Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Medically, 'Encyclopedias' are not a defined term, as it is typically understood to refer to a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, often including some related to health and medicine, but not a specific medical concept or entity itself.
The addition of descriptive information about the function or structure of a molecular sequence to its MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA record.
Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.
The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells.
Sets of structured vocabularies used for describing and categorizing genes, and gene products by their molecular function, involvement in biological processes, and cellular location. These vocabularies and their associations to genes and gene products (Gene Ontology annotations) are generated and curated by the Gene Ontology Consortium.
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE service for health professionals and consumers. It links extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other reviewed sources of information on specific diseases and conditions.
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.
A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.
Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.
A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.
The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.
Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.
The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.
Techniques of nucleotide sequence analysis that increase the range, complexity, sensitivity, and accuracy of results by greatly increasing the scale of operations and thus the number of nucleotides, and the number of copies of each nucleotide sequenced. The sequencing may be done by analysis of the synthesis or ligation products, hybridization to preexisting sequences, etc.
The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.
Interacting DNA-encoded regulatory subsystems in the GENOME that coordinate input from activator and repressor TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS during development, cell differentiation, or in response to environmental cues. The networks function to ultimately specify expression of particular sets of GENES for specific conditions, times, or locations.
Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.
Organized activities related to the storage, location, search, and retrieval of information.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Databases containing information about NUCLEIC ACIDS such as BASE SEQUENCE; SNPS; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; and other properties. Information about the DNA fragments kept in a GENE LIBRARY or GENOMIC LIBRARY is often maintained in DNA databases.
Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.
A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.
The portion of an interactive computer program that issues messages to and receives commands from a user.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.
The process of pictorial communication, between human and computers, in which the computer input and output have the form of charts, drawings, or other appropriate pictorial representation.
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Interpreting hypernymic propositions in an online medical encyclopedia. (1/29)

Interpretation of semantic propositions from bio-medical texts documents would provide valuable support to natural language processing (NLP) applications. We are developing a methodology to interpret a kind of semantic proposition, the hypernymic proposition, in MEDLINE abstracts. In this paper, we expanded the system to identify these structures in a different discourse domain: the Medical Encyclopedia from the National Library of Medi-cine's MEDLINEplus Website.  (+info)

Medical textbook summarization and guided navigation using statistical sentence extraction. (2/29)

We present a method for automated medical textbook and encyclopedia summarization. Using statistical sentence extraction and semantic relationships, we extract sentences from text returned as part of an existing textbook search (similar to a book index). Our system guides users to the information they desire by summarizing the content of each relevant chapter or section returned in the search. The summary is tailored to contain sentences that specifically address the user's search terms. Our clustering method selects sentences that contain concepts specifically addressing the context of the query term in each of the returned sections. Our method examines conceptual relationships from the UMLS and selects clusters of concepts using Expectation Maximization (EM). Sentences associated with the concept clusters are shown to the user. We evaluated whether our extracted summary provides a suitable answer to the user's question.  (+info)

Xanthusbase: adapting wikipedia principles to a model organism database. (3/29)

xanthusBase (http://www.xanthusbase.org) is the official model organism database (MOD) for the social bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. In many respects, M.xanthus represents the pioneer model organism (MO) for studying the genetic, biochemical, and mechanistic basis of prokaryotic multicellularity, a topic that has garnered considerable attention due to the significance of biofilms in both basic and applied microbiology research. To facilitate its utility, the design of xanthusBase incorporates open-source software, leveraging the cumulative experience made available through the Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) project, MediaWiki (http://www.mediawiki.org), and dictyBase (http://www.dictybase.org), to create a MOD that is both highly useful and easily navigable. In addition, we have incorporated a unique Wikipedia-style curation model which exploits the internet's inherent interactivity, thus enabling M.xanthus and other myxobacterial researchers to contribute directly toward the ongoing genome annotation.  (+info)

Detection of the inferred interaction network in hepatocellular carcinoma from EHCO (Encyclopedia of Hepatocellular Carcinoma genes Online). (4/29)

BACKGROUND: The significant advances in microarray and proteomics analyses have resulted in an exponential increase in potential new targets and have promised to shed light on the identification of disease markers and cellular pathways. We aim to collect and decipher the HCC-related genes at the systems level. RESULTS: Here, we build an integrative platform, the Encyclopedia of Hepatocellular Carcinoma genes Online, dubbed EHCO http://ehco.iis.sinica.edu.tw, to systematically collect, organize and compare the pileup of unsorted HCC-related studies by using natural language processing and softbots. Among the eight gene set collections, ranging across PubMed, SAGE, microarray, and proteomics data, there are 2,906 genes in total; however, more than 77% genes are only included once, suggesting that tremendous efforts need to be exerted to characterize the relationship between HCC and these genes. Of these HCC inventories, protein binding represents the largest proportion (~25%) from Gene Ontology analysis. In fact, many differentially expressed gene sets in EHCO could form interaction networks (e.g. HBV-associated HCC network) by using available human protein-protein interaction datasets. To further highlight the potential new targets in the inferred network from EHCO, we combine comparative genomics and interactomics approaches to analyze 120 evolutionary conserved and overexpressed genes in HCC. 47 out of 120 queries can form a highly interactive network with 18 queries serving as hubs. CONCLUSION: This architectural map may represent the first step toward the attempt to decipher the hepatocarcinogenesis at the systems level. Targeting hubs and/or disruption of the network formation might reveal novel strategy for HCC treatment.  (+info)

