Endocytosis. Medical search

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAINS) and three heavy chains (CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAINS) that form a structure called a triskelion. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.

A family of high molecular weight GTP phosphohydrolases that play a direct role in vesicle transport. They associate with microtubule bundles (MICROTUBULES) and are believed to produce mechanical force via a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.50.

Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of the protein CLATHRIN. Shortly after formation, however, the clathrin coat is removed and the vesicles are referred to as ENDOSOMES.

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

Specialized regions of the cell membrane composed of pits coated with a bristle covering made of the protein CLATHRIN. These pits are the entry route for macromolecules bound by cell surface receptors. The pits are then internalized into the cytoplasm to form the COATED VESICLES.

A subtype of dynamin found primarily in the NEURONS of the brain.

An adaptor protein complex primarily involved in the formation of clathrin-related endocytotic vesicles (ENDOSOMES) at the CELL MEMBRANE.

A subtype of dynamin found ubiquitously expressed in a variety of tissues.

An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A genetically related subfamily of RAB GTP-BINDING PROTEINS involved in transport from the cell membrane to early endosomes. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Endocytic/exocytic CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in ENDOCYTOSIS (potocytosis), transcytosis, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of CAVEOLINS.

The heavy chain subunits of clathrin.

The engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles.

A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An LDL-RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN found in the neuroepithelium and in proximal tubular cells of the kidney. It is considered a multiligand receptor in that it binds to a variety of ligands with relatively high affinity and may function in mediating the uptake and lysosomal degradation of macromolecules such as: LIPOPROTEINS; ENDOPEPTIDASES; and PROTEASE INHIBITORS.

A class of proteins involved in the transport of molecules via TRANSPORT VESICLES. They perform functions such as binding to the cell membrane, capturing cargo molecules and promoting the assembly of CLATHRIN. The majority of adaptor proteins exist as multi-subunit complexes, however monomeric varieties have also been found.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Membrane glycoproteins found in high concentrations on iron-utilizing cells. They specifically bind iron-bearing transferrin, are endocytosed with its ligand and then returned to the cell surface where transferrin without its iron is released.

Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents.

A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 100 kDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 2.

Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations.

Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.

The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.

A tyrosine phosphoprotein that plays an essential role in CAVEOLAE formation. It binds CHOLESTEROL and is involved in LIPIDS transport, membrane traffic, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Compounds of the general formula R:N.NR2, as resulting from the action of hydrazines with aldehydes or ketones. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A family of medium adaptin protein subunits of approximately 45 KDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3 and ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 4.

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.

The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT. This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. They are enriched in SPHINGOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

A C-type lectin that is a cell surface receptor for ASIALOGLYCOPROTEINS. It is found primarily in the LIVER where it mediates the endocytosis of serum glycoproteins.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Endogenous glycoproteins from which SIALIC ACID has been removed by the action of sialidases. They bind tightly to the ASIALOGLYCOPROTEIN RECEPTOR which is located on hepatocyte plasma membranes. After internalization by adsorptive ENDOCYTOSIS they are delivered to LYSOSOMES for degradation. Therefore receptor-mediated clearance of asialoglycoproteins is an important aspect of the turnover of plasma glycoproteins. They are elevated in serum of patients with HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS or HEPATITIS.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that play a key role in cellular secretory and endocytic pathways. EC 3.6.1.-.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.

A family of proteins that play a role as cofactors in the process of CLATHRIN recycling in cells.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The light chain subunits of clathrin.

A subclass of clathrin assembly proteins that occur as monomers.

Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

A family of pheromone receptors that were initially discovered in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE as proteins necessary for fungal conjugation. Each mating factor receptor is expressed in HAPLOID CELLS of a single mating type.

A set of protein subcomplexes involved in PROTEIN SORTING of UBIQUITINATED PROTEINS into intraluminal vesicles of MULTIVESICULAR BODIES and in membrane scission during formation of intraluminal vesicles, during the final step of CYTOKINESIS, and during the budding of enveloped viruses. The ESCRT machinery is comprised of the protein products of Class E vacuolar protein sorting genes.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The main structural proteins of CAVEOLAE. Several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified.

A subtype of dynamin found expressed exclusively in the testis, lung and brain.

Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules.

A foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine.

A family of large adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 90-130 kDa in size.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.

A genetically related subfamily of RAB GTP-BINDING PROTEINS involved in recycling of proteins such as cell surface receptors from early endosomes to the cell surface. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

New World marsupials of the family Didelphidae. Opossums are omnivorous, largely nocturnal and arboreal MAMMALS, grow to about three feet in length, including the scaly prehensile tail, and have an abdominal pouch in which the young are carried at birth.

The ability of a substrate to retain an electrical charge.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A large family of phosphatidylinositol phosphate-binding proteins that are involved in mediating intracellular transport and sorting of proteins via a variety of endocytic pathways.

An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. Arp2-3 complex binds WASP PROTEIN and existing ACTIN FILAMENTS, and it nucleates the formation of new branch point filaments.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that were initially recognized as allosteric activators of the MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE of the CHOLERA TOXIN catalytic subunit. They are involved in vesicle trafficking and activation of PHOSPHOLIPASE D. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.

The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.

The act of ligating UBIQUITINS to PROTEINS to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label proteins for transport to the PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX where proteolysis occurs.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.

The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes.

A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.

A LDL-receptor related protein involved in clearance of chylomicron remnants and of activated ALPHA-MACROGLOBULINS from plasma.

Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.

A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Proto-oncogene proteins that negatively regulate RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE signaling. It is a UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASE and the cellular homologue of ONCOGENE PROTEIN V-CBL.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1, receptors do not bind to LDL; 2, there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3, there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.

Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

The renal tubule portion that extends from the BOWMAN CAPSULE in the KIDNEY CORTEX into the KIDNEY MEDULLA. The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the U-shaped LOOP OF HENLE.

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A clathrin adaptor protein complex primarily involved in clathrin-related transport at the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Regions of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE similarity in the SRC-FAMILY TYROSINE KINASES that fold into specific functional tertiary structures. The SH1 domain is a CATALYTIC DOMAIN. SH2 and SH3 domains are protein interaction domains. SH2 usually binds PHOSPHOTYROSINE-containing proteins and SH3 interacts with CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS.

A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)

A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

Cell surface receptors that respond to PHEROMONES.

A fungal metabolite which is a macrocyclic lactone exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activity.

A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.

Endocytosis: EH domains lend a hand. (1/10563)

A number of proteins that have been implicated in endocytosis feature a conserved protein-interaction module known as an EH domain. The three-dimensional structure of an EH domain has recently been solved, and is likely to presage significant advances in understanding molecular mechanisms of endocytosis. (+info)

Arrestin function in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis requires phosphoinositide binding. (2/10563)

Internalization of agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors is mediated by non-visual arrestins, which also bind to clathrin and are therefore thought to act as adaptors in the endocytosis process. Phosphoinositides have been implicated in the regulation of intracellular receptor trafficking, and are known to bind to other coat components including AP-2, AP180 and COPI coatomer. Given these observations, we explored the possibility that phosphoinositides play a role in arrestin's function as an adaptor. High-affinity binding sites for phosphoinositides in beta-arrestin (arrestin2) and arrestin3 (beta-arrestin2) were identified, and dissimilar effects of phosphoinositide and inositol phosphate on arrestin interactions with clathrin and receptor were characterized. Alteration of three basic residues in arrestin3 abolished phosphoinositide binding with complete retention of clathrin and receptor binding. Unlike native protein, upon agonist activation, this mutant arrestin3 expressed in COS1 cells neither supported beta2-adrenergic receptor internalization nor did it concentrate in coated pits, although it was recruited to the plasma membrane. These findings indicate that phosphoinositide binding plays a critical regulatory role in delivery of the receptor-arrestin complex to coated pits, perhaps by providing, with activated receptor, a multi-point attachment of arrestin to the plasma membrane. (+info)

