Encyclopedias as Topic
Encyclopedias
Molecular Sequence Annotation
Transcriptome
Gene Ontology
MedlinePlus
Gene Expression Profiling
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Internet
Expressed Sequence Tags
Computational Biology
Databases, Factual
Genome, Human
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Genome
Gene Regulatory Networks
Software
Information Storage and Retrieval
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Databases, Nucleic Acid
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Gene Library
User-Computer Interface
Sequence Analysis, RNA
Computer Graphics
Databases, Protein
Cluster Analysis
Genome-Wide Association Study
Signal Transduction
Interpreting hypernymic propositions in an online medical encyclopedia. (1/29)
Interpretation of semantic propositions from bio-medical texts documents would provide valuable support to natural language processing (NLP) applications. We are developing a methodology to interpret a kind of semantic proposition, the hypernymic proposition, in MEDLINE abstracts. In this paper, we expanded the system to identify these structures in a different discourse domain: the Medical Encyclopedia from the National Library of Medi-cine's MEDLINEplus Website. (+info)Medical textbook summarization and guided navigation using statistical sentence extraction. (2/29)
We present a method for automated medical textbook and encyclopedia summarization. Using statistical sentence extraction and semantic relationships, we extract sentences from text returned as part of an existing textbook search (similar to a book index). Our system guides users to the information they desire by summarizing the content of each relevant chapter or section returned in the search. The summary is tailored to contain sentences that specifically address the user's search terms. Our clustering method selects sentences that contain concepts specifically addressing the context of the query term in each of the returned sections. Our method examines conceptual relationships from the UMLS and selects clusters of concepts using Expectation Maximization (EM). Sentences associated with the concept clusters are shown to the user. We evaluated whether our extracted summary provides a suitable answer to the user's question. (+info)Xanthusbase: adapting wikipedia principles to a model organism database. (3/29)
xanthusBase (http://www.xanthusbase.org) is the official model organism database (MOD) for the social bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. In many respects, M.xanthus represents the pioneer model organism (MO) for studying the genetic, biochemical, and mechanistic basis of prokaryotic multicellularity, a topic that has garnered considerable attention due to the significance of biofilms in both basic and applied microbiology research. To facilitate its utility, the design of xanthusBase incorporates open-source software, leveraging the cumulative experience made available through the Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) project, MediaWiki (http://www.mediawiki.org), and dictyBase (http://www.dictybase.org), to create a MOD that is both highly useful and easily navigable. In addition, we have incorporated a unique Wikipedia-style curation model which exploits the internet's inherent interactivity, thus enabling M.xanthus and other myxobacterial researchers to contribute directly toward the ongoing genome annotation. (+info)Detection of the inferred interaction network in hepatocellular carcinoma from EHCO (Encyclopedia of Hepatocellular Carcinoma genes Online). (4/29)
BACKGROUND: The significant advances in microarray and proteomics analyses have resulted in an exponential increase in potential new targets and have promised to shed light on the identification of disease markers and cellular pathways. We aim to collect and decipher the HCC-related genes at the systems level. RESULTS: Here, we build an integrative platform, the Encyclopedia of Hepatocellular Carcinoma genes Online, dubbed EHCO http://ehco.iis.sinica.edu.tw, to systematically collect, organize and compare the pileup of unsorted HCC-related studies by using natural language processing and softbots. Among the eight gene set collections, ranging across PubMed, SAGE, microarray, and proteomics data, there are 2,906 genes in total; however, more than 77% genes are only included once, suggesting that tremendous efforts need to be exerted to characterize the relationship between HCC and these genes. Of these HCC inventories, protein binding represents the largest proportion (~25%) from Gene Ontology analysis. In fact, many differentially expressed gene sets in EHCO could form interaction networks (e.g. HBV-associated HCC network) by using available human protein-protein interaction datasets. To further highlight the potential new targets in the inferred network from EHCO, we combine comparative genomics and interactomics approaches to analyze 120 evolutionary conserved and overexpressed genes in HCC. 47 out of 120 queries can form a highly interactive network with 18 queries serving as hubs. CONCLUSION: This architectural map may represent the first step toward the attempt to decipher the hepatocarcinogenesis at the systems level. Targeting hubs and/or disruption of the network formation might reveal novel strategy for HCC treatment. (+info)The library without walls: images, medical dictionaries, atlases, medical encyclopedias free on web. (5/29)
The aim of this article was to present the ''reference room'' of the Internet, a real library without walls. The reader will find medical encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, e-books, images, and will also learn something useful about the use and reuse of images in a text and in a web site, according to the copyright law. (+info)SuperSite: dictionary of metabolite and drug binding sites in proteins. (6/29)
(+info)An evaluation of medical knowledge contained in Wikipedia and its use in the LOINC database. (7/29)
(+info)Wikipedia and osteosarcoma: a trustworthy patients' information? (8/29)
(+info)An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Encyclopedias" is not a medical term or concept. An encyclopedia is a reference work or a set of such works containing information on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. It provides comprehensive and summarized knowledge on a wide range of subjects, including science, history, literature, art, and more. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help!