The library without walls: images, medical dictionaries, atlases, medical encyclopedias free on web. (5/29)

The aim of this article was to present the ''reference room'' of the Internet, a real library without walls. The reader will find medical encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, e-books, images, and will also learn something useful about the use and reuse of images in a text and in a web site, according to the copyright law.  (+info)

SuperSite: dictionary of metabolite and drug binding sites in proteins. (6/29)

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An evaluation of medical knowledge contained in Wikipedia and its use in the LOINC database. (7/29)

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Wikipedia and osteosarcoma: a trustworthy patients' information? (8/29)

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An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Encyclopedias" is not a medical term or concept. An encyclopedia is a reference work or a set of such works containing information on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. It provides comprehensive and summarized knowledge on a wide range of subjects, including science, history, literature, art, and more. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help!

Molecular sequence annotation is the process of identifying and describing the characteristics, functional elements, and relevant information of a DNA, RNA, or protein sequence at the molecular level. This process involves marking the location and function of various features such as genes, regulatory regions, coding and non-coding sequences, intron-exon boundaries, promoters, introns, untranslated regions (UTRs), binding sites for proteins or other molecules, and post-translational modifications in a given molecular sequence.

The annotation can be manual, where experts curate and analyze the data to predict features based on biological knowledge and experimental evidence. Alternatively, computational methods using various bioinformatics tools and algorithms can be employed for automated annotation. These tools often rely on comparative analysis, pattern recognition, and machine learning techniques to identify conserved sequence patterns, motifs, or domains that are associated with specific functions.

The annotated molecular sequences serve as valuable resources in genomic and proteomic studies, contributing to the understanding of gene function, evolutionary relationships, disease associations, and biotechnological applications.

A genetic database is a type of biomedical or health informatics database that stores and organizes genetic data, such as DNA sequences, gene maps, genotypes, haplotypes, and phenotype information. These databases can be used for various purposes, including research, clinical diagnosis, and personalized medicine.

There are different types of genetic databases, including:

1. Genomic databases: These databases store whole genome sequences, gene expression data, and other genomic information. Examples include the National Center for Biotechnology Information's (NCBI) GenBank, the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA), and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ).
2. Gene databases: These databases contain information about specific genes, including their location, function, regulation, and evolution. Examples include the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), and the Gene Ontology (GO) database.
3. Variant databases: These databases store information about genetic variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions/deletions (INDELs), and copy number variations (CNVs). Examples include the Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP), the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC), and the International HapMap Project.
4. Clinical databases: These databases contain genetic and clinical information about patients, such as their genotype, phenotype, family history, and response to treatments. Examples include the ClinVar database, the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB), and the Genetic Testing Registry (GTR).
5. Population databases: These databases store genetic information about different populations, including their ancestry, demographics, and genetic diversity. Examples include the 1000 Genomes Project, the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), and the Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND).

Genetic databases can be publicly accessible or restricted to authorized users, depending on their purpose and content. They play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of genetics and genomics, as well as improving healthcare and personalized medicine.

The transcriptome refers to the complete set of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and other non-coding RNAs, that are present in a cell or a population of cells at a given point in time. It reflects the genetic activity and provides information about which genes are being actively transcribed and to what extent. The transcriptome can vary under different conditions, such as during development, in response to environmental stimuli, or in various diseases, making it an important area of study in molecular biology and personalized medicine.

Gene Ontology (GO) is not a medical term, but rather a bioinformatics term used to describe a controlled vocabulary or ontology for describing molecular functions, biological processes, and cellular components in which genes and gene products are involved. It provides a standardized way to represent and share information about gene function across different species.

The GO ontology is organized as a directed acyclic graph (DAG), where each term has defined relationships with other terms, allowing for the representation of complex biological concepts. The GO terms can be used to describe molecular functions such as enzymatic activities or binding interactions, biological processes such as metabolic pathways or signal transduction cascades, and cellular components such as organelles or subcellular structures.

GO analysis is a common approach in bioinformatics for interpreting large-scale genomic data, such as microarray or next-generation sequencing experiments, to identify genes that are involved in specific biological processes or molecular functions of interest.

MedlinePlus is not a medical term, but rather a consumer health website that provides high-quality, accurate, and reliable health information, written in easy-to-understand language. It is produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the world's largest medical library, and is widely recognized as a trusted source of health information.