A cytomegalovirus glycoprotein re-routes MHC class I complexes to lysosomes for degradation. (3/10563)

Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) early gene expression interferes with the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) pathway of antigen presentation. Here we identify a 48 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein encoded by the MCMV early gene m06, which tightly binds to properly folded beta2-microglobulin (beta2m)-associated MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This association is mediated by the lumenal/transmembrane part of the protein. gp48-MHC class I complexes are transported out of the ER, pass the Golgi, but instead of being expressed on the cell surface, they are redirected to the endocytic route and rapidly degraded in a Lamp-1(+) compartment. As a result, m06-expressing cells are impaired in presenting antigenic peptides to CD8(+) T cells. The cytoplasmic tail of gp48 contains two di-leucine motifs. Mutation of the membrane-proximal di-leucine motif of gp48 restored surface expression of MHC class I, while mutation of the distal one had no effect. The results establish a novel viral mechanism for downregulation of MHC class I molecules by directly binding surface-destined MHC complexes and exploiting the cellular di-leucine sorting machinery for lysosomal degradation. (+info)

The optically determined size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool correlates with the quantal content at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae. (4/10563)

According to the current theory of synaptic transmission, the amplitude of evoked synaptic potentials correlates with the number of synaptic vesicles released at the presynaptic terminals. Synaptic vesicles in presynaptic boutons constitute two distinct pools, namely, exo/endo cycling and reserve pools (). We defined the vesicles that were endocytosed and exocytosed during high K+ stimulation as the exo/endo cycling vesicle pool. To determine the role of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool in synaptic transmission, we estimated the quantal content electrophysiologically, whereas the pool size was determined optically using fluorescent dye FM1-43. We then manipulated the size of the pool with following treatments. First, to change the state of boutons of nerve terminals, motoneuronal axons were severed. With this treatment, the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool decreased together with the quantal content. Second, we promoted the FM1-43 uptake using cyclosporin A, which inhibits calcineurin activities and enhances endocytosis. Cyclosporin A increased the total uptake of FM1-43, but neither the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool nor the quantal content changed. Third, we increased the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool by forskolin, which enhances synaptic transmission. The forskolin treatment increased both the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool and the quantal content. Thus, we found that the quantal content was closely correlated with the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool but not necessarily with the total uptake of FM1-43 fluorescence by boutons. The results suggest that vesicles in the exo/endo cycling pool primarily participate in evoked exocytosis of vesicles. (+info)

Identification of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2/megalin as an endocytic receptor for seminal vesicle secretory protein II. (5/10563)

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2/megalin (LRP-2) is an endocytic receptor that is expressed on the apical surfaces of epithelial cells lining specific regions of the male and female reproductive tracts. In the present study, immunohistochemical staining revealed that LRP-2 is also expressed by epithelial cells lining the ductal region and the ampulla of the rat seminal vesicle. To identify LRP-2 ligands in the seminal vesicle, we probed seminal vesicle fluid with 125I-labeled LRP-2 in a gel-blot overlay assay. A 100-kDa protein (under non-reducing conditions) was found to bind the radiolabeled receptor. The protein was isolated and subjected to protease digestion, and the proteolytic fragments were subjected to mass spectroscopic sequence analysis. As a result, the 100-kDa protein was identified as the seminal vesicle secretory protein II (SVS-II), a major constituent of the seminal coagulum. Using purified preparations of SVS-II and LRP-2, solid-phase binding assays were used to show that the SVS-II bound to the receptor with high affinity (Kd = 5.6 nM). The binding of SVS-II to LRP-2 was inhibited using a known antagonist of LRP-2 function, the 39-kDa receptor-associated protein RAP. Using a series of recombinant subfragments of SVS-II, the LRP-2 binding site was mapped to a stretch of repeated 13-residue modules located in the central portion of the SVS-II polypeptide. To evaluate the ability of LRP-2 to mediate 125I-SVS-II endocytosis and lysosomal degradation, ligand clearance assays were performed using differentiated mouse F9 cells, which express high levels of LRP-2. Radiolabeled SVS-II was internalized and degraded by the cells, and both processes were inhibited by antibodies to LRP-2 or by RAP. The results indicate that LRP-2 binds SVS-II and can mediate its endocytosis leading to lysosomal degradation. (+info)

5'-Nucleotidase activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. II. Cellular distribution and effects of endocytosis. (6/10563)

The diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid (DASA) can inactivate about 80% of the total 5'-nucleotidase of viable macrophages. The remaining 20% can be inactivated if the cells are first lysed in detergent, and presumably represents an intracellular pool of 5'-nucleotidase. The bulk of this pool may represent cytoplasmic vesicles derived from plasma membrane by endocytosis. This internal compartment is expanded up to threefold immediately after the cells have ingested a large latex load. This is consistent with previous observations on the internalization of 5'-nucleotidase in latex phagosomes. In latex-filled cells this intracellular pool of enzyme is inactivated over a few hours, and the cells then slowly increase their enzyme activity to nearly normal levels. However, 24 h after latex ingestion the metabolism of 5'-nucleotidase in these recovered cells is abnormal, as the rate of enzyme degradation is about twice the normal rate, and the DASA-insensitive enzyme pool in these cells is strikingly diminished. This may reflect effects of the accumulated indigestible particles on the fate of incoming pinocytic vesicles or on newly synthesized plasma membrane precursor. Another endocytic stimulus, concanavalin A, also reduces the total cell 5'-nucleotidase activity. This effect, which is time and temperature dependent, can be prevented by the competitive sugar alpha-methyl mannose. The concanavalin A inhibition can be reversed in the absence of new protein synthesis or in cells cultivated in serum-free conditions. It is not known whether the effect of concanavalin A on 5'-nucleotidase depends upon the interiorizaiton of plasma membrane or is strictly associated with events at the cell surface. (+info)

PETA-3/CD151, a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, is localised to the plasma membrane and endocytic system of endothelial cells, associates with multiple integrins and modulates cell function. (7/10563)

The Transmembrane 4 Superfamily member, PETA-3/CD151, is ubiquitously expressed by endothelial cells in vivo. In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells PETA-3 is present on the plasma membrane and predominantly localises to regions of cell-cell contact. Additionally, this protein is abundant within an intracellular compartment which accounts for up to 66% of the total PETA-3 expressed. Intracellular PETA-3 showed colocalisation with transferrin receptor and CD63 suggesting an endosomal/lysosomal localisation which was supported by immuno-electronmicroscopy studies. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments investigating possible interactions of PETA-3 with other molecules demonstrated associations with several integrin chains including beta1, beta3, beta4, (alpha)2, (alpha)3, (alpha)5, (alpha)6 and provide the first report of Transmembrane 4 Superfamily association with the (alpha)6beta4 integrin. Using 2-colour confocal microscopy, we demonstrated similar localisation of PETA-3 and integrin chains within cytoplasmic vesicles and endothelial cell junctions. In order to assess the functional implications of PETA-3/integrin associations, the effect of anti-PETA-3 antibodies on endothelial function was examined. Anti-PETA-3 mAb inhibited endothelial cell migration and modulated in vitro angiogenesis, but had no detectable effect on neutrophil transendothelial migration. The broad range of integrin associations and the presence of PETA-3 with integrins both on the plasma membrane and within intracellular vesicles, suggests a primary role for PETA-3 in regulating integrin trafficking and/or function. (+info)

