declines in suicide by insecticide poisoning in India following a national ban on endosulfan in 2011were associated with changes in other methods of suicide and total suicide rates. (kractivist.org)
- This entry was posted in health , India , Kerala , politics and tagged endosulfan , indebtedness , pesticide by Roy Mathew . (expert-eyes.in)
Sulfate11
- Technical grade endosulfan also contains endosulfan sulfate. (cdc.gov)
- Endosulfan sulfate may be broken down by sunlight. (cdc.gov)
- endosulfan sulfate is more resistant. (cdc.gov)
- Endosulfan I and endosulfan sulfate disrupts zebrafish embryonic development. (oregonstate.edu)
- The following study used the zebrafish developmental model to investigate the responses to endosulfan I and endosulfan sulfate, the major degradation product of endosulfan I and II. (oregonstate.edu)
- Embryos were dechorionated and waterborne exposed to the endosulfan I or endosulfan sulfate from 6 to 120h post-fertilization (hpf). (oregonstate.edu)
- Endosulfan I exposure concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 10microg/L and endosulfan sulfate from 1 to 100microg/L. Water solutions were renewed every 24h and fish were scored for overt developmental and behavioral abnormalities. (oregonstate.edu)
- The most sensitive toxicity endpoint for both endosulfan I and endosulfan sulfate was an abnormal response of the embryo/larvae to touch, suggesting that endosulfan I and sulfate are developmentally neurotoxic. (oregonstate.edu)
- The waterborne exposure EC(50)s for inhibition of touch response for endosulfan I and endosulfan sulfate were 2.2microg/L and 23microg/L, respectively. (oregonstate.edu)
- The endosulfans were highly concentrated by the organisms, and the inhibition of touch response tissue EC(50), determined from the measured tissue concentrations, was 367ng/g for endosulfan I and 4552ng/g for endosulfan sulfate. (oregonstate.edu)
- Both will be degraded into different substrates, among which endosulfan sulfate is more toxic compared to others. (innspub.net)
Pesticides4
- On face of it they seem to be so concerned by the costs Indian farmers have to pay for the pesticides but the damage Endosulfan is causing is irreversible. (citizen-news.org)
- Endosulfan is only one side of the story since the strong pesticide lobby has interests in farmers seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and everything which farmers and communities own - land, water, seeds, knowledge and most importantly market. (citizen-news.org)
- It is unfortunate that the Ministry of Agriculture which should be concerned about the deteriorating climate for agriculture in the country is advocating on behalf of the industry and supporting genetically modified (GM) seeds to deadly pesticides like Endosulfan, said NAPM. (citizen-news.org)
- Extensive applications of organochlorine pesticides like endosulfan have led to the contamination of soil and environments. (pjmonline.org)
Package for endosulfan victims1
- The State of Kerala has informed that as a part of rehabilitation package for Endosulfan victims, the Health Department has conducted survey as well as Medical camps and identified the Endosulfan victims. (toxicslink.org)
Exposure22
- Exposure to endosulfan occurs mainly from eating contaminated food, but may also occur from skin contact, breathing contaminated air, or drinking contaminated water. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to high amounts of endosulfan induces hyperactivity and convulsions, regardless of the route of exposure. (cdc.gov)
- Studies of occupational and environmental exposure of humans have not provided conclusive evidence that endosulfan can cause cancer. (cdc.gov)
- Endosulfan has been shown to affect children in the same manner as adults, causing tremors and seizures after high exposure. (cdc.gov)
- Studies in humans have suggested associations between maternal exposure to endosulfan and autism and altered thyroid function and development of the nervous system in newborn children. (cdc.gov)
- How can families reduce the risk of exposure to endosulfan? (cdc.gov)
- Because endosulfan and its degradation products leave the exposure. (cdc.gov)
- Perturbations in immune responses induced by concurrent subchronic exposure to arsenic and endosulfan. (innspub.net)
- Evaluation of health risk due to the exposure to endosulfan in the environment. (innspub.net)