MedlinePlus offers information on various health topics, including conditions, diseases, tests, treatments, and wellness. It also provides access to drug information, medical dictionary, and encyclopedia, as well as links to clinical trials, medical news, and patient organizations. The website is available in both English and Spanish and can be accessed for free.

Gene expression profiling is a laboratory technique used to measure the activity (expression) of thousands of genes at once. This technique allows researchers and clinicians to identify which genes are turned on or off in a particular cell, tissue, or organism under specific conditions, such as during health, disease, development, or in response to various treatments.

The process typically involves isolating RNA from the cells or tissues of interest, converting it into complementary DNA (cDNA), and then using microarray or high-throughput sequencing technologies to determine which genes are expressed and at what levels. The resulting data can be used to identify patterns of gene expression that are associated with specific biological states or processes, providing valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of diseases and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

In recent years, gene expression profiling has become an essential tool in various fields, including cancer research, drug discovery, and personalized medicine, where it is used to identify biomarkers of disease, predict patient outcomes, and guide treatment decisions.

Metabolic networks and pathways refer to the complex interconnected series of biochemical reactions that occur within cells to maintain life. These reactions are catalyzed by enzymes and are responsible for the conversion of nutrients into energy, as well as the synthesis and breakdown of various molecules required for cellular function.

A metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions that occur in a specific order, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different enzyme. These pathways are often interconnected, forming a larger network of interactions known as a metabolic network.

Metabolic networks can be represented as complex diagrams or models, which show the relationships between different pathways and the flow of matter and energy through the system. These networks can help researchers to understand how cells regulate their metabolism in response to changes in their environment, and how disruptions to these networks can lead to disease.

Some common examples of metabolic pathways include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and the pentose phosphate pathway. Each of these pathways plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and providing energy for cellular functions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Internet" is a term that pertains to the global network of interconnected computers and servers that enable the transmission and reception of data via the internet protocol (IP). It is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) are short, single-pass DNA sequences that are derived from cDNA libraries. They represent a quick and cost-effective method for large-scale sequencing of gene transcripts and provide an unbiased view of the genes being actively expressed in a particular tissue or developmental stage. ESTs can be used to identify and study new genes, to analyze patterns of gene expression, and to develop molecular markers for genetic mapping and genome analysis.

Computational biology is a branch of biology that uses mathematical and computational methods to study biological data, models, and processes. It involves the development and application of algorithms, statistical models, and computational approaches to analyze and interpret large-scale molecular and phenotypic data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other high-throughput technologies. The goal is to gain insights into biological systems and processes, develop predictive models, and inform experimental design and hypothesis testing in the life sciences. Computational biology encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including bioinformatics, systems biology, computational genomics, network biology, and mathematical modeling of biological systems.

Genomics is the scientific study of genes and their functions. It involves the sequencing and analysis of an organism's genome, which is its complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Genomics also includes the study of how genes interact with each other and with the environment. This field of study can provide important insights into the genetic basis of diseases and can lead to the development of new diagnostic tools and treatments.

A factual database in the medical context is a collection of organized and structured data that contains verified and accurate information related to medicine, healthcare, or health sciences. These databases serve as reliable resources for various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and patients, to access evidence-based information for making informed decisions and enhancing knowledge.

Examples of factual medical databases include:

1. PubMed: A comprehensive database of biomedical literature maintained by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM). It contains citations and abstracts from life sciences journals, books, and conference proceedings.
2. MEDLINE: A subset of PubMed, MEDLINE focuses on high-quality, peer-reviewed articles related to biomedicine and health. It is the primary component of the NLM's database and serves as a critical resource for healthcare professionals and researchers worldwide.
3. Cochrane Library: A collection of systematic reviews and meta-analyses focused on evidence-based medicine. The library aims to provide unbiased, high-quality information to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes.
4. OVID: A platform that offers access to various medical and healthcare databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. It facilitates the search and retrieval of relevant literature for researchers, clinicians, and students.
5. ClinicalTrials.gov: A registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies conducted around the world. The platform aims to increase transparency and accessibility of clinical trial data for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients.
6. UpToDate: An evidence-based, physician-authored clinical decision support resource that provides information on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of medical conditions. It serves as a point-of-care tool for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions and improve patient care.
7. TRIP Database: A search engine designed to facilitate evidence-based medicine by providing quick access to high-quality resources, including systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and practice recommendations.
8. National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC): A database of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and related documents developed through a rigorous review process. The NGC aims to provide clinicians, healthcare providers, and policymakers with reliable guidance for patient care.
9. DrugBank: A comprehensive, freely accessible online database containing detailed information about drugs, their mechanisms, interactions, and targets. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students in the field of pharmacology and drug discovery.
10. Genetic Testing Registry (GTR): A database that provides centralized information about genetic tests, test developers, laboratories offering tests, and clinical validity and utility of genetic tests. It serves as a resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients to make informed decisions regarding genetic testing.