CFTR channel insertion to the apical surface in rat duodenal villus epithelial cells is upregulated by VIP in vivo. (8/10563)

cAMP activated insertion of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channels from endosomes to the apical plasma membrane has been hypothesized to regulate surface expression and CFTR function although the physiologic relevance of this remains unclear. We previously identified a subpopulation of small intestinal villus epithelial cells or CFTR high expressor (CHE) cells possessing very high levels of apical membrane CFTR in association with a prominent subapical vesicular pool of CFTR. We have examined the subcellular redistribution of CFTR in duodenal CHE cells in vivo in response to the cAMP activated secretagogue vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Using anti-CFTR antibodies against the C terminus of rodent CFTR and indirect immunofluorescence, we show by quantitative confocal microscopy that CFTR rapidly redistributes from the cytoplasm to the apical surface upon cAMP stimulation by VIP and returns to the cytoplasm upon removal of VIP stimulation of intracellular cAMP levels. Using ultrastructural and confocal immunofluorescence examination in the presence or absence of cycloheximide, we also show that redistribution was not dependent on new protein synthesis, changes in endocytosis, or rearrangement of the apical cytoskeleton. These observations suggest that physiologic cAMP activated apical membrane insertion and recycling of CFTR channels in normal CFTR expressing epithelia contributes to the in vivo regulation of CFTR mediated anion transport. (+info)

... at biologyreference.com Endocytosis - researching endocytic mechanisms at endocytosis.org Clathrin-mediated ... It was recently found that an eisosome serves as a portal of endocytosis in yeast. The major route for endocytosis in most ... Endocytosis pathways can be subdivided into four categories: namely, receptor-mediated endocytosis (also known as clathrin- ... Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Endocytosis animation (1) Endocytosis animation (2) Active transport Emperipolesis RAP6 (Rab5- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocytosis

Without Notch trans-endocytosis, there would be too many neurons in a developing embryo. Trans-endocytosis is also involved in ... Trans-endocytosis from neurons to glia has been observed using time-lapse microscopy. Trans-endocytosis also applies to ... Trans-endocytosis is the biological process where material created in one cell undergoes endocytosis (enters) into another cell ... For example, this process is involved when a part of the protein Notch is cleaved off and undergoes endocytosis into its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-endocytosis

... refers to a form of endocytosis of synaptic vesicles at nerve terminals. In bulk endocytosis, compared to ... Clathrin-mediated endocytosis and bulk endocytosis appear to occur concurrently in highly active synaptic terminals. The ... Pinocytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosis BAR domain syndapin Qualmann B, Koch D, Kessels MM (2011). "Let's go bananas: revisiting ... Bulk endocytosis is activated specifically during intense stimulation, such as during high-frequency trains of action ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_endocytosis

... (RME), also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb metabolites ... clathrin-mediated endocytosis remains the best studied. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of many receptor types begins with the ... adsorptive pinocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Viropexis Bulk endocytosis Endocytosis Sorkin A, Puthenveedu MA (2013-01-01). " ... However, receptor-mediated endocytosis is also actively implicated in transducing signals from the cell periphery to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor-mediated_endocytosis

... (FEME) is an endocytic pathway found in eukaryotic cells. It requires the activity of ... Rennick JJ, Johnston AP, Parton RG (March 2021). "Key principles and methods for studying the endocytosis of biological and ... "Molecular mechanism of Fast Endophilin-Mediated Endocytosis". The Biochemical Journal. 477 (12): 2327-2345. doi:10.1042/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_endophilin-mediated_endocytosis

Within the intestine of the host, Chilomastix trophozoites feed via endocytosis. This brings the particles into the cell and ... Trophozoites feed on the host's intestinal contents such as bacteria through endocytosis. Once the intestinal contents begin to ... doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1973.tb03577.x. Martin, Elizabeth; Hine, Robert (2015). "Endocytosis". A Dictionary of Biology. Oxford ... involved in the function of endocytosis, enabling the movement of food particles towards the feeding groove. The flagella ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilomastix

Endocytosis and exocytosis are both forms of bulk transport that move materials into and out of cells, respectively, via ... Viruses enter cells through a form of endocytosis that involves their outer membrane fusing with the membrane of the cell. This ... In the case of endocytosis, the cellular membrane folds around the desired materials outside the cell. The ingested particle ... ISBN 978-0-321-77565-8. Transport into the Cell from the Plasma Membrane: Endocytosis - Molecular Biology of the Cell - NCBI ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport

Receptor-mediated endocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a mode of pinocytosis. Proteins in the clathrin coat on the ... Endocytosis is when a cell absorbs a molecule, such as a protein, from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane ... It is an example of fluid phase endocytosis and is usually a continuous process within the cell. The particles are absorbed ... There are three main types of cytosis: endocytosis (into the cell), exocytosis (out of the cell), and transcytosis (through the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosis

"Cohn's discoveries on endocytosis in macrophages have proved fundamental to cell biology, since endocytosis is a process ... Endocytosis and the recycling of plasma membrane. J. Cell Biol. 96:1-27. 1986 With A. A. Aderem, D. S. Cohen, and S. D. Wright ... Endocytosis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46:669-722. 1978 With N. Nogueira. Trypanosoma cruzi: In vitro induction of macrophage ... moving beyond endocytosis to study macrophages' secretions and identifying more than 50 products of macrophages that play " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanvil_A._Cohn

Marsh M (2001). Endocytosis. Oxford University Press. p. vii. ISBN 978-0-19-963851-2. Hetzer MW (March 2010). "The nuclear ... Many cells ingest food and other materials through a process of endocytosis, where the outer membrane invaginates and then ... with the development of endocytosis, whereas mitochondria were acquired by ingestion as endosymbionts. The syntrophic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote

In animals, vacuoles serve in exocytosis and endocytosis processes. Endocytosis refers to when substances are taken into the ... Cooper G (2000). "Endocytosis". The Cell: A Molecular Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Retrieved 2008-12-09. Lodish H, et al ... There are two types of endocytosis, phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking). In phagocytosis, cells engulf ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_system

Endocytosis. In: Cuatrecasas P, Greaves MF, eds. Receptors and Recognition. London: Chapman & Hall, 1977:105-41. 26. Stossel TP ... Filamin A interaction with the CXCR4 third intracellular loop regulates endocytosis and signaling of WT and WHIM-like receptors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stossel

Binding to αv integrin results in endocytosis of the virus particle via clathrin-coated pits. Attachment to αV integrin ... Meier O, Greber UF (February 2004). "Adenovirus endocytosis". The Journal of Gene Medicine. 6 (Suppl 1): S152-63. doi:10.1002/ ... stimulates cell signaling and thus induces actin polymerization, which facilitates clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and results ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoviridae

The endocytosis and exocytosis of vesicles allows cells to communicate, to transfer nutrients, to import signaling receptors, ... MBInfo - Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class LIG_Clathr_ClatBox_1 Eukaryotic Linear ... Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) regulates many cellular physiological processes such as the internalization of growth ... Review on involvement of clathrin in plant endocytosis) Royle SJ, Bright NA, Lagnado L (April 2005). "Clathrin is required for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin

Kotowski SJ, Hopf FW, Seif T, Bonci A, von Zastrow M (July 2011). "Endocytosis promotes rapid dopaminergic signaling". Neuron. ... "EHD Home Page: An ATPase involved in membrane remodelling". www.endocytosis.org. Retrieved 2016-10-15. "Help - Homo_sapiens - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHD3

1999). "Dynamin II is involved in endocytosis but not in the formation of transport vesicles from the trans-Golgi network". J. ... They have been implicated in cell processes such as endocytosis and cell motility, and in alterations of the membrane that ... Sever S (2003). "Dynamin and endocytosis". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14 (4): 463-7. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(02)00347-2. PMID ... Lundmark R, Carlsson SR (Nov 2003). "Sorting nexin 9 participates in clathrin-mediated endocytosis through interactions with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM2