Molecular sequence annotation is the process of identifying and describing the characteristics, functional elements, and relevant information of a DNA, RNA, or protein sequence at the molecular level. This process involves marking the location and function of various features such as genes, regulatory regions, coding and non-coding sequences, intron-exon boundaries, promoters, introns, untranslated regions (UTRs), binding sites for proteins or other molecules, and post-translational modifications in a given molecular sequence.
The annotation can be manual, where experts curate and analyze the data to predict features based on biological knowledge and experimental evidence. Alternatively, computational methods using various bioinformatics tools and algorithms can be employed for automated annotation. These tools often rely on comparative analysis, pattern recognition, and machine learning techniques to identify conserved sequence patterns, motifs, or domains that are associated with specific functions.
The annotated molecular sequences serve as valuable resources in genomic and proteomic studies, contributing to the understanding of gene function, evolutionary relationships, disease associations, and biotechnological applications.
A genetic database is a type of biomedical or health informatics database that stores and organizes genetic data, such as DNA sequences, gene maps, genotypes, haplotypes, and phenotype information. These databases can be used for various purposes, including research, clinical diagnosis, and personalized medicine.
There are different types of genetic databases, including:
1. Genomic databases: These databases store whole genome sequences, gene expression data, and other genomic information. Examples include the National Center for Biotechnology Information's (NCBI) GenBank, the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA), and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ).
2. Gene databases: These databases contain information about specific genes, including their location, function, regulation, and evolution. Examples include the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), and the Gene Ontology (GO) database.
3. Variant databases: These databases store information about genetic variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions/deletions (INDELs), and copy number variations (CNVs). Examples include the Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP), the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC), and the International HapMap Project.
4. Clinical databases: These databases contain genetic and clinical information about patients, such as their genotype, phenotype, family history, and response to treatments. Examples include the ClinVar database, the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB), and the Genetic Testing Registry (GTR).
5. Population databases: These databases store genetic information about different populations, including their ancestry, demographics, and genetic diversity. Examples include the 1000 Genomes Project, the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), and the Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND).
Genetic databases can be publicly accessible or restricted to authorized users, depending on their purpose and content. They play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of genetics and genomics, as well as improving healthcare and personalized medicine.
The transcriptome refers to the complete set of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and other non-coding RNAs, that are present in a cell or a population of cells at a given point in time. It reflects the genetic activity and provides information about which genes are being actively transcribed and to what extent. The transcriptome can vary under different conditions, such as during development, in response to environmental stimuli, or in various diseases, making it an important area of study in molecular biology and personalized medicine.
Gene Ontology (GO) is not a medical term, but rather a bioinformatics term used to describe a controlled vocabulary or ontology for describing molecular functions, biological processes, and cellular components in which genes and gene products are involved. It provides a standardized way to represent and share information about gene function across different species.
The GO ontology is organized as a directed acyclic graph (DAG), where each term has defined relationships with other terms, allowing for the representation of complex biological concepts. The GO terms can be used to describe molecular functions such as enzymatic activities or binding interactions, biological processes such as metabolic pathways or signal transduction cascades, and cellular components such as organelles or subcellular structures.
GO analysis is a common approach in bioinformatics for interpreting large-scale genomic data, such as microarray or next-generation sequencing experiments, to identify genes that are involved in specific biological processes or molecular functions of interest.