- Circulating thyroid hormone levels and iodothyronine deiodinase activities in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following dietary exposure to Endosulfan and Aroclor 1254. (innspub.net)
- After a 2-day exposure to endosulfan in either high or low doses (or none at all, as a control group), tadpoles were tested individually in white plastic aquariums. (noldus.com)
- This points out the complex behavioral consequences of endosulfan exposure. (noldus.com)
- Exposure to endosulfan, according to numerous studies, can cause severe and debilitating physical deformities, reproductive health problems, renal failure, and in some cases has been fatal. (motherearthphil.org)
- The objective of this study was to find and validate estrogen-related biomarkers from plasma proteins in Oryzias latipes after exposure to an estrogen disrupting compound, α-endosulfan. (ijbs.com)
- The acute toxicity of α-endosulfan on O. latipes after 96 h of exposure was 13.72, 16.18, and 22.18 μg L -1 for the LC 10, LC 20 , and LC 50 values, respectively. (ijbs.com)
- Proteinchip® array techniques using a weak cation exchange (CM10) and a strong anion exchange proteinchip (Q10) in conjunction with surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) were used to determine plasma proteins of O. latipes differently expressed in response to endosulfan exposure at LC 10 and LC 20 concentrations. (ijbs.com)
- In the present study, the toxic effects of the endosulfan LC50 5 µg/L. The most common changes were observed in both 10% and 30% sublethal concentrations of endosulfan in liver of Tilapia mossambica for different exposure period. (journalcra.com)
- Group V received endosulfan orally plus vitamin C for five weeks while group VI also received endosulfan Orally for five weeks then withdrawn from exposure to endosulfan and allowed another five weeks to recover. (afrithings.net)
- The result indicates that the toxicity effects of endosulfan are not dependent on the routes of exposure (groups Ill and IV). (afrithings.net)
- Endosulfan is used on a very small percentage of the U.S. food supply and does not present a risk to human health from dietary exposure. (mdpestnet.org)
- EPA's 2010 revised ecological risk assessment reflects a comprehensive review of all available exposure and ecological effects information for endosulfan, including independent external peer-reviewed recommendations made by the endosulfan Scientific Advisory Panel. (mdpestnet.org)
- Pre and postnatal exposure to endosulfan in Wistar rats. (bvsalud.org)
Sublethal concentrations of endosulfan1
- The present research work was to carry out an study on the effects of sublethal concentrations of endosulfan on the fresh water fish carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758). (usp.br)
Effect of endosulfan4
- Moreover focus has been made on the effect of endosulfan on ovary, hormones, enzymes, DNA damage and apoptosis. (innspub.net)
- Effect of endosulfan and malathion on lipid peroxidation, nitrite and TNF-a release by rat peritoneal macrophages. (innspub.net)
- Effect of endosulfan (thiodan) on vitellogenesis and its modulation by different hormones in the vitellogenic catfish Clarias batrachus. (innspub.net)
- To confirm estrogenic disturbance by α-endosulfan, the expression level of vitellogenin in the liver of male fishes was measured at the LC 10 value, and it was found to be significantly different from the reference group, confirming the estrogenic effect of endosulfan in this concentration range. (ijbs.com)
Effects of endosulfan2
- The report concluded that the presence of unusual health problems, studies confirming the biological health effects of Endosulfan and finally absence of such diseases in places away from the PCK plantations, pointed towards Endosulfan being the cause of the health problems. (bedroc.in)
- The effects of endosulfan seem to be dose-dependent. (noldus.com)
Detoxification of endosulfan2
- Degradation and detoxification of endosulfan isomers by a defined co-culture of two Bacillus strains. (innspub.net)
- 2003). Such organisms can later be investigated as source of enzymes for further enzymatic reactions in detoxification of endosulfan (Thangadurai and Suresh, 2014). (pjmonline.org)
Stockholm Convention4
- Because of its threats to human health and the environment, a global ban on the manufacture and use of endosulfan was negotiated under the Stockholm Convention in April 2011. (wikipedia.org)