DENV undergoes endocytosis. Acidification of the endosome leads to a conformational change of E, exposing a fusion peptide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_virus

Formins regulate endocytosis. mDia 1 localizes to endosomes and regulates phagocytic cup formation in macrophages. mDia1 (and ... Stress fiber formation Endocytosis Microtubule functions Stress fibers are acto-myosin structures, which are important for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDia1

Most pathogenic variants are missense variants, and have been shown to impair synaptic vesicle endocytosis in a dominant ... Sever S (2003). "Dynamin and endocytosis". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14 (4): 463-7. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(02)00347-2. PMID ... 1997). "Amphiphysin heterodimers: potential role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis". Mol. Biol. Cell. 8 (10): 2003-15. doi: ... June 2015). "Epileptic encephalopathy-causing mutations in DNM1 impair synaptic vesicle endocytosis". Neurology. Genetics. 1 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM1

Sever S (2003). "Dynamin and endocytosis". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14 (4): 463-7. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(02)00347-2. PMID ... induces tubular membrane invaginations and participates in endocytosis". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (38): 40091-9. doi:10.1074/jbc. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM3

PI(3,4)P2 has, however, been shown to play a role in the invagination phase of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. C2α and C2β are ... Posor Y, Eichhorn-Grünig M, Haucke V (June 2015). "Phosphoinositides in endocytosis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase

Sahay, G (2010). "Endocytosis of Nanomedicines". Journal of Controlled Release. 145 (3): 182−195. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.01 ... Carriers generally gain entry to the cell interior via either Endocytosis (the majority of carriers) or Fusion with the cell's ... Most medically applicable ASOs are naked molecules that are able to enter cells through endocytosis and exert their therapeutic ... Patel, S (2019). "Brief update on endocytosis of nanomedicines". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 144: 90-111. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular_delivery

Qualmann B, Kessels MM (2003). "Endocytosis and the cytoskeleton". Int. Rev. Cytol. International Review of Cytology. 220: 93- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profilin_1

The bacterium's ability to synthesize sterols may also be involved in its capacity for membrane invaginations and endocytosis ... This may suggest that Planctomycetota and eukaryote endocytosis mechanism share a common evolutionary origin, that the two ... Fuerst, John A.; Sagulenko, Evgeny (August 2014). "Towards understanding the molecular mechanism of the endocytosis-like ... Jermy, Andrew (August 2010). "Evolution: Bacterial endocytosis uncovered". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 8 (8): 534-535. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemmata_obscuriglobus

Sengar AS, Wang W, Bishay J, Cohen S, Egan SE (Mar 1999). "The EH and SH3 domain Ese proteins regulate endocytosis by linking ... Fernández-Chacón R, Achiriloaie M, Janz R, Albanesi JP, Südhof TC (Apr 2000). "SCAMP1 function in endocytosis". The Journal of ... Fernández-Chacón R, Achiriloaie M, Janz R, Albanesi JP, Südhof TC (Apr 2000). "SCAMP1 function in endocytosis". The Journal of ... A protein connection between exocytosis and endocytosis?". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (26): 18446-54. doi:10.1074 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersectin_1

Fernández-Chacón R, Achiriloaie M, Janz R, Albanesi JP, Südhof TC (April 2000). "SCAMP1 function in endocytosis". The Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCAMP3

Qualmann B, Kessels MM (2003). "Endocytosis and the cytoskeleton". Int. Rev. Cytol. International Review of Cytology. 220: 93- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFN2

Mellman I (1996). "Endocytosis and molecular sorting". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 12: 575-625. doi: ... Molecules can be internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis in clathrin-coated vesicles. Other types of vesicles also form ... Internalization of these receptors from the plasma membrane occurs by receptor-mediated endocytosis. LDL is released in ... Dautry-Varsat A (March 1986). "Receptor-mediated endocytosis: the intracellular journey of transferrin and its receptor". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosome

Fernández-Chacón R, Achiriloaie M, Janz R, Albanesi JP, Südhof TC (April 2000). "SCAMP1 function in endocytosis". J. Biol. Chem ... Fernández-Chacón R, Achiriloaie M, Janz R, Albanesi JP, Südhof TC (2000). "SCAMP1 function in endocytosis". J. Biol. Chem. 275 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergin_gamma

ISBN 978-1-4729-1130-8. Magnusson S, Kjeken R, Berg T (March 1993). "Characterization of two distinct pathways of endocytosis ... Nichols BJ, Lippincott-Schwartz J (October 2001). "Endocytosis without clathrin coats". Trends Cell Biol. 11 (10): 406-412. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin

positive regulation of clathrin coated pit-dependent endocytosis, positive regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis, ... Gene Ontology Term: positive regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. GO ID. GO:2000370 Aspect. Biological Process. ... Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.. Synonyms. ... positive regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis View GO Annotations in other species in AmiGO ...

https://www.yeastgenome.org/go/GO:2000370

... EBioMedicine. 2016 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27773542/?dopt=Abstract

Abstract: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a conserved process utilised by metazoans and fungi for the internalisation of cell ... An Electron Microscopy Study into Vps1 and the role of its F-actin Binding Regions within Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis ... An Electron Microscopy Study into Vps1 and the role of its F-actin Binding Regions within Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis. ...

http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11062/

... DSpace/Manakin Repository. ...

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/19228

Our results show for the first time that sst1 mediates a dynamic process of endocytosis, recycling, and re-endocytosis of its ... Agonist-induced endocytosis of rat somatostatin receptor 1. Endocrinology, 148 (3). pp. 1050-1058. ISSN 1945-7170 ... Cultured Endocytosis/*drug effects Protein Transport/drug effects Rats Receptors, Somatostatin/*agonists/*metabolism ... somatostatin-14 was internalized through a dynamic process of continuous endocytosis, recycling, and recruitment of ...

https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/30263/

This domain is present in the epsin or epsin-related (epsinR) adaptor proteins, which are implicated in endocytosis and Golgi- ... In the protozoa parasite Giardia lamblia, endocytosis and lysosomal protein trafficking are vital parasite-specific processes ... The giardial ENTH protein participates in lysosomal protein trafficking and endocytosis. .noexiste{ color: #000; } .imagenItem{ ... clathrin and ubiquitin and was involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. It also bonded PI4P, the gamma subunit of AP-1 and ...

https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/37296

title = "Synaptojanin and Endophilin Mediate Neck Formation during Ultrafast Endocytosis",. abstract = "Ultrafast endocytosis ... synaptic vesicle endocytosis, synaptic vesicle recycling, synaptojanin, ultrafast endocytosis", ... N2 - Ultrafast endocytosis generates vesicles from the plasma membrane as quickly as 50 ms in hippocampal neurons following ... AB - Ultrafast endocytosis generates vesicles from the plasma membrane as quickly as 50 ms in hippocampal neurons following ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/synaptojanin-and-endophilin-mediate-neck-formation-during-ultrafa

The endocytosis of Delta is only seen in the mesoderm and requires the activity of the sna and neuralized (neur) genes. ... Snail is required for Delta endocytosis and Notch-dependent activation of single-minded expression. ... Interestingly, the Neur-mediated endocytosis of Delta has recently been shown to be sufficient for the non-autonomous ... dependent repression in a cell non-autonomous fashion by promoting the Neur-dependent endocytosis of Delta in the mesoderm. ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/snail-is-required-for-delta-endocytosis-and-notch-dependent-activation-of-single-minded-expression/