MedlinePlus is not a medical term, but rather a consumer health website that provides high-quality, accurate, and reliable health information, written in easy-to-understand language. It is produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the world's largest medical library, and is widely recognized as a trusted source of health information.
MedlinePlus offers information on various health topics, including conditions, diseases, tests, treatments, and wellness. It also provides access to drug information, medical dictionary, and encyclopedia, as well as links to clinical trials, medical news, and patient organizations. The website is available in both English and Spanish and can be accessed for free.
Gene expression profiling is a laboratory technique used to measure the activity (expression) of thousands of genes at once. This technique allows researchers and clinicians to identify which genes are turned on or off in a particular cell, tissue, or organism under specific conditions, such as during health, disease, development, or in response to various treatments.
The process typically involves isolating RNA from the cells or tissues of interest, converting it into complementary DNA (cDNA), and then using microarray or high-throughput sequencing technologies to determine which genes are expressed and at what levels. The resulting data can be used to identify patterns of gene expression that are associated with specific biological states or processes, providing valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of diseases and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
In recent years, gene expression profiling has become an essential tool in various fields, including cancer research, drug discovery, and personalized medicine, where it is used to identify biomarkers of disease, predict patient outcomes, and guide treatment decisions.
Metabolic networks and pathways refer to the complex interconnected series of biochemical reactions that occur within cells to maintain life. These reactions are catalyzed by enzymes and are responsible for the conversion of nutrients into energy, as well as the synthesis and breakdown of various molecules required for cellular function.
A metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions that occur in a specific order, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different enzyme. These pathways are often interconnected, forming a larger network of interactions known as a metabolic network.
Metabolic networks can be represented as complex diagrams or models, which show the relationships between different pathways and the flow of matter and energy through the system. These networks can help researchers to understand how cells regulate their metabolism in response to changes in their environment, and how disruptions to these networks can lead to disease.
Some common examples of metabolic pathways include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and the pentose phosphate pathway. Each of these pathways plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and providing energy for cellular functions.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Internet" is a term that pertains to the global network of interconnected computers and servers that enable the transmission and reception of data via the internet protocol (IP). It is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!
Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) are short, single-pass DNA sequences that are derived from cDNA libraries. They represent a quick and cost-effective method for large-scale sequencing of gene transcripts and provide an unbiased view of the genes being actively expressed in a particular tissue or developmental stage. ESTs can be used to identify and study new genes, to analyze patterns of gene expression, and to develop molecular markers for genetic mapping and genome analysis.
Computational biology is a branch of biology that uses mathematical and computational methods to study biological data, models, and processes. It involves the development and application of algorithms, statistical models, and computational approaches to analyze and interpret large-scale molecular and phenotypic data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other high-throughput technologies. The goal is to gain insights into biological systems and processes, develop predictive models, and inform experimental design and hypothesis testing in the life sciences. Computational biology encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including bioinformatics, systems biology, computational genomics, network biology, and mathematical modeling of biological systems.
Genomics is the scientific study of genes and their functions. It involves the sequencing and analysis of an organism's genome, which is its complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Genomics also includes the study of how genes interact with each other and with the environment. This field of study can provide important insights into the genetic basis of diseases and can lead to the development of new diagnostic tools and treatments.
A factual database in the medical context is a collection of organized and structured data that contains verified and accurate information related to medicine, healthcare, or health sciences. These databases serve as reliable resources for various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and patients, to access evidence-based information for making informed decisions and enhancing knowledge.
Examples of factual medical databases include:
1. PubMed: A comprehensive database of biomedical literature maintained by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM). It contains citations and abstracts from life sciences journals, books, and conference proceedings.
2. MEDLINE: A subset of PubMed, MEDLINE focuses on high-quality, peer-reviewed articles related to biomedicine and health. It is the primary component of the NLM's database and serves as a critical resource for healthcare professionals and researchers worldwide.
3. Cochrane Library: A collection of systematic reviews and meta-analyses focused on evidence-based medicine. The library aims to provide unbiased, high-quality information to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes.
4. OVID: A platform that offers access to various medical and healthcare databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. It facilitates the search and retrieval of relevant literature for researchers, clinicians, and students.
5. ClinicalTrials.gov: A registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies conducted around the world. The platform aims to increase transparency and accessibility of clinical trial data for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients.
