A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiological agent of Japanese encephalitis found in Asia, southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)
A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. It is seen most commonly in parts of Central and South America.
A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS that causes encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers and is found in eastern and western Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is transmitted by TICKS and there is an associated milk-borne transmission from viremic cattle, goats, and sheep.
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiologic agent of ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS in the United States, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.
A collection of single-stranded RNA viruses scattered across the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae families whose common property is the ability to induce encephalitic conditions in infected hosts.
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis in Equidae and humans. The virus ranges along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States and Canada and as far south as the Caribbean, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. Infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90 percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics.
A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the United States, southern Canada, and parts of South America.
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
A viral encephalitis caused by the St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), a FLAVIVIRUS. It is transmitted to humans and other vertebrates primarily by mosquitoes of the genus CULEX. The primary animal vectors are wild birds and the disorder is endemic to the midwestern and southeastern United States. Infections may be limited to an influenza-like illness or present as an ASEPTIC MENINGITIS or ENCEPHALITIS. Clinical manifestations of the encephalitic presentation may include SEIZURES, lethargy, MYOCLONUS, focal neurologic signs, COMA, and DEATH. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p750)
A form of arboviral encephalitis endemic to Central America and the northern latitudes of South America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, VENEZUELAN EQUINE) is transmitted to humans and horses via the bite of several mosquito species. Human viral infection may be asymptomatic or remain restricted to a mild influenza-like illness. Encephalitis, usually not severe, occurs in a small percentage of cases and may rarely feature SEIZURES and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), found in Australia and New Guinea. It causes a fulminating viremia resembling Japanese encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, JAPANESE).
Infections of the brain caused by arthropod-borne viruses (i.e., arboviruses) primarily from the families TOGAVIRIDAE; FLAVIVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; and RHABDOVIRIDAE. Life cycles of these viruses are characterized by ZOONOSES, with birds and lower mammals serving as intermediate hosts. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) or TICKS. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, alterations of mentation, focal neurologic deficits, and COMA. (From Clin Microbiol Rev 1994 Jan;7(1):89-116; Walton, Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System, 10th ed, p321)
Encephalitis caused by neurotropic viruses that are transmitted via the bite of TICKS. In Europe, the diseases are caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, TICK-BORNE, which give rise to Russian spring-summer encephalitis, central European encephalitis, louping ill encephalitis, and related disorders. Powassan encephalitis occurs in North America and Russia and is caused by the Powassan virus. ASEPTIC MENINGITIS and rarely encephalitis may complicate COLORADO TICK FEVER which is endemic to mountainous regions of the western United States. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp14-5)
A group of ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS which affect horses and man, transmitted via the bites of mosquitoes. Disorders in this category are endemic to regions of South America and North America. In humans, clinical manifestations vary with the type of infection, and range from a mild influenza-like syndrome to a fulminant encephalitis. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-10)
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE).
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE containing several subgroups and many species. Most are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. The type species is YELLOW FEVER VIRUS.
A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which comprises a number of viral species that are the etiologic agents of human encephalitis in many different geographical regions. These include Japanese encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE), St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, MURRAY VALLEY), and WEST NILE VIRUS.
A paraneoplastic syndrome marked by degeneration of neurons in the LIMBIC SYSTEM. Clinical features include HALLUCINATIONS, loss of EPISODIC MEMORY; ANOSMIA; AGEUSIA; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; DEMENTIA; and affective disturbance (depression). Circulating anti-neuronal antibodies (e.g., anti-Hu; anti-Yo; anti-Ri; and anti-Ma2) and small cell lung carcinomas or testicular carcinoma are frequently associated with this syndrome.
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)
A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals.
A form of arboviral encephalitis (primarily affecting equines) endemic to eastern regions of North America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, EASTERN EQUINE) may be transmitted to humans via the bite of AEDES mosquitoes. Clinical manifestations include the acute onset of fever, HEADACHE, altered mentation, and SEIZURES followed by coma. The condition is fatal in up to 50% of cases. Recovery may be marked by residual neurologic deficits and EPILEPSY. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)
Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), closely related to VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS and causing acute encephalomyelitis; chronic arthritis; PNEUMONIA; MASTITIS; and GLOMERULONEPHRITIS in goats. It is transmitted mainly in the colostrum and milk.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.
Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.
A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.
The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.
Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.
Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Included are some members of the following families: ARENAVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; TOGAVIRIDAE; and FLAVIVIRIDAE. (From Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
A species in the ORTHOBUNYAVIRUS genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. Serotypes are found in temperate and arctic regions and each is closely associated with a single species of vector mosquito. The vertebrate hosts are usually small mammals but several serotypes infect humans.
A viral infection of the brain caused by serotypes of California encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, CALIFORNIA) transmitted to humans by the mosquito AEDES triseriatus. The majority of cases are caused by the LA CROSSE VIRUS. This condition is endemic to the midwestern United States and primarily affects children between 5-10 years of age. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; VOMITING; HEADACHE; and abdominal pain followed by SEIZURES, altered mentation, and focal neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13)
Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.
Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.
Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
A form of arboviral encephalitis (which primarily affects horses) endemic to western and central regions of NORTH AMERICA. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, WESTERN EQUINE) may be transferred to humans via the bite of mosquitoes (CULEX tarsalis and others). Clinical manifestations include headache and influenza-like symptoms followed by alterations in mentation, SEIZURES, and COMA. DEATH occurs in a minority of cases. Survivors may recover fully or be left with residual neurologic dysfunction, including PARKINSONISM, POSTENCEPHALITIC. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-9)
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
A general term for diseases produced by viruses.
Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.
Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.
Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.
The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.
Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection.
Created as a republic in 1918 by Czechs and Slovaks from territories formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia 1 January 1993.
The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.
A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.
Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.
Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.
The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.
The type species of the FLAVIVIRUS genus. Principal vector transmission to humans is by AEDES spp. mosquitoes.
The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.
Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.
The presence of viruses in the blood.
Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
A species of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.
A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation.
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A genus of mosquitoes in the family CULICIDAE. A large number of the species are found in the neotropical part of the Americas.
Agglutination of ERYTHROCYTES by a virus.
Inactivation of viruses by non-immune related techniques. They include extremes of pH, HEAT treatment, ultraviolet radiation, IONIZING RADIATION; DESICCATION; ANTISEPTICS; DISINFECTANTS; organic solvents, and DETERGENTS.
The binding of virus particles to receptors on the host cell surface. For enveloped viruses, the virion ligand is usually a surface glycoprotein as is the cellular receptor. For non-enveloped viruses, the virus CAPSID serves as the ligand.
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. The H3N2 subtype was responsible for the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968.
The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.
Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and VIRUS DISEASES.
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
An order of insect eating MAMMALS including MOLES; SHREWS; HEDGEHOGS and tenrecs.
The largest genus of TICKS in the family IXODIDAE, containing over 200 species. Many infest humans and other mammals and several are vectors of diseases such as LYME DISEASE, tick-borne encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, TICK-BORNE), and KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE.
Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.
Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.
A group of viruses in the PNEUMOVIRUS genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.
Blood-sucking acarid parasites of the order Ixodida comprising two families: the softbacked ticks (ARGASIDAE) and hardbacked ticks (IXODIDAE). Ticks are larger than their relatives, the MITES. They penetrate the skin of their host by means of highly specialized, hooked mouth parts and feed on its blood. Ticks attack all groups of terrestrial vertebrates. In humans they are responsible for many TICK-BORNE DISEASES, including the transmission of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; TULAREMIA; BABESIOSIS; AFRICAN SWINE FEVER; and RELAPSING FEVER. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp543-44)
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.
A serotype of the species California encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, CALIFORNIA), in the genus ORTHOBUNYAVIRUS, causing human MENINGOENCEPHALITIS. This is the agent most responsible for California encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, CALIFORNIA), the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease recognized in the United States.
Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.
The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.
The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).
A region, north-central Asia, largely in Russia. It extends from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and from the Arctic Ocean to central Kazakhstan and the borders of China and Mongolia.
Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.
Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.
Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
The type species of RUBULAVIRUS that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.
A subfamily of the family MURIDAE comprised of 69 genera. New World mice and rats are included in this subfamily.
A species of ALPHAVIRUS isolated in central, eastern, and southern Africa.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.
Inoculation of a series of animals or in vitro tissue with an infectious bacterium or virus, as in VIRULENCE studies and the development of vaccines.
Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.
Viruses that produce tumors.
Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.
The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. The type species is HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN.
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
Inflammation of brain tissue caused by infection with the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). This condition is associated with immunocompromised states, including the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME. Pathologically, the virus tends to induce a vasculopathy and infect oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells, leading to CEREBRAL INFARCTION, multifocal regions of demyelination, and periventricular necrosis. Manifestations of varicella encephalitis usually occur 5-7 days after onset of HERPES ZOSTER and include HEADACHE; VOMITING; lethargy; focal neurologic deficits; FEVER; and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch 26, pp29-32; Hum Pathol 1996 Sep;27(9):927-38)
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
A species of RESPIROVIRUS also called hemadsorption virus 2 (HA2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children.
Viruses which produce a mottled appearance of the leaves of plants.
The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), that can cause chronic pneumonia (maedi), mastitis, arthritis, and encephalomyelitis (visna) in sheep. Maedi is a progressive pneumonia of sheep which is similar to but not the same as jaagsiekte (PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS, OVINE). Visna is a demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep which is similar to but not the same as SCRAPIE.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.
Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Group of alpharetroviruses (ALPHARETROVIRUS) producing sarcomata and other tumors in chickens and other fowl and also in pigeons, ducks, and RATS.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.
An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
A species of POLYOMAVIRUS apparently infecting over 90% of children but not clearly associated with any clinical illness in childhood. The virus remains latent in the body throughout life and can be reactivated under certain circumstances.
The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.
Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.
Viruses whose taxonomic relationships have not been established.
A species of POLYOMAVIRUS, originally isolated from the brain of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The patient's initials J.C. gave the virus its name. Infection is not accompanied by any apparent illness but serious demyelinating disease can appear later, probably following reactivation of latent virus.
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.
Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.
The type species of ALPHARETROVIRUS producing latent or manifest lymphoid leukosis in fowl.
Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
Degenerative or inflammatory conditions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that develop in association with a systemic neoplasm without direct invasion by tumor. They may be associated with circulating antibodies that react with the affected neural tissue. (Intern Med 1996 Dec;35(12):925-9)
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.
A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing an acute dengue-like fever.
A family of RNA viruses causing INFLUENZA and other diseases. There are five recognized genera: INFLUENZAVIRUS A; INFLUENZAVIRUS B; INFLUENZAVIRUS C; ISAVIRUS; and THOGOTOVIRUS.
The type species of ORBIVIRUS causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals.

Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology. (1/137)

The serum dilution neutralization test was evaluated for serological diagnosis of California group arbovirus infections and identification of virus isolates. The technical advantages and the degree of subtype specificity of the serum dilution neutralization test over the hemagglutination inhibition test and the complement fixation test were demonstrated with paired specimens from human cases, single human survey sera, and sentinel rabbit sera. Twenty-one virus isolates from various geographical areas of the United States were also used to evaluate the efficacy of the serum dilution neutralization test for specific virus identification.  (+info)

Light-independent inactivation of dengue-2 virus by carboxyfullerene C3 isomer. (2/137)

Carboxyfullerene (C60) is known as a photosensitizer for virus inactivation. Its regioisomer with C3 symmetry, named the C3 isomer, could also inactivate the dengue-2 virus without light when the dose of C3 isomer was increased to 40 microM, indicating the possible involvement of a light-independent mechanism. Further analysis showed that the C3 isomer blocked viral replication at the attachment and penetration stages, suggesting that a direct interaction between the C3 isomer and the virion is required for inactivation. The C3 isomer with a bipolar structure showed better lipid interaction and dengue-2 virus suppression than D3, another isomer that contains evenly distributed hydrophilic side chains. Moreover, the C3 isomer selectively inactivated enveloped viruses (viz., dengue-2 virus and Japanese encephalitis virus) instead of nonenveloped viruses (viz., enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus B3). Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that C3 isomer suppression of enveloped viruses is effected through its hydrophobic interaction with the viral lipid envelope. Our report, which demonstrates the light-dependent and -independent mechanisms of C60 on viral inactivation, will aid in the development of novel anti-viral agents for use against enveloped viruses.  (+info)

Intrauterine infection of mice with St. Louis encephalitis virus: immunological, physiological, neurological, and behavioral effects on progeny. (3/137)

Intravenous injection of pregnant mice with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus at 8 days of gestation resulted in infection of the fetus. Progeny developed no antibody or tolerance to SLE virus since the viral antigen was cleared by maternal antibody before antibody-forming competence developed in the young. Temporary growth retardation was observed in a number of young at 3 weeks of age. After the initial setback the growth rate increased, indicating that early runting was due to an inability to adjust adequately to extrauterine life, which was subsequently overcome. In most other young there were no significant effects on growth, reproduction, or life expectancy. A few young died at or shortly after birth; in these, neurological changes ranging from gross defects such as encephaloceles and hydrocephalus to histological evidence of necrosis and congestion were observed. Neurologically related behavioral changes were detected by using the open field test and the rotating-rod test, which indicated neurological damage and memory impairment in the surviving intrauterinely infected animals.  (+info)

Viral encephalitis in England, 1989-1998: what did we miss? (4/137)

We analyzed hospitalizations in England from April 1, 1989, to March 31, 1998, and identified approximately 700 cases, 46 fatal, from viral encephalitis that occurred during each year; most (60%) were of unknown etiology. Of cases with a diagnosis, the largest proportion was herpes simplex encephalitis. Using normal and Poisson regression, we identified six possible clusters of unknown etiology. Over 75% of hospitalizations are not reported through the routine laboratory and clinical notification systems, resulting in underdiagnosis of viral encephalitis in England. Current surveillance greatly underascertains incidence of the disease and existence of clusters; in general, outbreaks are undetected. Surveillance systems must be adapted to detect major changes in epidemiology so that timely control measures can be implemented.  (+info)

Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for antibodies to flavivirus structural and nonstructural proteins. (5/137)

