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Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ExperimentalEncephalomyelitisEncephalomyelitis, Acute DisseminatedMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinEncephalomyelitis, EquineMyelin Basic ProteinMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinMyelin ProteinsMyelin Proteolipid ProteinTheilovirusMultiple SclerosisSpinal CordDemyelinating DiseasesCentral Nervous SystemEncephalomyelitis Virus, AvianRats, Inbred LewMaus Elberfeld virusCardiovirus InfectionsMice, Inbred C57BLEncephalitis VirusesEncephalomyelitis, Eastern EquinePeptide FragmentsT-LymphocytesMice, Inbred StrainsEncephalitis Virus, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineMyelin SheathAdoptive TransferInterleukin-17Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNSEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineMice, KnockoutLymphocyte ActivationTh1 CellsEncephalomyelitis, Enzootic PorcineTh17 CellsEnterovirus InfectionsBrainFatigue Syndrome, ChronicCytokinesDisease Models, AnimalAutoimmunityCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesEncephalomyelitis, Western EquineInterferon-gammaMice, TransgenicOligodendrogliaFreund's AdjuvantGlycoproteinsAutoimmune DiseasesAutoantigensT-Lymphocyte SubsetsEnterovirusEncephalomyelitis, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis, ViralParalysisCoronavirus InfectionsT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryMicrogliaMolecular Sequence DataSpleenAmino Acid SequenceCells, CulturedImmune ToleranceImmunizationBlood-Brain BarrierEpitopes, T-LymphocyteInterleukin-10InflammationLymph NodesPoliomyelitisArbovirusesAstrocytesMuscle RigidityFlow CytometryPleurodynia, EpidemicAntigen-Presenting CellsDisease SusceptibilityT-Lymphocytes, Helper-InducerTh2 CellsReceptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-betaReceptors, Antigen, T-CellHorse DiseasesInjections, SubcutaneousPeptidesCardiovirusParaneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous SystemCell MovementInjections, IntraperitonealCallithrixMacrophagesCell DifferentiationNervous System Autoimmune Disease, ExperimentalHistocompatibility Antigens Class IIMurine hepatitis virusImmunologic FactorsForkhead Transcription FactorsCell ProliferationGuinea PigsInterleukin-4Immunization, PassiveInterleukin-23Alphavirus InfectionsOptic NeuritisMice, Inbred BALB CAdjuvants, ImmunologicImmunohistochemistryAxonsImmunosuppressive AgentsDendritic CellsCell LineGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinAcute DiseaseDisease ProgressionCoronavirusHu Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis AntigensAntibodies, ViralAntigens, CD80Antibodies, MonoclonalSeverity of Illness IndexTime FactorsAutoantibodiesCentral Nervous System DiseasesMice, BiozziPregnenesSodium BenzoateHorsesEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssaySindbis VirusVertebrate VirusesHLA-DR2 AntigenCoronavirus OC43, HumanMyelitisAntigensGene Expression RegulationInterleukin-12Encephalitis, ArbovirusNidovirales InfectionsIntegrin alpha4Immunity, InnateMagnetic Resonance ImagingTeschovirusDose-Response Relationship, ImmunologicGlia Maturation FactorDown-RegulationNuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3EncephalitisChronic DiseaseAntigen PresentationImmunodominant EpitopesChemokinesAntigens, CDCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesEpitopesRNA, MessengerNeuroprotective AgentsUp-RegulationHypersensitivity, DelayedAntibodiesMembrane GlycoproteinsNeutralization TestsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionOptic NerveMeningesCricetinaeInterleukinsCentral Nervous System Viral DiseasesGliosisMice, Mutant StrainsRecurrenceTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaVirusesParaneoplastic SyndromesInflammation MediatorsAlphavirusSignal TransductionRats, Inbred BNInterleukin-23 Subunit p19Crosses, GeneticImmunomodulationViral VaccinesCell Migration InhibitionCuprizoneChemokine CCL2B-LymphocytesMolecular MimicryAntigens, ViralVirus CultivationTh1-Th2 BalanceInterleukin-2Mice, CongenicHemagglutination Inhibition TestsCerebrospinal FluidClonal AnergyImmunosuppressionAntigens, CD274VaccinationParaneoplastic PolyneuropathyCoculture TechniquesArbovirus InfectionsPropylene Glycols
Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental: An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated: An acute or subacute inflammatory process of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM characterized histologically by multiple foci of perivascular demyelination. Symptom onset usually occurs several days after an acute viral infection or immunization, but it may coincide with the onset of infection or rarely no antecedent event can be identified. Clinical manifestations include CONFUSION, somnolence, FEVER, nuchal rigidity, and involuntary movements. The illness may progress to COMA and eventually be fatal. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p921)Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein: A transmembrane protein present in the MYELIN SHEATH of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is one of the main autoantigens implicated in the pathogenesis of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.Encephalomyelitis, Equine: A group of ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS which affect horses and man, transmitted via the bites of mosquitoes. Disorders in this category are endemic to regions of South America and North America. In humans, clinical manifestations vary with the type of infection, and range from a mild influenza-like syndrome to a fulminant encephalitis. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-10)Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein: A myelin protein found in the periaxonal membrane of both the central and peripheral nervous systems myelin sheaths. It binds to cells surface receptors found on AXONS and may regulate cellular interactions between MYELIN and AXONS.Myelin Proteins: MYELIN-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar MYELIN SHEATH structure.Myelin Proteolipid Protein: A myelin protein that is the major component of the organic solvent extractable lipoprotein complexes of whole brain. It has been the subject of much study because of its unusual physical properties. It remains soluble in chloroform even after essentially all of its bound lipids have been removed. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 4th ed, p122)Theilovirus: A species of CARDIOVIRUS which contains three strains: Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, Vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus, and Rat encephalomyelitis virus.Multiple Sclerosis: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Demyelinating Diseases: Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.Encephalomyelitis Virus, Avian: A tentative species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS infecting primarily young chicks, but also found in turkeys, pheasants, and guinea fowl. It causes a fatal neuronal degeneration and is transmitted by mechanical contact.Rats, Inbred LewMaus Elberfeld virus: A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, usually causing an inapparent intestinal infection in mice. A small number of mice may show signs of flaccid paralysis.Cardiovirus Infections: Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.Mice, Inbred C57BLEncephalitis Viruses: A collection of single-stranded RNA viruses scattered across the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae families whose common property is the ability to induce encephalitic conditions in infected hosts.Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine: A form of arboviral encephalitis (primarily affecting equines) endemic to eastern regions of North America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, EASTERN EQUINE) may be transmitted to humans via the bite of AEDES mosquitoes. Clinical manifestations include the acute onset of fever, HEADACHE, altered mentation, and SEIZURES followed by coma. The condition is fatal in up to 50% of cases. Recovery may be marked by residual neurologic deficits and EPILEPSY. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine: A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. It is seen most commonly in parts of Central and South America.Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine: A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis in Equidae and humans. The virus ranges along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States and Canada and as far south as the Caribbean, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. Infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90 percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics.Myelin Sheath: The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).Interleukin-17: A proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T-LYMPHOCYTES or their precursors. Several subtypes of interleukin-17 have been identified, each of which is a product of a unique gene.Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS: Conditions characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin (see MYELIN SHEATH) in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerves secondary to autoimmune mediated processes. This may take the form of a humoral or cellular immune response directed toward myelin or OLIGODENDROGLIA associated autoantigens.Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine: A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the United States, southern Canada, and parts of South America.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Th1 Cells: Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.Encephalomyelitis, Enzootic Porcine: A picornavirus infection producing symptoms similar to poliomyelitis in pigs.Th17 Cells: Subset of helper-effector T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete IL-17, IL-17F, and IL-22. These cytokines are involved in host defenses and tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases.Enterovirus InfectionsBrain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic: A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine: A form of arboviral encephalitis (which primarily affects horses) endemic to western and central regions of NORTH AMERICA. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, WESTERN EQUINE) may be transferred to humans via the bite of mosquitoes (CULEX tarsalis and others). Clinical manifestations include headache and influenza-like symptoms followed by alterations in mentation, SEIZURES, and COMA. DEATH occurs in a minority of cases. Survivors may recover fully or be left with residual neurologic dysfunction, including PARKINSONISM, POSTENCEPHALITIC. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-9)Interferon-gamma: The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Oligodendroglia: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.Freund's Adjuvant: An antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil. The complete form is made up of killed, dried mycobacteria, usually M. tuberculosis, suspended in the oil phase. It is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and potentiates the production of certain IMMUNOGLOBULINS in some animals. The incomplete form does not contain mycobacteria.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Autoimmune Diseases: Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.T-Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Enterovirus: A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine: A form of arboviral encephalitis endemic to Central America and the northern latitudes of South America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, VENEZUELAN EQUINE) is transmitted to humans and horses via the bite of several mosquito species. Human viral infection may be asymptomatic or remain restricted to a mild influenza-like illness. Encephalitis, usually not severe, occurs in a small percentage of cases and may rarely feature SEIZURES and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.Paralysis: A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)Coronavirus Infections: Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory: CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.Interleukin-10: A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.Lymph Nodes: They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.Poliomyelitis: An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)Arboviruses: Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Included are some members of the following families: ARENAVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; TOGAVIRIDAE; and FLAVIVIRIDAE. (From Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)Astrocytes: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.Muscle Rigidity: Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Pleurodynia, Epidemic: An acute, febrile, infectious disease generally occurring in epidemics. It is usually caused by coxsackieviruses B and sometimes by coxsackieviruses A; echoviruses; or other enteroviruses.Antigen-Presenting Cells: A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer: Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.Th2 Cells: Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta: T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell: Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.Horse Diseases: Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.Injections, Subcutaneous: Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Cardiovirus: A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE causing encephalitis and myocarditis in rodents. ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS is the type species.Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System: Degenerative or inflammatory conditions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that develop in association with a systemic neoplasm without direct invasion by tumor. They may be associated with circulating antibodies that react with the affected neural tissue. (Intern Med 1996 Dec;35(12):925-9)Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Injections, Intraperitoneal: Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.Callithrix: A genus of the subfamily CALLITRICHINAE occurring in forests of Brazil and Bolivia and containing seventeen species.Macrophages: The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, Experimental: Experimental animal models for human AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. They include GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME (see NEURITIS, AUTOIMMUNE, EXPERIMENTAL); MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (see MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, AUTOIMMUNE, EXPERIMENTAL); and MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (see ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, AUTOIMMUNE, EXPERIMENTAL).Histocompatibility Antigens Class II: Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.Murine hepatitis virus: A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).Immunologic Factors: Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.Forkhead Transcription Factors: A subclass of winged helix DNA-binding proteins that share homology with their founding member fork head protein, Drosophila.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Interleukin-4: A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.Immunization, Passive: Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).Interleukin-23: A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-23 is comprised of a unique 19 kDa subunit and 40 kDa subunit that is shared with INTERLEUKIN-12. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cellsAlphavirus Infections: Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).Mice, Inbred BALB CAdjuvants, Immunologic: Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.Dendritic Cells: Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course.Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.Coronavirus: A genus of the family CORONAVIRIDAE which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of vertebrates.Hu Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis Antigens: A family of RNA-binding proteins that are homologues of ELAV protein, Drosophila. They were initially identified in humans as the targets of autoantibodies in patients with PARANEOPLASTIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. They are thought to regulate GENE EXPRESSION at the post-transcriptional level.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Antigens, CD80: A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Severity of Illness Index: Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.Central Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.Mice, Biozzi: A strain of mice bred specifically as high or low antibody responders.Pregnenes: Unsaturated derivatives of PREGNANES.Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.Horses: Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Sindbis Virus: The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.Vertebrate Viruses: Viruses infecting man and other vertebrates.HLA-DR2 Antigen: A broad specificity HLA-DR antigen that is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*01:15 and DRB1*01:16 alleles.Coronavirus OC43, Human: A species in the genus CORONAVIRUS causing the common cold and possibly nervous system infections in humans. It contains hemagglutinin-esterase.Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; and ischemia (see also SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction.Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of INTERFERON-GAMMA production by T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Encephalitis, Arbovirus: Infections of the brain caused by arthropod-borne viruses (i.e., arboviruses) primarily from the families TOGAVIRIDAE; FLAVIVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; and RHABDOVIRIDAE. Life cycles of these viruses are characterized by ZOONOSES, with birds and lower mammals serving as intermediate hosts. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) or TICKS. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, alterations of mentation, focal neurologic deficits, and COMA. (From Clin Microbiol Rev 1994 Jan;7(1):89-116; Walton, Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System, 10th ed, p321)Nidovirales Infections: Infections with viruses of the order NIDOVIRALES. The concept includes ARTERIVIRUS INFECTIONS and CORONAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.Integrin alpha4: An integrin alpha subunit that is unique in that it does not contain an I domain, and its proteolytic cleavage site is near the middle of the extracellular portion of the polypeptide rather than close to the membrane as in other integrin alpha subunits.Immunity, Innate: The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Teschovirus: A genus in the family PICORNAVIRIDAE that can cause polioencephalomyelitis in pigs. The type species Porcine teschovirus is comprised of multiple strains.Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic: A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.Glia Maturation Factor: A factor identified in the brain that influences the growth and differentiation of NEURONS and NEUROGLIA. Glia maturation factor beta is the 17-kDa polypeptide product of the GMFB gene and is the principal component of GLIA MATURATION FACTOR.Down-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3: An orphan nuclear receptor found in the THYMUS where it plays a role in regulating the development and maturation of thymocytes. An isoform of this protein, referred to as RORgammaT, is produced by an alternatively transcribed mRNA.Encephalitis: Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.Chronic Disease: Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)Antigen Presentation: The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Immunodominant Epitopes: Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody.Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C; (CHEMOKINES, C); CC; (CHEMOKINES, CC); and CXC; (CHEMOKINES, CXC); according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.Up-Regulation: A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Hypersensitivity, Delayed: An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Neutralization Tests: The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Meninges: The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli.Central Nervous System Viral Diseases: Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.Mice, Mutant Strains: Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.Paraneoplastic Syndromes: In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.Inflammation Mediators: The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).Alphavirus: A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Rats, Inbred BNInterleukin-23 Subunit p19: A subunit of interleukin-23. It combines with INTERLEUKIN-12 SUBUNIT P40, which is shared between the two cytokines, to form in the active interleukin-23 cytokine.Crosses, Genetic: Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.Immunomodulation: Alteration of the immune system or of an immune response by agents that activate or suppress its function. This can include IMMUNIZATION or administration of immunomodulatory drugs. Immunomodulation can also encompass non-therapeutic alteration of the immune system effected by endogenous or exogenous substances.Viral Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.Cell Migration Inhibition: Phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated LEUKOCYTES or MACROPHAGES. Specific CELL MIGRATION ASSAYS have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factors, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms.Cuprizone: Copper chelator that inhibits monoamine oxidase and causes liver and brain damage.Chemokine CCL2: A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by LEUKOCYTES of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by FIBROBLASTS during tissue injury. It has specificity for CCR2 RECEPTORS.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Molecular Mimicry: The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Virus Cultivation: Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.Th1-Th2 Balance: Homeostatic control of the immune system by secretion of different cytokines by the Th1 and Th2 cells. The concentration dependent binding of the various cytokines to specific receptors determines the balance (or imbalance leading to disease).Interleukin-2: A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.Mice, Congenic: Mouse strains constructed to possess identical genotypes except for a difference at a single gene locus.Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests: Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.Cerebrospinal Fluid: A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.Clonal Anergy: Functional inactivation of T- or B-lymphocytes rendering them incapable of eliciting an immune response to antigen. This occurs through different mechanisms in the two kinds of lymphocytes and can contribute to SELF TOLERANCE.Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.Antigens, CD274: An inhibitory B7 antigen that has specificity for the T-CELL receptor PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 1 PROTEIN. CD274 antigen provides negative signals that control and inhibit T-cell responses and is found at higher than normal levels on tumor cells, suggesting its potential role in TUMOR IMMUNE EVASION.Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.Paraneoplastic Polyneuropathy: A diffuse or multifocal peripheral neuropathy related to the remote effects of a neoplasm, most often carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically, there are inflammatory changes in peripheral nerves. The most common clinical presentation is a symmetric distal mixed sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1334)Coculture Techniques: A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on CELL DIFFERENTIATION or APOPTOSIS. Coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states.Arbovirus Infections: Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.Propylene Glycols: Derivatives of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol). They are used as humectants and solvents in pharmaceutical preparations.