6. UpToDate: An evidence-based, physician-authored clinical decision support resource that provides information on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of medical conditions. It serves as a point-of-care tool for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions and improve patient care.
7. TRIP Database: A search engine designed to facilitate evidence-based medicine by providing quick access to high-quality resources, including systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and practice recommendations.
8. National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC): A database of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and related documents developed through a rigorous review process. The NGC aims to provide clinicians, healthcare providers, and policymakers with reliable guidance for patient care.
9. DrugBank: A comprehensive, freely accessible online database containing detailed information about drugs, their mechanisms, interactions, and targets. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students in the field of pharmacology and drug discovery.
10. Genetic Testing Registry (GTR): A database that provides centralized information about genetic tests, test developers, laboratories offering tests, and clinical validity and utility of genetic tests. It serves as a resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients to make informed decisions regarding genetic testing.
A human genome is the complete set of genetic information contained within the 23 pairs of chromosomes found in the nucleus of most human cells. It includes all of the genes, which are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins, as well as non-coding regions of DNA that regulate gene expression and provide structural support to the chromosomes.
The human genome contains approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA and is estimated to contain around 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The sequencing of the human genome was completed in 2003 as part of the Human Genome Project, which has had a profound impact on our understanding of human biology, disease, and evolution.
High-throughput nucleotide sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing (NGS), refers to a group of technologies that allow for the rapid and parallel determination of nucleotide sequences of DNA or RNA molecules. These techniques enable the sequencing of large numbers of DNA or RNA fragments simultaneously, resulting in the generation of vast amounts of sequence data in a single run.
High-throughput sequencing has revolutionized genomics research by allowing for the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes, transcriptomes, and epigenomes. It has numerous applications in basic research, including genome assembly, gene expression analysis, variant detection, and methylation profiling, as well as in clinical settings, such as diagnosis of genetic diseases, identification of pathogens, and monitoring of cancer progression and treatment response.
Some common high-throughput sequencing platforms include Illumina (sequencing by synthesis), Ion Torrent (semiconductor sequencing), Pacific Biosciences (single molecule real-time sequencing), and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (nanopore sequencing). Each platform has its strengths and limitations, and the choice of technology depends on the specific research question and experimental design.
A genome is the complete set of genetic material (DNA, or in some viruses, RNA) present in a single cell of an organism. It includes all of the genes, both coding and noncoding, as well as other regulatory elements that together determine the unique characteristics of that organism. The human genome, for example, contains approximately 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.
The term "genome" was first coined by Hans Winkler in 1920, derived from the word "gene" and the suffix "-ome," which refers to a complete set of something. The study of genomes is known as genomics.
Understanding the genome can provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of diseases, evolution, and other biological processes. With advancements in sequencing technologies, it has become possible to determine the entire genomic sequence of many organisms, including humans, and use this information for various applications such as personalized medicine, gene therapy, and biotechnology.
Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs) are complex systems of molecular interactions that regulate the expression of genes within an organism. These networks consist of various types of regulatory elements, including transcription factors, enhancers, promoters, and silencers, which work together to control when, where, and to what extent a gene is expressed.
In GRNs, transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences in the regulatory regions of target genes, either activating or repressing their transcription into messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is influenced by various intracellular and extracellular signals that modulate the activity of transcription factors, allowing for precise regulation of gene expression in response to changing environmental conditions.
The structure and behavior of GRNs can be represented as a network of nodes (genes) and edges (regulatory interactions), with the strength and directionality of these interactions determined by the specific molecular mechanisms involved. Understanding the organization and dynamics of GRNs is crucial for elucidating the underlying causes of various biological processes, including development, differentiation, homeostasis, and disease.
I am not aware of a widely accepted medical definition for the term "software," as it is more commonly used in the context of computer science and technology. Software refers to programs, data, and instructions that are used by computers to perform various tasks. It does not have direct relevance to medical fields such as anatomy, physiology, or clinical practice. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help with those instead!