A micro-solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) is described for quantitation of antibodies to purified flaviviruses as well as to the purified envelope glycoprotein and 80,000-molecular-weight viral nonstructural protein. Sera from mice experimentally infected with Saint Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus or from humans after a primary SLE virus infection reacted more specifically with the major viral envelope protein in the SPRIA test than with antigens conventionally used in the complement fixation (CF) and hemagglutination inhibition tests. A high degree of correlation (P is less than 0.05) was observed between SPRIA anti-immunoglobulin G binding values with the 80,000-molecular-weight nonstructural protein of SLE virus and antibody titers obtained by plaque reduction neutralization and CF with the nonstructural protein. In five of seven human sera in which CF antibody titers to the nonstructural protein were 4 or less, SPRIA testing revealed significant titers of IgG immunoglobulin reactive with this viral protein. The SPRIA test for antibodies reactive with group B togavirus nonstructural protein is as specific and sensitive as the plaque reduction neutralization test for titrating viral antibody in human and animal sera. Antibodies reactive with viral envelope proteins are broadly cross-reactive by the Spria technique, demonstrating both group- and complex-reactive antigenic determinants. The SPRIA test, using wells precoated with antigen, can be completed in 1 day, providing a rapid, highly sensitive test which can be adapted to use in testing a large number of sera.  (+info)

Powassan and Silverwater viruses: ecology of two Ontario arboviruses. (6/137)

Powassan virus was isolated from a pool of Ixodes marxi ticks collected during late August 1962, from a red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, and from blood obtained from a red squirrel during early October 1962 near Powassan, Ontario, where a child contracted fatal encephalitis due to this virus in September 1958. The frequent detection of Powassan virus neutralizing antibody in sera of squirrels captured during autumn, but rarely at other seasons, and the frequent I. marxi infestation of squirrels, some of which contain antibody, but the lack of occurrence of I. marxi on other forest rodents, suggest that I. marxi ticks are vectors and squirrels are reservoirs of Powassan virus infection. Isolation of Silverwater virus from Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris ticks which infested a snowshoe hare Lepus americanus near Powassan demonstrates the presence of this agent in the Powassan area also.  (+info)

PRODUCTION OF AN INTERFERON BY L CELLS INFECTED WITH WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS. (7/137)

Lockart, Royce Z., Jr. (The University of Texas, Austin). Production of an interferon by L cells infected with Western equine encephalomyelitis virus. J. Bacteriol. 85:556-566. 1963.-Two strains of Western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEE), WEE (L+) and WEE (L-), which differed with respect to their cytopathogenicity for L cells were isolated. Both strains reproduced in L cells, and both induced the production of an interferon distinct from virus particles. L-cell monolayers were protected from degeneration by prior addition of interferon. By use of the absence of cytopathic effects (CPE) as an end point, interferon content was assayed. Monolayers failing to show CPE consistently produced less than 2% as much virus as control monolayers, indicating that virus synthesis was also inhibited. The use of this assay method was facilitated by the use of horse serum that appeared to contain antibodies against WEE and that permitted interferon to act selectively in the presence of active virus. It was found that interferon was produced during the time in which active virus was produced, and not significantly later. No interferon could be found in fluids from cells treated with inactive virus, although these are known to act as interfering agents. Interferon production was inhibited by pretreatment of L cells with sufficient amounts of interferon. It is concluded that interferon production is closely connected with WEE virus synthesis in L cells. The question is raised as to whether interferon need be a necessary intermediate for interference in L cells.  (+info)

TICK-BORNE VIRUSES. A REVIEW OF AN ARTHROPOD-BORNE VIRUS PROBLEM OF GROWING IMPORTANCE IN THE TROPICS. (8/137)

More than 150 arthropod-borne viruses are now recognized, and over 50 of these are known to produce human infections and disease. Among these viruses are those of the tick-borne Russian spring-summer complex, which is etiologically involved in a wide variety of human diseases of varying severity. The eight antigenically different members of this complex so far known are Russian spring-summer encephalitis, louping-ill, Central European encephalitis, Omsk haemorrhagic fever, Kyasanur Forest disease, Langat, Negishi and Powassan viruses.In his review of the problems posed by these viruses and of research on them, the author points out that, while this complex is distributed around the globe in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, the only serious tick-borne virus disease known in the tropics is Kyasanur Forest disease. It is probable, however, that there are other, unrecognized tick-borne viruses in the tropical areas of Asia, Africa and America of importance to human health, and that these will be brought to light as virological studies of diseases of now obscure etiology are pursued.  (+info)

Synonyms: JE

Definition:

A viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted by the bite of an infected Culex species mosquito. The virus is found throughout Asia and the western Pacific region.

Symptoms:

* Fever
* Headache
* Vomiting
* Seizures
* Confusion
* Weakness in the limbs

Diagnosis:

* Blood tests to detect antibodies against the virus
* Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans to look for signs of brain inflammation

Treatment:

* Supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy, to manage symptoms and prevent complications
* Antiviral medications may be given in some cases

Prognosis:

* The prognosis for Japanese encephalitis is generally good if treatment is received promptly and the patient is otherwise healthy. However, in severe cases or those with underlying medical conditions, the virus can cause significant brain damage and lead to long-term complications or death.

Prevention:

* Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis is recommended for people who live in or travel to areas where the virus is common, particularly children and adults who plan to spend extended periods of time outdoors. The vaccine is effective in preventing severe illness and death from the virus.
* Mosquito control measures, such as using insect repellents and wearing protective clothing, can also help reduce the risk of infection.

Encephalitis can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, encephalitis can lead to brain damage, coma, and even death.

The diagnosis of encephalitis is based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens specific to the causative agent, as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis to look for inflammatory markers and/or bacteria or viruses in the CSF. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be used to visualize the brain and identify any areas of damage or inflammation.

Treatment of encephalitis typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to manage fever and pain. Antiviral or antibacterial drugs may be used to target the specific causative agent, if identified. In severe cases, hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU) may be necessary to monitor and manage the patient's condition.

Prevention of encephalitis includes vaccination against certain viruses that can cause the condition, such as herpes simplex virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Additionally, avoiding exposure to mosquitoes and other insects that can transmit viruses or bacteria that cause encephalitis, as well as practicing good hygiene and sanitation, can help reduce the risk of infection.

Overall, encephalitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. With appropriate care, many patients with encephalitis can recover fully or partially, but some may experience long-term neurological complications or disability.

A type of encephalitis caused by a virus that inflames the brain and spinal cord, leading to fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death. Viral encephalitis is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito or tick, but can also be spread through contact with infected blood or organs. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to manage fever and seizures, as well as antiviral medications in severe cases.

Synonyms: viral encephalitis

Antonyms: bacterial encephalitis

Similar term: meningitis

Symptoms of SLE typically develop within 1-3 weeks after the mosquito bite and may include:

* Fever
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Confusion
* Seizures
* Weakness or paralysis
* Vision loss or double vision

The diagnosis of SLE is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include:

* Blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies against the virus
* Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis to detect inflammatory cells and viral antigens
* Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans to evaluate brain injury

Treatment of SLE typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to control fever and pain. Antiviral medications may also be used in some cases. In severe cases, hospitalization is required to monitor and treat complications such as seizures, brain swelling, and respiratory failure.

Prevention of SLE involves controlling mosquito populations around homes and communities through measures such as:

* Eliminating standing water around homes and public areas
* Using mosquito repellents or insecticides
* Wearing protective clothing and applying insect repellent when outdoors during peak mosquito activity

Overall, SLE is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

In severe cases, VEE can be fatal. There is no specific treatment for the disease, but supportive care such as intravenous fluids and antipyretic medications may be provided to alleviate symptoms. Prevention of VEE involves vaccination and control of mosquito populations.

Symptoms of arbovirus encephalitis can include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and coma. In severe cases, the infection can be fatal.

Diagnosis of arbovirus encephalitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies against the virus or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to detect the virus itself in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid.

Treatment of arbovirus encephalitis typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and pain management. Antiviral medications may be used in some cases to help reduce the severity of the infection. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide more intensive care.

Prevention of arbovirus encephalitis primarily involves protecting against mosquito bites, such as using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding areas with high mosquito activity. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities can also help reduce the risk of mosquito breeding and transmission of the virus. Vaccines are not available for most arboviruses, but research is ongoing to develop effective vaccines against these viruses.

A viral infection that affects the brain and spinal cord, caused by a tick-borne virus. Also called TBEV (Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus). The symptoms of this condition include fever, headache, muscle weakness, confusion, and difficulty speaking or understanding speech. In severe cases, it can lead to inflammation of the brain, seizures, and even death.

Tick-borne encephalitis is most commonly found in Asia, Europe, and parts of North America. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, typically found in forested areas and grasslands. There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis, but antiviral medications and supportive care may be given to help manage symptoms. Prevention involves avoiding tick habitats and using protective measures such as insect repellents and clothing coverage when outdoors.

Symptoms of encephalomyelitis in horses can include fever, loss of appetite, depression, weakness, and difficulty walking or standing. In severe cases, the disease can cause seizures, paralysis, and even death.

Diagnosis of encephalomyelitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment may include supportive care, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory medications, depending on the underlying cause of the disease.

Prognosis for horses with encephalomyelitis is generally poor, as the disease can be difficult to treat and can result in long-term neurological damage or death. However, early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome.

The symptoms of limbic encephalitis can vary depending on the severity of the inflammation and the specific areas of the brain affected. Common symptoms include:

* Memory loss and confusion
* Seizures
* Vision problems
* Speech difficulties
* Emotional changes, such as anxiety or depression
* Behavioral changes, such as aggression or apathy
* Personality changes

The exact cause of limbic encephalitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be an autoimmune response, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the brain. In some cases, the condition may be triggered by a viral or bacterial infection, and in others, it may be associated with certain medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or lupus.

There is no cure for limbic encephalitis, but treatment options are available to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include:

* Medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system
* Anticonvulsants to prevent seizures
* Cognitive rehabilitation to improve memory and other cognitive functions
* Behavioral therapy to manage emotional and behavioral changes

The prognosis for limbic encephalitis varies depending on the severity of the inflammation and the specific areas of the brain affected. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own over time, while in others, it may result in long-term cognitive and behavioral impairments.

There is currently no way to prevent limbic encephalitis, but early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Researchers are continuing to study the condition to better understand its causes and develop more effective treatments.

Symptoms of ES can range from mild to severe and may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and changes in behavior or personality. In severe cases, ES can lead to brain damage, coma, and even death.

Diagnosis of ES typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests (such as PCR or ELISA), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment usually involves antiviral medication and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

ES is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention, especially in severe cases. Early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes for patients with ES.

The symptoms of EEE can vary in severity, but typically include fever, loss of appetite, depression, and difficulty walking or standing. In severe cases, the virus can cause inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, leading to neurological symptoms such as seizures, tremors, and paralysis.

Diagnosis of EEE is based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect antibodies against the virus or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests to detect the virus itself in the animal's tissues or fluids.

Treatment of EEE is primarily supportive, with focus on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections, medication to control fever and pain, and physical therapy to help the animal regain mobility and strength. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide intensive care and monitoring.

Prevention of EEE is key to managing the disease, and this involves controlling mosquito populations around equine facilities. This can include using insecticides, eliminating standing water around the facility, and using mosquito repellents or screens to prevent mosquito bites. Vaccination against EEE is also available for horses and other equines, but it is not 100% effective and should be used in combination with other preventive measures.

Prognosis for EEE varies depending on the severity of the disease, but in general, the mortality rate for this condition is high. Horses that survive the initial infection may experience long-term neurological problems, such as behavioral changes or difficulty walking.

In summary, encephalomyelitis, eastern equine is a serious and potentially fatal viral infection that affects horses and other equines. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment are critical to managing this disease, and prevention measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of infection.

Flavivirus infections can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, and skin rashes. In severe cases, these infections can lead to hemorrhagic fever, which can be fatal.

The transmission of flaviviruses is typically through the bite of an infected mosquito or other insect vectors, although some viruses can also be transmitted through blood transfusions or organ transplantation.

There is no specific treatment for flavivirus infections, but supportive care such as hydration, pain relief, and antipyretic medications may be provided to manage symptoms. Prevention includes avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce the number of mosquito breeding sites.

In addition, vaccines are available for some flaviviruses, such as yellow fever and dengue fever, which can provide protection against infection.

Overall, flavivirus infections are a significant public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where these viruses are most commonly found.

Some common horse diseases include:

1. Equine Influenza (EI): A highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the equine influenza virus. It can cause fever, coughing, and nasal discharge.
2. Strangles: A bacterial infection of the lymph nodes, which can cause swelling of the neck and difficulty breathing.
3. West Nile Virus (WNV): A viral infection that can cause fever, weakness, and loss of coordination. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and can be fatal in some cases.
4. Tetanus: A bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani, which can cause muscle stiffness, spasms, and rigidity.
5. Rabies: A viral infection that affects the central nervous system and can be fatal if left untreated. It is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, usually through a bite.
6. Cushing's Disease: A hormonal disorder caused by an overproduction of cortisol, which can cause weight gain, muscle wasting, and other health issues.
7. Laminitis: An inflammation of the laminae, the tissues that connect the hoof to the bone. It can be caused by obesity, overeating, or excessive exercise.
8. Navicular Syndrome: A condition that affects the navicular bone and surrounding tissue, causing pain and lameness in the foot.
9. Pneumonia: An inflammation of the lungs, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
10. Colic: A general term for abdominal pain, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including gas, impaction, or twisting of the intestines.

These are just a few examples of the many potential health issues that can affect horses. Regular veterinary care and proper management can help prevent many of these conditions, and early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome.

The symptoms of West Nile Fever typically develop within 3-14 days after the bite of an infected mosquito and can range from mild to severe. Mild symptoms may include fever, headache, muscle weakness, and joint pain. Severe symptoms can include high fever, stiff neck, confusion, loss of consciousness, and in rare cases, death.

There is no specific treatment for West Nile Fever, but supportive care such as rest, hydration, and pain relief medications may be provided to help manage the symptoms. The prognosis for most people with West Nile Fever is generally good, but it can be more severe in older adults and those with underlying health conditions.

Prevention of West Nile Fever involves protecting oneself against mosquito bites by using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and staying indoors during peak mosquito activity. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities can also help reduce the risk of mosquito breeding and transmission of the virus.

In conclusion, West Nile Fever is a viral disease that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, and can cause mild to severe symptoms. Prevention involves protecting oneself against mosquito bites and eliminating standing water to reduce the risk of mosquito breeding and transmission of the virus.

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022). Encephalitis. Retrieved from
2. Mayo Clinic. (2022). Encephalitis. Retrieved from
3. MedlinePlus. (2022). Encephalitis. Retrieved from
4. UC Davis Health System. (2022). Encephalitis. Retrieved from
5. California Department of Public Health. (2022). Encephalitis. Retrieved from

In the medical field, "Encephalitis, California" refers to a type of inflammatory disease that affects the brain and is caused by a viral or bacterial infection. The term specifically refers to cases of encephalitis that occur in the state of California.