Non-coding plasmid DNA induces IFN-gamma in vivo and suppresses autoimmune encephalomyelitis. (1/278)

Regulatory sequences used in plasmids for naked DNA vaccination can modulate cytokine production in vivo. We demonstrate here that injection of plasmid DNA can suppress the prototypic T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, by inducing IFN-gamma.  (+info)

Non-purulent meningoencephalomyelitis of a Pacific striped dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). The first evidence of morbillivirus infection in a dolphin at the Pacific Ocean around Japan. (2/278)

On March 22, 1998, a mature, male, hyposthenic Pacific striped dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) was stranded at Aoshima Beach in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan. A necropsy performed 14 hr after death revealed mild diffuse congestion and edema of the leptomeninges and mild pulmonary atelectasis. Histopathologically, non-purulent inflammatory were observed throughout the cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. Hematoxylin and eosin stain revealed no viral inclusion bodies. Immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody against nucleoprotein of canine distemper virus (CDV-NP) revealed a number of CDV-NP-positive granular deposits in the cytoplasm and cell processes of the degenerating or intact neurons. The present paper is a first report of spontaneously occurred morbillivirus infection in a dolphin at the Pacific Ocean around Japan.  (+info)

Immunity to heat shock proteins and neurological disorders of women. (3/278)

Stress or heat shock proteins are constitutively expressed in normal CNS tissues in a variety of cell types (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons). Their presence may protect cells from various stresses, such as hypoxia, anoxia, and excessive excitatory stimulation. Increased amounts of hsp are expressed in various cells of the CNS during acute toxic-metabolic states and in chronic degenerative and inflammatory diseases. Increased expression of hsp may lead to immune responses to these proteins. Antibodies to mycobacterial hsp bind to normal human myelin and to oligodendrocytes in regions of MS demyelination. Cellular immune responses to hsp occur with increased frequency and magnitude in persons with MS, especially those with recent onset of disease. In addition, there are populations of T cells expressing gamma/delta T cells in the brains and spinal fluids of persons with MS, suggesting an in situ immune response to hsps. Humoral immune responses to hsp are found in CSF, but no disease specificity has been documented. Some myelin proteins have sequence homology with particular hsps. One instance is the homology between a peptide of mycobacterial Hsp65 and the myelin protein CNP. Our data on EAE suggest that immune responses to either cross-reactive hsp epitopes or whole hsp can modify the course of both acute and chronic relapsing EAE. In addition, the severity and frequency of environmental exposure to infectious agents can modify the course of EAE, possibly by altering the patterns of immune response to hsp. Finally, tolerance to the small hsp, alpha B-crystallin, a putative autoantigen in persons with MS, alters the course of relapsing EAE, supporting its role in chronic, autoimmune CNS disease. Modifying immune responses to hsp may be a potential new treatment option for persons with MS.  (+info)

Antibody prevents virus reactivation within the central nervous system. (4/278)

The neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) produces an acute CNS infection characterized by encephalomyelitis and demyelination. The immune response cannot completely eliminate virus, resulting in persistence associated with chronic ongoing CNS demyelination. The contribution of humoral immunity to viral clearance and persistent infection was investigated in mice homozygous for disruption of the Ig mu gene (IgM-/-). Acute disease developed with equal kinetics and severity in IgM-/- and syngeneic C57BL/6 (wt) mice. However, clinical disease progressed in IgM-/- mice, while wt mice recovered. Viral clearance during acute infection was similar in both groups, supporting a primary role of cell-mediated immunity in viral clearance. In contrast to wt mice, in which infectious virus was reduced to below detection following acute infection, increasing infectious virus was recovered from the CNS of the IgM-/- mice following initial clearance. No evidence was obtained for selection of variant viruses nor was there an apparent loss of cell-mediated immunity in the absence of Ab. Passive transfer of anti-JHMV Ab following initial clearance prevented reactivation of infectious virus within the CNS of IgM-/- mice. These data demonstrate the clearance of infectious virus during acute disease by cell-mediated immunity. However, immunologic control is not maintained in the absence of anti-viral Ab, resulting in recrudescence of infectious virus. These data suggest that humoral immunity plays no role in controlling virus during acute infection, but plays an important role in establishing and maintaining CNS viral persistence.  (+info)

Pigs with highly prevalent antibodies to human coronavirus and swine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in the Tohoku District of Japan. (5/278)

From 1985 to 1988, a total of 2496 swine sera from 60 farms in the Tohoku District of the Honshu Island of Japan were examined for antibodies to swine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), human coronavirus (HCV) and bovine coronavirus (BCV) by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Antibodies to HEV 67N strain and HCV OC43 strain were highly prevalent with positivity rates of 82.1 and 91.4%, respectively, while seropositivity rate to BCV Kakegawa strain was 44.2%. No clinical signs of HEV infection were noticed in any farms including farms with relatively high seropositivity. The results suggested that HCV or antigenitically related virus(es) as well as HEV might be perpetuated in swine in the Tohoku District.  (+info)