- 2010: The POPRC nominated endosulfan to be added to the Stockholm Convention at the Conference of Parties (COP) in April 2011, which would result in a global ban. (wikipedia.org)
- Having amended the Stockholm Convention to list endosulfan in Annex A, the Conference of the Parties adopted decision SC-5/4 to undertake a work programme to support the development and deployment of alternatives to endosulfan. (pops.int)
- Canada and the US recently joined a growing list of countries, now numbering 69, that has taken action to ban endosulfan, a chemical being targeted for a global ban under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). (motherearthphil.org)
Kerala8
- Responding to a public outcry over the disastrous consequences of the use of Endosulfan in different parts of the State, particularly in villages of Kasaragod district, the Kerala State Pollution Control Board (PCB) has banned the use of the dreaded insecticide across the State. (thehindu.com)
- The PCB had first swung into action in respect of Kasaragod district in 2001 asking the Plantation Corporation of Kerala (PCK) to suspend aerial spraying of Endosulfan in its estates until a health study was conducted. (thehindu.com)
- The endosulfan controversy started in Kerala and still continues in the state. (org.in)
- Accordingly, this Ministry has been providing support under NHM to the State of Kerala for rehabilitation of Endosulfan patients, for the period from 2012-13 to 2021- 2022. (toxicslink.org)
- As per the Record of Proceedings (RoP) 2012-13 to 2021-2022, details of the support under NHM to the State of Kerala for rehabilitation of Endosulfan patients is at Annexure. (toxicslink.org)
- This list was approved by District Collector, Kasargod and subsequently furnished to Kerala Social Security Mission for providing monthly financial assistance.The Kerala Social Security Mission under the Social Justice Department implements the scheme 'Snehasanthwanam' in Endosulfan affected areas of Kasargod district, which provides, monthly assistance to the victims/caretakers. (toxicslink.org)
- Since 1976 continued aerial spray of Endosulfan has led close to 9,000 deaths, and nearly 4,800 bed ridden patients with sever physical and mental deformities in State of Kerala alone, said National Alliance of People's Movements (NAPM). (citizen-news.org)
- In August 25th 2001, the Kerala government issues orders to suspend the use of endosulfan in all crops and plantations until further orders. (bedroc.in)
Insecticide8
- Endosulfan is an off-patent organochlorine insecticide and acaricide that is being phased out globally. (wikipedia.org)
- The Agriculture Department will have to revoke the licences issued for sale of Endosulfan and ensure that the insecticide is not sold in any part of the State. (thehindu.com)
- Endosulfan has been a globally banned insecticide since 2011. (daijiworld.com)
- There were an estimated 20,146 fewer male suicides and 8418 fewer female suicides by insecticide poisoning following the national endosulfan ban. (kractivist.org)
- Joinpoint regression indicated a decrease in suicide by insecticide poisoning following the endosulfan ban (annual percentage change (APC) of -12.18 among males and -11.89 among females between 2010-2014) while an increase in male suicide by hanging was noted between 2009-2014 (APC of 7.05). (kractivist.org)
- Endosulfan is a chlorinated cyclodiene and broadspectrum insecticide used in a wide variety of food and non-food crops against many insect pests. (pjmonline.org)
- WASHINGTON - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is taking action to end all uses of the insecticide endosulfan in the United States. (mdpestnet.org)
- Endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide first registered in the 1950s, also is used on ornamental shrubs, trees, and herbaceous plants. (mdpestnet.org)
Degradation4
- The rate of degradation of the a and β isomers of endosulfan, endosulfan I and endosulfan II in distilled water and river water containing river sediment, were investigated over a period of 90 days. (scielo.org.za)
- Subsequently biphasic linear rates of degradation were observed for both endosulfan I and II in the water phase, as well as the sediment phase of the experiment. (scielo.org.za)
- Fish in agricultural and remote areas may be exposed to endosulfan and its degradation products as a result of direct runoff, atmospheric transport and deposition. (oregonstate.edu)