Encephalitis is a serious condition that can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, it can lead to long-term complications, such as brain damage, or even be fatal.

The causes of encephalitis in California are typically viral or bacterial infections that are transmitted through mosquitoes, ticks, or other vectors. The most common viruses that cause encephalitis in the state include West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and St. Louis encephalitis virus.

The diagnosis of encephalitis is typically made based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment for encephalitis typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to manage fever and pain. In severe cases, antiviral or antibacterial medications may be administered to help reduce the severity of the infection.

Prevention of encephalitis in California is focused on reducing the risk of mosquito-borne and tick-borne infections. This includes using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding areas with high mosquito or tick activity. Vaccines are also available for some of the viruses that cause encephalitis, such as West Nile virus.

In summary, "Encephalitis, California" refers to a serious inflammatory disease that affects the brain and is caused by viral or bacterial infections in the state of California. The diagnosis and treatment of encephalitis are based on clinical symptoms and laboratory tests, and prevention strategies focus on reducing the risk of mosquito-borne and tick-borne infections.

The disorder is typically seen in children and young adults, and it is more common in females than males. The exact cause of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Diagnosis of the disorder is based on a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms such as seizures or muscle weakness. In some cases, plasmapheresis (a process that removes harmful antibodies from the blood) may also be recommended.

Prognosis for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis varies depending on the severity of the disorder and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. Some individuals may experience a full recovery, while others may have ongoing cognitive or behavioral impairments. In rare cases, the disorder can be fatal if not treated promptly and effectively.

Overall, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a complex and rare disorder that requires careful evaluation and management by a team of healthcare professionals with expertise in autoimmune disorders and neurology.

Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) is a viral disease that affects horses and other equines. It is caused by a virus of the genus Orbivirus, which is transmitted to horses through the bite of an infected Culicoides midge. The virus attacks the central nervous system, causing inflammation in the brain and spinal cord.

Symptoms of WEE can vary in severity and may include:

* Fever
* Lethargy
* Depression
* Loss of appetite
* Neurological signs such as incoordination, weakness, or paralysis
* Seizures
* Vision loss
* Head pressing
* Sleepiness

Diagnosis of WEE is based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and the presence of Culicoides midges in the environment. Laboratory tests may include PCR (polymerase chain reaction) testing of cerebrospinal fluid or serum to detect the virus.

Treatment of WEE is primarily supportive and may include:

* Antiviral medications to reduce inflammation in the brain and spinal cord
* Anticonvulsants to control seizures
* Pain management with analgesics
* Physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and mobility
* Hospitalization for observation and supportive care

Prevention of WEE involves controlling the population of Culicoides midges, which can be done by:

* Eliminating standing water around premises where horses are kept
* Using insecticides to kill midges
* Screening barns and stables to keep midges out
* Implementing a vaccination program for horses

The prognosis for WEE is generally good if diagnosed early and treated promptly. However, the virus can cause long-term neurological damage and some horses may require lifelong supportive care.

1. Common cold: A viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract and causes symptoms such as sneezing, running nose, coughing, and mild fever.
2. Influenza (flu): A viral infection that can cause severe respiratory illness, including pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections.
3. Measles: A highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, rashes, coughing, and redness of the eyes.
4. Rubella (German measles): A mild viral infection that can cause fever, rashes, headache, and swollen lymph nodes.
5. Chickenpox: A highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, itching, and a characteristic rash of small blisters on the skin.
6. Herpes simplex virus (HSV): A viral infection that can cause genital herpes, cold sores, or other skin lesions.
7. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A viral infection that attacks the immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
8. Hepatitis B: A viral infection that affects the liver, causing inflammation and damage to liver cells.
9. Hepatitis C: Another viral infection that affects the liver, often leading to chronic liver disease and liver cancer.
10. Ebola: A deadly viral infection that causes fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and internal bleeding.
11. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome): A viral infection that can cause severe respiratory illness, including pneumonia and respiratory failure.
12. West Nile virus: A viral infection that can cause fever, headache, and muscle pain, as well as more severe symptoms such as meningitis or encephalitis.

Viral infections can be spread through contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces, objects, or insects such as mosquitoes. Prevention strategies include:

1. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
3. Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
4. Avoiding sharing personal items such as towels or utensils.
5. Using condoms or other barrier methods during sexual activity.
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viral infections, such as HPV and hepatitis B.
7. Using insect repellents to prevent mosquito bites.
8. Screening blood products and organs for certain viruses before transfusion or transplantation.

Treatment for viral infections depends on the specific virus and the severity of the illness. Antiviral medications may be used to reduce the replication of the virus and alleviate symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation.

Prevention is key in avoiding viral infections, so taking the necessary precautions and practicing good hygiene can go a long way in protecting oneself and others from these common and potentially debilitating illnesses.

Examples of Bird Diseases:

1. Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): A viral disease that affects birds and can be transmitted to humans, causing respiratory illness and other symptoms.
2. Psittacosis (Parrot Fever): A bacterial infection caused by Chlamydophila psittaci, which can infect a wide range of bird species and can be transmitted to humans.
3. Aspergillosis: A fungal infection that affects birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing respiratory problems and other symptoms.
4. Beak and Feather Disease: A viral disease that affects birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing feather loss and beak deformities.
5. West Nile Virus: A viral disease that can affect birds, as well as humans and other animals, causing a range of symptoms including fever, headache, and muscle weakness.
6. Chlamydophila psittaci: A bacterial infection that can infect birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing respiratory problems and other symptoms.
7. Mycobacteriosis: A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium avium, which can affect a wide range of bird species, including parrots and other Psittacines.
8. Pacheco's Disease: A viral disease that affects birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing respiratory problems and other symptoms.
9. Polyomavirus: A viral disease that can affect birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing a range of symptoms including respiratory problems and feather loss.
10. Retinoblastoma: A type of cancer that affects the eyes of birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or treated with proper care and management, including providing a clean and spacious environment, offering a balanced diet, and ensuring access to fresh water and appropriate medical care.

Some common types of arbovirus infections include:

* Dengue fever: A viral disease that is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause severe flu-like symptoms.
* Chikungunya: A viral disease that is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause joint pain, fever, and swelling of the limbs.
* Yellow fever: A viral disease that is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain.
* Zika virus disease: A viral disease that is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes).

Arbovirus infections can be diagnosed through blood tests, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), which can detect the presence of viral antigens or genetic material in the blood. Treatment for arbovirus infections is typically supportive, such as providing fluids and pain relief medication to manage symptoms.

Prevention of arbovirus infections primarily involves controlling the populations of mosquitoes and ticks that transmit the viruses, through measures such as:

* Using insecticides to kill mosquitoes and ticks.
* Wearing protective clothing and applying insect repellent when outdoors.
* Eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce mosquito breeding sites.
* Implementing public health measures such as spraying insecticides and installing window screens to reduce the risk of mosquito bites.

Overall, arbovirus infections can be a significant public health concern, particularly in areas where the viruses are common and transmission is frequent. Effective prevention and control measures, such as those listed above, can help reduce the risk of infection and manage outbreaks when they do occur.

Definition of Lentivirus Infections:

Lentivirus infections are viral infections caused by members of the Lentiviridae family, which includes HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus), and BIV (bovine immunodeficiency virus). These viruses are characterized by their ability to integrate into host DNA, leading to long-term infection and replication.

Causes of Lentivirus Infections:

Lentivirus infections can be transmitted through various routes, including sexual contact, blood transfusions, vertical transmission (from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding), and exposure to infected bodily fluids.

Symptoms of Lentivirus Infections:

The symptoms of lentivirus infections can vary depending on the specific virus and the stage of infection. Early symptoms may be mild and nonspecific, but as the disease progresses, they can become more severe and debilitating. Common symptoms include fatigue, fever, swollen glands, rash, and muscle aches.

Diagnosis of Lentivirus Infections:

Diagnosing lentivirus infections typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Blood tests can detect the presence of viral antibodies or genetic material, while imaging studies such as CT scans or X-rays can help identify any related complications.

Treatment of Lentivirus Infections:

There is currently no cure for lentivirus infections, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. ART combines several drugs that target different stages of the viral replication cycle, reducing the amount of virus in the body and helping to restore immune function.

Prevention of Lentivirus Infections:

Preventing lentivirus infections is challenging, but there are several strategies that can reduce the risk of transmission. These include:

1. Safe sex practices: Using condoms and other barrier methods can prevent the spread of the virus through sexual contact.
2. Avoiding sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia: Injecting drugs with contaminated needles can lead to the transmission of the virus.
3. Proper sterilization and hygiene: Healthcare workers should follow proper sterilization and hygiene procedures when handling infected patients.
4. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission: Pregnant women with HIV should receive appropriate treatment to prevent transmission of the virus to their children.
5. Implementing harm reduction strategies: Providing access to clean needles, safe sex practices, and other harm reduction strategies can help reduce the risk of transmission among individuals who use drugs.

Conclusion:

Lentiviruses are a group of viruses that cause chronic infections with long incubation periods, progressive disease, and no current cure. HIV is the most well-known lentivirus, but other members of the family include FIV, SIV, and HCV. Understanding the biology of these viruses is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Preventing lentivirus infections requires a multi-faceted approach that includes safe sex practices, avoiding sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia, proper sterilization and hygiene, avoiding mother-to-child transmission, and implementing harm reduction strategies.

Currently, ART is the most effective treatment for HIV, which combines several drugs that target different stages of the viral replication cycle, reducing the amount of virus in the body and helping to restore immune function. However, a cure for HIV remains an unsolved problem, and ongoing research is focused on finding new and more effective treatments for lentivirus infections.

Overall, understanding the biology of lentiviruses is crucial for developing effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these viruses, and continued research is necessary to improve our understanding of these viruses and to develop new treatments.

1. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects the joints and central nervous system of goats.
2. Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA): A bacterial infection that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes and other organs.
3. Contagious ecthyma (Orf): A viral disease that causes skin lesions and scarring.
4. Goat pox: A viral disease that causes fever, weakness, and skin lesions.
5. Pneumonia: A bacterial or viral infection of the lungs that can be caused by a variety of pathogens.
6. Scabies: A parasitic infestation that causes skin irritation and hair loss.
7. Tetanus: A neurological disorder caused by a bacterial toxin that affects muscle contractions.
8. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can cause fever, anemia, and other symptoms in goats.
9. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Bacterial infections of the urinary system that can affect both male and female goats.
10. Vitamin deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins such as vitamin A, D, or E can cause a range of health problems in goats, including skin conditions, poor appetite, and weakness.

Goat diseases can be diagnosed through physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment depends on the specific disease and may involve antibiotics, antiviral medications, or supportive care such as fluid therapy and nutritional supplements. Prevention is key in managing goat diseases, and this includes maintaining good hygiene, providing clean water and a balanced diet, and vaccinating goats against common diseases.

Viremia is a condition where the virus is present in the bloodstream, outside of infected cells or tissues. This can occur during the acute phase of an infection, when the virus is actively replicating and spreading throughout the body. Viremia can also be seen in chronic infections, where the virus may persist in the blood for longer periods of time.

In some cases, viremia can lead to the development of antibodies against the virus, which can help to neutralize it and prevent its spread. However, if the viremia is not controlled, it can cause serious complications, such as sepsis or organ damage.

Diagnosis of viremia typically involves laboratory tests, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), which can detect the presence of virus in the blood. Treatment of viremia depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of any related complications.

Symptoms of dengue fever typically begin within 2-7 days after the bite of an infected mosquito and can include:

* High fever
* Severe headache
* Pain behind the eyes
* Severe joint and muscle pain
* Rash
* Fatigue
* Nausea
* Vomiting

In some cases, dengue fever can develop into a more severe form of the disease, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), which can be life-threatening. Symptoms of DHF include:

* Severe abdominal pain
* Vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Bleeding from the nose, gums, or under the skin
* Easy bruising
* Petechiae (small red spots on the skin)
* Black stools
* Decreased urine output

Dengue fever is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory tests. Treatment for dengue fever is primarily focused on relieving symptoms and managing fluid and electrolyte imbalances. There is no specific treatment for the virus itself, but early detection and proper medical care can significantly lower the risk of complications and death.

Prevention of dengue fever relies on measures to prevent mosquito bites, such as using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce the breeding of mosquitoes. Vaccines against dengue fever are also being developed, but none are currently available for widespread use.

In summary, dengue is a viral disease that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes and can cause a range of symptoms from mild to severe. Early detection and proper medical care are essential to prevent complications and death from dengue fever. Prevention of dengue relies on measures to prevent mosquito bites and eliminating standing water around homes and communities.

References:

1. World Health Organization. (2020). Dengue and severe dengue. Retrieved from
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Dengue fever: Background. Retrieved from
3. Mayo Clinic. (2020). Dengue fever. Retrieved from
4. MedlinePlus. (2020). Dengue fever. Retrieved from

The parasite enters the body through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, and can cause a wide range of symptoms in people with healthy immune systems, including fever, headache, and swollen lymph nodes. However, those with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to severe symptoms, including seizures, confusion, and coma.

Diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis is often made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as PCR or IgG antibody detection), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment typically involves a combination of antiparasitic medications and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

In severe cases, cerebral toxoplasmosis can lead to long-term neurological damage, including cognitive impairment and seizure disorders. Prevention of the disease is primarily focused on avoiding exposure to the parasite, which can be achieved through good hygiene practices (such as proper handling and cooking of meat) and avoiding contact with cat feces, which are a common source of infection.

Overall, cerebral toxoplasmosis is a serious opportunistic infection that can have significant neurological consequences in individuals with compromised immune systems. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential for preventing long-term complications and improving outcomes.

Examples of emerging communicable diseases include SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), West Nile virus, and HIV/AIDS. These diseases are often difficult to diagnose and treat, and they can spread rapidly due to increased travel and trade, as well as the high level of interconnectedness in today's world.

Emerging communicable diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, such as environmental changes, genetic mutations, or the transmission of diseases from animals to humans. These diseases can also be spread through various routes, including airborne transmission, contact with infected bodily fluids, and vector-borne transmission (such as through mosquitoes or ticks).

To prevent the spread of emerging communicable diseases, it is important to have strong surveillance systems in place to detect and monitor outbreaks, as well as effective public health measures such as vaccination programs, quarantine, and contact tracing. Additionally, research into the causes and transmission mechanisms of these diseases is crucial for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies.

Overall, emerging communicable diseases pose a significant threat to global health security, and it is important for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the general public to be aware of these diseases and take steps to prevent their spread.

1. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): This is a severe respiratory disease caused by the hantavirus, which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms of HPS can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and difficulty breathing.
2. Leptospirosis: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Leptospira, which is found in the urine of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
3. Rat-bite fever: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Streptobacillus moniliformis, which is found in the saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes.
4. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM): This is a viral infection caused by the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).
5. Tularemia: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis, which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes.

These are just a few examples of the many diseases that can be transmitted to humans through contact with rodents. It is important to take precautions when handling or removing rodents, as they can pose a serious health risk. If you suspect that you have been exposed to a rodent-borne disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

A disease that affects pigs, including viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, as well as genetic disorders and nutritional deficiencies. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): A highly contagious viral disease that can cause reproductive failure, respiratory problems, and death.
2. Swine Influenza: A viral infection similar to human influenza, which can cause fever, coughing, and pneumonia in pigs.
3. Erysipelas: A bacterial infection that causes high fever, loss of appetite, and skin lesions in pigs.
4. Actinobacillosis: A bacterial infection that can cause pneumonia, arthritis, and abscesses in pigs.
5. Parasitic infections: Such as gastrointestinal parasites like roundworms and tapeworms, which can cause diarrhea, anemia, and weight loss in pigs.
6. Scrapie: A degenerative neurological disorder that affects pigs and other animals, causing confusion, aggression, and eventually death.
7. Nutritional deficiencies: Such as a lack of vitamin E or selenium, which can cause a range of health problems in pigs, including muscular dystrophy and anemia.
8. Genetic disorders: Such as achondroplasia, a condition that causes dwarfism and deformities in pigs.
9. Environmental diseases: Such as heat stress, which can cause a range of health problems in pigs, including respiratory distress and death.

It's important to note that many swine diseases have similar symptoms, making accurate diagnosis by a veterinarian essential for effective treatment and control.

Alphaviruses are a group of viruses that cause a range of diseases, including arthritis, encephalitis, and fever. These viruses are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes or other insects.

There are several different types of alphaviruses, including:

* Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)
* Sindbis virus (SINV)
* Ross River virus (RRV)
* Barmah Forest virus (BFV)

The symptoms of alphavirus infections can vary depending on the specific type of virus and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Headache
* Muscle and joint pain
* Swelling and inflammation
* Rash
* Fatigue
* Weakness

In some cases, alphavirus infections can lead to more serious complications, such as meningitis or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). These complications are more likely to occur in older adults or people with weakened immune systems.

There is no specific treatment for alphavirus infections, but symptoms can be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers, fever reducers, and anti-inflammatory medications. Rest, hydration, and supportive care may also be recommended. Prevention is key to avoiding alphavirus infections, and this includes protecting against mosquito bites by using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and staying in air-conditioned or screened areas. Vaccines are also being developed to protect against some of the most common types of alphaviruses.

The most common symptoms of amebiasis are:

1. Diarrhea
2. Abdominal pain
3. Fever
4. Blood in the stool
5. Rectal pain
6. Tenesmus (a feeling of needing to have a bowel movement even when the bowels are empty)
7. Weakness and fatigue
8. Loss of appetite
9. Nausea and vomiting
10. Constipation

The infection is usually caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with feces, or by direct contact with someone who has the infection.

The disease is more common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene, and can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as stool samples or blood tests.

Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications such as metronidazole or tinidazole, and supportive care to manage symptoms such as hydration, pain management, and nutritional support. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications such as perforation of the colon, peritonitis, or abscesses.

Prevention measures include proper hand washing, avoiding consumption of contaminated food or water, and good sanitation and hygiene practices. Vaccines are not available for amebiasis, but research is ongoing to develop one.

Example sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with varicella zoster encephalitis and was immediately admitted to the intensive care unit.
2. The risk of developing encephalitis from varicella zoster is higher in individuals with weakened immune systems.
3. Early diagnosis and treatment of varicella zoster encephalitis are crucial to prevent long-term neurological damage.

The most common types of CNS infections include:

1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord, often caused by bacteria or viruses.
2. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain tissue itself, usually caused by a virus.
3. Abscesses: Pockets of pus that form in the brain or spinal cord, typically caused by bacterial infections.
4. Cryptococcal infections: Caused by a fungus called Cryptococcus neoformans, often affecting people with weakened immune systems.
5. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which can affect the CNS in people with compromised immune systems.

Symptoms of CNS infections can vary depending on the specific type and severity of the infection, but may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, weakness, and stiff neck. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans.

Treatment of CNS infections depends on the underlying cause, but may involve antibiotics, antiviral medications, or antifungal drugs. In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and respiratory support may be necessary.

Prevention of CNS infections includes good hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and getting vaccinated against certain viruses that can cause CNS infections. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical to preventing long-term complications of CNS infections and improving outcomes for patients.



The symptoms of meningoencephalitis can vary depending on the cause, but common signs include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. The disease can progress rapidly and can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures and PCR), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment options depend on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prognosis for meningoencephalitis depends on the severity of the disease and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, the prognosis is better for patients who receive prompt medical attention and have a mild form of the disease. However, the disease can be severe and potentially life-threatening, especially in young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

There are several different types of tumor viruses, including:

1. Human papillomavirus (HPV): This virus is responsible for causing cervical cancer and other types of cancer, such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer.
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV): This virus can cause liver cancer, known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
3. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): This virus can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma.
4. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): This virus has been linked to the development of Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
5. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV): This virus is responsible for causing Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare type of skin cancer.
6. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1): This virus has been linked to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL).

Tumor virus infections can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies. Treatment for these infections often involves antiviral medications, chemotherapy, and surgery. In some cases, tumors may also be removed through radiation therapy.

It's important to note that not all tumors or cancers are caused by viruses, and that many other factors, such as genetics and environmental exposures, can also play a role in the development of cancer. However, for those tumor virus infections that are caused by a specific virus, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Overall, tumor virus infections are a complex and diverse group of conditions, and further research is needed to better understand their causes and develop effective treatments.

Orthomyxoviridae infections are a group of viral infections caused by the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, which includes influenza A and B viruses, as well as other related viruses. These infections can affect both humans and animals and can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe.

The most common type of Orthomyxoviridae infection is seasonal influenza, which occurs when the virus is transmitted from person to person through the air or by contact with infected surfaces. Other types of Orthomyxoviridae infections include:

1. Pandemic influenza: This occurs when a new strain of the virus emerges and spreads quickly around the world, causing widespread illness and death. Examples of pandemic influenza include the Spanish flu of 1918 and the Asian flu of 1957.
2. Avian influenza: This occurs when birds are infected with the virus and can be transmitted to humans through close contact with infected birds or their droppings.
3. Swine influenza: This occurs when pigs are infected with the virus and can be transmitted to humans through close contact with infected pigs or their droppings.
4. H5N1 and H7N9: These are two specific types of bird flu viruses that have caused serious outbreaks in humans in recent years.

Symptoms of Orthomyxoviridae infections can include fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle aches, and fatigue. In severe cases, these infections can lead to pneumonia, bronchitis, and other respiratory complications, as well as hospitalization and even death.

Diagnosis of Orthomyxoviridae infections is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or viral culture. Treatment is generally focused on relieving symptoms and supporting the immune system, with antiviral medications may be used in severe cases.

Prevention of Orthomyxoviridae infections can include avoiding close contact with infected birds or pigs, wearing protective clothing and gear when handling animals, and practicing good hygiene such as washing hands frequently. Vaccines are also available for some species of birds and pigs to protect against these viruses.

Overall, Orthomyxoviridae is a family of viruses that can cause serious illness in humans and other animals, and it's important to take precautions to prevent exposure and spread of these viruses.

Zoonoses (zoonosis) refers to infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. These diseases are caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, and can be spread through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.

Examples of Zoonoses

Some common examples of zoonoses include:

1. Rabies: a viral infection that can be transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected animal, typically dogs, bats, or raccoons.
2. Lyme disease: a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which is spread to humans through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis).
3. Toxoplasmosis: a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can be transmitted to humans through contact with contaminated cat feces or undercooked meat.
4. Leptospirosis: a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira interrogans, which is spread to humans through contact with contaminated water or soil.
5. Avian influenza (bird flu): a viral infection that can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces.

Transmission of Zoonoses

Zoonoses can be transmitted to humans in a variety of ways, including:

1. Direct contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.
2. Contact with contaminated soil, water, or other environmental sources.
3. Through vectors such as ticks, mosquitoes, and fleas.
4. By consuming contaminated food or water.
5. Through close contact with an infected person or animal.

Prevention of Zoonoses

Preventing the transmission of zoonoses requires a combination of personal protective measures, good hygiene practices, and careful handling of animals and animal products. Some strategies for preventing zoonoses include:

1. Washing hands frequently, especially after contact with animals or their waste.
2. Avoiding direct contact with wild animals and avoiding touching or feeding stray animals.
3. Cooking meat and eggs thoroughly to kill harmful bacteria.
4. Keeping pets up to date on vaccinations and preventative care.
5. Avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, particularly poultry and pork.
6. Using insect repellents and wearing protective clothing when outdoors in areas where vectors are prevalent.
7. Implementing proper sanitation and hygiene practices in animal housing and husbandry.
8. Implementing strict biosecurity measures on farms and in animal facilities to prevent the spread of disease.
9. Providing education and training to individuals working with animals or in areas where zoonoses are prevalent.
10. Monitoring for and reporting cases of zoonotic disease to help track and control outbreaks.

Conclusion

Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans, posing a significant risk to human health and animal welfare. Understanding the causes, transmission, and prevention of zoonoses is essential for protecting both humans and animals from these diseases. By implementing appropriate measures such as avoiding contact with wild animals, cooking meat thoroughly, keeping pets up to date on vaccinations, and implementing proper sanitation and biosecurity practices, we can reduce the risk of zoonotic disease transmission and protect public health and animal welfare.

The exact cause of paraneoplastic syndromes is not fully understood, but it is believed that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the nervous system, leading to damage and dysfunction. Some research suggests that certain types of cancer may trigger an autoimmune response, while other factors such as genetics or environmental exposures may also play a role.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can be difficult to diagnose, as they often present with symptoms that are similar to those of more common conditions such as multiple sclerosis or stroke. However, certain tests such as electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) can help rule out other conditions and confirm the presence of a paraneoplastic syndrome.

Treatment for paraneoplastic syndromes typically focuses on managing symptoms and addressing any underlying cancer that may be present. Medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and chemotherapy may be used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, while surgery or radiation therapy may be necessary to remove cancerous tissue. In some cases, plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) may also be recommended to remove harmful antibodies from the blood.

Overall, paraneoplastic syndromes, nervous system are a complex and rare group of disorders that can significantly impact quality of life. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to managing symptoms and improving outcomes for patients with these conditions.

Symptoms of influenza include:

* Fever (usually high)
* Cough
* Sore throat
* Runny or stuffy nose
* Headache
* Muscle or body aches
* Fatigue (tiredness)
* Diarrhea and nausea (more common in children than adults)

Influenza can lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections. These complications are more likely to occur in people who have a weakened immune system, such as the elderly, young children, and people with certain chronic health conditions (like heart disease, diabetes, and lung disease).

Influenza is diagnosed based on a physical examination and medical history. A healthcare provider may also use a rapid influenza test (RIT) or a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for influenza typically involves rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) to relieve fever and body aches. Antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza), may also be prescribed to help shorten the duration and severity of the illness. However, these medications are most effective when started within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.

Prevention is key in avoiding influenza. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza, as well as practicing good hygiene such as washing your hands frequently, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and staying home when you are sick.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a condition in which the body is infected with HIV, a type of retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases.

There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, including:

1. Sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Blood transfusions ( although this is rare in developed countries due to screening processes)
5. Organ transplantation (again, rare)

The symptoms of HIV infection can be mild at first and may not appear until several years after infection. These symptoms can include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss

If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:

1. Opportunistic infections (such as pneumocystis pneumonia)
2. Cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)
3. Wasting syndrome
4. Neurological problems (such as dementia and seizures)

HIV infection is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a combination of medications that work together to suppress the virus and slow the progression of the disease.

Prevention methods for HIV infection include:

1. Safe sex practices, such as using condoms and dental dams
2. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
3. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a short-term treatment that can prevent infection after potential exposure to the virus
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is a daily medication that can prevent infection in people who are at high risk of being exposed to the virus.

It's important to note that HIV infection is manageable with proper treatment and care, and that people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. However, it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to prevent transmission.

Symptoms of EBV infection can vary widely, ranging from asymptomatic to severe, and may include:

* Fatigue
* Fever
* Sore throat
* Swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits
* Swollen liver or spleen
* Rash
* Headaches
* Muscle weakness

In some cases, EBV can lead to more serious complications such as infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, which can cause:

* Enlarged liver and spleen
* Splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen)
* Hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver)
* Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
* Anemia (low red blood cell count)
* Leukopenia (low white blood cell count)

EBV is also associated with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, including Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

There is no specific treatment for EBV infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few weeks. Antiviral medications may be prescribed in severe cases or to prevent complications. Rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relief medication can help alleviate symptoms.

RSV infections can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* Runny nose
* Decreased appetite
* Coughing
* Sneezing
* Wheezing
* Apnea (pauses in breathing)
* Blue-tinged skin and lips (cyanosis)
* Fever
* Inflammation of the lower respiratory tract (bronchiolitis)
* Pneumonia

In severe cases, RSV infections can lead to hospitalization and may require oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. In rare cases, RSV infections can be life-threatening, particularly in premature babies and infants with underlying medical conditions.

There is no specific treatment for RSV infections, but antiviral medications may be prescribed in severe cases. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and managing the infection, such as providing hydration and nutrition, administering oxygen therapy, and monitoring vital signs.

Prevention measures for RSV infections include:

* Frequent handwashing, especially after contact with an infected person or their secretions
* Avoiding close contact with anyone who has RSV infection
* Keeping children home from school or daycare if they are showing symptoms of RSV infection
* Practicing good hygiene, such as avoiding sharing utensils or personal items with anyone who is infected

There is currently no vaccine available to protect against RSV infections, but researchers are working on developing one.

* Rashes, lesions, or sores
* Redness, swelling, or inflammation
* Skin thickening or thinning
* Pigmentation changes
* Growths or tumors
* Ulcers or wounds that do not heal properly

Skin manifestations can be a symptom of a wide range of medical conditions, including:

* Infections such as bacterial, fungal, or viral infections
* Autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis, eczema, or lupus
* Cancer such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or basal cell carcinoma
* Genetic conditions such as ichthyosis or epidermolysis bullosa
* Metabolic disorders such as diabetes or kidney disease
* Nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin deficiency or malnutrition

Skin manifestations can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as biopsy, blood tests, or imaging studies. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying condition and may include topical medications, systemic medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

In some cases, skin manifestations can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition that requires prompt medical attention. It is important to seek medical advice if you notice any unusual changes in your skin or if you experience any symptoms such as pain, itching, or bleeding.