The clinical and epidemiological profile of tick-borne encephalitis in southern Germany 1994-98: a prospective study of 656 patients. (6/278)

Seven hundred and nine patients fell ill in southern Germany (Baden-Wurttemberg) after infection with the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus between 1994 and 1998. Detailed clinical and epidemiological data on TBE were available for 656 patients. A biphasic course of the disease occurred in 485 patients (74%). TBE presented as meningitis in 320 patients (49%), as meningoencephalitis in 270 (41%) and as meningoencephalomyelitis in 66 (10%). Eight of the patients (1.2%) died from TBE. Four hundred and forty-five patients (68%) had noticed a tick bite and the first symptoms occurred, on average, 7 days later. The most frequent neurological symptoms were impairment of consciousness (31%), ataxia (18%) and paresis of the extremities (15%) and cranial nerves (11%). Laboratory investigations revealed leucocytosis in the peripheral blood in 224 out of 392 patients (74%), elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in 223 out of 245 (91%), increased C-reactive protein in 127 out of 155 (82%), pleocytosis in the CSF of all patients tested, damage of the blood-CSF barrier in 255 out of 322 (79%), abnormalities in EEG in 165 out of 214 (77%) and abnormalities in MRI in 18 out of 102 (18%). In general, adolescents up to 14 years of age had a more favourable course of the disease than adults. Of 230 patients who were re-examined at a later time, 53 (23%) had moderate or severe sequelae. Patients with sequelae presented more frequently (P < 0.001) with impaired consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale < 7), ataxia, pareses of the extremities or cranial nerves, a need for assisted ventilation, abnormal findings in MRI, pleocytosis > 300 cells/microl and impairment of the blood-CSF barrier (total protein > 600 mg/l). In view of the severity of the illness and the high frequency of sequelae, active immunization against TBE is recommended for all subjects living in and travelling to areas of risk. Prevention of TBE by post-exposure prophylaxis with hyperimmunoglobulins is less effective and therefore should be performed only when absolutely necessary.  (+info)

MR imaging findings of enteroviral encephaloymelitis: an outbreak in Taiwan. (7/278)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: An outbreak of enterovirus infection occurred in Taiwan from late spring to early fall of 1998. Most of the pediatric infections presented as hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. A small portion of patients had symptoms of polio-like encephalitis and paralysis. The purpose of this study was to review the MR imaging findings in CNS involvement of enterovirus infection. METHODS: Twenty patients who had HFMD and clinical encephalitis were examined with MR imaging. T1-weighted and T2-weighted MR images were obtained. From the rectum, throat, CSF, and peripheral blood, the presence of enterovirus 71 (EV 71) was determined by virus culture, immunofluorescent microscopy, immunologic dot blotting, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: MR imaging studies of 20 patients showed hyperintensity in the brain stem and spinal cord in 15 patients, as seen on T2-weighted images. The major CNS lesions were in the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and the dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. In some cases, the lesions involved the spinal cord (three cases) as well as the thalamus (two cases) and putamina (one case). Five patients had normal MR imaging results. After the appropriate management for tachycardia and tachypnea, 18 patients recovered within 1 to 2 weeks. In the follow-up MR imaging examination of five patients, the lesions completely disappeared within 2 weeks to 2 months. In two patients who were still respirator-dependent, MR imaging showed the tissue destruction in the posterior portions of the medulla, pons, and the ventral horns of cervical spinal cord. In one patient, most of midbrain was damaged. The presence of EV 71 was detected in specimens from 18 patients. CONCLUSION: Because EV 71 was identified in 18 patients, and no other virus was detected, EV 71 was determined to be the major causative agent of this encephalomyelitis. Brain stem and cervical spinal cord involvement are characteristic findings of enteroviral encephalomyelitis.  (+info)

A central role for CD4(+) T cells and RANTES in virus-induced central nervous system inflammation and demyelination. (8/278)

Infection of C57BL/6 mice with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) results in a demyelinating encephalomyelitis characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and white matter destruction similar to the pathology of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. The contributions of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the pathogenesis of the disease were investigated. Significantly less severe inflammation and demyelination were observed in CD4(-/-) mice than in CD8(-/-) and C57BL/6 mice (P < or = 0.002 and P < or = 0.001, respectively). Immunophenotyping of central nervous system (CNS) infiltrates revealed that CD4(-/-) mice had a significant reduction in numbers of activated macrophages/microglial cells in the brain compared to the numbers in CD8(-/-) and C57BL/6 mice, indicating a role for these cells in myelin destruction. Furthermore, CD4(-/-) mice displayed lower levels of RANTES (a C-C chemokine) mRNA transcripts and protein, suggesting a role for this molecule in the pathogenesis of MHV-induced neurologic disease. Administration of RANTES antisera to MHV-infected C57BL/6 mice resulted in a significant reduction in macrophage infiltration and demyelination (P < or = 0.001) compared to those in control mice. These data indicate that CD4(+) T cells have a pivotal role in accelerating CNS inflammation and demyelination within infected mice, possibly by regulating RANTES expression, which in turn coordinates the trafficking of macrophages into the CNS, leading to myelin destruction.  (+info)