- The major degradation product, Endosulfan sulphate is not only more persistent but is also toxic. (bedroc.in)
Residues3
- 2002: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recommended that endosulfan registration should be cancelled, and the EPA determined that endosulfan residues on food and in water pose unacceptable risks. (wikipedia.org)
- The report shows presence of Endosulfan residues in water samples as well as in blood samples from Padre Village. (bedroc.in)
- Due to its extensive use, endosulfan residues are commonly found in the environment such as atmosphere, soils, sediments, surface and ground waters and foodstuffs (Hussain et al . (pjmonline.org)
Toxicity3
- The main target of endosulfan toxicity is the nervous system. (cdc.gov)
- The use of endosulfan as a sulfur source and the subsequent removal of sulfur from the compound considerably reduced its toxicity to mammals (Dorough et al . (pjmonline.org)
- These results therefore indicated that the toxicity effects observed to be induced by endosulfan (groups III and IV) were ameliorated by vitamin C (group V) and reversed when given sufficient time to recover (group VI) when compared to the control (group I). It can be concluded from this study that endosulfan induces toxicity effects in Wistar albino rats. (afrithings.net)
Grade endosulfan1
- Technical grade endosulfan is a mixture of two stereoisomers, i.e. , α and β-endosulfan in a ratio of 7:3. (pjmonline.org)
Isomers1
- α- and β-Endosulfan are configurational isomers arising from the pyramidal stereochemistry of the tetravalent sulfur. (wikipedia.org)
Kasargod1
- Many Tuluvas residing in the border regions of Sullia, Puttur, and Kasargod have been adversely affected by Endosulfan. (daijiworld.com)
Farmworkers and wildlife2
- The US Environmental Protection Agency last June decided to end all uses of endosulfan after assessing that endosulfan "can pose unacceptable neurological and reproductive risks to farmworkers and wildlife and can persist in the environment. (motherearthphil.org)
- Endosulfan, which is used on vegetables, fruits, and cotton, can pose unacceptable neurological and reproductive risks to farmworkers and wildlife and can persist in the environment. (mdpestnet.org)
Inhalation3
- The study was designed to evaluate the effect of vitamin C and recovery period on wistar albino rats exposed to endosulfan (thionex 35EC) through inhalation and oral methods. (afrithings.net)
- and IV received endosulfan through inhalation and oral methods respectively. (afrithings.net)
- Farmworkers can be exposed to endosulfan through inhalation and contact with the skin. (mdpestnet.org)
Sulphate1
- The study, which was a part of the periodic monitoring of endosulfan-affected areas, had found that all tested blood samples contained alpha endosulfan, an isomer of endosulfan, while 59 per cent of the samples contained endosulfan sulphate. (org.in)
Endocrine Disruption1
- Therefore, these four differentially expressed proteins could be used as biomarkers to rapidly determine a possible risk of endosulfan on aquatic ecosystems, although these are not necessarily produced as a result of endocrine disruption. (ijbs.com)
Globally2
- Such inclusion would ban all use and manufacture of endosulfan globally. (wikipedia.org)
- Endosulfan is a globally used pesticide which causes a great threat to the balance of the environment. (innspub.net)
Aquatic1
- EPA also finds that there are risks above the agency's level of concern to aquatic and terrestrial wildlife, as well as to birds and mammals that consume aquatic prey which have ingested endosulfan. (mdpestnet.org)
POPRC1
- 2009: The Stockholm Convention's Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee (POPRC) agreed that endosulfan is a persistent organic pollutant and that "global action is warranted", setting the stage of a global ban. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolites1
- DNA damage and mutagenicity induced by endosulfan and its metabolites. (innspub.net)
1950s1
- Early 1950s: Endosulfan was developed. (wikipedia.org)
Crops4
- Endosulfan is applied to crops by aerial or ground-level foliar spray. (cdc.gov)
- The use of endosulfan is being restricted to certain crops and is scheduled to be canceled for all uses by 2016. (cdc.gov)
- The use of endosulfan is being restricted to certain crops and is contact if they do not wear proper protection. (cdc.gov)