Some common poultry diseases include:

1. Avian influenza (bird flu): A highly contagious viral disease that affects birds and can be transmitted to humans.
2. Newcastle disease: A viral disease that causes respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in birds.
3. Infectious bronchitis: A viral disease that causes respiratory symptoms in birds.
4. Marek's disease: A viral disease that affects the nervous system of birds.
5. Coccidiosis: A parasitic disease caused by the Eimeria protozoa, which can cause diarrhea and weight loss in birds.
6. Chicken anemia virus: A viral disease that causes anemia and weakened immune systems in chickens.
7. Fowl pox: A viral disease that causes skin lesions and other symptoms in birds.
8. Avian encephalomyelitis (AE): A viral disease that affects the brain and spinal cord of birds, causing neurological symptoms such as paralysis and death.
9. Mycoplasmosis: A bacterial disease caused by the Mycoplasma bacteria, which can cause respiratory and other symptoms in birds.
10. Aspergillosis: A fungal disease that affects the respiratory system of birds, causing symptoms such as coughing and difficulty breathing.

Poultry diseases can have a significant impact on bird health and productivity, and can also be transmitted to humans in some cases. It is important for poultry farmers and owners to monitor their flocks closely and take steps to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing clean water and feed, maintaining good hygiene, and vaccinating birds against certain diseases.

The most common symptoms of enterovirus infections include:

* Diarrhea
* Vomiting
* Fever
* Abdominal pain
* Headache
* Fatigue

In some cases, enterovirus infections can lead to more severe complications, such as:

* Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD)
* Aseptic meningitis
* Encephalitis
* Myocarditis

Enteroviruses are highly contagious and can be spread through:

* Close contact with an infected person
* Contaminated food and water
* Insect vectors

There is no specific treatment for enterovirus infections, but symptoms can be managed with supportive care, such as hydration, rest, and pain relief. Antiviral medications may be used in severe cases.

Prevention measures include:

* Good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly preparing and storing food and water
* Avoiding sharing items that come into contact with the mouth, such as utensils and drinking glasses.

The symptoms of Togaviridae infections can vary depending on the specific virus and the individual infected, but may include fever, headache, joint pain, muscle pain, and rash. In severe cases, these infections can lead to hemorrhagic fever, shock, and even death.

There is no specific treatment for Togaviridae infections, but early diagnosis and supportive care, such as fluid replacement and management of fever and pain, can help alleviate symptoms and improve outcomes. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and staying in air-conditioned or screened areas. Vaccines are also available for some of the diseases caused by Togaviridae viruses, such as yellow fever.

Togaviridae infections are a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where mosquitoes are more prevalent. Outbreaks of these diseases can have a significant impact on individuals, communities, and economies, highlighting the importance of continued research and development of effective prevention and control measures.

DNA virus infections can cause a wide range of diseases, from mild cold-like symptoms to life-threatening conditions such as cancer. Some common symptoms of DNA virus infections include fever, fatigue, muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes. In severe cases, DNA virus infections can lead to organ failure, sepsis, and even death.

There are several ways that DNA viruses can be transmitted to humans, including:

1. Contact with an infected person or animal
2. Contaminated food or water
3. Insect or tick bites
4. Healthcare exposure
5. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or childbirth

Some of the most common DNA virus infections include:

1. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) - Causes cold sores and genital herpes.
2. Human papillomavirus (HPV) - Causes cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer and genital warts.
3. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) - Causes liver cancer and liver disease.
4. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) - Causes infectious mononucleosis.
5. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - Causes AIDS.

Diagnosis of DNA virus infections typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to detect the presence of viral antigens or genetic material.

Treatment for DNA virus infections varies depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Some common treatments include:

1. Antiviral medications - Used to suppress the replication of the virus.
2. Immune modulators - Used to boost the body's immune system to fight the virus.
3. Vaccines - Used to prevent infection with certain viruses, such as HPV and HBV.
4. Supportive care - Used to manage symptoms such as pain, fever, and fatigue.
5. Lifestyle modifications - Such as avoiding exposure to the virus, practicing good hygiene, and getting plenty of rest.

Viral meningitis is a type of meningitis that is caused by a viral infection. It is a common and often mild form of meningitis that can affect people of all ages. The symptoms of viral meningitis are similar to those of bacterial meningitis, but they tend to be less severe and resolve more quickly.

Causes and Risk Factors:

Viral meningitis is caused by a variety of viruses, including enteroviruses, herpesviruses, and West Nile virus. The infection is usually spread through contact with an infected person's saliva, mucus, or other bodily fluids. People who are at higher risk for developing viral meningitis include young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of viral meningitis can include fever, headache, neck stiffness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, the infection can cause seizures, brain damage, and even death.

Diagnosis:

Viral meningitis is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory tests. A healthcare provider may perform a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing. The CSF can be tested for the presence of viruses or other signs of infection.

Treatment and Prognosis:

There is no specific treatment for viral meningitis, but symptoms can be managed with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers. Antiviral medications may be prescribed in some cases. Most people with viral meningitis recover fully within a week or two, but some may experience lingering fatigue or other symptoms for several weeks. In rare cases, the infection can lead to long-term complications such as hearing loss or learning disabilities.

Prevention:

There is no vaccine to prevent viral meningitis, but good hygiene practices can help reduce the risk of infection. These include:

1. Washing hands frequently, especially after contact with someone who is sick.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
3. Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
4. Not sharing drinks or utensils with others.
5. Keeping surfaces clean and disinfected, especially in areas where food is prepared or eaten.

It's important to note that bacterial meningitis can be prevented with vaccines, and it's crucial to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms of meningitis are present.

The exact cause of ADC is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the progression of HIV infection in the brain. As HIV replicates in the brain, it can damage brain cells and disrupt normal brain function.

ADC typically affects individuals who have advanced HIV infection and a low CD4 cell count (a measure of immune system health). It is more common in women than men and tends to occur at an older age.

There are several symptoms of ADC, including:

1. Cognitive impairment: difficulty with memory, concentration, and decision-making.
2. Changes in personality and behavior: depression, anxiety, and agitation.
3. Difficulty with speech and language: slurred speech, trouble finding the right words.
4. Coordination and balance problems: unsteadiness, tremors, and difficulty with movement.
5. Seizures: ADC can cause seizures, which can be a sign of a more severe form of the disorder.

There is no cure for ADC, but treatment can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. Treatment typically involves a combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress HIV replication, and medications to manage cognitive and behavioral symptoms. In addition, supportive care, such as physical therapy and occupational therapy, can help improve quality of life.

In conclusion, AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) is a serious neurological disorder that affects individuals with advanced HIV infection. It is characterized by cognitive impairment, changes in personality and behavior, and difficulty with speech and movement. While there is no cure for ADC, treatment can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression.

The exact cause of postencephalitic Parkinson disease is not well understood, but it is believed to be related to the inflammation of the brain that occurs during the recovery phase following encephalitis. The condition is thought to result from damage to certain areas of the brain that are responsible for movement control.

Treatment for postencephalitic Parkinson disease is similar to that for classical Parkinson's disease and may include medications such as dopamine agonists, COMT inhibitors, and MAO-B inhibitors. In addition, physical therapy and speech therapy may be helpful in improving symptoms and maintaining functional abilities.

The prognosis for postencephalitic Parkinson disease is generally poorer than for classical Parkinson's disease, with a more rapid progression of symptoms and a higher risk of developing dementia and other cognitive impairments. However, the individual course of the disease can vary widely, and some individuals may experience a relatively mild presentation of symptoms over many years.

In summary, postencephalitic Parkinson disease is a rare form of Parkinson's disease that develops in individuals who have had a history of encephalitis. The condition typically presents with sudden and severe symptoms similar to those of classical Parkinson's disease, but the prognosis is generally poorer and the risk of developing dementia and other cognitive impairments is higher. Treatment is similar to that for classical Parkinson's disease, but may include additional therapies to address cognitive impairments.

The exact cause of ADEM is not fully understood, but it is believed to be triggered by a viral infection or other environmental factors that set off an abnormal immune response. The disease typically affects children, especially those under the age of 10, and is more common in males than females.

The symptoms of ADEM can vary widely depending on the severity of the disease and the areas of the brain affected. Common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Headache
* Confusion or disorientation
* Seizures or convulsions
* Weakness or paralysis in the limbs or other parts of the body
* Difficulty with speech, vision, or hearing
* Poor coordination and balance

ADEM can be difficult to diagnose, as its symptoms are similar to those of other conditions such as multiple sclerosis or meningitis. A definitive diagnosis is usually made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans.

There is no cure for ADEM, but treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and preventing further damage to the brain and spinal cord. Corticosteroids are often used to reduce inflammation, and antiviral medications may be prescribed if the disease is thought to be caused by a viral infection. Rehabilitation therapy may also be necessary to help regain lost function and mobility.

The prognosis for ADEM varies depending on the severity of the disease and the age of the patient. In general, children under the age of 5 have a better prognosis than older children and adults. With appropriate treatment, many patients are able to recover significant function and lead active lives. However, some individuals may experience long-term neurological deficits or disability.

Prevention of ADEM is not currently possible, as the exact cause of the disease is not fully understood. However, research is ongoing to identify potential risk factors and develop effective treatments. It is important for parents and caregivers to be aware of the signs and symptoms of ADEM and seek medical attention if they suspect their child may have the condition.

In conclusion, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare but potentially debilitating autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. While the exact cause of ADEM is not fully understood, it is believed to be triggered by a viral infection or other factors. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include fever, headache, confusion, weakness, and difficulty with speech and coordination. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further damage to the brain and spinal cord, and may include corticosteroids and antiviral medications. While there is no cure for ADEM, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can improve outcomes for affected children.

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) typically causes cold sores or fever blisters that appear on the lips, mouth, or nose. While herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is responsible for genital herpes which affects the genital area, buttocks, and anal area.

The infection can be spread through direct contact with an infected person's saliva, mucus, or skin, even if there are no visible sores present. Symptoms of herpes simplex may include itching, burning, tingling, redness, and small blisters that burst and ooze fluid.

There is no cure for herpes simplex, but medications can help manage symptoms and shorten the duration of an outbreak. Antiviral drugs such as acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir are commonly used to treat herpes simplex.

The symptoms of rabies can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the individual's overall health. Early symptoms may include fever, headache, weakness, and fatigue. As the disease progresses, symptoms can become more severe and can include:

* Agitation and confusion
* Seizures and paralysis
* Hydrophobia (fear of water)
* Spasms and twitching
* Increased salivation
* Fever and chills
* Weakness and paralysis of the face, arms, and legs

If left untreated, rabies is almost always fatal. However, prompt medical attention, including the administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), can prevent the disease from progressing and save the life of an infected person. PEP typically involves a series of injections with rabies immune globulin and a rabies vaccine.

Rabies is a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries where access to medical care may be limited. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are an estimated 55,000-60,000 human deaths from rabies each year, mostly in Asia and Africa. In the United States, rabies is relatively rare, with only a few cases reported each year. However, it is still important for individuals to be aware of the risks of rabies and take precautions to prevent exposure, such as avoiding contact with wild animals and ensuring that pets are up-to-date on their vaccinations.

1. Influenza (flu): Caused by the influenza virus, which is an RNA virus that affects the respiratory system and can cause fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches.
2. HIV/AIDS: Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is an RNA virus that attacks the body's immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
3. Hepatitis B: Caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is an RNA virus that infects the liver and can cause inflammation, scarring, and cancer.
4. Measles: Caused by the measles virus, which is an RNA virus that affects the respiratory system and can cause fever, cough, and a rash.
5. Rabies: Caused by the rabies virus, which is an RNA virus that attacks the central nervous system and can cause brain damage and death.
6. Ebola: Caused by the Ebola virus, which is an RNA virus that affects the blood vessels and can cause fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding.
7. SARS-CoV-2: Caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is an RNA virus that affects the respiratory system and can cause COVID-19.

RNA virus infections are often difficult to treat and can be highly contagious, so it's important to take precautions to prevent transmission and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

1. Parvovirus (Parvo): A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration.
2. Distemper: A serious viral disease that can affect dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, and seizures.
3. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and causing symptoms such as aggression, confusion, and paralysis.
4. Heartworms: A common condition caused by a parasitic worm that infects the heart and lungs of dogs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5. Ticks and fleas: These external parasites can cause skin irritation, infection, and disease in dogs, including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
6. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD): A genetic condition that affects the hip joint of dogs, causing symptoms such as arthritis, pain, and mobility issues.
7. Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that affects dogs, often diagnosed in older dogs and causing symptoms such as lameness, swelling, and pain.
8. Allergies: Dog allergies can cause skin irritation, ear infections, and other health issues, and may be triggered by environmental factors or specific ingredients in their diet.
9. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition that occurs when a dog's stomach twists and fills with gas, causing symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and difficulty breathing.
10. Cruciate ligament injuries: Common in active dogs, these injuries can cause joint instability, pain, and mobility issues.

It is important to monitor your dog's health regularly and seek veterinary care if you notice any changes or abnormalities in their behavior, appetite, or physical condition.

SAIDS was first identified in the 1980s in monkeys that were being used in research laboratories, and it has since been studied extensively as a model for HIV/AIDS research. Like HIV/AIDS, SAIDS is caused by the transmission of a virus from one animal to another through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood or semen.

The symptoms of SAIDS are similar to those of HIV/AIDS and include fever, fatigue, weight loss, and opportunistic infections. As the disease progresses, animals may also experience neurological symptoms, such as seizures and difficulty coordinating movements.

There is currently no cure for SAIDS, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. Research into the disease has led to a greater understanding of the immunopathogenesis of HIV/AIDS and has contributed to the development of new therapies for the disease.

SAIDS is important in medical research because it provides a valuable model for studying the immunopathogenesis of HIV/AIDS and for testing new therapies and vaccines. It also serves as a reminder of the importance of strict safety protocols when working with infectious agents, particularly in laboratory settings.

Example sentences:

1. The rhabdoviridae infections in cattle can cause significant economic losses for farmers, as they can lead to reduced milk production and mortality rates.
2. Scientists are working on developing vaccines against rhabdoviridae infections in pigs, which could help reduce the risk of disease transmission to humans.