A human genome is the complete set of genetic information contained within the 23 pairs of chromosomes found in the nucleus of most human cells. It includes all of the genes, which are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins, as well as non-coding regions of DNA that regulate gene expression and provide structural support to the chromosomes.

The human genome contains approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA and is estimated to contain around 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The sequencing of the human genome was completed in 2003 as part of the Human Genome Project, which has had a profound impact on our understanding of human biology, disease, and evolution.

High-throughput nucleotide sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing (NGS), refers to a group of technologies that allow for the rapid and parallel determination of nucleotide sequences of DNA or RNA molecules. These techniques enable the sequencing of large numbers of DNA or RNA fragments simultaneously, resulting in the generation of vast amounts of sequence data in a single run.

High-throughput sequencing has revolutionized genomics research by allowing for the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes, transcriptomes, and epigenomes. It has numerous applications in basic research, including genome assembly, gene expression analysis, variant detection, and methylation profiling, as well as in clinical settings, such as diagnosis of genetic diseases, identification of pathogens, and monitoring of cancer progression and treatment response.

Some common high-throughput sequencing platforms include Illumina (sequencing by synthesis), Ion Torrent (semiconductor sequencing), Pacific Biosciences (single molecule real-time sequencing), and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (nanopore sequencing). Each platform has its strengths and limitations, and the choice of technology depends on the specific research question and experimental design.

A genome is the complete set of genetic material (DNA, or in some viruses, RNA) present in a single cell of an organism. It includes all of the genes, both coding and noncoding, as well as other regulatory elements that together determine the unique characteristics of that organism. The human genome, for example, contains approximately 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.

The term "genome" was first coined by Hans Winkler in 1920, derived from the word "gene" and the suffix "-ome," which refers to a complete set of something. The study of genomes is known as genomics.

Understanding the genome can provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of diseases, evolution, and other biological processes. With advancements in sequencing technologies, it has become possible to determine the entire genomic sequence of many organisms, including humans, and use this information for various applications such as personalized medicine, gene therapy, and biotechnology.

Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs) are complex systems of molecular interactions that regulate the expression of genes within an organism. These networks consist of various types of regulatory elements, including transcription factors, enhancers, promoters, and silencers, which work together to control when, where, and to what extent a gene is expressed.

In GRNs, transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences in the regulatory regions of target genes, either activating or repressing their transcription into messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is influenced by various intracellular and extracellular signals that modulate the activity of transcription factors, allowing for precise regulation of gene expression in response to changing environmental conditions.

The structure and behavior of GRNs can be represented as a network of nodes (genes) and edges (regulatory interactions), with the strength and directionality of these interactions determined by the specific molecular mechanisms involved. Understanding the organization and dynamics of GRNs is crucial for elucidating the underlying causes of various biological processes, including development, differentiation, homeostasis, and disease.

I am not aware of a widely accepted medical definition for the term "software," as it is more commonly used in the context of computer science and technology. Software refers to programs, data, and instructions that are used by computers to perform various tasks. It does not have direct relevance to medical fields such as anatomy, physiology, or clinical practice. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help with those instead!

'Information Storage and Retrieval' in the context of medical informatics refers to the processes and systems used for the recording, storing, organizing, protecting, and retrieving electronic health information (e.g., patient records, clinical data, medical images) for various purposes such as diagnosis, treatment planning, research, and education. This may involve the use of electronic health record (EHR) systems, databases, data warehouses, and other digital technologies that enable healthcare providers to access and share accurate, up-to-date, and relevant information about a patient's health status, medical history, and care plan. The goal is to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and coordination of healthcare delivery by providing timely and evidence-based information to support clinical decision-making and patient engagement.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

A nucleic acid database is a type of biological database that contains sequence, structure, and functional information about nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. These databases are used in various fields of biology, including genomics, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, to store, search, and analyze nucleic acid data.

Some common types of nucleic acid databases include:

1. Nucleotide sequence databases: These databases contain the primary nucleotide sequences of DNA and RNA molecules from various organisms. Examples include GenBank, EMBL-Bank, and DDBJ.
2. Structure databases: These databases contain three-dimensional structures of nucleic acids determined by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Examples include the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the Nucleic Acid Database (NDB).
3. Functional databases: These databases contain information about the functions of nucleic acids, such as their roles in gene regulation, transcription, and translation. Examples include the Gene Ontology (GO) database and the RegulonDB.
4. Genome databases: These databases contain genomic data for various organisms, including whole-genome sequences, gene annotations, and genetic variations. Examples include the Human Genome Database (HGD) and the Ensembl Genome Browser.
5. Comparative databases: These databases allow for the comparison of nucleic acid sequences or structures across different species or conditions. Examples include the Comparative RNA Web (CRW) Site and the Sequence Alignment and Modeling (SAM) system.

Nucleic acid databases are essential resources for researchers to study the structure, function, and evolution of nucleic acids, as well as to develop new tools and methods for analyzing and interpreting nucleic acid data.

Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis is a type of microarray analysis that allows for the simultaneous measurement of the expression levels of thousands of genes in a single sample. In this technique, oligonucleotides (short DNA sequences) are attached to a solid support, such as a glass slide, in a specific pattern. These oligonucleotides are designed to be complementary to specific target mRNA sequences from the sample being analyzed.

During the analysis, labeled RNA or cDNA from the sample is hybridized to the oligonucleotide array. The level of hybridization is then measured and used to determine the relative abundance of each target sequence in the sample. This information can be used to identify differences in gene expression between samples, which can help researchers understand the underlying biological processes involved in various diseases or developmental stages.

It's important to note that this technique requires specialized equipment and bioinformatics tools for data analysis, as well as careful experimental design and validation to ensure accurate and reproducible results.

A "gene library" is not a recognized term in medical genetics or molecular biology. However, the closest concept that might be referred to by this term is a "genomic library," which is a collection of DNA clones that represent the entire genetic material of an organism. These libraries are used for various research purposes, such as identifying and studying specific genes or gene functions.

A User-Computer Interface (also known as Human-Computer Interaction) refers to the point at which a person (user) interacts with a computer system. This can include both hardware and software components, such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The design of the user-computer interface is crucial in determining the usability and accessibility of a computer system for the user. A well-designed interface should be intuitive, efficient, and easy to use, minimizing the cognitive load on the user and allowing them to effectively accomplish their tasks.

RNA Sequence Analysis is a branch of bioinformatics that involves the determination and analysis of the nucleotide sequence of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) molecules. This process includes identifying and characterizing the individual RNA molecules, determining their functions, and studying their evolutionary relationships.

RNA Sequence Analysis typically involves the use of high-throughput sequencing technologies to generate large datasets of RNA sequences, which are then analyzed using computational methods. The analysis may include comparing the sequences to reference databases to identify known RNA molecules or discovering new ones, identifying patterns and features in the sequences, such as motifs or domains, and predicting the secondary and tertiary structures of the RNA molecules.

RNA Sequence Analysis has many applications in basic research, including understanding gene regulation, identifying novel non-coding RNAs, and studying evolutionary relationships between organisms. It also has practical applications in clinical settings, such as diagnosing and monitoring diseases, developing new therapies, and personalized medicine.

Computer graphics is the field of study and practice related to creating images and visual content using computer technology. It involves various techniques, algorithms, and tools for generating, manipulating, and rendering digital images and models. These can include 2D and 3D modeling, animation, rendering, visualization, and image processing. Computer graphics is used in a wide range of applications, including video games, movies, scientific simulations, medical imaging, architectural design, and data visualization.

A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.

A protein database is a type of biological database that contains information about proteins and their structures, functions, sequences, and interactions with other molecules. These databases can include experimentally determined data, such as protein sequences derived from DNA sequencing or mass spectrometry, as well as predicted data based on computational methods.

Some examples of protein databases include:

1. UniProtKB: a comprehensive protein database that provides information about protein sequences, functions, and structures, as well as literature references and links to other resources.
2. PDB (Protein Data Bank): a database of three-dimensional protein structures determined by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
3. BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool): a web-based tool that allows users to compare a query protein sequence against a protein database to identify similar sequences and potential functional relationships.
4. InterPro: a database of protein families, domains, and functional sites that provides information about protein function based on sequence analysis and other data.
5. STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins): a database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions, including physical and functional associations.

Protein databases are essential tools in proteomics research, enabling researchers to study protein function, evolution, and interaction networks on a large scale.

Cluster analysis is a statistical method used to group similar objects or data points together based on their characteristics or features. In medical and healthcare research, cluster analysis can be used to identify patterns or relationships within complex datasets, such as patient records or genetic information. This technique can help researchers to classify patients into distinct subgroups based on their symptoms, diagnoses, or other variables, which can inform more personalized treatment plans or public health interventions.

Cluster analysis involves several steps, including:

1. Data preparation: The researcher must first collect and clean the data, ensuring that it is complete and free from errors. This may involve removing outlier values or missing data points.
2. Distance measurement: Next, the researcher must determine how to measure the distance between each pair of data points. Common methods include Euclidean distance (the straight-line distance between two points) or Manhattan distance (the distance between two points along a grid).
3. Clustering algorithm: The researcher then applies a clustering algorithm, which groups similar data points together based on their distances from one another. Common algorithms include hierarchical clustering (which creates a tree-like structure of clusters) or k-means clustering (which assigns each data point to the nearest centroid).
4. Validation: Finally, the researcher must validate the results of the cluster analysis by evaluating the stability and robustness of the clusters. This may involve re-running the analysis with different distance measures or clustering algorithms, or comparing the results to external criteria.