Animation Keywords: Animation, 3D, Video, Advertising / Marketing, Technology, Biotechnology, Cell biology / Histology, Oncology, Mechanism of Action (MOA)

https://www.medillsb.com/illustration_image_details.aspx?AID=257&IID=357303

... triggers its endocytosis through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). We find that CME of Rh1 is regulated by ... In WT flies, illumination increases Rh1 endocytosis into a Rab5-positive compartment (Han et al., 2007) via CME (Alloway et al ... Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase regulates early endosomal dynamics during clathrin-mediated endocytosis Kumari ... Thus, the accurate control of PM membrane turnover through regulation of transport to and endocytosis from the PM is crucial ...

https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/130/13/2119/56173/Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate-4-kinase

Tagged as: AIDS, endocytosis, hiv, Nef, restriction factor, SERINC, siv, viral, virion, virology, virus, viruses ... Tagged as: endocytosis, hepatitis A virus, Leviviridae, lysosome, mitochondria, mitovirus, Narnaviridae, Narnavirus, quasi- ... Tagged as: dengue virus, endocytosis, flavivirus, glycocalyx, influenza virus, NS1, nuclear import, pathogenesis, quantum dot, ... Tagged as: calicivirus, cryoEM, cytomegalovirus, endocytosis, HCMV, herpesvirus, IFN, isg, m6A methylation, methyl eraser, ...

https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/tag/endocytosis/

C F Roff, R Fuchs, I Mellman, A R Robbins; Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants with temperature-sensitive defects in endocytosis ... Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants with temperature-sensitive defects in endocytosis. I. Loss of function on shifting to the ... loss of endocytosis correlated with complete loss of ATP-dependent endosomal acidification in vitro; in the End 2 mutants ... pleiotropic defects in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Activities affected at 41 degrees C include uptake via the D-mannose 6- ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/103/6/2283/13584/Chinese-hamster-ovary-cell-mutants-with

WNT Activates the AAK1 Kinase to Promote Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LRP6 and Establish a Negative Feedback Loop. ... WNT Activates the AAK1 Kinase to Promote Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LRP6 and Establish a Negative Feedback Loop. Journal ... Signal propagation through a WNT-Frizzled/LRP receptor complex requires proteins necessary for clathrin-mediated endocytosis ( ... and endocytosis of LRP6. We propose that, following WNT receptor activation, increased AAK1 function and CME limits WNT ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub1365096

Notably, LRP-1-mediated endocytosis of ADAMTS-5 is impaired in chondrocytes of OA cartilage, with ∼90% reduction in protein ... Here, we report that post-translational endocytosis of ADAMTS-5 by chondrocytes regulates its extracellular activity. We found ... mutagenesis of ADAMTS-5 identified that the noncatalytic first thrombospondin and spacer domains mediate its endocytosis. The ... LRP-1-mediated endocytosis regulates extracellular activity of ADAMTS-5 in articular cartilage. ...

https://www.ndorms.ox.ac.uk/publications/356271

... Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 2017, 22(9 ... Endocytosis is a cellular process mostly responsible for membrane receptor internalization. Cell membrane receptors bind to ... We found that F-BAR protein FCHSD2 (Carom) may facilitate endocytosis via 9 endocytic partners. Carom is highly expressed, ... However, F-BAR protein partners involved in membrane receptor endocytosis and the regulatory mechanism remain unknown. In this ...

https://www.imrpress.com/journal/fbl/22/9/10.2741/4552

Dynamin and endocytosis. / Takei, Kohji.. In: Tanpakushitsu kakusan koso. Protein, nucleic acid, enzyme, Vol. 49, No. 7 Suppl, ... Dynamin and endocytosis. In: Tanpakushitsu kakusan koso. Protein, nucleic acid, enzyme. 2004 ; Vol. 49, No. 7 Suppl. pp. 938- ... Takei, K 2004, Dynamin and endocytosis, Tanpakushitsu kakusan koso. Protein, nucleic acid, enzyme, vol. 49, no. 7 Suppl, pp. ... Takei, K. (2004). Dynamin and endocytosis. Tanpakushitsu kakusan koso. Protein, nucleic acid, enzyme, 49(7 Suppl), 938-941. ...

https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/dynamin-and-endocytosis

Synaptic vesicle endocytosis was severely impaired during strong exogenous stimulation but resumed efficiently when the ... Thus, dynamin 1-independent mechanisms can support limited synaptic vesicle endocytosis, but dynamin 1 is needed during high ... guanosine triphosphatase thought to be critically required for the fission reaction of synaptic vesicle endocytosis. ... Synaptic vesicle endocytosis was severely impaired during strong exogenous stimulation but resumed efficiently when the ...

https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/publications/322570

The title of this preprint caught my attention, as I am interested in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). In addition to the ... A non-canonical role for dynamin-1 in regulating early stages of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in non-neuronal cells. ... This preprint investigates the roles of dynamin in regulating early stages of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. ...

https://prelights.biologists.com/highlights/non-canonical-role-dynamin-1-regulating-early-stages-clathrin-mediated-endocytosis-non-neuronal-cells/

We have identified an unprecedented role for the ubiquitin-like protein PLIC-2 as a negative regulator of GPCR endocytosis. ... The activity of many signaling receptors is regulated by their endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). For G protein- ... Protein Linking IAP to Cytoskeleton (PLIC)-2 overexpression delayed ligand-induced endocytosis of two GPCRs: the V2 vasopressin ... The closely related isoform PLIC-1 did not affect receptor endocytosis. PLIC-2 specifically inhibited GPCR concentration in ...

https://kilthub.cmu.edu/articles/journal_contribution/The_ubiquitin-like_protein_PLIC-2_is_a_negative_regulator_of_G_protein-coupled_receptor_endocytosis_/6104537/1

Numerous ribosomes are incorporated into both the cytoplasm and nucleus through trypsin-activated endocytosis, which leads to ... Endocytosis inhibition assay. All chemicals used for the inhibition assay are listed in Table S4 and were purchased from Sigma- ... Because the endocytosis inhibitors were cytotoxic, cell viability assays for HDFs were performed using the thiazolyl blue ... S2h). The reduced RICs formation by the endocytosis inhibitor treatments was not due to reduced cell viability because we ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-20057-1?error=cookies_not_supported&code=012eee91-1e67-45bc-bcc4-2d568696741b

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Azythomycin, a lysosomotropic antibiotic impairs endocytosis in cultured macrophages. In: Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, Vol ... has distinct effects on fluid-phase and receptor-mediated endocytosis, but does not impair phagocytosis in J774 macrophages. In ...

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Endocytosis. */drug effects Endocytosis. */genetics Endocytosis. */physiology Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins*/ ... Endocytosis. * ErbB Receptors*/genetics ErbB Receptors*/metabolism Membrane Proteins*/deficiency Membrane Proteins*/genetics ... endocytosis. . Autorzy: Smith SM; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.. Smith CJ; School of Life ... Endocytosis. *. Humans ; Microvilli/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Microscopy, Atomic Force/methods ...