Novel therapy in canine granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitisNovel therapy in canine granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis
Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) is a fatal neurologic condition that causes brain lesions. It is also considered to be one of the most common neurologic problems in dogs. There are good news from Wisconsin: Cyclosporine therapy seems to be very promising in this condition.
2012 - Bacterial gene analysis may help ID cause of dog brain disease - Emerging Pathogens Institute - University of Florida2012 - Bacterial gene analysis may help ID cause of dog brain disease - Emerging Pathogens Institute - University of Florida
GAINESVILLE, Fla. - By analyzing the genes of bacteria, University of Florida researchers have moved a step closer to pinpointing how two brain disorders common in small-breed dogs occur.. The researchers found that the bacteria, known as Mycoplasma canis, invade dogs cells and suppress their immune system responses.. "This could explain how the bacteria are able to enter the brain in certain circumstances," said lead investigator Daniel Brown, an associate professor of infectious diseases at the UF College of Veterinary Medicine. "If our theory is correct, it is possible that antibiotic therapy aimed at the mycoplasma could be beneficial if the condition is diagnosed early enough.". The findings, which appear in the August issue of the Journal of Bacteriology, were also presented at the annual meeting of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology in France.. The researchers studied two common brain syndromes called granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, or GME, and necrotizing ...
Ebola outbreak: Is real danger epidemic of fear?Ebola outbreak: Is real danger 'epidemic of fear'?
The economic impact of the deadly virus may spread even further, if more multinational companies choose to keep a lid on operations.
Doctors Without Borders: Epidemic Still Getting WorseDoctors Without Borders: 'Epidemic Still Getting Worse'
At 3:30 a.m. in the worlds biggest Ebola treatment center, Daniel Lucey found the outbreak reduced to its essentials: patients lying on mattresses on the floor and vomiting in the dark, visible only by the wavering flashlight beam of a single volunteer doctor.
Bird flu has become epidemic, with 1.4M Minn. turkeys affected - StarTribune.comBird flu has become 'epidemic,' with 1.4M Minn. turkeys affected - StarTribune.com
Highly lethal bird flu is taking on epidemic proportions, hitting eight more Minnesota turkey farms and bringing the number of birds affected in the state to more than 1.4 million.
An Epidemic of Loneliness in America? Maybe NotAn 'Epidemic of Loneliness' in America? Maybe Not
Despite media stories about a loneliness epidemic plaguing the elderly, two new studies find that they feel no more lonely than their peers from past generations.
Training with Bornholmes (chest pains)Training with Bornholme's (chest pains)
Several months ago I started getting serious chest pains - so bad that I thought I was having a heart attack. I went to the doctor, and they think that I have Bornholmes Syndrome (aka epidemic myalgia). Apparently, its just an inflamation of the chest lining. Painful, scary, but not serious and normally gets better on its own. The doctor said to take painkillers to bring the swelling down, and they said that I could continue to train if I wanted to. Its been almost four months
Women developing wrinkles 10 years too early says expert | Daily Mail OnlineWomen developing wrinkles 10 years too early says expert | Daily Mail Online
London cosmetic surgeon Dr Navid Javalli has pointed to an epidemic of deep wrinkle lines in young women, and he says too much time spent staring at phones and computers is to blame.
LETTERS: Readers respond to Epidemic | East County | Your ObserverLETTERS: Readers respond to 'Epidemic' | East County | Your Observer
Last week, The East County Observer published an article titled Epidemic. It focused on Justin Lizardi, the 20-year-old who in July was caught burglarizing homes in Heritage Harbour. His family shared details about Lizardis longtime addiction to drugs, which he began using while a student Lakewood Ranch High School. See inside for readers responses.
New vaccine could someday fight the effects of opioid combinations | EurekAlert! Science NewsNew vaccine could someday fight the effects of opioid combinations | EurekAlert! Science News
Substance abuse is a continuing problem in the US, to the point of being an epidemic. Treatments exist, but far too often patients relapse with devastating impacts on themselves and those around them. Now, scientists report that they have made progress toward a vaccine against the effects of fentanyl, a synthetic opioid, in combination with heroin. The researchers are presenting their research at the 254th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society.
Can Excessive TV Watching Cause Autism? - getsocialsignals.comCan Excessive TV Watching Cause Autism? - getsocialsignals.com
The prevalence of autism in the United States has risen steadily since researchers first began tracking it in 2000. The rise in the rate has sparked fears of an autism epidemic. But experts say the bulk of the increase stems from a growing awareness of autism and changes to the conditions diagnostic criteria ...
Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus: a syndrome with diverse clinical features and antibody responses. -...Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus: a syndrome with diverse clinical features and antibody responses. -...
BACKGROUND/AIMS: To better characterize progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) syndrome and identify novel PERM phenotypes. METHODS: The clinical features and antibody status of PERM patients were investigated using immunoblots, cell-based assays, RIA, protein macroarray and ELISA. RESULTS: Two patients with supratentorial involvement showed abnormal PET or EEG findings. One patient was discovered to have renal cell carcinoma, and protein macroarray revealed Ma3-antibodies. Another patient with leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies showed a good response to immunotherapy. CONCLUSION: The heterogeneity of the immunological features suggests that PERM is caused by diverse pathogenic mechanisms. Seropositivity to well-characterized neuronal cell surface antigens might indicate a good treatment response.
FELINE POLIOENCEPHALOMYELITISFELINE POLIOENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Etiology and Pathogenesis. Feline polioencephalomyelitis is a chronic, slowly progressive encephalomyelitis of unknown etiology described in immature and mature cats. Histopathologically, the disease is characterized by neuronal degeneration and perivascular cuffing by mononuclear cells. Demyelination and axonal loss are most conspicuous in the ventral and lateral columns of the spinal cord and most severe in the thoracic spinal cord segments. Lymphocytic meningitis, neuronophagia, and glial nodules also have been described, and lesions may be found in the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, midbrain, and medullary nuclei.. The pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. A viral etiology is suspected on the basis of the histopathologic changes, although a specific viral agent has not been isolated. The chronic clinical course, distribution of lesions, and lack of inclusions distinguish this disease from rabies, pseudorabies, and FIP, Feline panleukopenia virus, FeLV, and arboviruses have been suggested ...
Meningoencephalomyelitis definition | Drugs.comMeningoencephalomyelitis definition | Drugs.com
Definition of meningoencephalomyelitis. Provided by Stedmans medical dictionary and Drugs.com. Includes medical terms and definitions.
High-altitude cerebral edema or acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis in the Himalayas | Neurology Clinical PracticeHigh-altitude cerebral edema or acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis in the Himalayas | Neurology Clinical Practice
A healthy, nonacclimatized 56-year-old woman developed mood changes and general weakness followed by vomiting, sensory disturbances, and ultimately unconsciousness within hours during an ascent from 1,600 to 2,800 meters in the Himalayas, Nepal. She reported no headache, ataxia, or visual disturbances during and following the hike, as confirmed by fellow travelers. As high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) was suspected, she received 8 mg of dexamethasone and was transferred to a hospital specializing in acute mountain sickness (AMS) located at 1,300 meters. During the transfer, she had a generalized seizure. The next morning, her consciousness was still clouded. She exhibited subtle, brief, involuntary muscle twitching in both arms and neck. Because she responded properly to stimuli, this was interpreted as myoclonus. Laboratory testing revealed serum hyponatremia (117 mmol/L), hyposmolarity, and urine hyperosmolality. These disturbances were associated with decreased urine volume, high positive ...
Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitisAcute demyelinating encephalomyelitis
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IL-27 Limits Central Nervous System Viral Clearance by Promoting IL-10 and Enhances Demyelination | The Journal of ImmunologyIL-27 Limits Central Nervous System Viral Clearance by Promoting IL-10 and Enhances Demyelination | The Journal of Immunology
IL-27 is a pleiotropic member of the IL-6 and IL-12 cytokine family composed of the IL-27p28 and the EBV-induced gene 3. IL-27 and its receptor mRNA are both upregulated in the CNS during acute encephalomyelitis induced by the JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) and sustained during viral persistence. Contributions of IL-27 to viral pathogenesis were evaluated by infection of IL-27Rα-chain-deficient (IL-27Rα−/−) mice. The absence of IL-27 signaling accelerated virus control within the CNS associated with increased IFN-γ secreting virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Abrogation of IL-27 signaling did not affect virus-specific CD8+ T cell-mediated IL-10 production or cytolytic activity or Foxp3+ regulatory T cell populations. However, IL-10 production by virus-specific CD4+ T cells was reduced significantly. Despite increased T cell-mediated antiviral function in IL-27Rα−/− mice, the virus persisted in the CNS at similar levels as in wild-type mice. Nevertheless, ...
An in Vitro Test of Cellular Immunity in Allergic Encephalomyelitis. | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of...An in Vitro Test of Cellular Immunity in Allergic Encephalomyelitis. | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of...
A sensitive method was developed for measuring cytotoxic effects produced by lymphoid cells harvested from rats with allergic encephalomyelitis. Allergic encephalomyelitis was produced by immunizing Lewis rats with 2.5 µg of Kies protein emulsified with Freunds complete adjuvant. Peritoneal cells were harvested 10 to 14 days after immunization. Harvested cells from specifically immunized rats were compared for cytopathic effect with equal numbers of control nonspecifically sensitized peritoneal cells. Cytopathic effect was measured by interacting lymphoid cells with HeLa or L cells, which had been grown in the presence of 14C thymidine and subsequently "coated" with a solution of Kies protein ...
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Preventions, DiagnosisAcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Preventions, Diagnosis
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis - Get information and read articles on Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis signs, symptoms, causes, treatment, prevention and diagnosis at onlymyhealth.com, your complete health guide.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis PicturesAcute disseminated encephalomyelitis Pictures
Click here for Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis pictures! You can also find pictures of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis htm.
Most recent papers with the keyword Cd3+ | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword Cd3+ | Read by QxMD
Consumption of edible oils contaminated with Argemone oil (AO) leads to a clinical condition called Epidemic dropsy. Earlier studies have reported that metabolism and oxidative stress primarily contributes to AO toxicity, however, the involvement of immune system has not been assessed so far. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to systematically assess the effect of AO exposure on the function of immune system in Balb/c mice. The repeated exposure of AO for 28 days caused prominent regression of spleen and thymus; severe inflammatory changes in spleen depicted by the loss of distinct follicles, increased megakaryocyte infiltration, and enhanced expression levels of inflammatory markers (iNOS & COX-2 ...
Global Thyroid Cancer Overdiagnosis in Children and AdolescentsGlobal Thyroid Cancer Overdiagnosis in Children and Adolescents
The incidence of thyroid cancer among children and adolescents around the world mimics the patterns in adults, which are attributed to an epidemic of overdiagnosis.
Could playing video games help kids lose weight, gain confidence? | Gramercy PediatricsCould playing video games help kids lose weight, gain confidence? | Gramercy Pediatrics
Child obesity more than doubled between 1980 and 2012, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls it an epidemic. But what if video games could
Introduction: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis - CureResearch.comIntroduction: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis - CureResearch.com
Introduction to Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis as a medical condition including symptoms, diagnosis, misdiagnosis, treatment, prevention, and prognosis.
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, AUTOIMMUNE, EXPERIMENTAL | SelfDecode | Genome AnalysisENCEPHALOMYELITIS, AUTOIMMUNE, EXPERIMENTAL | SelfDecode | Genome Analysis
Use SelfDecode to get personalized health recommendations based on your genes. Get started today with an existing DNA file or order a SelfDecode DNA kit!
Indirect fluorescent antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis | IslandScholarIndirect fluorescent antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis | IslandScholar
Objective - To assess the use of CSF testing with an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona. Sample Population - Test results of 428 serum and 355 CSF samples from 182 naturally exposed, experimentally infected, or vaccinated horses. Procedure - EPM was diagnosed on the basis of histologic examination of the CNS. Probability distributions were fitted to serum IFAT results in the EPM+ and EPM- horses, and Show moreObjective - To assess the use of CSF testing with an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona. Sample Population - Test results of 428 serum and 355 CSF samples from 182 naturally exposed, experimentally infected, or vaccinated horses. Procedure - EPM was diagnosed on the basis of histologic examination of the CNS. Probability distributions were fitted to serum IFAT results in the EPM+ and EPM- horses, and ...