Cluster analysis is a powerful tool for identifying patterns and relationships within complex datasets, but it requires careful consideration of the data preparation, distance measurement, and validation steps to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

A Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) is an analytical approach used in genetic research to identify associations between genetic variants, typically Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), and specific traits or diseases across the entire genome. This method involves scanning the genomes of many individuals, usually thousands, to find genetic markers that occur more frequently in people with a particular disease or trait than in those without it.

The goal of a GWAS is to identify genetic loci (positions on chromosomes) associated with a trait or disease, which can help researchers understand the underlying genetic architecture and biological mechanisms contributing to the condition. It's important to note that while GWAS can identify associations between genetic variants and traits/diseases, these studies do not necessarily prove causation. Further functional validation studies are often required to confirm the role of identified genetic variants in the development or progression of a trait or disease.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

... and Hospital Topics. O'Toole, Marie, ed. (1997). Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health ... The Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health is written for use by students and health ... "Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, 7th Edition (Book)".[dead link] Michael, M. G ... Callan, C. (1983). "Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health". American Journal of Occupational ...
... write and edit freely on all content within the Encyclopedia. Topic Editors act as reviewers of articles on topics upon which ... Online encyclopedias, English-language encyclopedias, American online encyclopedias, Encyclopedias of science, MediaWiki ... The Encyclopedia of Earth Author(s) and Topic Editor(s) listed at the top of this article may have significantly modified the ... The Encyclopedia of Earth Topic Editor(s) listed at the top of this article has reviewed all of the content, including that ...
It is often called the "Red Encyclopedia" because of its distinct cover colors. It is still valuable for scientific topics, but ... Lithuanian encyclopedias are encyclopedias published in the Lithuanian language or encyclopedias about Lithuania and Lithuania- ... The encyclopedia was never completed. The idea of a Lithuanian encyclopedia was revived in the United States by Lithuanian ... Between 1970 and 1978, the same group published the six-volume Encyclopedia Lituanica, an English-language encyclopedia on ...
Here is a table showing the number of entries for certain topics in the various editions. The Encyclopedia of World Problems ... Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential (main database) Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential (editing ... Encyclopedia of world problems and human potential project - Overview: distinguishing uses of the Encyclopedia. Union of ... Encyclopedia Illusions - Rationale for an Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential. Laetusinpraesens.org. Retrieved ...
"Andrology - an overview". ScienceDirect Topics. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022. " ... "gynecology". Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022 ...
There are overview articles on large topics; shorter articles, such as biographies of major figures or particular events. ... The Encyclopedia of Mexico is a two-volume reference work in English, focusing on the history and culture of Mexico. There are ... Encyclopedia of Mexico, Michael Werner, general editor. Routledge 1997. ISBN 978-1884964312[page needed][non-primary source ... Lengthy examinations of particular topics in history are often divided chronologically and written by different specialists. ...
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lan-Caihe Dorothy Perkins. Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture. Page 140. Land of the ... The Encyclopedia of Eastern Mythology: Legends of the East : Myths and Tales of the Heroes, Gods and Warriors of Ancient Egypt ... Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Lore. Cassell, 1997. Page 212 ... Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture. Page 295. Chinese Literature, Essays, Articles, Reviews, Volumes 17-19. Coda Press ...
"mobile belt". www.encyclopedia.com. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2022-12-26. "Orogenic belt , geology". Encyclopedia ... ISBN 978-1-4051-0777-8. "Orogenic Belt - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-04-29. " ... "Ring of Fire , Definition, Map, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-29. Media related to Orogenic belts at ...
Warren, Kenneth (2008). Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior: A-M, Volume 1. Sage. p. 680. ISBN ... Business and economics portal Concepts/topics Borderless selling - Bypassing non-tariff barriers to trade Economic ... Blinder, Alan S. (2008). "Free Trade". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: ... Griswold, Dan (2008). "Free Trade". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato ...
"Textile - Types of yarn". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-08-25. Textiles. British Textile Technology Group. 1991. p. 2 ... "Luster - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-08-24. " ...
Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/intentionality-philosophy "Intentionality , Malle Lab". research.clps ... provides a wide range of information about these topics covered in moral development today. One of the main objectives was to ... and emotion attribution to topics such as prejudice, aggression, theory of mind, emotions, empathy, peer relationships, and ... Moral Development article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (CS1 errors: missing periodical, CS1 maint: multiple names ...
... www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-08-17. "Parthenogenesis - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. ... "Encyclopedia of Arkansas". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2022-08-17. Minelli, Alessandro (2011). "Class Chilopoda, Class ...