- Endosulfan used primarily on cotton crops and detected in Namoi River. (australianmap.net)
Victims2
- The government has declined to write off the loans for endosulfan victims though it is offering debt relief to farmers and fishermen. (expert-eyes.in)
- The endosulfan victims are no a vote bank. (expert-eyes.in)
Committee5
- A march being taken out in Thiruvananthapuram by the action committee demanding a ban on Endosulfan. (thehindu.com)
- The information gathered will be used by the POPs Review Committee to assess the alternatives to endosulfan, to identify potential gaps and to report to the Conference of the Parties at its sixth meeting. (pops.int)
- It added that the study was reviewed by apex scientific bodies like the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Medical Statistics and the Supreme Court-appointed joint committee on endosulfan, comprising the director general of ICMR and the agriculture commissioner. (org.in)
- Endosulfan had been recommended for inclusion in the treaty by its own scientific Chemical Review Committee, and almost all of the 126 countries that are Parties to the treaty supported it's inclusion. (panna.org)
- In 1981, regular spraying of Endosulfan begins - thrice a year and in 1991, a government appointed high power committee recommends Endosulfan not be used near water bodies and insists that bold labeling be adopted to prevent accidental usage near water bodies - probably the first official admission of the possible health hazards of this pesticide. (bedroc.in)
19761
- Aerial spraying of endosulfan began sometime around 1976, say Padre residents. (org.in)
Soil5
- In soil, endosulfan attaches to soil particles. (cdc.gov)
- Touching contaminated soil or fruits or plants that have been sprayed with endosulfan will result in a small amount entering the body through the skin. (cdc.gov)
- 15 M.F. Zaranyika and P. Mugari, Persistence in soil of endosulfan and lindane applied to soybean and maize pests in a field trial agrosystem in Zimbabwe, in Environmental Behavior of Crop Protection Chemicals, Proceedings of the FAO/IAEA International Symposium on the Use of Nuclear and Related Techniques for Studying Environmental Behavior of Crop Chemicals, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, 1997, pp. 151-162. (scielo.org.za)
- Endosulfan degrades relatively quickly in water (half-life - 2-22 days), but in soil it degrades slowly (half-life - 28-391 days). (bedroc.in)
- As a result, these bacterial strains may be utilized for biodegradation of endosulfan polluted soil and environments. (pjmonline.org)
Persistence1
- The Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Canada recently withdrew support for the use of endosulfan, citing the concern for workers' safety, the risk posed to non-target organisms and persistence of endosulfan in the environment and the potential for bioaccumulation. (motherearthphil.org)
Oxidation1
- Finally, transition state modeling was able to predict and confirm the mechanism of endosulfan oxidation. (figshare.com)
Risks1
- While EPA implemented various restrictions in a 2002 re-registration decision, EPA's phaseout is based on new data and scientific peer review, which have improved EPA's assessment of the ecological and worker risks from endosulfan. (mdpestnet.org)
Sulfur1
- 2014). These microorganisms can use endosulfan either as carbon or sulfur source or both (Siddique et al . (pjmonline.org)
Voluntarily2
- Meanwhile, the Canadian government announced that endosulfan was under consideration for phase-out, and Bayer CropScience voluntarily pulled its endosulfan products from the U.S. market but continues to sell the products elsewhere. (wikipedia.org)
- Makhteshim Agan of North America, the manufacturer of endosulfan, is in discussions with EPA to voluntarily terminate all endosulfan uses. (mdpestnet.org)
Aerial spray1
- But the studies unanimously recommended banning of aerial spray of Endosulfan in the area, and noted that there were lapses in safety measures followed by the PCK and acknowledged that there were indeed a large number of people with health issues living in the plantation areas. (bedroc.in)
Toxic effects1
- These results suggest that the organochloride endosulfan caused toxic effects in the hepatic metabolism of the fish exposed to it in sub lethal doses. (usp.br)
Odor1
- It has a distinct been sprayed with endosulfan will result in a small amount odor similar to turpentine. (cdc.gov)