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis Symptoms and TreatmentEquine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis Symptoms and Treatment
Equine protozoal myeloencephaltis is a serious health concern for horse owners. Although more than half of horses infected with this disease will respond to treatment, about 40% do not and eventually die from the deterioration of their central nervous system. Sadly, only one-tenth of infected horses completely recover from the infection. Learning the equine protozoal myeloencephalitis symptoms can help you get treatment for your horse quickly.. Recognizing Symptoms. The equine protozoal myeloencephalitis symptoms can be different in the infected horses because the infection causes lesions to appear in different areas of the brain. Depending on where these lesions show up, the symptoms change. Most of the more common symptoms involve lameness, loss of coordination, changes in the horses gait, and muscle atrophy. Other symptoms can include head tilting, leaning against the stall wall for balance, paralysis of the face, and loss of feeling in the head and neck area. When your horse begins showing ...
Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus: glycine and NMDA receptor antibodies. - Oxford NeuroscienceProgressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus: glycine and NMDA receptor antibodies. - Oxford Neuroscience
BACKGROUND: The syndrome of progressive encephalopathy with limb rigidity has been historically termed progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) or stiff-person syndrome plus. METHODS: The case is presented of a previously healthy 28-year-old man with a rapidly fatal form of PERM developing over 2 months. RESULTS: Serum antibodies to both NMDA receptors (NMDAR) and glycine receptors (GlyR) were detected postmortem, and examination of the brain confirmed an autoimmune encephalomyelitis, with particular involvement of hippocampal pyramidal and cerebellar Purkinje cells and relative sparing of the neocortex. No evidence for an underlying systemic neoplasm was found. CONCLUSION: This case displayed not only the clinical features of PERM, previously associated with GlyR antibodies, but also some of the features associated with NMDAR antibodies. This unusual combination of antibodies may be responsible for the particularly progressive course and sudden death.
Myalgic encephalomyelitis - Answers on HealthTapMyalgic encephalomyelitis - Answers on HealthTap
Doctor answers on Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More: Dr. Stachler on myalgic encephalomyelitis: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is a rare autoimmune disease affecting the brain & spinal cord, damaging the myelin & destroying the white matter. Symptoms are similar to Multiple sclerosis. It usually follows viral infection or vaccination. Symptoms start with fever, headaches, drowsiness, seizures. for topic: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome) |...Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome) |...
Evidence is put forward to suggest that myalgic encephalomyelitis, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome, may be associated with persistent viral infection. In turn, such infections are likely to impair the ability of the body to biosynthesise n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by inhibiting the δ-6 desaturation of the precursor essential fatty acids-namely, α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid. This would, in turn, impair the proper functioning of cell membranes, including cell signalling, and have an adverse effect on the biosynthesis of eicosanoids from the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. These actions might offer an explanation for some of the symptoms and signs of myalgic encephalomyelitis. A potential therapeutic avenue could be offered by bypassing the inhibition of the enzyme δ-6-desaturase by treatment with virgin cold-pressed non-raffinated evening primrose oil, which would supply ...
Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: more heat, some light-directions for research and clinical practice |...Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: more heat, some light-directions for research and clinical practice |...
In the paper by Smith and Wessely,1 problems are outlined in commissioning services in Scotland2 that accommodate the acrimonious debate between the views of those who consider myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) to be a neurological condition versus an evidence-based medicine view that chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a condition of uncertain aetiology improved by graded exercise treatment (GET) and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT).3 The debate threatens to hinder the development of safe, cost-effective and clinically effective services for patients with CFS/ME, and to stifle further research building on important discoveries on diagnosis, the limited effectiveness of current treatments and the validity of objective outcome measures.. A wide range of diagnostic criteria … ...
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Diagnosis, Treatment & Prognosis - The York ME CommunityMyalgic Encephalomyelitis Diagnosis, Treatment & Prognosis - The York ME Community
There is no test or cure for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (M.E.) but there are guidelines to help doctors diagnose and treat it. It can take a long time for the condition to be diagnosed, as other conditions that cause similar symptoms need to be ruled out first. Therefore, you may be given some advice about managing your symptoms before a diagnosis is confirmed. Patients looking for medical services outside the UK should contact national M.E. Organisations for details.. Within the National Health Service (NHS) it is commonly called Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS or CFS/M.E.). Sometimes it is known as Myalgic Encephalopathy, or diagnosed as Post Viral Fatigue Syndrome. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (M.E./CFS) is officially recognised as a neurological disorder by the World Health Organisation, the Department for Work and Pensions and the Department of Health. It has been called "The Disease of a Thousand Names", with many controversies surrounding them, as described in A Short ...
Chronic fatigue syndrome | Lima Memorial Health SystemChronic fatigue syndrome | Lima Memorial Health System
Brigden A, Loades M, Abbott A, Bond-Kendall J, Crawley E. Practical management of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis in childhood. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(10):981-986. PMID: 28659269 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28659269. Castro-Marrero J, Sáez-Francàs N, Santillo D, Alegre J. Treatment and management of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: all roads lead to Rome. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(5):345-369. PMID: 28052319 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28052319.. Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and myofascial pain. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 258. Collatz A, Johnston SC, Staines DR, Marshall-Gradisnik SM. A Systematic systematic review of drug therapies for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. Clin Ther. 2016;38(6):1263.e9-1271.e9. PMID: 27229907 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27229907. Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic ...
Open-label pilot for treatment targeting gut dysbiosis in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome:...Open-label pilot for treatment targeting gut dysbiosis in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome:...
Preliminary evidence suggests that the enteric microbiota may play a role in the expression of neurological symptoms in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Overlapping symptoms with the acute presentation of d-lactic acidosis has prompted the use of antibiotic treatment to target the overgrowth of species within the Streptococcus genus found in commensal enteric microbiota as a possible treatment for neurological symptoms in ME/CFS. An open-label, repeated measures design was used to examine treatment efficacy and enable sex comparisons. Participants included 44 adult ME/CFS patients (27 females) from one specialist medical clinic with Streptococcus viable counts above 3.00 × 105 cfu/g (wet weight of faeces) and with a count greater than 5% of the total count of aerobic microorganisms. The 4-week treatment protocol included alternate weeks of Erythromycin (400 mg of erythromycin as ethyl succinate salt) twice daily and probiotic (d-lactate free multistrain probiotic, 5 × 1010
Diagnostics | Free Full-Text | Replacing Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome with Systemic Exercise...Diagnostics | Free Full-Text | Replacing Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome with Systemic Exercise...
Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), described in the medical literature since 1938, is characterized by distinctive muscular symptoms, neurological symptoms, and signs of circulatory impairment. The only mandatory feature of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), introduced in 1988 and redefined in 1994, is chronic fatigue, which should be accompanied by at least four or more out of eight
Serum Immune Proteins in Moderate and Severe Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Patients [Abstract]Serum Immune Proteins in Moderate and Severe Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Patients [Abstract]
Abstract. Immunological dysregulation is present in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME), with recent studies also highlighting the importance of examining symptom severity. This research addressed this relationship between CFS/ME severity subgroups, assessing serum immunoglobulins and serum cytokines in severe and moderate CFS/ME patients. Participants included healthy controls (n= 22), moderately (n = 22) and severely (n=19) affected CFS/ME patients. The 1994 Fukuda Criteria defined CFS/ME and severity scales confirmed mobile and housebound CFS/ME patients as moderate and severe respectively. IL-1β was significantly reduced in severe compared with moderate CFS/ME patients. IL-6 was significantly decreased in moderate CFS/ME patients compared with healthy controls and severe CFS/ME patients. RANTES was significantly increased in moderate CFS/ME patients compared to severe CFS/ME patients. Serum IL-7 and IL-8 were significantly higher in the severe CFS/ME group compared ...
Frontiers | Neuroinflammation and Cytokines in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): A Critical Review...Frontiers | Neuroinflammation and Cytokines in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): A Critical Review...
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is the label given to a syndrome that can include long-term flu-like symptoms, profound fatigue, trouble concentrating, and autonomic problems, all of which worsen after exertion. It is unclear how many individuals with this diagnosis are suffering from the same condition or have the same underlying pathophysiology, and the discovery of biomarkers would be clarifying. The name
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Myalgic Encephalomyelitis) Differential DiagnosesChronic Fatigue Syndrome (Myalgic Encephalomyelitis) Differential Diagnoses
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disorder characterized by a state of chronic fatigue that persists for more than 6 months, has no clear cause, and is accompanied by cognitive difficulties. CSF was initially termed encephalomyalgia (or myalgic encephalomyelitis) because British clinicians noted that the essential clinical features of CFS ...
MCS America ©: An Etiological Model for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.MCS America ©: An Etiological Model for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
Kindling might represent a heuristic model for understanding the etiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Kindling occurs when an organism is exposed repeatedly to an initially sub-threshold stimulus resulting in hypersensitivity and spontaneous seizure-like activity. Among patients with ME/CFS, chronically repeated low-intensity stimulation due to an infectious illness might cause kindling of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Kindling might also occur by high-intensity stimulation (e.g., brain trauma) of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Once this system is charged or kindled, it can sustain a high level of arousal with little or no external stimulus and eventually this could lead to hypocortisolism. Seizure activity may spread to adjacent structures of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the brain, which might be responsible for the varied symptoms that occur among patients with ME/CFS. In addition, kindling may also be responsible for high ...
Metabolic Analysis of B-Cell Maturation in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Solve ME/CFS InitiativeMetabolic Analysis of B-Cell Maturation in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Solve ME/CFS Initiative
A project summary as written by Geraldine Cambridge, Fane Mensah, and Chris Armstrong:. Many viral and other infectious agents have been reported to cause or trigger the symptoms described by patients with Myalgic encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). The variety of pathogens associated with ME/CFS however suggests that a single agent is not responsible and that chronic changes to the normal functioning of immune and other body cells caused by stressors such as infections more likely underly this disease. ME/CFS patients suffer from a wide range of physical, neurocognitive and autonomic symptoms. It is perhaps therefore not surprising that in the limited biomedical studies so far performed, there appears to be a lack of consistency in results. Understanding the underlying disease-associated physiological and biochemical pathways in ME/CFS patients would therefore allow a more evidence-based approach leading to rapid diagnosis and to potential therapies. At present there are no ...
Examining clinical similarities between myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and D-lactic acidosis: a systematic...Examining clinical similarities between myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and D-lactic acidosis: a systematic...
The pursuit for clarity in diagnostic and treatment pathways for the complex, chronic condition of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) continues. This systematic review raises a novel question to explore possible overlapping aetiology in two distinct conditions. Similar neurocognitive symptoms and evidence of D-lactate producing bacteria in ME/CFS raise questions about shared mechanisms with the acute condition of D-lactic acidosis (D-la ...
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis - SaneVax, Inc.Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis - SaneVax, Inc.