'Information Storage and Retrieval' in the context of medical informatics refers to the processes and systems used for the recording, storing, organizing, protecting, and retrieving electronic health information (e.g., patient records, clinical data, medical images) for various purposes such as diagnosis, treatment planning, research, and education. This may involve the use of electronic health record (EHR) systems, databases, data warehouses, and other digital technologies that enable healthcare providers to access and share accurate, up-to-date, and relevant information about a patient's health status, medical history, and care plan. The goal is to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and coordination of healthcare delivery by providing timely and evidence-based information to support clinical decision-making and patient engagement.
DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.
The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.
In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.
A nucleic acid database is a type of biological database that contains sequence, structure, and functional information about nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. These databases are used in various fields of biology, including genomics, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, to store, search, and analyze nucleic acid data.
Some common types of nucleic acid databases include:
1. Nucleotide sequence databases: These databases contain the primary nucleotide sequences of DNA and RNA molecules from various organisms. Examples include GenBank, EMBL-Bank, and DDBJ.
2. Structure databases: These databases contain three-dimensional structures of nucleic acids determined by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Examples include the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the Nucleic Acid Database (NDB).
3. Functional databases: These databases contain information about the functions of nucleic acids, such as their roles in gene regulation, transcription, and translation. Examples include the Gene Ontology (GO) database and the RegulonDB.
4. Genome databases: These databases contain genomic data for various organisms, including whole-genome sequences, gene annotations, and genetic variations. Examples include the Human Genome Database (HGD) and the Ensembl Genome Browser.
5. Comparative databases: These databases allow for the comparison of nucleic acid sequences or structures across different species or conditions. Examples include the Comparative RNA Web (CRW) Site and the Sequence Alignment and Modeling (SAM) system.
Nucleic acid databases are essential resources for researchers to study the structure, function, and evolution of nucleic acids, as well as to develop new tools and methods for analyzing and interpreting nucleic acid data.
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis is a type of microarray analysis that allows for the simultaneous measurement of the expression levels of thousands of genes in a single sample. In this technique, oligonucleotides (short DNA sequences) are attached to a solid support, such as a glass slide, in a specific pattern. These oligonucleotides are designed to be complementary to specific target mRNA sequences from the sample being analyzed.
During the analysis, labeled RNA or cDNA from the sample is hybridized to the oligonucleotide array. The level of hybridization is then measured and used to determine the relative abundance of each target sequence in the sample. This information can be used to identify differences in gene expression between samples, which can help researchers understand the underlying biological processes involved in various diseases or developmental stages.
It's important to note that this technique requires specialized equipment and bioinformatics tools for data analysis, as well as careful experimental design and validation to ensure accurate and reproducible results.
A "gene library" is not a recognized term in medical genetics or molecular biology. However, the closest concept that might be referred to by this term is a "genomic library," which is a collection of DNA clones that represent the entire genetic material of an organism. These libraries are used for various research purposes, such as identifying and studying specific genes or gene functions.
A User-Computer Interface (also known as Human-Computer Interaction) refers to the point at which a person (user) interacts with a computer system. This can include both hardware and software components, such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The design of the user-computer interface is crucial in determining the usability and accessibility of a computer system for the user. A well-designed interface should be intuitive, efficient, and easy to use, minimizing the cognitive load on the user and allowing them to effectively accomplish their tasks.
RNA Sequence Analysis is a branch of bioinformatics that involves the determination and analysis of the nucleotide sequence of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) molecules. This process includes identifying and characterizing the individual RNA molecules, determining their functions, and studying their evolutionary relationships.
RNA Sequence Analysis typically involves the use of high-throughput sequencing technologies to generate large datasets of RNA sequences, which are then analyzed using computational methods. The analysis may include comparing the sequences to reference databases to identify known RNA molecules or discovering new ones, identifying patterns and features in the sequences, such as motifs or domains, and predicting the secondary and tertiary structures of the RNA molecules.
RNA Sequence Analysis has many applications in basic research, including understanding gene regulation, identifying novel non-coding RNAs, and studying evolutionary relationships between organisms. It also has practical applications in clinical settings, such as diagnosing and monitoring diseases, developing new therapies, and personalized medicine.
Computer graphics is the field of study and practice related to creating images and visual content using computer technology. It involves various techniques, algorithms, and tools for generating, manipulating, and rendering digital images and models. These can include 2D and 3D modeling, animation, rendering, visualization, and image processing. Computer graphics is used in a wide range of applications, including video games, movies, scientific simulations, medical imaging, architectural design, and data visualization.