"Surface coating , chemistry". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-08-08. "Using Liquid Finishes to Create Nanofabrics". www ... "Lotus Effect - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-08-08. Karim1, Nazmul1; Afroj, Shaila ... ISBN 978-1-85573-576-7. "Exhaust Method - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-08-09. " ... ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7. "Chemical Finishing - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-07-25 ...
Multiple (1998). "Kristallnacht". The Hutchinson Encyclopedia. Hutchinson Encyclopedias (18th ed.). London: Helicon. p. 1,199. ... "Kristallnacht: The November 1938 Pogroms". Online exhibitions, special topics. US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the ... "Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 9-10, 1938". Holocaust Encyclopedia. US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 20 ...
"Aggression topics". University of New Hampshire. Archived from the original on 20 March 2005. Manson JH, Perry S, Parish AR ( ... Pallardy R (2012-05-21). "The Scandalous Social Lives of Bonobos". Saving Earth , Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-01-13 ... Sivasubramanian S. "Feminist bonobos are taking a stand against male aggression". Topics. Retrieved 2021-03-12. "Zoo Story". ...
". "Boolean Algebra , Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. "Truth Table - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". "Bitwise ... The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022. "Chapter 1 Boolean algebras". ... Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra List of Boolean algebra topics Monoidal category Propositional calculus Robbins algebra Truth table ... ". "Boolean Algebra - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". "Boolean Algebra ...
"Topic: Tay Son rebellion - Vietnamese history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2019. "The Tay Son ... 2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576077719. Taylor, Keith W ...
Bettcher, Talia (2014), "Feminist Perspectives on Trans Issues", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of ... Feminist views on transgender topics vary widely. Third-wave feminists and fourth-wave feminists tend to view the struggle for ... "Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition). Archived from the ... Stoljar, Natalie (1995). "Essence, Identity, and the Concept of Woman". Philosophical Topics. 23 (2): 261-293. doi:10.5840/ ...
Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Utopia "Utopia" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. Utopia - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth ... Charlene Ball writes in Women's Studies Encyclopedia that use of speculative fiction to explore gender roles in future ... Gaétan Brulotte & John Phillips,Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature, "Science Fiction and Fantasy", CRC Press, 2006, p. 1189, ... Tierney, Helen (1999). Women's Studies Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1442. ISBN 978-0-313-31073-7. Noah ...
"Briarcliff Lodge and the Titanic". Hudson Valley Ruins and related topics. Retrieved 27 January 2018. "Mrs Ella White (née ... Holmes)". encyclopedia-titanica. Retrieved 18 December 2017. "DEATH NOTICE OF JOHN STUART WHITE - Thursday 20th May 1897". New ...
"Parturient Paresis - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2020-10-11. "Parturient Paresis in ... "Parturient paresis , animal disease". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-10-11. " ...
Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/township Joseph Prentiss Sanger; Henry Gannett; Walter Francis ...
"Topic: Tay Son rebellion - Vietnamese history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2019. "The Tay Son ... 2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576077719. Choi, Byung Wook ...
... www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-10-18. "Pacifastacus - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. ...
Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic editor: Langdon D. Clough. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council ... "Topic: Agriculture in France". Statista. Retrieved 13 January 2022. "Key figures of the French economy". France Diplomatie. ... "France - Finance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 August 2021. Taylor Martin, Susan (28 December 1998). "On Jan. 1, out ... 123 Voyage The Wikibook Wikijunior:Countries A-Z has a page on the topic of: France France at Wikipedia's sister projects ...
Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Fourth-Industrial-Revolution-2119734 . Allen, Robert C. (1999). " ... All articles that may have off-topic sections, Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from February 2022, ...
"Jefferson Davis's Imprisonment". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2023-07-04. "Blog Divided » Post Topic » Teaching the Story ...
Scholia has a topic profile for Biomarker. (CS1 maint: location missing publisher, Articles with short description, Short ... Water Encyclopedia. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 33-37. doi:10.1002/047147844x.wq16. ISBN 0-471-47844-X. Look up biomarker in ...
... www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Kingdom_of_Naples.aspx Silvestri, Carlo. "Www.giornalelirpinia.it." When Maria of Spain Stayed in ... Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007. Print. Marino, John A ... Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne; Levin, Carole (2007). Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance:Italy, France and England. Santa ... Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne; Levin, Carole (2007). Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance:Italy, France and England. Santa ...
Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 24 August 2015. "Blog Divided » Post Topic » The Lives of Richard and George Beale". Retrieved ...
IT Security encyclopedia Part3 click for the latest advanced topics about it sec find out more IT Security topics ... IT Security Encyclopedia Part 3. How to deploy the best Anti Spam and Anti Virus software? ... Click the links in the right side menu to get to the above topics. ...
List of finance topics ... List of finance topics. *Finance an overview *Fundamental ... River FM Country Radio , Dictionary , Encyclopedia , Thesaurus , Childcare Link to Kids.Net.Au , About Us , Buy Halloween ...