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Concept and Meaning of Endocytosis: Endocytosis is called the process by which cells incorporate molecules, ... ... Meaning of Endocytosis. What is Endocytosis:. Endocytosis is called the process by which cells incorporate into them molecules ... Endocytosis and exocytosis. Endocytosis and exocytosis are two different processes. As already explained, endocytosis is the ... The purpose of endocytosis is to regulate the interaction of cells, as well as the composition of lipids and proteins of the ...

https://lifestylemommy.me/endocitosis-XX3

Receptor‐mediated endocytosis of human transferrin and its cell surface receptor. J. W. Larrick, C. Enns, A. Raubitschek, H. ... Receptor‐mediated endocytosis of human transferrin and its cell surface receptor. / Larrick, J. W.; Enns, C.; Raubitschek, A. ... Receptor‐mediated endocytosis of human transferrin and its cell surface receptor. In: Journal of Cellular Physiology. 1985 ; ... Larrick, J. W., Enns, C., Raubitschek, A., & Weintraub, H. (1985). Receptor‐mediated endocytosis of human transferrin and its ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/receptormediated-endocytosis-of-human-transferrin-and-its-cell-su

Inactivation of Tor proteins affects the dynamics of endocytic proteins in early stage of endocytosis. Journal of Biosciences. ... Inactivation of Tor proteins affects the dynamics of endocytic proteins in early stage of endocytosis. ... are essentially required for proper endocytic protein dynamics at the early stage of endocytosis. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/161822

The role of the 100-kDa polypeptide components of clathrin-coated vesicles in endocytosis was investigated by microinjection of ... 100-kDa polypeptides in peripheral clathrin-coated vesicles are required for receptor-mediated endocytosis. *Chin, Daniel J. ... The role of the 100-kDa polypeptide components of clathrin-coated vesicles in endocytosis was investigated by microinjection of ...

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PNAS...86.9289C

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https://knowt.io/note/c3583f3a-8c6e-4cfd-a28e-3931a72adc82/Chapter-17---Vascular-Traffic-Secretion-

We study endocytosis - the process by which cells absorb substances from outside by engulfing them in a vesicle. Our work ... We study endocytosis - the process by which cells absorb substances from outside by engulfing them in a vesicle. Our work ...

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Ultrafast endocytosis generates vesicles from the plasma membrane as quickly as 50 ms in hippocampal neurons following synaptic vesicle fusion. (elsevier.com)
These data together suggest that synaptojanin and endophilin can mediate membrane remodeling on a millisecond timescale during ultrafast endocytosis. (elsevier.com)
demonstrate dual roles for synaptojanin and endophilin in membrane remodeling and clathrin uncoating on rapid timescales during ultrafast endocytosis. (elsevier.com)
Endocytosis is a cellular process mostly responsible for membrane receptor internalization. (imrpress.com)
We previously proposed that F-BAR protein initiates membrane curvature and mediates endocytosis via its binding partners. (imrpress.com)
However, F-BAR protein partners involved in membrane receptor endocytosis and the regulatory mechanism remain unknown. (imrpress.com)
We identified 34 endocytic membrane receptors and 10 regulating proteins in clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CDE), a major process of membrane receptor internalization. (imrpress.com)
Endocytosis is called the process by which cells incorporate into them molecules, large or small, that are covered by a membrane vesicle. (lifestylemommy.me)
The purpose of endocytosis is to regulate the interaction of cells, as well as the composition of lipids and proteins of the plasma membrane. (lifestylemommy.me)
Caveolin-mediated endocytosis: these are small invaginations that occur in the plasma membrane and their process is controlled by GTAase signaling complexes. (lifestylemommy.me)
As already explained, endocytosis is the process that allows various molecules to be incorporated into cells through membrane vesicles. (lifestylemommy.me)
The Euresco/EMBL sponsored meeting on 'Membrane Dynamics in Endocytosis' took place on 6-11 October in Tomar, Portugal. (elsevier.com)
Schmid, SL & Sorkin, AD 2002, ' Days and Knights discussing membrane dynamics in endocytosis: Meeting report from the Euresco/EMBL Membrane Dynamics in Endocytosis, 6-11 October in Tomar, Portugal ', Traffic , vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 77-85. (elsevier.com)
Plasma Membrane Multiple Choice Questions and Answers (MCQs) , Exocytosis and Endocytosis quiz questions for online MCAT classes. (mcqslearn.com)
When vesicles in cytoplasm combines with plasma membrane excreting hormones and other materials out of cell than this process is called' MCQ PDF: exocytosis and endocytosis with choices exocytosis, endocytosis, excretion, and engulfing for online MCAT classes. (mcqslearn.com)
The ability of receptor complexes to undergo ligand-mediated endocytosis was evaluated by using membrane fractionation and fluorescence microscopy. (umassmed.edu)
The process of endocytosis describes the internalization and subsequent transport of plasma membrane components and extracellular material. (edu.vn)
The studies presented in this work focus on identifying novel proteins involved in endocytosis and characterizing their role in membrane trafficking. (edu.vn)
Together, these studies have revealed previously unknown roles for proteins in endocytosis that demonstrate the myriad interconnections within membrane trafficking pathways and between processes, such as endocytosis and cell polarity, that are necessary for cell physiology. (edu.vn)
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the main route of internalization from the plasma membrane. (rcsb.org)
While important little elements, such as amino acids, ions and sugars, can navigate the plasma membrane layer through the actions of membrane layer stations or transporters, macromolecules must end up being transported into cells by endocytosis. (antiviralbiologic.com)
2015). This endosomal luminal low pH is vital for intracellular membrane site visitors, cytosolic pH upkeep, protein degradation and receptor-mediated endocytosis (Cotter et al. (achengula.com)
TORC2 has been found to regulate cell polarity, endocytosis, and actin polymerization in response to external stimuli, and studies have shown that the localization of TORC2 to the plasma membrane is essential for the complex's function. (berkeley.edu)
Mechanochemical feedback control of dynamin independent endocytosis modulates membrane tension in adherent cells. (ccamp.res.in)
The absence of this cluster results in the relocalization of Us9 to the plasma membrane due to a defect in endocytosis. (vetres.org)
However, mutants lacking the Us9 dileucine motif required for efficient endocytosis from the plasma membrane have wild type spread and virulence in the rat eye infection model. (vetres.org)
The condition seems to be caused by anomalies in the endocytosis of membrane components towards the lysosomes. (cdc.gov)
Adaptor protein 2 (AP2), a heterotetrameric complex comprising AP2α, AP2β2, AP2μ2 and AP2σ2 subunits, is ubiquitously expressed and involved in endocytosis and trafficking of membrane proteins, such as the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a G-protein coupled receptor that signals via Gα11. (birmingham.ac.uk)

The endocytic pathway consists of phagocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CvME), lipid-mediated endocytosis, clathrin- and caveolin-independent receptor mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis (Li et al. (achengula.com)
The lysosomes are aimed for the digestion of the macromolecules from phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy. (blurtit.com)