Roseolovirus infections can be diagnosed through physical examination and laboratory tests such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Treatment for roseolovirus infection is generally focused on relieving symptoms such as fever and pain, and may include antiviral medications in severe cases.

There are two main types of roseolovirus:

1. Human roseolovirus A (HRVA): This type is responsible for most cases of roseola infantum.
2. Human roseolovirus B (HRVB): This type is less common and typically affects children under the age of 2.

Roseolovirus infections are highly contagious and can be spread through contact with an infected person's saliva, mucus, or other bodily fluids. The virus can also survive on surfaces for a period of time, allowing it to be transmitted through touching contaminated surfaces and then touching one's face.

Preventive measures such as frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and avoiding sharing eating or drinking utensils can help reduce the risk of transmission. Vaccines are not available for roseolovirus infections, but research is ongoing to develop one.

Complications of roseolovirus infections can include:

1. Septicemia: This is a serious condition where the virus spreads through the bloodstream and can cause organ damage.
2. Meningitis: This is an inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
3. Encephalitis: This is an inflammation of the brain.
4. Pneumonia: This is an infection of the lungs.
5. Thrombocytopenia: This is a low platelet count, which can increase the risk of bleeding.

Treatment for roseolovirus infections typically involves supportive care, such as hydration, rest, and fever reduction. Antiviral medications may be prescribed in severe cases or for high-risk individuals. Hospitalization may be necessary for more serious complications.

It's important to note that roseolovirus infections can be particularly dangerous for certain populations, such as the elderly, young children, and people with weakened immune systems. If you suspect you or someone else may have a roseolovirus infection, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes.

Henipavirus infections can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle weakness, confusion, and respiratory problems such as coughing and shortness of breath. In severe cases, these infections can lead to encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), which can be fatal.

Henipavirus infections are diagnosed through laboratory tests, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Treatment is typically supportive, with care focusing on relieving symptoms and managing complications. Antiviral medications may be used in some cases, but their effectiveness is limited.

Prevention of henipavirus infections primarily involves avoiding contact with infected animals or bats, and taking precautions such as wearing protective clothing and gloves when handling animals or bat specimens. Vaccines are also being developed to protect against henipavirus infections.

Overall, henipavirus infections are rare but potentially life-threatening diseases that require prompt medical attention and careful management to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.

Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).

Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.

The common types of reoviridae infections include:

1. Rotavirus infection: This is the most common cause of diarrhea in children under five years old worldwide. It can lead to dehydration, hospitalization, and even death in severe cases.
2. Calicivirus infection: This virus is responsible for norovirus, which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States and other countries. It can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps.
3. Aichivirus infection: This virus was first identified in 2013 and has been linked to outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States and Europe. The symptoms of this infection are similar to those caused by norovirus.
4. Cysticercosis: This is a parasitic infection that occurs when the larvae of the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) infect the human brain, eyes, or muscles. It can cause symptoms such as seizures, headaches, and vision problems.
5. Orbivirus infection: This virus is responsible for diseases such as bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic fever, which affects animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle. It can also be transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected midge insect.

Reoviridae infections are usually diagnosed based on symptoms, medical history, and laboratory tests such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Treatment of these infections depends on the specific type of virus and the severity of the symptoms.

Prevention measures for Reoviridae infections include good hygiene practices such as washing hands regularly, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. Vaccines are also available for some types of Reoviridae infections, such as the rotavirus vaccine that is given to infants to protect against gastroenteritis.

There are several types of hepatitis C, including genotype 1, which is the most common and accounts for approximately 70% of cases in the United States. Other genotypes include 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The symptoms of hepatitis C can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and itching all over the body. Some people with hepatitis C may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis C is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can cure the infection but may have side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and depression. In recent years, new drugs known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have become available, which can cure the infection with fewer side effects and in a shorter period of time.

Prevention measures for hepatitis C include avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, using condoms to prevent sexual transmission, and ensuring that any tattoos or piercings are performed with sterilized equipment. Vaccines are also available for people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, such as healthcare workers and individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors.

Overall, hepatitis C is a serious and common liver disease that can lead to significant health complications if left untreated. Fortunately, with advances in medical technology and treatment options, it is possible to manage and cure the virus with proper care and attention.