Demonstrated diagnosis chronic fatigue syndrome / myalgic encephalomyelitis may be suitable in patients with suspected side effects to Q-HPV vaccine.
Seven genomic subtypes of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a detailed analysis of gene networks and clinical...Seven genomic subtypes of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a detailed analysis of gene networks and clinical...
Seven genomic subtypes of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a detailed analysis of gene networks and clinical phenotypes ...
NOT-AI-16-046: Notice of Availability of Administrative Supplements on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME...NOT-AI-16-046: Notice of Availability of Administrative Supplements on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME...
NIH Funding Opportunities and Notices in the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts: Notice of Availability of Administrative Supplements on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) NOT-AI-16-046. NIAID
Genome-wide association analysis identifies genetic variations in subjects with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue...Genome-wide association analysis identifies genetic variations in subjects with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue...
Publication: Citation: Transl Psychiatry (2015) 6, e●●; doi:10.1038/tp.2015.208 Myalgic encephalomyelitis, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS, is a multifactorial and debilitating disease that has an impact on over 4 million people in the United States alone. The pathogenesis of ME/CFS remains largely unknown; however, a genetic predisposition has been suggested. In the present study, we used a DNA single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip representing over 9 06 600 known SNPs to analyze DNA from ME/CFS subjects and healthy controls. To the best of our knowledge ...
Comorbidities of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis - MEpediaComorbidities of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis - MEpedia
A comorbidity is a diagnosis that commonly occurs independently of, and at the same time as another condition.[1] For example, Hashimotos thyroiditis is a comorbidity of ME/CFS because they are independent conditions, but postural orthostatic tachychardia syndrome is a symptom used to aid the diagnosis of ME/CFS is not a comorbidity even though both are distinct disorders and both frequently occur together.[2][3] Symptoms of ME/CFS that are not a separate diagnosis are not counted as comorbidities. Patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis frequently meet the criteria for one or more other conditions including: postural orthostatic tachychardia syndrome and other forms of orthostatic intolerance;[4]mast cell activation syndrome;[5]Ehlers-Danlos syndrome;[6]fibromyalgia;[2]endometriosis;[7] and a variety of autoimmune diseases.[2] It is not yet known whether these are true co-morbidities that share underlying genetic or environment risk factors, or if they are artifacts of diagnosis and disease ...
Comparison of a serum indirect fluorescent antibody test with two Western blot tests for the diagnosis of equine protozoal...Comparison of a serum indirect fluorescent antibody test with two Western blot tests for the diagnosis of equine protozoal...
A serum indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was compared with a Western blot (WB) and a modified Western blot (mWB) for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the area under the curve of the IFAT was greater than the area under the curves of the WB and the mWB (P=0.025 and P=0.044, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the areas under the curves of the WBs (P,0.05). On the basis of Show moreA serum indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was compared with a Western blot (WB) and a modified Western blot (mWB) for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the area under the curve of the IFAT was greater than the area under the curves of the WB and the mWB (P=0.025 and P=0.044, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the areas under the curves of the WBs (P,0.05). On the basis of an ...
Hypoventilation in glycine-receptor antibody related progressive encephalomyelitis, rigidity and myoclonus. - Oxford...Hypoventilation in glycine-receptor antibody related progressive encephalomyelitis, rigidity and myoclonus. - Oxford...
Glycine receptor (GlyR) antibodies have been identified in patients with rigidity and hyperekplexia, but the clinical phenotype associated with these antibodies has not been fully elucidated. The clinical features in two additional patients with GlyR antibodies are described. A 55-year-old man presented with stimulus-induced hyperekplexia and rigidity in the lower limbs and trunk. He initially responded to benzodiazepines, but presented after 18 months with severe, painful, prolonged spasms associated with supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, hypoventilation and oxygen desaturation requiring intubation. He improved following treatment with clonazepam, baclofen and immunomodulatory therapies. A 58-year-old woman presented with stiffness in the legs and hyperekplexia associated with hypoventilation, at times leading to loss of consciousness. She responded to benzodiazepines and has remained in remission. The clinical picture associated with GlyR antibodies includes autonomic dysfunction, cardiac
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis - Merck Veterinary ManualEquine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis - Merck Veterinary Manual
Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955 as a service to the community. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Veterinary Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Manual outside of North America.. ...
Effects of Experimental Sarcocystis neurona-Induced Infection on Immunity in an Equine Model.Effects of Experimental Sarcocystis neurona-Induced Infection on Immunity in an Equine Model.
Sarcocystis neurona is the most common cause of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM), affecting 0.5-1% horses in the United States during their lifetimes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the equine immune responses in an experimentally induced Sarcocystis neurona infection model. Neurologic parameters were recorded prior to and throughout the 70-day study by blinded investigators. Recombinant SnSAG1 ELISA for serum and CSF were used to confirm and track disease progression. All experimentally infected horses displayed neurologic signs after infection. Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes from infected horses displayed significantly delayed apoptosis at some time points. Cell proliferation was significantly increased in S. neurona-infected horses when stimulated nonspecifically with PMA/I but significantly decreased when stimulated with S. neurona compared to controls. Collectively, our results suggest that horses experimentally infected with S. neurona manifest impaired ...
Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy): diagnosis and management | Guidance and guidelines |...Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy): diagnosis and management | Guidance and guidelines |...
Evidence-based recommendations on diagnosing and managing chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)/myaligc encephalomyelitis (ME) in children, young people and adults
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome video: Tips For Living With CFS / ME | Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic EncephalomyelitisChronic Fatigue Syndrome video: Tips For Living With CFS / ME | Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
Sixteen-year-old Olivia Cole describes being diagnosed with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome at the age of 10, how she has been living with the illness ever since and what effect it has had on her ...
A Pediatric Case Definition for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.A Pediatric Case Definition for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
For a diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), most researchers use criteria that were developed by Fukuda et al. (1994), with modifications sugge
Editing Tapanui Flu - MEpedia - An encyclopedia of ME and CFSEditing Tapanui Flu - MEpedia - An encyclopedia of ME and CFS
Tapanui Flu is a colloquial and outdated name used in New Zealand for [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]/[[chronic fatigue syndrome]] ([[ME/CFS]]), coined after an outbreak occurred in the Tapanui area in the early 1980s. Though sometimes still used informally, it has been replaced in the medical community with the terms: [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] (ME), [[postviral fatigue syndrome]] (PVFS), [[Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome]] (CFIDS) and/or [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS).,ref>http://www.healthnavigator.org.nz/health-a-z/c/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/,/ref> The term, Tapanui Flu, originated from a [[1984 Tapanui & West Otago Outbreak, 1984 outbreak]] in the small, rural town of Tapanui, in West Otago in New Zealands South Island, close to the boundary with Southland region.,ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapanui,/ref> ==See also== *[[1984 Tapanui & West Otago Outbreak]] *[[Disease Names]] *[[New Zealand]] ==References== ,references> ,/references> [[Category:Disease names ...
JCI - Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients exhibit altered T cell metabolism and cytokine associationsJCI - Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients exhibit altered T cell metabolism and cytokine associations
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex disease with no known cause or mechanism. There is an increasing appreciation for the role of immune and metabolic dysfunction in the disease. ME/CFS has historically presented in outbreaks, often has a flu-like onset, and results in inflammatory symptoms. Patients suffer from severe fatigue and postexertional malaise. There is little known about the metabolism of specific immune cells in patients with ME/CFS. To investigate immune metabolism in ME/CFS, we isolated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 53 patients with ME/CFS and 45 healthy controls. We analyzed glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in resting and activated T cells, along with markers related to cellular metabolism and plasma cytokines. We found that ME/CFS CD8+ T cells had reduced mitochondrial membrane potential compared with those from healthy controls. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients with ME/CFS had reduced glycolysis at rest, whereas CD8+ T cells also ...
JCI - Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients exhibit altered T cell metabolism and cytokine associationsJCI - Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients exhibit altered T cell metabolism and cytokine associations
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex disease with no known cause or mechanism. There is an increasing appreciation for the role of immune and metabolic dysfunction in the disease. ME/CFS has historically presented in outbreaks, often has a flu-like onset, and results in inflammatory symptoms. Patients suffer from severe fatigue and postexertional malaise. There is little known about the metabolism of specific immune cells in patients with ME/CFS. To investigate immune metabolism in ME/CFS, we isolated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 53 patients with ME/CFS and 45 healthy controls. We analyzed glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in resting and activated T cells, along with markers related to cellular metabolism and plasma cytokines. We found that ME/CFS CD8+ T cells had reduced mitochondrial membrane potential compared with those from healthy controls. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients with ME/CFS had reduced glycolysis at rest, whereas CD8+ T cells also ...
The Ultimate Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Study Resource | The Natural Health BloggerThe Ultimate Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Study Resource | The Natural Health Blogger
Some of the other factors which may contribute to the pathogenesis of CFS/ME include hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, hypocortisolism, micro-nutrient deficiencies, inflammatory/oxidative stress and nitrosative disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction, viral infections, heavy metal toxicity such as mercury and much more.. I have created this resource with a collection of some of my favorite studies and scientific research on the possible pathogenesis of CFS/ME, which may hopefully be of help to other individuals suffering from this debilitating condition.. I will continue to keep this resource updated with current studies and research as applicable. If anyone has any good research papers on CFS/ME, please share them via the comment section below and we will add them to the list.. ...
Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Is Related to Fatigue, Autonomic and...Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Is Related to Fatigue, Autonomic and...
The results show that lowered levels of CoQ10 play a role in the pathophysiology of ME/CFS and that symptoms, such as fatigue, and autonomic and neurocognitive symptoms may be caused by CoQ10 depletion. Our results suggest that patients with ME/CFS would benefit from CoQ10 supplementation in order t …
The Role of Adaptive and Innate Immune Cells in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/ Myalgic EncephalomyelitisThe Role of Adaptive and Innate Immune Cells in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/ Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
Alterations in immune system cells in ME/CFS patients suggest significant impairments in immune regulation in CFS/ME and these may have similarities t
Post-exertional malaise - WikipediaPost-exertional malaise - Wikipedia
Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is one of the main symptoms of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). PEM can be described as "a delayed and significant exacerbation of ME/CFS symptoms that always follows physical activity and often follows cognitive activity". PEM is considered a cardinal symptom by a number of the different diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS, including the International Consensus Criteria. "Unravelling the nature of post-exertional malaise in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: The role of elastase, complement C4a and interleukin-1β". ME Research UK. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Jason, Leonard A.; Evans, Meredyth; So, Suzanna; Scott, Jilian; Brown, Abigail (13 January 2015). "Problems in Defining Post-Exertional Malaise". Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community. 43 (1): 20-31. doi:10.1080/10852352.2014.973239. Retrieved 23 September 2017. "Comments Post-exertional malaise in ME/CFS: Medical Research Council announces new ...