We found that GlENTHp (for G. lamblia ENTH protein) localized in the cytosol, strongly interacted with PI3,4,5P3, was associated with the alpha subunit of AP-2, clathrin and ubiquitin and was involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. (conicet.gov.ar)
We have isolated three independent Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants (B3853, I223, and M311) with temperature-sensitive, pleiotropic defects in receptor-mediated endocytosis. (rupress.org)
Signal propagation through a WNT-Frizzled/LRP receptor complex requires proteins necessary for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). (duke.edu)
In this study, we established database mining strategies to explore mechanisms underlying receptor-related endocytosis. (imrpress.com)
We conclude that Carom may mediate receptor endocytosis and transport endocytic receptors to the cytoplasm for receptor signaling and lysosome/proteasome degradation, or to the nucleus for RNA processing, gene transcription and DNA repair. (imrpress.com)
The ubiquitin-like protein PLIC-2 is a negative regulator of G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis. (cmu.edu)
Protein Linking IAP to Cytoskeleton (PLIC)-2 overexpression delayed ligand-induced endocytosis of two GPCRs: the V2 vasopressin receptor and beta-2 adrenergic receptor, without affecting endocytosis of the transferrin or epidermal growth factor receptor. (cmu.edu)
The closely related isoform PLIC-1 did not affect receptor endocytosis. (cmu.edu)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis: it is a mechanism by which a set of selected molecules are incorporated into cells. (lifestylemommy.me)
We have studied the process of transferrin endocytosis in human erythromyeloid cell line K562 using fluorescein (FL) and rhodamine (RD) labeled iron‐saturated transferrin (FeTF), and a fluorescein labeled monoclonal antibody to the transferrin receptor (FL‐mAB). (elsevier.com)
These studies support the concept that a specific trigger is required for transferrin receptor endocytosis. (elsevier.com)
100-kDa polypeptides in peripheral clathrin-coated vesicles are required for receptor-mediated endocytosis. (harvard.edu)
Recovery of ethanol-induced impairments in receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoorosomucoid in isolated rat hepatocytes. (nebraska.edu)
Dive into the research topics of 'Recovery of ethanol-induced impairments in receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoorosomucoid in isolated rat hepatocytes. (nebraska.edu)
Endocytosis of the Ang ll-bound receptor not only desensitizes AT1R signaling from the cell surface but also activates specific intracellular signaling pathways. (grantome.com)
Clarifying the events that ensue will potentially suggest approaches for novel therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases related to AT1R dysfunction, and will provide new insights into the mechanism underlying receptor endocytosis in general. (grantome.com)
Scavenger receptor B1 facilitates the endocytosis of Escherichia coli via TLR4 signaling in mammary gland infection. (bvsalud.org)
We further find that giant ankyrin-G promotes GABAergic synapse stability through opposing endocytosis of GABA A receptors, and requires a newly described interaction with GABARAP, a GABA A receptor-associated protein. (elsevier.com)
Factor V endocytosis by megakaryocytes is specific, clathrin-dependent, and mediated by a two receptor system. (uvm.edu)

We found that F-BAR protein FCHSD2 (Carom) may facilitate endocytosis via 9 endocytic partners. (imrpress.com)
SPHK1 is also targeted to physiologically occurring early endocytic intermediates, and is highly enriched in nerve terminals, which are cellular compartments specialized for exo/endocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Inactivation of Tor proteins affects the dynamics of endocytic proteins in early stage of endocytosis. (who.int)
Taken together, both functional Tor proteins, Tor1 and Tor2, are essentially required for proper endocytic protein dynamics at the early stage of endocytosis. (who.int)
An in vitro endocytosis assay was adapted for use with yeast cytosol, in order to provide a biochemical method for identifying proteins required for the internalization of coated pits or endocytic vesicles. (edu.vn)
Endocytosis utilizes multiple endocytic paths for different types of packages subdivided into clathrin-independent and clathrin-dependent tracks [1]. (antiviralbiologic.com)

Abstract: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a conserved process utilised by metazoans and fungi for the internalisation of cell surface receptors into vesicles upon ligand binding. (dur.ac.uk)
The activity of many signaling receptors is regulated by their endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). (cmu.edu)
For G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), recruitment of the adaptor protein arrestin to activated receptors is thought to be sufficient to drive GPCR clustering in CCPs and subsequent endocytosis. (cmu.edu)
SCARB1 belongs to class B of Scavenger receptors (SRs) that are known to be involved in binding and endocytosis of various pathogens. (bvsalud.org)
Another important therapeutic strategy is established on the administration of HMGB1 antagonists precluding RAGE-mediated endocytosis of HMGB1 and HMGB1-bound molecules capable of activating intracellular cognate receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Mutant receptors that fail to bind alpha-factor (Ste2-S184R) or lack the endocytosis signal (Ste2-T326) became competent for ligand-mediated endocytosis when they were expressed in cells containing wild-type receptors. (umassmed.edu)
We conclude that alpha-factor receptors form homo-oligomers and that these complexes are subject to ligand-mediated endocytosis. (umassmed.edu)
Furthermore, we show for the first time that unoccupied receptors participate in these endocytosis-competent complexes. (umassmed.edu)

ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis. (bvsalud.org)

This preprint investigates the roles of dynamin in regulating early stages of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (biologists.com)
A selective activity-dependent requirement for dynamin 1 in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)
Dynamin 1 is a neuron-specific guanosine triphosphatase thought to be critically required for the fission reaction of synaptic vesicle endocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)
Thus, dynamin 1-independent mechanisms can support limited synaptic vesicle endocytosis, but dynamin 1 is needed during high levels of neuronal activity. (ox.ac.uk)

Synaptic vesicle endocytosis was severely impaired during strong exogenous stimulation but resumed efficiently when the stimulus was terminated. (ox.ac.uk)

Independently inhibiting clathrin-and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, as well as macropinocytosis significantly decreased intracellular delivery of 4.4-to 500-kDa dextrans. (rug.nl)

This domain is present in the epsin or epsin-related (epsinR) adaptor proteins, which are implicated in endocytosis and Golgi-to-endosome protein trafficking, respectively, in other eukaryotic cells. (conicet.gov.ar)

Exocytosis and Endocytosis Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ), Exocytosis and Endocytosis quiz answers PDF to study mcat biology online course for mcat biology classes. (mcqslearn.com)
Exocytosis and Endocytosis ' Book PDF: passive transport, composition of membranes, exocytosis and endocytosis, membranes structure test prep for online assessment test for jobs. (mcqslearn.com)
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In the protozoa parasite Giardia lamblia, endocytosis and lysosomal protein trafficking are vital parasite-specific processes that involve the action of the adaptor complexes AP-1 and AP-2 and clathrin. (conicet.gov.ar)
Notably, LRP-1-mediated endocytosis of ADAMTS-5 is impaired in chondrocytes of OA cartilage, with ∼90% reduction in protein levels of LRP-1 without changes in its mRNA levels. (ox.ac.uk)
We have identified an unprecedented role for the ubiquitin-like protein PLIC-2 as a negative regulator of GPCR endocytosis. (cmu.edu)
Endocytosis requires the coordinated activity of many protein factors, and the specific mechanisms employed by the cell for internalization remain only partially understood. (edu.vn)

Ribosomes were incorporated into cells through trypsin-activated endocytosis and generated cell clusters that were similar to embryoid bodies. (nature.com)
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis: It is generated in all mammalian cells. (lifestylemommy.me)
We study endocytosis - the process by which cells absorb substances from outside by engulfing them in a vesicle. (zeriallab.org)
Knockdown also affected the endocytosis of E.coli in GMECs demonstrating that E.coli uses SCARB1 function to gain entry in cells . (bvsalud.org)
100-fold higher than plasma factor The entire platelet-derived factor Va pool originates via endocytosis of the procofactor, factor V, from plasma by megakaryocytes, the platelet precursor cells. (uvm.edu)
One of the vital steps in both types of cells is the process of endocytosis. (cuni.cz)
Expression of phosphatidylserine on live tumor cells mediated their recognition and endocytosis by DC resulting in the presentation of tumor antigens to antigen-specific T cells. (cdc.gov)
The different pathways of endocytosis share an initial step involving local back to the inside curvature of the cells lipid bilayer. (antiviralbiologic.com)
Nevertheless, the different paths of endocytosis talk about an preliminary stage regarding regional back to the inside curvature transformation of the cells lipid bilayer [2]. (antiviralbiologic.com)
On the basis of our longitudinal study, this surface reaction appears to peak at approximately 10 days after trauma and may indicate that the inner sulcus cells are extremely active in the endocytosis of cellular debris. (cdc.gov)
The great diversity in actin network architectures and dynamics is exploited by cells to drive fundamental biological processes, including cell migration, endocytosis, and cell division. (jbc.org)
A specialized tyrosine-based endocytosis signal in MR1 controls antigen presentation to MAIT cells. (technologynetworks.com)

Our results show for the first time that sst1 mediates a dynamic process of endocytosis, recycling, and re-endocytosis of its cognate ligand. (reading.ac.uk)