A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.
A protein database is a type of biological database that contains information about proteins and their structures, functions, sequences, and interactions with other molecules. These databases can include experimentally determined data, such as protein sequences derived from DNA sequencing or mass spectrometry, as well as predicted data based on computational methods.
Some examples of protein databases include:
1. UniProtKB: a comprehensive protein database that provides information about protein sequences, functions, and structures, as well as literature references and links to other resources.
2. PDB (Protein Data Bank): a database of three-dimensional protein structures determined by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
3. BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool): a web-based tool that allows users to compare a query protein sequence against a protein database to identify similar sequences and potential functional relationships.
4. InterPro: a database of protein families, domains, and functional sites that provides information about protein function based on sequence analysis and other data.
5. STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins): a database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions, including physical and functional associations.
Protein databases are essential tools in proteomics research, enabling researchers to study protein function, evolution, and interaction networks on a large scale.
Cluster analysis is a statistical method used to group similar objects or data points together based on their characteristics or features. In medical and healthcare research, cluster analysis can be used to identify patterns or relationships within complex datasets, such as patient records or genetic information. This technique can help researchers to classify patients into distinct subgroups based on their symptoms, diagnoses, or other variables, which can inform more personalized treatment plans or public health interventions.
Cluster analysis involves several steps, including:
1. Data preparation: The researcher must first collect and clean the data, ensuring that it is complete and free from errors. This may involve removing outlier values or missing data points.
2. Distance measurement: Next, the researcher must determine how to measure the distance between each pair of data points. Common methods include Euclidean distance (the straight-line distance between two points) or Manhattan distance (the distance between two points along a grid).
3. Clustering algorithm: The researcher then applies a clustering algorithm, which groups similar data points together based on their distances from one another. Common algorithms include hierarchical clustering (which creates a tree-like structure of clusters) or k-means clustering (which assigns each data point to the nearest centroid).
4. Validation: Finally, the researcher must validate the results of the cluster analysis by evaluating the stability and robustness of the clusters. This may involve re-running the analysis with different distance measures or clustering algorithms, or comparing the results to external criteria.
Cluster analysis is a powerful tool for identifying patterns and relationships within complex datasets, but it requires careful consideration of the data preparation, distance measurement, and validation steps to ensure accurate and meaningful results.
A Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) is an analytical approach used in genetic research to identify associations between genetic variants, typically Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), and specific traits or diseases across the entire genome. This method involves scanning the genomes of many individuals, usually thousands, to find genetic markers that occur more frequently in people with a particular disease or trait than in those without it.
The goal of a GWAS is to identify genetic loci (positions on chromosomes) associated with a trait or disease, which can help researchers understand the underlying genetic architecture and biological mechanisms contributing to the condition. It's important to note that while GWAS can identify associations between genetic variants and traits/diseases, these studies do not necessarily prove causation. Further functional validation studies are often required to confirm the role of identified genetic variants in the development or progression of a trait or disease.
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.
The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.
Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.
Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health
Encyclopedia of Earth
Lithuanian encyclopedias
Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential
Gynaecology
Encyclopedia of Mexico
Lan Caihe
Orogenic belt
Free trade
Trilobal
Moral development
Pauropoda
Chemical finishing of textiles
Kristallnacht
Bonobo
Boolean algebras canonically defined
Vietnamese Civil War of 1789-1802
Feminist views on transgender topics
Utopia
Ella Holmes White
Milk fever
Township
Tây Sơn wars
Pacifastacus fortis
France
Digital agriculture
Samuel Wilkeson Jr.
Biomarker
Maria d'Aragona
Richard L. T. Beale
IT Security encyclopedia part 3 best Topics
Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > List of finance...