The UK ME/CFS Biobank for biomedical research on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Multiple...The UK ME/CFS Biobank for biomedical research on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Multiple...
The Cure-ME team had established the UK ME/CFS Biobank, with a governance structure that involves the collaboration between two academic institutions - the LSHTM (housing the Cure-ME) and the UCL (housing UCL-RFH BioBank facility). The UK ME/CFS Biobank Steering Committee oversees the above team-work, and is also involved in assessing research applications, ensuring community participation in the process.. Academic, non-commercial, and commercial researchers are all eligible to apply to use samples and/or anonymised data. Applications and review procedures are in place (see Bioresource URL). Researchers should present a sound scientific rationale for the proposed study, have a good research track record, and be supported by their institution. The following types of studies will be prioritised: testing or generating new hypotheses on pathophysiology of ME/CFS; improving diagnosis and phenotyping; and/or, basic science, e.g. pharmacological in vitro studies, potentially leading to clinical trials ...
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Versus Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | Psychology TodayChronic Fatigue Syndrome Versus Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | Psychology Today
Whether one is considering CFS, ME, or CFS/ME, the challenges seem daunting, whether it be in the diagnosis or the treatment of these conditions. These challenges seem beyond daunting when one stops to consider that we are still waiting, in 2015, for the right name for the CFS/ME phenomenon.
Examining clinical similarities between myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and d-lactic acidosis: a systematic...Examining clinical similarities between myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and d-lactic acidosis: a systematic...
Evidence of gut dysbiosis has been observed through measurement of fecal microbial composition in ME/CFS populations. Differences between microbial composition of healthy compared with ME/CFS populations have been reported using both culture-based [136, 137] and genetic sequencing methods [3, 138]. Treatment using antibiotic [139], probiotic [140-142] or bacteriotherapy [143] have also been used to help modulate the gut microbiota in ME/CFS with somewhat unpredictable and varied success.. Using culture-based methods, we have previously observed a predominance of d-lactate producing bacteria (Enterococcus and Streptococcus species) in ME/CFS patients [4]. These bacteria produce high levels of lactate in vitro, compared with fecal isolates [4] which would support the maintenance of a more acidic colonic environment as one of the mechanisms in d-la that was previously described. This inference about the acidity of the colon in ME/CFS patients has been deduced from in vitro methods only, as we are ...
Case definitions for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME): a systematic review | BMJ OpenCase definitions for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME): a systematic review | BMJ Open
The main strength of our study is the systematic methods used to identify and appraise articles presenting case definitions of CFS/ME and studies potentially useful to evaluate the case definitions. Furthermore, we have used systematic and transparent approaches to extract data from the validation studies, categorise the studies according to three different models and to analyse and compare the data.. The STARD initiative aims to improve the reporting on studies of diagnostic accuracy, considering any method for obtaining additional information on a patients health status as a test.25 Owing to the lack of a reference standard, we found this guideline less suitable for review of articles evaluating case definitions for CFS/ME. Still, issues such as study populations, test methods and rationale, technical specifications for application of the test, statistical methods for comparing measures of accuracy and uncertainty, estimates of diagnostic accuracy, variability and clinical applicability25 are ...
Prevalence of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) in three regions of England: a repeated cross...Prevalence of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) in three regions of England: a repeated cross...
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has been used to name a range of chronic conditions characterized by extreme fatigue and other disabling symptoms. Attempts to estimate the burden of disease have been limited by selection bias, and by lack of diagnostic biomarkers and of agreed reproducible case definitions. We estimated the prevalence and incidence of ME/CFS in three regions in England, and discussed the implications of frequency statistics and the use of different case definitions for health and social care planning and for research. We compared the clinical presentation, prevalence and incidence of ME/CFS based on a sample of 143,000 individuals aged 18 to 64 years, covered by primary care services in three regions of England. Case ascertainment involved: 1) electronic search for chronic fatigue cases; 2) direct questioning of general practitioners (GPs) on cases not previously identified by the search; and 3) clinical review of identified
Is there effective behavioural treatment for children with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis? | Archives of...Is there effective behavioural treatment for children with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis? | Archives of...
A comprehensive list of synonyms was compiled for the subjects (adolescents) and the condition (CFS). These were then combined and applied to the following databases so that all possible combinations of synonyms in article titles would be returned: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Ovid, Medline and EMBASE. This review updates the previous systematic review1 used to inform NICE guidance. We reviewed randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any behavioural intervention with normal care published since 2005. The results are discussed in the context of published case-control and cohort studies.. Abstracts were reviewed for 77 papers, and 20 papers were retrieved. Seven papers were excluded because they were case studies, two were cohort studies, four evaluated non-behavioural treatments and four did not use normal usual care as a control group leaving three RCTs.. ...
Chronic fatigue syndromeChronic fatigue syndrome
PicornavirusPicornavirus
Neuromyelitis opticaNeuromyelitis optica
History of chronic fatigue syndromeHistory of chronic fatigue syndrome
Controversies related to chronic fatigue syndromeControversies related to chronic fatigue syndrome
TeschovirusTeschovirus
Sheng TongshengSheng Tongsheng
Post-exertional malaisePost-exertional malaise
ChikungunyaChikungunya
Ebola virus diseaseEbola virus disease
Andrea PraderAndrea Prader
Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous systemInflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system
McDonald criteriaMcDonald criteria
Chronic fatigue syndrome in childrenChronic fatigue syndrome in children
Pathology of multiple sclerosisPathology of multiple sclerosis
Persistent vegetative statePersistent vegetative state
Multiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosis
EdelfosineEdelfosine
Akureyri diseaseAkureyri disease
Ken TrevallionKen Trevallion
MinocyclineMinocycline
Malcolm HooperMalcolm Hooper
Thiamine deficiencyThiamine deficiency
Hubert Maitland TurnbullHubert Maitland Turnbull
Antioxidante - Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livreAntioxidante - Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
Journal of Health PsychologyJournal of Health Psychology
BetanodavirusBetanodavirus
Duke University HospitalDuke University Hospital
Coeliac diseaseCoeliac disease
Clinical descriptions of chronic fatigue syndromeClinical descriptions of chronic fatigue syndrome
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Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ExperimentalEncephalomyelitisEncephalomyelitis, Acute DisseminatedMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinEncephalomyelitis, EquineMyelin Basic ProteinMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinMyelin ProteinsMyelin Proteolipid ProteinTheilovirusMultiple SclerosisSpinal CordDemyelinating DiseasesCentral Nervous SystemEncephalomyelitis Virus, AvianRats, Inbred LewMaus Elberfeld virusCardiovirus InfectionsMice, Inbred C57BLEncephalitis VirusesEncephalomyelitis, Eastern EquinePeptide FragmentsT-LymphocytesMice, Inbred StrainsEncephalitis Virus, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineMyelin SheathAdoptive TransferInterleukin-17Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNSEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineMice, KnockoutLymphocyte ActivationTh1 CellsEncephalomyelitis, Enzootic PorcineTh17 CellsEnterovirus InfectionsBrainFatigue Syndrome, ChronicCytokinesDisease Models, AnimalAutoimmunityCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesEncephalomyelitis, Western EquineInterferon-gammaMice, TransgenicOligodendrogliaFreund's AdjuvantGlycoproteinsAutoimmune DiseasesAutoantigensT-Lymphocyte SubsetsEnterovirusEncephalomyelitis, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis, ViralParalysisCoronavirus InfectionsT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryMicrogliaMolecular Sequence DataSpleenAmino Acid SequenceCells, CulturedImmune ToleranceImmunizationBlood-Brain BarrierEpitopes, T-LymphocyteInterleukin-10InflammationLymph NodesPoliomyelitisArbovirusesAstrocytesMuscle RigidityFlow CytometryPleurodynia, EpidemicAntigen-Presenting CellsDisease SusceptibilityT-Lymphocytes, Helper-InducerTh2 CellsReceptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-betaReceptors, Antigen, T-CellHorse DiseasesInjections, SubcutaneousPeptidesCardiovirusParaneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous SystemCell MovementInjections, IntraperitonealCallithrixMacrophagesCell DifferentiationNervous System Autoimmune Disease, ExperimentalHistocompatibility Antigens Class IIMurine hepatitis virusImmunologic FactorsForkhead Transcription FactorsCell ProliferationGuinea PigsInterleukin-4Immunization, PassiveInterleukin-23Alphavirus InfectionsOptic NeuritisMice, Inbred BALB CAdjuvants, ImmunologicImmunohistochemistryAxonsImmunosuppressive AgentsDendritic CellsCell LineGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinAcute DiseaseDisease ProgressionCoronavirusHu Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis AntigensAntibodies, ViralAntigens, CD80Antibodies, MonoclonalSeverity of Illness IndexTime FactorsAutoantibodiesCentral Nervous System DiseasesMice, BiozziPregnenesSodium BenzoateHorsesEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssaySindbis VirusVertebrate VirusesHLA-DR2 AntigenCoronavirus OC43, HumanMyelitisAntigensGene Expression RegulationInterleukin-12Encephalitis, ArbovirusNidovirales InfectionsIntegrin alpha4Immunity, InnateMagnetic Resonance ImagingTeschovirusDose-Response Relationship, ImmunologicGlia Maturation FactorDown-RegulationNuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3EncephalitisChronic DiseaseAntigen PresentationImmunodominant EpitopesChemokinesAntigens, CDCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesEpitopesRNA, MessengerNeuroprotective AgentsUp-RegulationHypersensitivity, DelayedAntibodiesMembrane GlycoproteinsNeutralization TestsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionOptic NerveMeningesCricetinaeInterleukinsCentral Nervous System Viral DiseasesGliosisMice, Mutant StrainsRecurrenceTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaVirusesParaneoplastic SyndromesInflammation MediatorsAlphavirusSignal TransductionRats, Inbred BNInterleukin-23 Subunit p19Crosses, GeneticImmunomodulationViral VaccinesCell Migration InhibitionCuprizoneChemokine CCL2B-LymphocytesMolecular MimicryAntigens, ViralVirus CultivationTh1-Th2 BalanceInterleukin-2Mice, CongenicHemagglutination Inhibition TestsCerebrospinal FluidClonal AnergyImmunosuppressionAntigens, CD274VaccinationParaneoplastic PolyneuropathyCoculture TechniquesArbovirus InfectionsPropylene Glycols
Diagnosis of ME/CFS | Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | CDCDiagnosis of ME/CFS | Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | CDC
Symptoms of ME/CFS | Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | CDCSymptoms of ME/CFS | Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | CDC
Frontiers | Unperturbed Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Phenotype and Function in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome...Frontiers | Unperturbed Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Phenotype and Function in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome...
EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALOMYELITIS | The BMJEXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALOMYELITIS | The BMJ
BBC - h2g2 - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) - A863345BBC - h2g2 - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) - A863345
Encephalomyelitis - WikipediaEncephalomyelitis - Wikipedia
ArboCat Virus: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEEV)ArboCat Virus: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEEV)
What causes acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?What causes acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?
Equine encephalomyelitis - WikipediaEquine encephalomyelitis - Wikipedia
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Differential DiagnosesAcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Differential Diagnoses
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Versus Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | Psychology TodayChronic Fatigue Syndrome Versus Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | Psychology Today
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in Children | ELECTRONIC ARTICLE | PediatricsAcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in Children | ELECTRONIC ARTICLE | Pediatrics
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Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Background, Pathophysiology, EpidemiologyAcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
How is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) diagnosed in kids?How is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) diagnosed in kids?
Encephalomyelitis in primary hypogammaglo... & related info | MendeleyEncephalomyelitis in primary hypogammaglo... & related info | Mendeley
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: Symptoms and Biomarkers: Ingenta ConnectMyalgic Encephalomyelitis: Symptoms and Biomarkers: Ingenta Connect
A Rare Sequela of Acute Disseminated EncephalomyelitisA Rare Sequela of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS | JEMTOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS | JEM
Myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaMyalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Modulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through c...: Ingenta ConnectModulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through c...: Ingenta Connect