The role of the 100-kDa polypeptide components of clathrin-coated vesicles in endocytosis was investigated by microinjection of specific monoclonal antibodies. (harvard.edu)
The existence of clathrin- and caveolin-independent forms of endocytosis raises the relevant question of how these vesicles are actually formed. (antiviralbiologic.com)

In conclusion, these data demonstrate that endocytosis is a key mechanism in UMTD besides transient pore formation, with the contribution of endocytosis being dependent on molecular size. (rug.nl)

Since endocytosis and postendocytic endosomal trafficking are implicated in many physiologically important processes in neurons (e.g., axon outgrowth) as well as in disease, we need to understand how the neuron-specific machinery impinges on and interfaces with ubiquitously expressed endosomal regulators. (jneurosci.org)

LRP-1-mediated endocytosis regulates extracellular activity of ADAMTS-5 in articular cartilage. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, we report that post-translational endocytosis of ADAMTS-5 by chondrocytes regulates its extracellular activity. (ox.ac.uk)

Depletion of cellular PLIC-2 accelerated GPCR endocytosis, confirming its regulatory function at endogenous levels. (cmu.edu)
The endocytosis process is also necessary to give immune responses, for the development of intercellular communication and for the exchange of cellular signals to take place. (lifestylemommy.me)
In addition to triggering endocytosis, UMTD also evoked transient pore formation, as demonstrated by the influx of calcium ions and cellular release of preloaded dextrans after US and microbubble exposure. (rug.nl)
Importantly, their mutual interaction is required for many EGFR-mediated cellular functions including proliferation, migration, survival and EGFR endocytosis. (imrpress.com)

Because the number of cell surface binding sites did not change during prolonged stimulation, somatostatin-14 was internalized through a dynamic process of continuous endocytosis, recycling, and recruitment of intracellularly present sst1-HSV. (reading.ac.uk)
In this model, Sna cell-autonomously represses sim expression in the mesoderm and relieves Su(H)-dependent repression in a cell non-autonomous fashion by promoting the Neur-dependent endocytosis of Delta in the mesoderm. (pasteur.fr)
Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants with temperature-sensitive defects in endocytosis. (rupress.org)
Numerous ribosomes are incorporated into both the cytoplasm and nucleus through trypsin-activated endocytosis, which leads to cell-cluster formation. (nature.com)
First, the toxin enters the cell by way of endocytosis, through a coated pit on the cell's surface. (cdc.gov)
They do things like break down bacteria through a process called endocytosis, or cell eating. (chewdigest.com)
We used a combination of apoptosis assays, cell cycle assays, tissue distribution studies, cell endocytosis, transwell invasion assays, and immunoblotting to evaluate the characteristics of [email protected] as a drug delivery system. (ejbiotechnology.cl)

Together, these data indicated uptake of molecules via endocytosis after UMTD. (rug.nl)
Involvement of endocytosis in uptake of phosphatidylserine-coated single-walled cargon nanotubes by RAW 264.7 macrophages. (cdc.gov)

The hypothesis of this proposal, based on our published work and preliminary evidence, is that PLD2-generated PA plays a central signaling role in regulation of AT1R endocytosis and signaling. (grantome.com)

That is called pinocytosis, sometimes called fluid-endocytosis. (chewdigest.com)

Interestingly, the Neur-mediated endocytosis of Delta has recently been shown to be sufficient for the non-autonomous activation of Notch target genes in wing imaginal discs. (pasteur.fr)
Impact of Multiple Sclerosis Risk Polymorphism rs7665090 on MANBA Activity, Lysosomal Endocytosis, and Lymphocyte Activation. (cdc.gov)

In this work, nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was used as a model organism to characterize new regulator of the Wnt signalling pathway which acts at the level of endocytosis. (cuni.cz)

transcription cleaves an abundant endocytosis rate learned on the transport of grayed forces. (erik-mill.de)

In specific aim 1, we will test the hypothesis that PLD2 facilitates AT1R endocytosis by regulating spatiotemporal dynamics of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate {PI(4,5)P2}, which is an essential phospholipid in endocytosis. (grantome.com)

Viral mutants lacking the highly conserved Us9 acidic motif required for endocytosis and trans -Golgi network targeting are defective for directional spread in the rat visual system. (vetres.org)

Endocytosis and exocytosis are two different processes. (lifestylemommy.me)

We hypothesized that endocytosis and pore formation are involved during US and microbubble targeted delivery (UMTD) of therapeutic compounds. (rug.nl)

We also have investigated the role of a dileucine endocytosis signal in the Us9 cytoplasmic tail in the recycling and retention of Us9 to the TGN region. (vetres.org)

Coupling between endocytosis and sphingosine kinase 1 recruitment. (ox.ac.uk)

Here we demonstrate that synaptojanin-1, and its partner endophilin-A, function in ultrafast endocytosis. (elsevier.com)

The endocytosis of Delta is only seen in the mesoderm and requires the activity of the sna and neuralized (neur) genes. (pasteur.fr)
Bearded family members inhibit Neuralized-mediated endocytosis and signaling activity of Delta in Drosophila. (semanticscholar.org)

Where does the endocytosis and exocytosis occur in the animation? (hindsightbiased.com)

This differential interaction may underlie PLIC-2 specific effect on GPCR endocytosis. (cmu.edu)

Anatomy24

Organisms4

Chemicals and Drugs74

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes27

Information Science2

Health Care1

Endocytosis: EH domains lend a hand. (1/10563)

Arrestin function in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis requires phosphoinositide binding. (2/10563)

A cytomegalovirus glycoprotein re-routes MHC class I complexes to lysosomes for degradation. (3/10563)

The optically determined size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool correlates with the quantal content at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae. (4/10563)

Identification of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2/megalin as an endocytic receptor for seminal vesicle secretory protein II. (5/10563)

5'-Nucleotidase activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. II. Cellular distribution and effects of endocytosis. (6/10563)

PETA-3/CD151, a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, is localised to the plasma membrane and endocytic system of endothelial cells, associates with multiple integrins and modulates cell function. (7/10563)

CFTR channel insertion to the apical surface in rat duodenal villus epithelial cells is upregulated by VIP in vivo. (8/10563)

Endocytosis

Clathrin

Dynamins

Clathrin-Coated Vesicles

Endosomes

Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane

Dynamin I

Adaptor Protein Complex 2

Dynamin II

Transferrin

Cell Membrane

rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins

Protein Transport

Caveolae

Clathrin Heavy Chains

Pinocytosis

Lysosomes

Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2

Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport

Cell Line

Receptors, Transferrin

Synaptic Vesicles

Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits

Exocytosis

Pyridinium Compounds

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Transport Vesicles

Arrestins

Cells, Cultured

GTP Phosphohydrolases

Receptors, Cell Surface

Protein Binding

Signal Transduction

Membrane Proteins

Microscopy, Confocal

Biological Transport

Actins

Horseradish Peroxidase

Chlorpromazine

Caveolin 1

Mutation

Vesicular Transport Proteins

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Hydrazones

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

HeLa Cells

Filipin

Transfection

Adaptor Protein Complex mu Subunits

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Virus Internalization

Cricetinae

Kinetics

Membrane Microdomains

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Asialoglycoprotein Receptor

Microscopy, Electron

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Asialoglycoproteins

rab GTP-Binding Proteins

COS Cells

CHO Cells

Vacuoles

Auxilins

Models, Biological

Carrier Proteins

Fluorescent Dyes

Amino Acid Motifs

Clathrin Light Chains

Monomeric Clathrin Assembly Proteins

Cell Polarity

Receptors, Mating Factor

Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport

Cercopithecus aethiops

Cell Compartmentation

Ligands

Caveolins

Dynamin III

Biotinylation