Pests1
- Endosulfan has been used in agriculture around the world to control insect pests including whiteflies, aphids, leafhoppers, Colorado potato beetles and cabbage worms. (wikipedia.org)
Adsorption1
- An immediate loss of 18 % endosulfan I and 22 % endosulfan II from the water phase of the river water containing river sediment was observed as a result of adsorption by the sediment. (scielo.org.za)
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene2
- Endosulfan is a derivative of hexachlorocyclopentadiene, and is chemically similar to aldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor. (wikipedia.org)
- The manufacturers are, meanwhile, asking for Supreme Court's permission to produce endosulfan from the leftover raw material, Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCP). (org.in)
Mixture3
- Technical endosulfan is a 7:3 mixture of stereoisomers, designated α and β. (wikipedia.org)
- Endosulfan is sold as a mixture of two different forms of the same chemical (referred to as α- and β-endosulfan). (cdc.gov)
- Endosulfan is sold as a mixture of two different forms of the same water. (cdc.gov)
Relation1
- Various committees of various departments, Non Governmental Organizations, Indian Council of Medical Research and other agencies conducted visits to the area, conducted studies and surveys to understand the relation between aerial spraying of Endosulfan and the sudden spurt of health problems in the village. (bedroc.in)
Bacterial2
- Studies on genotoxicity of endosulfan in bacterial systems. (innspub.net)
- This is the first study on the bacterial flora of Blatta orientalis evaluated for the biodegradation of α-endosulfan. (pjmonline.org)
Liver1
- Endosulfan affects the central nervous system, kidney, liver, blood chemistry, parathyroid gland and has teratogenic and mutagenic effects (Lu et al . (pjmonline.org)
Biological5
- The project aims to address endosulfan phase out by biological control and alternative technologies in cotton pest management in China. (undpopenplanet.org)
- The project will achieve this project objective through demonstration of biological control andalternative technologies in pilot locations that will lead to subsequent complete phase-out of endosulfan in China through the implementation of a national replication programme prepared under this project. (undpopenplanet.org)
- The project will address the phase-out of endosulfan by Biological Control and Alternative Technologies in Cotton Pest Management in China. (undpopenplanet.org)
- Endosulfan-Induced Biomarkers in Japanese Rice Fish ( Oryzias latipes ) Analyzed by SELDI-TOF-MS. International Journal of Biological Sciences , 9(4), 343-349. (ijbs.com)
- If this is true, we can isolate new and effective α-endosulfan degrading bacteria from cockroaches' microflora and these isolates can be used for the biological treatment of waters and soils polluted with endosulfan and other insecticides. (pjmonline.org)
Workers2
- 2008: In February, environmental, consumer, and farm labor groups including the Natural Resources Defense Council, Organic Consumers Association, and the United Farm Workers called on the U.S. EPA to ban endosulfan. (wikipedia.org)
- In May, coalitions of scientists, environmental groups, and arctic tribes asked the EPA to cancel endosulfan, and in July a coalition of environmental and workers groups filed a lawsuit against the EPA challenging its 2002 decision to not ban it. (wikipedia.org)
Beings1
- There are ample amounts of physical and scientific evidence available of the dangerous impacts on human and other beings of Endosulfan, a highly toxic organochlorine pesticide but even then they refuse to accept such. (citizen-news.org)
Zebrafish1
- 2008. Endosulfan suppresses growth and reproduction in zebrafish. (innspub.net)
Padre1
- Few studies acknowledged that ecological and health hazards in Padre village were due to Endosulfan poisoning while a few rejected the relationship entirely and some other committees remained neutral demanding more research and studies. (bedroc.in)
Methods1
- India's 2011 ban on endosulfan may have contributed to almost 30,000 fewer suicides by ingestion of pesticide.Much of the decline, though, was offset by a parallel increase in suicides by hanging and other methods of poisoning, the study found, resulting in a much smaller dip in the overall cases. (kractivist.org)