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Other Acute Parainfectious Syndromes | SpringerLinkAcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Other Acute Parainfectious Syndromes | SpringerLink
Insights into myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome phenotypes through comprehensive metabolomics | Scientific...Insights into myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome phenotypes through comprehensive metabolomics | Scientific...
Encephalomyelitis | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural MedicineEncephalomyelitis | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural Medicine
Avian encephalomyelitis/encephalitis | BackYard ChickensAvian encephalomyelitis/encephalitis | BackYard Chickens
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | Diagnostic ImagingAcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | Diagnostic Imaging
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome)Myalgic Encephalomyelitis ("Chronic Fatigue Syndrome")
Laquinimod arrests experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor | PNASLaquinimod arrests experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor | PNAS
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Information Page | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeAcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Information Page | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
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Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ExperimentalEncephalomyelitisEncephalomyelitis, Acute DisseminatedMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinEncephalomyelitis, EquineMyelin Basic ProteinMyelin-Associated GlycoproteinMyelin ProteinsMyelin Proteolipid ProteinTheilovirusMultiple SclerosisSpinal CordDemyelinating DiseasesCentral Nervous SystemEncephalomyelitis Virus, AvianRats, Inbred LewMaus Elberfeld virusCardiovirus InfectionsMice, Inbred C57BLEncephalitis VirusesEncephalomyelitis, Eastern EquinePeptide FragmentsT-LymphocytesMice, Inbred StrainsEncephalitis Virus, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineMyelin SheathAdoptive TransferInterleukin-17Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNSEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineMice, KnockoutLymphocyte ActivationTh1 CellsEncephalomyelitis, Enzootic PorcineTh17 CellsEnterovirus InfectionsBrainFatigue Syndrome, ChronicCytokinesDisease Models, AnimalAutoimmunityCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesEncephalomyelitis, Western EquineInterferon-gammaMice, TransgenicOligodendrogliaFreund's AdjuvantGlycoproteinsAutoimmune DiseasesAutoantigensT-Lymphocyte SubsetsEnterovirusEncephalomyelitis, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis, ViralParalysisCoronavirus InfectionsT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryMicrogliaMolecular Sequence DataSpleenAmino Acid SequenceCells, CulturedImmune ToleranceImmunizationBlood-Brain BarrierEpitopes, T-LymphocyteInterleukin-10InflammationLymph NodesPoliomyelitisArbovirusesAstrocytesMuscle RigidityFlow CytometryPleurodynia, EpidemicAntigen-Presenting CellsDisease SusceptibilityT-Lymphocytes, Helper-InducerTh2 CellsReceptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-betaReceptors, Antigen, T-CellHorse DiseasesInjections, SubcutaneousPeptidesCardiovirusParaneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous SystemCell MovementInjections, IntraperitonealCallithrixMacrophagesCell DifferentiationNervous System Autoimmune Disease, ExperimentalHistocompatibility Antigens Class IIMurine hepatitis virusImmunologic FactorsForkhead Transcription FactorsCell ProliferationGuinea PigsInterleukin-4Immunization, PassiveInterleukin-23Alphavirus InfectionsOptic NeuritisMice, Inbred BALB CAdjuvants, ImmunologicImmunohistochemistryAxonsImmunosuppressive AgentsDendritic CellsCell LineGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinAcute DiseaseDisease ProgressionCoronavirusHu Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis AntigensAntibodies, ViralAntigens, CD80Antibodies, MonoclonalSeverity of Illness IndexTime FactorsAutoantibodiesCentral Nervous System DiseasesMice, BiozziPregnenesSodium BenzoateHorsesEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssaySindbis VirusVertebrate VirusesHLA-DR2 AntigenCoronavirus OC43, HumanMyelitisAntigensGene Expression RegulationInterleukin-12Encephalitis, ArbovirusNidovirales InfectionsIntegrin alpha4Immunity, InnateMagnetic Resonance ImagingTeschovirusDose-Response Relationship, ImmunologicGlia Maturation FactorDown-RegulationNuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3EncephalitisChronic DiseaseAntigen PresentationImmunodominant EpitopesChemokinesAntigens, CDCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesEpitopesRNA, MessengerNeuroprotective AgentsUp-RegulationHypersensitivity, DelayedAntibodiesMembrane GlycoproteinsNeutralization TestsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionOptic NerveMeningesCricetinaeInterleukinsCentral Nervous System Viral DiseasesGliosisMice, Mutant StrainsRecurrenceTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaVirusesParaneoplastic SyndromesInflammation MediatorsAlphavirusSignal TransductionRats, Inbred BNInterleukin-23 Subunit p19Crosses, GeneticImmunomodulationViral VaccinesCell Migration InhibitionCuprizoneChemokine CCL2B-LymphocytesMolecular MimicryAntigens, ViralVirus CultivationTh1-Th2 BalanceInterleukin-2Mice, CongenicHemagglutination Inhibition TestsCerebrospinal FluidClonal AnergyImmunosuppressionAntigens, CD274VaccinationParaneoplastic PolyneuropathyCoculture TechniquesArbovirus InfectionsPropylene Glycols
MyalgicADEMMultiple sclerosisExperimentalLocked-in syndrAvian EncephalomyelitisWestern equine encephalomyelitisEastern equine encephalomyelitisDiagnosisDemyelinating diseasesInfectionNINDS Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis InfCase of acute disseminated enceTherapy in acute disseminated enceChildren with acute disseminated encePatients with acute disseminated enceVaccineAcute disseminatedHemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virusMiceTypes of encephalomyelitisGranulomatous encephalomyelitisDiseaseEncephalitisFatigue syndromeBrainSevereBilateral optic2017VirusRigidityVirusesMyelinNeurologic
Myalgic49
ADEM30
Multiple sclerosis12
Experimental21
Locked-in syndr2
Avian Encephalomyelitis9
Western equine encephalomyelitis6
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis4
Diagnosis3
Demyelinating diseases1
  • AntiMOG associated encephalomyelitis, one of the underlying conditions for the phenotype neuromyelitis optica and in general all the spectrum of MOG autoantibody-associated demyelinating diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Infection12
NINDS Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Inf1
Case of acute disseminated ence2
Therapy in acute disseminated ence1
Children with acute disseminated ence1
Patients with acute disseminated ence1
Vaccine4
Acute disseminated24
Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus1
  • The causal betacoronavirus, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), is of a single antigenic type and is the only neurotropic coronavirus that affects swine. (merckvetmanual.com)
Mice3
  • Using the model system of Sindbis virus-induced encephalomyelitis in mice, we have shown that immune-mediated clearance of infectious virus from neurons is a noncytolytic process. (nih.gov)
  • A virus of the genus enterovirus , family picornaviridae , normally associated with inapparent infections and found in the intestinal tracts of infected mice , occasionally causing mouse encephalomyelitis in experimentally inoculated susceptible mice. (biology-online.org)
  • Mouse encephalomyelitis virus, a species of enterovirus that infects mice. (wikipedia.org)
Types of encephalomyelitis1
  • When administered as directed this single product provides protection against Eastern and Western types of encephalomyelitis and against tetanus. (drugs.com)
Granulomatous encephalomyelitis1
  • granulomatous encephalomyelitis a disease marked by granulomas and necrosis of the walls of the cerebral and spinal ventricles. (thefreedictionary.com)
Disease5
Encephalitis1
Fatigue syndrome1
Brain4
Severe1
Bilateral optic1
20171
  • Global Markets Direct's Pharmaceutical and Healthcare latest pipeline guide Encephalomyelitis - Pipeline Review, H2 2017, provides comprehensive information on the therapeutics under development for Encephalomyelitis (Central Nervous System), complete with analysis by stage of development, drug target, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type. (mynewsdesk.com)
Virus1
Rigidity3
Viruses2
Myelin1
Neurologic1
Https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318750.php
Https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318750.php (medicalnewstoday.com)
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology (emedicine.medscape.com)
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Versus Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | Psychology Today
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Versus Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | Psychology Today (psychologytoday.com)
Related Conditions : National Multiple Sclerosis Society
Related Conditions : National Multiple Sclerosis Society (nationalmssociety.org)
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) (:30) | CDC-TV | CDC
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) (:30) | CDC-TV | CDC (cdc.gov)
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: Symptoms and Biomarkers: Ingenta Connect
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: Symptoms and Biomarkers: Ingenta Connect (ingentaconnect.com)
Mir-181a-1/b-1 Modulates Tolerance through Opposing Activities in Selection and Peripheral T Cell Function | The Journal of...
Mir-181a-1/b-1 Modulates Tolerance through Opposing Activities in Selection and Peripheral T Cell Function | The Journal of... (jimmunol.org)
Halofuginone inhibits autoimmune inflammation in a mouse model for multiple sclerosis
Halofuginone inhibits autoimmune inflammation in a mouse model for multiple sclerosis (jax.org)
Cutting Edge: OX40 Agonists Can Drive Regulatory T Cell Expansion if the Cytokine Milieu Is Right | The Journal of Immunology
Cutting Edge: OX40 Agonists Can Drive Regulatory T Cell Expansion if the Cytokine Milieu Is Right | The Journal of Immunology (jimmunol.org)
Frontiers | Neuronal ICAM-5 Plays a Neuroprotective Role in Progressive Neurodegeneration | Neurology
Frontiers | Neuronal ICAM-5 Plays a Neuroprotective Role in Progressive Neurodegeneration | Neurology (frontiersin.org)
Most Popular Articles : Pediatric Emergency Care
Most Popular Articles : Pediatric Emergency Care (journals.lww.com)
Encephalomyelitis | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural Medicine
Encephalomyelitis | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural Medicine (greenmedinfo.com)
26 Mar 2014: Written answers - TheyWorkForYou
26 Mar 2014: Written answers - TheyWorkForYou (theyworkforyou.com)
Notes from the Field: Baylisascaris procyonis Encephalomyelitis in a Toddler - King County, Washington, 2017 | MMWR
Notes from the Field: Baylisascaris procyonis Encephalomyelitis in a Toddler - King County, Washington, 2017 | MMWR (cdc.gov)
Frontiers | MR Elastography-Based Assessment of Matrix Remodeling at Lesion Sites Associated With Clinical Severity in a Model...
Frontiers | MR Elastography-Based Assessment of Matrix Remodeling at Lesion Sites Associated With Clinical Severity in a Model... (frontiersin.org)
Frontiers | Pre-clinical and Clinical Implications of Inside-Out vs. Outside-In Paradigms in Multiple Sclerosis...
Frontiers | Pre-clinical and Clinical Implications of "Inside-Out" vs. "Outside-In" Paradigms in Multiple Sclerosis... (frontiersin.org)
Frontiers | Development of Novel Promiscuous Anti-Chemokine Peptibodies for Treating Autoimmunity and Inflammation | Immunology
Frontiers | Development of Novel Promiscuous Anti-Chemokine Peptibodies for Treating Autoimmunity and Inflammation | Immunology (frontiersin.org)
Neurologic Adverse Events | Health.mil
Neurologic Adverse Events | Health.mil (health.mil)
TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS | JEM
TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS | JEM (jem.rupress.org)
Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Coronavirus Infection in Pigs, Argentina - Volume 14, Number 3-March 2008 - Emerging...
Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Coronavirus Infection in Pigs, Argentina - Volume 14, Number 3-March 2008 - Emerging... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Figure 2 - Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Coronavirus Infection in Pigs, Argentina - Volume 14, Number 3-March 2008 -...
Figure 2 - Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Coronavirus Infection in Pigs, Argentina - Volume 14, Number 3-March 2008 -... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Figure 1 - Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Coronavirus Infection in Pigs, Argentina - Volume 14, Number 3-March 2008 -...
Figure 1 - Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Coronavirus Infection in Pigs, Argentina - Volume 14, Number 3-March 2008 -... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Acquisition of a multifunctional IgA + plasma cell phenotype in the gut | Nature
Acquisition of a multifunctional IgA + plasma cell phenotype in the gut | Nature (nature.com)
Focal Encephalomyelitis in Infectious MononucleosisA Report with Pathological Description | Annals of Internal Medicine |...
Focal Encephalomyelitis in Infectious MononucleosisA Report with Pathological Description | Annals of Internal Medicine |... (annals.org)
When Things Go Wrong - Diseases and Disorders of the Human Brain | IntechOpen
When Things Go Wrong - Diseases and Disorders of the Human Brain | IntechOpen (intechopen.com)
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | Diagnostic Imaging
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | Diagnostic Imaging (diagnosticimaging.com)
NIH announces centers for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome research | National Institute of Neurological...
NIH announces centers for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome research | National Institute of Neurological... (ninds.nih.gov)
Neurological update: MOG antibody disease ...
Neurological update: MOG antibody disease ... (scoop.it)
Immune disorder's symptoms mimic two mental ill...
Immune disorder's symptoms mimic two mental ill... (scoop.it)
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Other Acute Parainfectious Syndromes | SpringerLink
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Other Acute Parainfectious Syndromes | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Neuroinvasion by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis - Volume 14, Number 4-April 2008 - Emerging...
Neuroinvasion by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis - Volume 14, Number 4-April 2008 - Emerging... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)