Browse by Topic | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
Poultry Topics 1907-11
Transcranial Doppler ultrasound: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Miscarriage - threatened: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
CSF coccidioides complement fixation test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Alcohol withdrawal: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Broken Bow | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - 1993
Mankiller, Wilma Pearl | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Google Knol
Transcendence - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Confirmation theory - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Encyclopedia of Arda - Interactive Calendar
The Encyclopedia of Arda - Miscellaneous Races
Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - United States
The Encyclopedia of Arda - Hills and Mountains
Lithuania, The Catholic Church in | Encyclopedia.com
Luck | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Orwell, George | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Canola Encyclopedia | Canola Council of Canada
Tristan Garel-Jones: Revision history - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Literary Encyclopedia - Elizabethan Complaints
Literary Encyclopedia - Professional Authorship in Britain 1870-1918
Cyprinodontiformes (Killifishes and Live-Bearers) | Encyclopedia.com
Logic
Research Tagore, Rabindranath | Encyclopedia of Religion
Accountability - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
MedlinePlus Medical Ency2
- MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: New Patient Information and Enhanced Navigation. (lookformedical.com)
- Burgess S, Dennis S. MedlinePlus ® Medical Encyclopedia: New Patient Information and Enhanced Navigation. (lookformedical.com)
Methodologies1
- In support of this vision, Dr. Tibayrenc has edited a book entitled Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases: Modern Methodologies. (cdc.gov)
Canola Encyclopedia1
- The Canola Encyclopedia is your complete guide to growing canola in Canada. (canolacouncil.org)
Explore1
- Search and explore a topic or watch an agronomic video below. (canolacouncil.org)
Content2
- Content portals - A unique way to navigate the encyclopedia. (wikipedia.org)
- Links to Spanish encyclopedia content are certain to increase, as well, in the coming months on MedlinePlus en español. (lookformedical.com)
Literary Encyclopedia2
- In some cases they will be expanded into longer entries as the Literary Encyclopedia evolves. (litencyc.com)
- The Literary Encyclopedia is a living community of scholars. (litencyc.com)
Scholars1
- Oxford Research Encyclopedias is made by scholars across all fields of study, and is a comprehensive collection of in-depth, peer-reviewed summaries on a growing range of topics. (lu.se)
Pest Management2
- The Encyclopedia of Pest Management is a key reference work for professionals in academia, industry and government, as well as students at all levels. (lookformedical.com)
- Encyclopedia of pest management. (cdc.gov)
Britannica3
- Who Are You Going To Believe Me, Or That Encyclopedia Britannica 2005 Almanac? (theonion.com)
- So let me ask you again: When it comes to the natural resources, topography, and percentage of arable land in several West African countries, who are you gonna believe-me, or that Encyclopedia Britannica Almanac 2005 with accompanying CD-ROM? (theonion.com)
- If the precious Encyclopedia Britannica Almanac 2005 with accompanying CD-ROM tells you that the principal cause of accidental death in Indiana is square dancing, are you going to believe it? (theonion.com)
Chemistry3
- The Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology and Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry are long-established and essential titles in many science and technology libraries. (istl.org)
- The first four print editions of Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Ullmann's) were published in German between 1914 and 1984. (istl.org)
- Some interesting statistics for both online encyclopedias are presented in Figure 1, data are from Bayert ( 2006a ) and Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Home Page. (istl.org)
Descriptive1
- Examples of descriptive topics include ''What is the mechanism of scientific change? (lookformedical.com)
Encyclopedic2
- Reference desk - Ask research questions about encyclopedic topics. (wikipedia.org)
- In the frame of an encyclopedic article a reflection to this complex topic is given by highlighting the interplay of arts. (lu.se)
Infectious1
- Despite its lengthy 747 pages, this book is not an encyclopedia of infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
Religion1
- The Encyclopedia includes articles about the views from different religions, including what embryos are thought to be and whether the religion raises particular issues about embryos and how we treat them. (asu.edu)
Articles8
- The Encyclopedia includes articles about films and images that have had an impact within the larger public. (asu.edu)
- The Encyclopedia includes articles on individual legal cases relating to embryos, showing that typically embryos are treated as property with contractual agreements about their use. (asu.edu)
- The Encyclopedia welcomes articles on thinking from what is often called bioethics or might be better called bioscience ethics, considering ethical issues and positions related to embryos and development at all stages. (asu.edu)
- Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Taylor and Francis, https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/transcendence/v-1. (routledge.com)
- The dictionary defines an encyclopedia as "a work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge, in articles usually arranged alphabetically by subject" ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Articles by Country Search - Search articles by the topic country. (cdc.gov)
- Users can find links to Patient Instructions and related MedlinePlus topics in the right side-bar of many encyclopedia articles. (lookformedical.com)
- In addition to the encyclopedia links, which now appear in the body of Spanish topic pages, there will be links to related MedlinePlus topics in the sidebars of many English and Spanish encyclopedia articles. (lookformedical.com)
Theories1
- More than 200 entries cover National Science Education Standards concepts and topics, theories, sub-disciplines, biographies of people who have made significant contributions to the physical sciences, common methods, and techniques relevant to modern science. (lookformedical.com)
Biographies2
- The Encyclopedia includes biographies that give an overview of the person's contributions and life. (asu.edu)
- Check our encyclopedia for a gloss on thousands of topics from biographies to the table of elements. (lookformedical.com)
Dictionary2
- The Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health is written for use by students and health care providers including medics, nurses, and paramedics. (wikipedia.org)
- New Third Edition Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, by the Late Benjamin F. Miller, M.D., and Claire Brackman Keane, R.N., B.S., M.Ed. Published by W. B. Saunders Co. 1,296 Pages, 185 Illustrations Plus 16 Page Full Color Atlas. (wikipedia.org)
Questions1
- Orwell did not receive academic training in philosophy, but his writing repeatedly focuses on philosophical topics and questions in political philosophy, epistemology, philosophy of language, ethics, and aesthetics. (utm.edu)
History3
- G. Paulette LaGasse, "Broken Bow," The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture , https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=BR020. (okhistory.org)
- Linda D. Wilson, "Mankiller, Wilma Pearl," The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture , https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=MA013. (okhistory.org)
- Naturally, due to Syrias geographical position and contemporary history with Israel, the conflict is a frequently discussed topic in the country. (lu.se)
Pages2
- This encyclopedia article consists of approximately 4 pages of information about Tagore, Rabindranath. (bookrags.com)
- On the MedlinePlus en español topic pages, the encyclopedia links appear in the body of the page. (lookformedical.com)
Page4
- The Basic Search consists of a single search box included in on the home page for each encyclopedia. (istl.org)
- Figure 2: Topic Page with Encyclopedia box on the right. (lookformedical.com)
- If you are giving a presentation about an environmental health topic or just looking for general information about environmental health research or the institute, this page will help. (lookformedical.com)
- To access this feature online, look for the "Encyclopedia" box on the right side of a topic page. (lookformedical.com)
Made1
- The immense military, economic, and cultural dominance of the United States has made foreign relations an especially important topic in its politics, with considerable concern about the image of the United States throughout the world. (fact-archive.com)
Reference1
- Metz also wrote THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAWMEN, OUTLAWS, AND GUNFIGHTERS, an outstanding reference work that covers "key events and geographical locations" and profiles numerous gunmen, both the iconic and lesser known. (texasescapes.com)
Links1
- Click the links in the right side menu to get to the above topics. (secpoint.com)
Coverage1
- Our topic is abstract and broad, and touches on a number of issues in metaphysics that already enjoy coverage in this Encyclopedia . (stanford.edu)
Terms1
- Enter search terms to find related medical topics, multimedia and more. (lookformedical.com)
Search Encyclopedia1
- Please use the Search Encyclopedia text box above to find the topic you are looking for. (lookformedical.com)
Students1
- Students can dive deeper into a variety of topics ranging from Ancient Mesopotamia to the Holocaust to modern Human Rights Movements. (gale.com)
Free encyclopedia1
- the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit . (wikipedia.org)
Literature1
- While Moshammer's work contributes to the literature on the topic, its findings must be considered in light of the whole body of research. (lookformedical.com)
Resource1
- The Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention brings together in one authoritative resource the dispersed information and knowledge on both victimology and crime prevention. (ebooks.com)
Research3
- The Canola Council of Canada agronomy specialists - world-leading canola production advisers - regularly update our encyclopedia based on recent canola research. (canolacouncil.org)
- Topics that have ongoing research and rapidly changing treatment, such as Atrial Fibrillation, are reviewed for updates annually. (northshore.org)
- Oxford Research Encyclopedias utgörs av initierade, peer review-granskade uppslagsartiklar skrivna av vetenskapare från ett växande antal ämnesområden. (lu.se)
Broad1
- When asked to review the book, I was therefore curious as to how he would cover such a broad topic. (cdc.gov)