... (MVEV) is a zoonotic flavivirus endemic to northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. It is the ... "Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection-Fact Sheet". Department of Health and Ageing. Archived from the original on 18 ... Hurrelbrink RJ, Nestorowicz A, McMinn PC (1 December 1999). "Characterization of infectious Murray Valley encephalitis virus ... The virus was isolated from human samples in 1951 during an epidemic in the Murray Valley, Australia. Epidemics usually occur ...
"Cross-reactivity between caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and type 1 human immunodeficiency virus". Arch. Med. Res. 34 (5 ... Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a retrovirus which infects goats and cross-reacts immunologically with HIV, due ... "APHIS info sheet: Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture • Animal and Plant ... "Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis" (PDF). colostate.edu. March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2018. ...
... an ancestral Sindbis virus-like virus, and an ancestral Eastern equine encephalitis virus-like virus. There have been under 700 ... Western equine encephalitis virus was one of more than a dozen agents that the United States researched as potential biological ... Eastern equine encephalitis virus Sherman, M. B.; Weaver, S. C. (2010). "Structure of the Recombinant Alphavirus Western Equine ... This virus contains an envelope that is made up of glycoproteins and nucleic acids. The virus is transmitted to people and ...
... is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or ... "Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus". Shaughnessy, Larry (22 April 2009). "Army: 3 vials of virus samples missing from ... Outbreaks of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus occurred in Central American and South American countries. This virus was ... Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus". Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2007-03-17. "Army: 3 vials of virus ...
... (TBEV) is a positive-strand RNA virus associated with tick-borne encephalitis in the genus ... Kyasanur Forest disease virus, Alkhurma virus, Louping ill virus and Langat virus. TBEV has three subtypes: Western European ... Encephalitis+Viruses,+Tick-Borne at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Tick-borne encephalitis ... Pulkkinen, Lauri; Butcher, Sarah; Anastasina, Maria (2018-06-28). "Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Structural View". Viruses. ...
In molecular biology, the Avian encephalitis virus cis-acting replication element (CRE) is an s an RNA element which is found ... It is structurally similar to the Hepatitis A virus cis-acting replication element. Hepatitis A virus cis-acting replication ... in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Avian encephalitis virus (AEV). ...
... is also found in the warm climate across Eurasia, where it is part of the tick-borne encephalitis virus-complex ... Powassan virus infection is rarely diagnosed as a cause of encephalitis; however, when it is, Powassan encephalitis is severe, ... The values is compatible with that of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and louping-ill virus (LIV) (1.0 × 10−5-2.2 × 10−5 ... Powassan virus encephalitis is a challenge to diagnose because there are only a few laboratories that offer testing, the most ...
February 2006). "Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (2): 235-40. ... Viruses portal 1998-1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala 2021 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala ... Nipah virus, scientific name Nipah henipavirus, is a bat-borne virus that causes Nipah virus infection in humans and other ... the source of the human case from which Nipah virus was first isolated. Nipah virus is one of several viruses identified by WHO ...
Both forms of Kunjin virus disease are milder than the diseases caused by West Nile virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus ... "Murray Valley Encephalitis virus & Kunjin virus". University of Sydney-Department of Medical Entomology. Retrieved 2009-08-08 ... Kunjin virus (KUNV) is a zoonotic virus of the family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus. It is a subtype of West Nile virus ... Kunjin virus is a zoonotic virus of the family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus. It is an arbovirus which is transmitted ...
The virus firstly struck pig-farms in the suburb of Ipoh in Perak with the occurrence of respiratory illness and encephalitis ... The virus origin was determined to be from a native fruit bat species. Together with the Hendra virus (HeV), the novel virus ... The virus is named after the Malaysian village where it was first discovered. This virus along with Hendra virus comprises a ... A total of 265 cases of acute encephalitis with 105 deaths caused by the virus were reported in the three states throughout the ...
... (DTV) is a virus in the genus Flavivirus spread via ticks that causes encephalitis. DTV closely resembles ... 1997). "A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini". Emerging Infect. Dis. 3 (2 ... "Potential Role of Deer Tick Virus in Powassan Encephalitis Cases in Lyme Disease-endemic Areas of New York, USA". Emerg Infect ... "Fatal case of deer tick virus encephalitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (20): 2099-2107. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0806326. PMC 2847876. PMID ...
"Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Complex Fact Sheet" (PDF). aaBB. Retrieved 19 January 2019. "Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF)" ( ... Alkhurma virus (ALKV) (Arabic: فيروس الخرمة) is a zoonotic virus of the Flaviviridae virus family (class IV). ALKV causes ... Related viruses include Omsk hemorrhagic fever and Royal Farm virus. Laboratory diagnosis of ALKV can be performed in the early ... This virus was first isolated from the blood of a 32-year-old male butcher at Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Hospital, Saudi Arabia during ...
"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus disrupts STAT1 signaling by distinct mechanisms independent of host shutoff". Journal of ... Closely related viruses include Mucambo virus and Everglades virus. Rio Negro virus is a spherical, enveloped virus. The ... The virus was first called Ag80-663 but was renamed to Rio Negro virus in 2005. It is a former member of the Venezuelan equine ... In horses, the virus attacks the central nervous system, causing paralysis and eventual death. When the virus infects humans, ...
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; and staphylococcal enterotoxin B. This mixture of microorganisms and toxins was intended ...
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Around the end of 1970s Esparza became involved in studies of various aspects of this ... Esparza, J; Pina, CI; Novo, E (Jul 1976). "Photoinactivation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus mediated by tetracyclines ... Esparza, J; Sánchez, A (1975). "Multiplication of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (Mucambo) virus in cultured mosquito cells". ... Carreño, G; Esparza, J (1977). "Induction of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (Mucambo) virus by iododeoxyuridine in chronically ...
... together with Japanese encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Saint Louis encephalitis virus and some other ... The virus is genetically related to the Japanese encephalitis family of viruses. Humans and horses both exhibit disease ... dengue virus, and yellow fever virus. The virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, mostly species of Culex. The primary ... The mature viruses are then secreted out of the cell.[citation needed] WNV is one of the Japanese encephalitis antigenic ...
These include: Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. These viruses are more ... MIDV is classified as an Old World Alphavirus which also includes Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Ndumu virus, Barmah Forest virus ... The virus also affects epithelial tissue in the form of a rash and nervous tissue in the form of encephalitis. There is no ... Sindbis virus, an extremely similar virus to MIDV has spread outside of Africa and effects humans. The horses themselves cannot ...
Resolving the Tick-Borne Encephalitis virus and Louping-Ill Virus Paraphyletic Taxa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution: ... Antibodies to the virus have been found in humans and in several species of penguin. Certain species of seabird are thought to ... Gadgets Gully virus (GGYV) is an arbovirus, a member of the genus flavivirus (family Flaviviridae) isolated first time from a ... two isolates of GGYB available in GenBank and collected from Australia and Antarctica can be considered as two different virus ...
... symptoms of RNA viruses include: hepatitis, encephalitis, mild fever, and hemorrhagic fever. The primary hosts for the HP virus ... Hart Park virus, or HP virus, is a single-stranded RNA arbovirus that is primarily transmitted through mosquitoes. The HP virus ... The Flanders virus is similar to the antigentic make-up of the Hart Park virus. Both the HP and Flanders viruses are part of ... The western encephalitis mosquito, or Culex tarsalis, is one of the common mosquito vectors for the HP virus because of its ...
Her thesis was titled "Studies on the Virus of St. Louis Encephalitis." Cook's admission to Bryn Mawr was a subject of intense ... Cook, Enid (1937). "Studies on the Virus of St. Louis Encephalitis". "Letter from M. Carey Thomas to Marion Park , Black at ... Louis encephalitis and on herpes. Beginning in 1946, she was the chief of the Public Health Laboratory at the Instituto ... Panama where she was the first person to isolate the yellow fever virus in Panama, and, along with her physician husband ...
"Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis". CDC. Retrieved Aug 21, 2011. The Quest for the Tomb of Alexander the ... "Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis". CDC. Retrieved Aug 21, 2011. Sbarounis CN (June 1997). "Did Alexander ... According to analysis of other authors in response to Marr and Calisher, the West Nile virus could not have infected humans ... who nonetheless noted that the West Nile virus tends to kill the elderly or those with weakened immune systems. The version of ...
2010). "Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus". Fenner's Veterinary Virology (5th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 294-295. ISBN ... Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a viral disease of goats caused by a lentivirus called caprine arthritis encephalitis ... Blood testing goats for CAE virus before moving them into a new herd will prevent the spread of the disease. There is no known ... The reason for the long (and variable) period of dormancy of the virus is not known. In goats which develop arthritis, the ...
Barrett, AM; Gairdner, D; McFarlan, AM (1952). "An outbreak of encephalitis, possibly due to poliomyelitis virus". British ...
Alkhurma virus, Louping ill virus and other viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) complex. The Langat virus does ... Langat virus (LGTV) is a virus of the genus Flavivirus. The virus was first isolated in Malaysia in 1956 from a hard tick of ... This virus is antigenically related to Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, ... "A virus resembling Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus from an ixodid tick in Malaya". Nature. 178 (4533): 581-2. Bibcode: ...
... (EVEV) is an alphavirus included in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus complex. The virus circulates ... The virus is named after the Everglades, a region of subtropical wetlands in southern Florida. The virus is endemic to the U.S ... Hispid cotton rat and cotton mouse are considered important reservoir hosts of Everglades virus. Most clinical cases of ... Symptoms of infection include: Enlarged, tender lymph nodes Fever Headache Malaise Myalgia Pharyngitis The virus is transmitted ...
... , caused by the Powassan virus (POWV), a flavivirus also known as the deer tick virus, is a form of ... The virus is antigenically related to the Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis viruses. Symptoms manifest within 7-10 days and ... McLEAN, DM; DONOHUE, WL (1 May 1959). "Powassan virus: isolation of virus from a fatal case of encephalitis". Canadian Medical ... CASALS, J (13 February 1960). "Antigenic relationship between Powassan and Russian spring-summer encephalitis viruses". ...
Appaiahgari, M. B.; Vrati, S. (2010). "IMOJEV(®): a Yellow fever virus-based novel Japanese encephalitis vaccine". Expert ... Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis. The vaccines are more than 90% ... Another vaccine, a live-attenuated recombinant chimeric virus vaccine developed using the Yellow fever virus known as ... and others inactivated virus. The Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s. It is on the World Health ...
... tick-borne encephalitis virus, poliovirus, and most recently Zika virus, in both in vitro and animal models. Since it has ... September 2015). "Nucleoside inhibitors of tick-borne encephalitis virus". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 59 (9): 5483- ... Subsequently it has been widely used in antiviral research and has shown activity against a range of viruses, including Dengue ... February 2011). "Sustained viral response in a hepatitis C virus-infected chimpanzee via a combination of direct-acting ...
Soares-Ishigaki EC, Cera ML, Pieri A, Ortiz KZ (2012). "Aphasia and herpes virus encephalitis: a case study". Sao Paulo Medical ... In rare cases, aphasia may also result from herpesviral encephalitis. The herpes simplex virus affects the frontal and temporal ... Naudé H, Pretorius E (3 Jun 2010). "Can herpes simplex virus encephalitis cause aphasia?". Early Child Development and Care. ...
Arthropod-Borne Virus Encephalitides; Differential diagnostic measures; diagnosis, treatment, and control of Japanese B ... encephalitis; proper approach to investigation of problem (34 min). PMF 5049 - PMF 5050 - PMF 5051 (1947) - Therapeutic ...
Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Malaria Globally, malaria causes 228 million infections ... Zika Virus Zika virus infection has been linked to an increase in microcephaly in infants and Guillain-Barre syndrome (a ... GeoVax technology approach uses recombinant DNA or recombinant viruses to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) in the person ... The MVA expresses the HIV virus-like-particles, but does not express GM-CSF. The regimen builds on the GeoVax DNA/MVA vaccine ...
Wong Yip Chong claiming that she caught the Japanese encephalitis virus from Hiroshi Watanabe and thus suffered from a viral ...
The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus. The variola virus, the causative ... On the same day Spain reported its first death, a 44-year-old man in Alicante, with the cause of death being encephalitis ... The BBC also made it clear that the genetic sequences of the virus, as far as is known, date back to a West African strain. On ... Diagnosis can be confirmed by testing a lesion for the virus's DNA. There is no known cure. A study in 1988 found that the ...
Viruses that inhibit IFN signaling include Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), dengue type 2 virus (DEN-2), and viruses of the ... Some viruses escape the anti-viral activities of interferons by gene (and thus protein) mutation. The H5N1 influenza virus, ... "Blocking of the alpha interferon-induced JAK-STAT signaling pathway by Japanese encephalitis virus infection". Journal of ... Some viruses can encode proteins that bind to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to prevent the activity of RNA-dependent protein ...
Commonly mentioned viruses include phleboviruses, Heartland virus, and Bourbon viruses. Symptoms may include hemorrhagic fever ... A vaccine for humans to prevent tick-borne encephalitis was approved by the CDC in 2021 for use in the US. Though, this is not ... Ticks can cause disease states unrelated to their ability to transmit pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Symptoms range ... Viruses transmitted by arthropods such as ticks are an emerging field of study. ...
Portals: Medicine Viruses (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Use dmy dates from November ... Since this vaccine was associated with a higher incidence of encephalitis, FNV was not recommended after 1961. Vaccine 17D is ... Following the work of Ernest Goodpasture, Theiler used chicken eggs to culture the virus. After field trials in Brazil, over ... Norrby E (November 2007). "Yellow fever and Max Theiler: the only Nobel Prize for a virus vaccine". The Journal of Experimental ...
The WHO additionally uses "the COVID‑19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID‑19" in public communications. The symptoms ... encephalitis, acute kidney injury, and vasculitis. The production of IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and interferon-gamma, all ... The virus may also enter the bloodstream from the lungs and cross the blood-brain barrier to gain access to the CNS, possibly ... The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" to connect to the ACE2 receptor and enter the host cell. ...
... where he studied Murray Valley encephalitis virus and respiratory viruses alongside Macfarlane Burnet. Marmion returned to the ... He moved to Leeds as the head of the new PHLS virus laboratory in 1955. At Leeds, he published the first description of Q fever ... This investigation laid the groundwork for the principles of bloodborne virus control that would later be applied to HIV. In ... working in the virus reference laboratory at the latter. In 1951, he was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship allowing him to ...
Developing vaccine strategies for Ebola, HIV, Lassa virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis viruses, and herpes. ... Studying ways of preventing or treating diseases caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), herpes simplex virus, and dengue ... Developing an animal model to test vaccines to protect people against the Zika virus. On April 14, 2018, four baboons escaped ... Helped advance a new treatment which moved from animal to human trials for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. ...
... macacapox virus Akhmeta virus Alaskapox virus Camelpox virus Cowpox virus Ectromelia virus Monkeypox virus Raccoonpox virus ... Encephalitis (alteration of mental status and focal neurologic deficits), myelitis (upper- and lower-motor neuron dysfunction, ... Skunkpox virus Taterapox virus Vaccinia virus †Variola virus Volepox virus Among the path of evolution of the Orthopoxvirus ... "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ...
Yellow fever Dengue fever Ilhéus virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus St. Louis virus Mayaro virus* Oropouche virus* ... Tacaribe virus* (isolated in 1956 from a bat) Virus Diseases in the West Indies - a special edition of the Caribbean Medical ... The Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory (T.R.V.L.) was established in Port of Spain, in 1953 by the Rockefeller Foundation in co ... The Virus lab's first Director was the renowned epidemiologist, Dr Wilbur Downs who served in that role until 1961. In that ...
Although this sort of infection is uncommon it can be due to a virus, bacterium, or (very rarely) fungus. If a seizure happens ... An infection of the brain (encephalitis) can also be a contributing factor. ... Rasmussen's encephalitis), possibly caused by chronic viral infections, edema, or autoimmune processes. They are very ...
The viruses which transmit Eastern equine encephalitis, California encephalitis and West Nile virus have been detected in ... 1986). "Aedes canadensis: A vector of Lacrosse virus (Caligornia Serogroup) in Ohio" (PDF). Journal of the American Mosquito ... It has also shown to be a secondary vector for the La Crosse virus in Ohio. D.M. Wood; P.T. Dang; R.A. Ellis (1979). The ...
... also transmit viruses that cause tick-borne encephalitis. Coinfections complicate Lyme symptoms, especially diagnosis and ... 1992) (incompetent host for B. burgdorferi and TBE virus) but it is important for feeding the ticks, as red deer and wild boars ... Lindgren E, Gustafson R (July 2001). "Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change". Lancet. 358 (9275): 16-8. doi: ... May 2006). "Serological evidence for tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Mongolia". ...
West Nile virus, malaria, yellow fever, Japanese B encephalitis, filariasis, Lyme disease, leishmaniasis, typhus fever, plague ... RID insect repellents are used to repel insects which may carry a number of diseases, including Ross River virus, dengue fever ... and Eastern equine encephalitis. As an insect repellent, RID is not able to protect people from these diseases beyond repelling ...
... died over a two-year period from a progressive encephalitis caused by a novel virus. Research into the causes of their illness ... 2015). "A Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus Associated with Fatal Human Encephalitis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 373: ... and deaths implicated the variegated squirrel as a carrier of the virus, with a genomic study identifying a new virus similar ... "A Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus Associated with Fatal Human Encephalitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (2): 154-162. ...
... human papilloma virus, Japanese encephalitis, rotavirus and hepatitis B. In May 2020, as part the WHO's aim to coordinate ... human papilloma virus, Japanese encephalitis, rotavirus and hepatitis B. In May 2020, during the global emergency of COVID-19 ...
Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis (HSVE) is a neurological disorder which causes inflammation of the brain. It is caused by the ... Additionally, deficits in semantic memory as a result of herpes simplex virus encephalitis tend to have more category-specific ... studied the different effects semantic dementia and herpes simplex virus encephalitis have on semantic memory. They found that ... S2CID 8838693.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) "Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex". National ...
... may refer to: Western New England University West Nile virus encephalitis Wilnecote railway station, station code WNE ...
Neuronal CXCL10 directs CD8+ T-cell recruitment and control of West Nile virus encephalitis. Klein RS, Lin E, Zhang B, Luster ... IL-1R1 is required for dendritic cell-mediated T cell reactivation within the CNS during West Nile virus encephalitis. Durrant ... TNF-alpha-dependent regulation of CXCR3 expression modulates neuronal survival during West Nile virus encephalitis. Zhang B, ... Virus entry and replication in the brain precedes blood-brain barrier disruption during intranasal alphavirus infection. Cain ...
The virus is spread through coughing, sneezing and touching infected surfaces. The virus can live on surfaces for up to 2 hours ... encephalitis (1 in 1,000) inflammation in the brain that can lead to convulsions and can leave the child deaf or mentally ... One is an inactivated form of the virus (IPV) which is given as a shot. This is the only form that is used in the United States ... The rotavirus is shed in the feces of infected persons and is spread by the fecal oral route, so this virus can be picked up ...
Viruses. 2014;6(12):5145-5181. Published 2014 Dec 22. doi:10.3390/v6125145. Martin, W. E., et al. "Nematode Damage to Brain of ... Common disease presentation includes broncointerstitial pneumonia, encephalitis, lymphocytopenia, and increases in ...
Viremia (the presence of the virus in the blood) is rare. The virus is shed in saliva and eye and nasal secretions, and can ... All members of the family Felidae are susceptible to FVR; in fact, FHV-1 has caused a fatal encephalitis in lions in Germany. ... The virus is shed for one to three weeks postinfection. Latently infected cats (carriers) will shed FHV-1 intermittently for ... Most household disinfectants will inactivate FHV-1. The virus can survive up to 18 hours in a damp environment, but less in a ...
In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus, which was later shown to cause tumors in many ... In 1944, Maurice Hilleman of Squibb Pharmaceuticals developed the first vaccine against Japanese Encephalitis. Hilleman would ... SWEET BH, HILLEMAN MR (November 1960). "The vacuolating virus, S.V. 40". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 105 (2): 420-7. doi:10.3181 ...