Browse by Topic. Science. * Publications are formally published results, and the articles here outline the major contributions ... The Embryo Project Encyclopedia Recording and contextualizing the science of embryos, development, and reproduction.. User menu ... The Encyclopedia includes biographies that give an overview of the persons contributions and life. We also have a large number ... The Encyclopedia welcomes articles on thinking from what is often called bioethics or might be better called bioscience ethics ...
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Browse By Topic. Urban Development. Explore. Place. Town. Citation. The following (as per The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ... Home , Publications, Encyclopedia , Broken Bow The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. ... Submit a Correction Terms of Use About the Encyclopedia Copyright and Terms of Use No part of this site may be construed as in ... Copyright to all articles and other content in the online and print versions of The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History is held by ...
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Topics. * Philosophy of religion Religions. * Christian philosophy Related Articles. * Religion and epistemology By Plantinga, ... Transcendence, 2015, doi:10.4324/9780415249126-K3585-1. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Taylor and Francis, https://www. ...
Topics. * Philosophy of science Related Articles. * Induction, epistemic issues in By Kaplan, Mark ... Kuipers, Theo A.F.. Confirmation theory, 1998, doi:10.4324/9780415249126-Q015-1. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Taylor ...
An interactive encyclopedia of the world of J.R.R. Tolkien with thousands of entries, and interactive features including a ... More topics. Reference *Chronicle of Arda. *Interactive calendar. *Old and rare words ...
An interactive encyclopedia of the world of J.R.R. Tolkien with thousands of entries, and interactive features including a ... More topics. Reference *Chronicle of Arda. *Interactive calendar. *Old and rare words ...
Topics in the United States. History Timeline ( Colonial Era , American Revolution , Westward Expansion , Civil War , World War ... Related topics. Main article: List of United States-related topics. ... and cultural dominance of the United States has made foreign relations an especially important topic in its politics, with ...
An interactive encyclopedia of the world of J.R.R. Tolkien with thousands of entries, and interactive features including a ... More topics. Reference *Chronicle of Arda. *Interactive calendar. *Old and rare words ...
Source for information on Lithuania, The Catholic Church in: New Catholic Encyclopedia dictionary. ... Special topics. w. c. jaskiewicz, "A Study in Lithuanian Mythology," Studi Baltici, 9 (1952) 65-106. v. gidŽiŪnas, De Fratribus ... "Lithuania, The Catholic Church in ." New Catholic Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. 15 Nov. 2023 ,https://www.encyclopedia.com, ... Encyclopedia.com. (November 15, 2023). https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ ...
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It is a central topic in his books Down and Out and Wigan Pier and many of his essays, including "The Spike" and "How the Poor ... Orwell did not receive academic training in philosophy, but his writing repeatedly focuses on philosophical topics and ...
The Canola Encyclopedia is your complete guide to growing canola in Canada, including every major factor affecting canola ... Encyclopedia Topics. Growth Stages. Growth Stages. Canola Genetics Development. Canola Genetics Development Home ... Canola Encyclopedia. Grow canola to maximize yield and profitability The Canola Encyclopedia is your complete guide to growing ... regularly update our encyclopedia based on recent canola research. ...
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16298 Elizabethan Complaints 2 Historical context notes are intended to give basic and preliminary information on a topic. In ... The Literary Encyclopedia. Volume 1.2.1.03: English Writing and Culture: Renaissance (Elizabethan and Jacobean periods) , 1485- ... The Literary Encyclopedia is a living community of scholars. We welcome comments which will help us improve. ... some cases they will be expanded into longer entries as the Literary Encyclopedia evolves. Save this article. If you need to ...
Authorship in Britain 1870-1918 2 Historical context notes are intended to give basic and preliminary information on a topic. ... In some cases they will be expanded into longer entries as the Literary Encyclopedia evolves. Save this article. If you need to ... The Literary Encyclopedia. Volume 1.2.1.08: English Writing and Culture of the early Twentieth Century , 1900-1945. ... The Literary Encyclopedia is a living community of scholars. We welcome comments which will help us improve. ...
Harrison and Stiassny have reviewed this topic. Another 20 species are listed as regionally endangered by various states in the ... "Cyprinodontiformes (Killifishes and Live-Bearers) ." Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. 21 Sep. 2023 , ... "Cyprinodontiformes (Killifishes and Live-Bearers) ." Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. (September 21, ... Retrieved September 21, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts ...
"Topics", and * "Sophisms". These were afterwards given the title of "Organon", or "Instrument of Knowledge"; this designation, ... Encyclopedia Volume. Free World Class Education. FREE Catholic Classes Logic is the science and art which so directs the mind ... The "Topics" and the "Sophisms" contain the applications of logic to argumentation and the refutation of fallacies. In ... "Topics". Then came a long period of inactivity. About A.D.160, Apuleius wrote a short account of the "Interpretation". In the ...
This encyclopedia article consists of approximately 4 pages of information about Tagore, Rabindranath. ... Related Topics. Selected Short Stories (Rabindranath Tagore). Tagore, Rabindranath - Research Article from Encyclopedia of ...
The Topic Concordance *Accountability. Treasury of Biblical Knowledge *Accountability. Dictionaries Bakers Evangelical ... Home » Bible Encyclopedias » International Standard Bible Encyclopedia » Letter A. Bible Encyclopedias Accountability. ... Entry for Accountability. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/​encyclopedias ...
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