The flu virus is officially designated by the WHO as "Influenza A (H1N1)", following a name change from "swine flu" to avoid ... However, he died on the next day due to H1N1 encephalitis with Cerebral oedema and multiorgan failure. The death of a 24-year- ... Since the Nipah virus outbreak in 1999, the Malaysian Health Ministry have put in place processes to be better prepared to ... He was then had a seizure and was sent to Tengku Ampuan Afzan Hospital and confirmed to have the H1N1 virus. He died on 7 ...
Acute measles encephalitis is another serious risk of measles virus infection. It typically occurs two days to one week after ... A person with measles encephalitis may become comatose, and death or brain injury may occur. The measles virus can deplete ... Analysis by the CDC scientists showed that the measles virus type in this outbreak (B3) was identical to the virus type that ... Because of similarities between the 2009 influenza A subtype H1N1 virus and the 1976 influenza A/NJ virus many countries ...
Lennox, Belinda R.; Coles, Alasdair J.; Vincent, Angela (1 February 2012). "Antibody-mediated encephalitis: a treatable cause ... Polio, measles, varicella-zoster, rubella, herpes simplex, maternal genital infections, Borna disease virus, and Toxoplasma ... including no evidence of herpes virus or T. gondii involvement in schizophrenia. There is some evidence for the role of ... a proximal cause of certain cases of schizophrenia is the interaction of the developing fetus with pathogens such as viruses, ...
... his discovery of the SARS virus, and pioneering virus discovery using gene hybridization array and DNA sequencing technologies ... paraneoplastic encephalitis, etc.), and animals ranging from parrots and cockatiels to honeybees and boa constrictors. He and a ... He was involved in the development of the ViroChip, which is used to rapidly identify viruses in bodily fluids. It was used to ... He has also de-bunked the relation of viruses to certain subsets of human cancer. Perhaps most relevant to contemporary global ...
... lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus which affects mice, and wobbly possum disease virus. Member viruses are enveloped, ... "Novel Arterivirus Associated with Outbreak of Fatal Encephalitis in European Hedgehogs, England, 2019". Emerg Infect Dis. 27 (2 ... "Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019 ... Arteriviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses in the order Nidovirales which infect vertebrates. Host ...
Rabies African sleeping sickness Dirofilariasis Eastern equine encephalitis Japanese encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis ... Dangerous non-human viruses are those that require few mutations to begin replicating themselves in human cells. These viruses ... The West Nile virus first appeared in the United States in 1999, in the New York City area. Bubonic plague is a zoonotic ... 2020). "Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in pets in the Netherlands and the permissiveness of canine liver cells to the ...
Eastern Equine Encephalitis is a rare disease that is caused by a virus spread by infected mosquitoes. ... Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Only a few cases are reported ... You can reduce your risk of infection with EEE virus by using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, and ...
... sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) ant … ... Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and Russia: Review of ... Seroprevalence for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis virus antibodies and associated risk factors ... Seroprevalence for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis virus antibodies and associated risk factors ... Flowchart of the serological analysis of tick-borne encephalitis virus, France, 2019-2020 (n = 1,777) ...
Virus Sections. Virus Name/Prototype. Original Source. Method of Isolation. Virus Properties. Antigenic Relationship. Biologic ... Click on the PDF icon to the left to view a copy of this virus entry in PDF format. You can get a copy of the PDF viewer by ...
Virus Sections. Virus Name/Prototype. Original Source. Method of Isolation. Virus Properties. Antigenic Relationship. Biologic ... SECTION I - Full Virus Name and Prototype Number. Prototype Strain Number / Designation. BFS-283 Accession Number. Original ... Click on the PDF icon to the left to view a copy of this virus entry in PDF format. You can get a copy of the PDF viewer by ...
SEARCH RESULTS for: Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine [Drug Class] (3 results) ... IXIARO (japanese encephalitis vaccine, inactivated, adsorbed) injection, suspension. NDC Code(s): 42515-001-01 *Packager: ... IXIARO (japanese encephalitis vaccine, inactivated, adsorbed) injection, suspension. NDC Code(s): 42515-002-01 *Packager: ... IXIARO (japanese encephalitis vaccine, inactivated, adsorbed) injection, suspension. NDC Code(s): 62195-051-01 *Packager: ...
We performed lumbar punctures in 3 patients with this presentation and found Ebola virus in all cerebrospinal fluid samples. ... Ebola Virus-Related Encephalitis Thierry de Greslan 1 2 , Magali Billhot 1 3 , Claire Rousseau 1 4 , Christine Mac Nab 1 2 , ... Ebola Virus-Related Encephalitis Thierry de Greslan et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2016. . ... Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array. Fridholm H, Østergaard ...
... 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. ... Working Group on the Prevention and Control of Japanese Encephalitis, Tokyo, Japan, 19-21 December 1983 : report  ...
... and the environment for successful virus circulation. Hard ticks are the vectors for TBEV, transmitting the virus to a variety ... Other small mammals (e.g., insectivores) may also play a crucial role in virus transmission, not to mention the absence of any ... Large woodland animals seem to have a positive influence on virus circulation by providing a food source for adult ticks; birds ... A deeper insight into the virus reservoir could lead to a better understanding of the development of endemic regions. The ...
Herpes Simplex Virus: From Encephalitis to Gene Therapy ... Herpes Simplex Virus: From Encephalitis to Gene Therapy. Your ... Herpes Simplex Virus: From Encephalitis to Gene Therapy. Download VideoCast. You can download this VideoCast and play it on ... Herpes simplex virus : from encephalitis to gene therapy / Richard J. Whitley. Author: Whitley, Richard J. National Institutes ... Herpes Simplex Virus: From Encephalitis to Gene Therapy. For more information go to http://www.cc.nih.gov/about/news/grcurrent. ...
Although eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), a mosquito-borne illness, has existed for centuries, 2019 has been a particularly ... Eastern equine encephalitis virus-another emergent arbovirus in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine. DOI: ... Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Poses Emergent Threat, Say NIAID Officials. November 20, 2019 ... Colorized electron microscope image of mosquito salivary gland tissue infected by the eastern equine encephalitis virus. Viral ...
In some regions of the Netherlands, ticks can also transmit the tick encephalitis (TBE) virus. Although the risk of contracting ... tick encephalitis after a tick bite is many times smaller than for Lyme disease, this is an additional reason to be alert for ... Tick-borne encephalitis. Most people will not become ill if they are infected with the TBE virus. Sometimes it causes mild flu- ... In some regions of the Netherlands, ticks can also transmit the tick encephalitis (TBE) virus. Although the risk of contracting ...
Human Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in Florida ... Human Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in Florida ... Human Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in Florida A K Ventura et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1974 May. ... Serologic evidence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infections in raccoons of south central Florida. Bigler WJ. Bigler ... Virus Evol. 2022 Dec 14;8(2):veac111. doi: 10.1093/ve/veac111. eCollection 2022. Virus Evol. 2022. PMID: 36582503 Free PMC ...
This document contains the surveillance case definition for Japanese encephalitis virus infection, which is nationally ... Japanese encephalitis virus infection - Surveillance case definition. Download Japanese encephalitis virus infection - ... Download Japanese encephalitis virus infection - Surveillance case definition as Word - 85.66 KB - 3 pages ... Japanese encephalitis virus infection - Surveillance case definition. This document contains the surveillance case definition ...
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Quantitation of herpes simplex virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with herpes simplex encephalitis by the polymerase ... Background: Previous studies have shown the diagnostic utility of qualitative detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA by ... the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid samples (CSF) from patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). ...
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The mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus has been detected for the first time in southeastern Australia, in pigs at a pig ... What is Japanese encephalitis virus?. Japanese encephalitis virus is part of the flavivirus family, closely related to West ... Why has Japanese encephalitis virus appeared in Australia?. Outbreaks of Japanese encephalitis virus have occurred in countries ... How can you avoid catching Japanese encephalitis virus?. A vaccine is available to protect against Japanese encephalitis virus ...
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A public health alert is being issued following a confirmed human case of Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) in Queensland. ... Public Health Alert - Confirmed human case of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. 3 March 2022. A public health alert is being issued ... Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is a nationally notifiable disease in both humans and animals. ... The virus cannot be spread directly from person to person.. Queensland Health is working collaboratively with the Department of ...
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Balancing Individual Rights and the Publics Heath: Mosquito Spraying and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus. June 29, 2020 ... virus disease outbreaks. In 2019, the United States saw 38 human cases of EEE virus disease, including 15 deaths (as of ... As a result of widespread opt-outs in Kalamazoo County-a fairly populous county that had the most EEE virus disease cases in ... Although most people infected with the EEE virus are asymptomatic or experience only short-term, nonspecific symptoms (e.g., ...
Patterns of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in rodents in Slovenia ... Muridae , Virology , Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne , Isolation And Purification , Encephalitis, Tick-Borne , Polymerase ... Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most important causative agent of arboviral infection in Europe, causing neurologic ... Opomba glede Patterns of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in rodents in Slovenia:. ...
Ectodomain of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) E protein [domains I through III (D1-3), domains I and II (D1-2) and domain III ... Japanese encephalitis virus structural and nonstructural proteins expressed in Escherichia coli induce protective immunity in ... The E protein, but not the NS1, induced JEV-specific serum IgG with virus-neutralization capacity in vitro. When mice were ...
In this way, collected serum samples from free ranging white-tailed deer can be used to monitor the presence of the virus in ... Some species including white-tailed deer and passerine birds can survive infection with the EEE virus (EEEV) and develop ... Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is often fatal to humans and horses. ... Mapping Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Risk for White-Tailed Deer in Michigan ...
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Encephalitis associated with herpes simplex virus. / Rawls, W. E.; Dyck, P. J.; Klass, D. W. et al. In: Annals of internal ... Encephalitis associated with herpes simplex virus. Annals of internal medicine. 1966 Jan;64(1):104-115. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819- ... Encephalitis associated with herpes simplex virus. In: Annals of internal medicine. 1966 ; Vol. 64, No. 1. pp. 104-115. ... title = "Encephalitis associated with herpes simplex virus.",. author = "Rawls, {W. E.} and Dyck, {P. J.} and Klass, {D. W.} ...
Poliomyelitis-like illness due to Japanese encephalitis virus Solomon T., Kneen R., Dung NM., Khanh VC., Thuy TTN., Ha DQ., Day ... Childhood encephalitis in the Greater Mekong region (the SouthEast Asia Encephalitis Project): a multicentre prospective study ... Screening for monkeypox virus infections in men who have sex with men in a sexual health clinic in Hanoi, Viet Nam ... Monkeypox Virus Infection in 2 Female Travelers Returning to Vietnam from Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2022 ...
  • You can reduce your risk of infection with EEE virus by using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, and taking steps to control mosquitoes indoors and outdoors. (cdc.gov)
  • Given the continued ecologic findings of virus activity in animals, it is plausible that humans have acquired TBEV infection, especially persons frequently exposed to ticks, including Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) members of the Northern Army. (cdc.gov)
  • To differentiate TBEV infection from Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, which occurs in southwestern Japan, we also conducted neutralization testing for JEV on all TBEV-positive samples. (cdc.gov)
  • This document contains the surveillance case definition for Japanese encephalitis virus infection, which is nationally notifiable within Australia. (health.gov.au)
  • [ 5 ] WNV infection manifests as two clinical syndromes: West Nile fever (WN fever) and West Nile encephalitis (WNE). (medscape.com)
  • [ 8 ] Other age-adjusted risk factors positively correlated with death due to WNE include chronic kidney disease, hepatitis C virus infection, and immunosuppression. (medscape.com)
  • Although most people infected with the EEE virus are asymptomatic or experience only short-term, nonspecific symptoms (e.g., fever, muscle aches, or joint pain ), the infection can cause severe neurologic disease or death. (networkforphl.org)
  • Some species including white-tailed deer and passerine birds can survive infection with the EEE virus (EEEV) and develop antibodies that can be detected using laboratory techniques. (usf.edu)
  • These data reveal divergent functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses linked to different clinical outcomes of JEV infection, associated with distinct targeting and broad flavivirus cross-reactivity including epitopes from DENV, West Nile, and Zika virus. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Thongtan T, Cheepsunthorn P, Chaiworakul V, Rattanarungsan C, Wikan N, Smith DR. Highly permissive infection of microglial cells by Japanese encephalitis virus: a possible role as a viral reservoir. (medscape.com)
  • Circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases during Japanese encephalitis virus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Some people may have symptoms of a cold or stomach infection before encephalitis symptoms begin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • EEE is a relatively rare viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes since only about 5% of people bitten by an Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEE) infected mosquito will develop EEE. (orkin.com)
  • Now, this creates a very intriguing question: How does a mosquito that prefers to feed on birds become a component of the transmission cycle of EEE-virus infection to humans? (orkin.com)
  • The clinical manifestations of SLEV infection range from mild flulike syndromes to fatal encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • Dengue, a mosquito borne viral infection caused by Dengue virus, is endemic in urban, peri-urban and rural areas of more than one hundred countries in Africa, the Americas, the eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific threatening the health of more than 2.5 billion people worldwide (Dengue, 2010). (who.int)
  • 1998). Since there is no effective antiviral therapy and no licensed vaccines yet, vector control, advances in clinical care and early laboratory diagnosis of dengue virus infection is important to reduce the morbidity and hence mortality rates. (who.int)
  • Mosquitoes and their breeding sites pose a significant risk factor for Zika virus infection. (who.int)
  • People who have donated blood are encouraged to report to the blood transfusion service if they subsequently get symptoms of Zika virus infection, or if they are diagnosed with recent Zika virus infection within 14 days after blood donation. (who.int)
  • Japanese Encephalitis Viruses Isolated From Mosquitoes in ho Chi Minh City, Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988. (who.int)
  • In response to the EEE virus disease outbreak, both Michigan and Massachusetts undertook aerial pesticide spraying of EPA-registered insecticides to kill mosquitoes in hopes of preventing further EEE cases. (networkforphl.org)
  • Controlling mosquitoes (a mosquito bite can transmit some viruses) may reduce the chance of some infections that can lead to encephalitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEE) is one of the most serious and deadly of the encephalitis producing viruses transmitted by mosquitoes to humans. (orkin.com)
  • Eastern equine encephalitis involves transmission of the disease-causing virus from EEE-virus infected Culiseta melanura mosquitoes , commonly called the blacktailed mosquito. (orkin.com)
  • Since Culiseta melanura mosquitoes rarely feed on people, the transmission of EEE-virus from infected mosquitoes to people should end at this point. (orkin.com)
  • However, sometimes the virus can escape from its marsh habitat by means of other mosquitoes feeding on both birds and mammals, which become EEE-virus infected. (orkin.com)
  • Culex mosquitoes do not appear to transmit Zika virus, according to research at Kansas State University's Biosecurity Research Institute. (k-state.edu)
  • MANHATTAN - A Biosecurity Research Institute study has found important results in the fight against Zika virus: Culex mosquitoes do not appear to transmit Zika virus. (k-state.edu)
  • Researchers at Kansas State University's Biosecurity Research Institute studied Culex species mosquitoes from across the country, including Vero Beach in Florida, which is near Miami-Dade County where mosquitoes are spreading Zika virus. (k-state.edu)
  • The research, " Culex species mosquitoes and Zika virus ," appears in the journal Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases and involves researchers from Rutgers University, the University of Florida and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. (k-state.edu)
  • Before this study, Culex mosquitoes' role in Zika virus was unclear. (k-state.edu)
  • By studying Culex mosquitoes over a period of time, the researchers found that Zika virus did not multiply and instead disappeared in the species. (k-state.edu)
  • Culex mosquitoes transmit West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis and live outside. (k-state.edu)
  • We need to know which mosquitoes to target and which mosquitoes not to target because mosquitoes live in different environments," said Vanlandingham, whose research focuses on zoonotic viruses - such as Japanese encephalitis and chikungunya. (k-state.edu)
  • Feeding upon vertebrate blood by mosquitoes permits transmission of diverse pathogens, including viruses, protozoa, and nematodes. (nature.com)
  • Saint Louis encephalitis virus, like West Nile virus (WNV), maintains itself in nature by cycling between mosquitoes and birds. (lacounty.gov)
  • The principal reservoirs of SLEV include wild birds and domestic fowl, and the virus is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes ( Culex tarsalis, C quinquefasciatus, C pipiens ). (medscape.com)
  • Dengue is caused by four serotypes (DEN 1-4) of Dengue Virus (DEN V) all of them sharing common transmission cycles with the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus being the main vectors (but Aedes polynesiensis and Aedes scutellaris have also been implicated) most of which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. (who.int)
  • Zika virus continues to spread geographically to areas where mosquitoes are present that can transmit the virus. (who.int)
  • Previous studies have shown the diagnostic utility of qualitative detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid samples (CSF) from patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). (nih.gov)
  • Encephalitis associated with herpes simplex virus. (elsevier.com)
  • Encephalitis caused by the herpes simplex virus is the leading cause of more severe cases in all ages, including newborns. (medlineplus.gov)
  • And then we always think of things like herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis , which can present as a bacterial meningitis early on. (medscape.com)
  • Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) is a small ruminant lentivirus similar to Maedi-visna Virus (MVV). (farmhealthonline.com)
  • While a startup fund from the university's College of Veterinary Medicine provided funding for this Biosecurity Research Institute study, there is still a need for additional national funding to support research that stops Zika virus, said Higgs, who also has studied chikungunya, a mosquito-borne virus that has a similar transmission cycle to that of Zika virus. (k-state.edu)
  • People catch Zika virus by being bitten by an infected Aedes mosquito - the same type of mosquito that spreads dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. (who.int)
  • Zika virus is primarily transmitted to people through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, which can also transmit chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever. (who.int)
  • SLEV is in the same virus family as West Nile virus (Flaviviridae). (lacounty.gov)
  • St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae (group B arborviruses). (medscape.com)
  • St. Louis encephalitis is caused by an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus of the Flaviviridae subgroup. (medscape.com)
  • Flaviviridae closely related to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile Virus (WNV). (who.int)
  • Serie de virus ARN monocatenarios dispersos en las familias Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae y Togaviridae cuya propiedad común es la capacidad de producir encefalitis en los huéspedes infectados. (bvsalud.org)
  • A collection of single-stranded RNA viruses scattered across the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae families whose common property is the ability to induce encephalitic conditions in infected hosts. (bvsalud.org)
  • WNE can be defined as disease that causes encephalitis, meningitis, or acute flaccid paralysis. (medscape.com)
  • We aimed to identify the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) associated with fatal meningoencephalitis in Mongolia. (who.int)
  • Baasandavga U, Badrakh B, Burged N, Davaajav O, Khurelsukh T, Barnes A, Ulaankhuu U, Nyamdorj T. A case series of fatal meningoencephalitis in Mongolia: epidemiological and molecular characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis virus. (who.int)
  • Enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assays may also be performed for identification of virus specific antibodies Footnote 5 . (canada.ca)
  • The diagnosis can be confirmed by a laboratory test that detects antibodies to the measles virus. (nih.gov)
  • Three millilitres venous blood was collected from each of one hundred and seventy nine patients presenting with fever in the last two weeks, and analyzed for the presence of anti-dengue IgM antibodies using Dengue Virus IgM ELISA kit (DIA.PRO, Italy) according to the manufacturer's instructions while the results and demographic data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. (who.int)
  • It was observed that 46 (25.7%) of the 179 had detectable IgM antibodies to dengue virus with 9 of them having no detectable malaria parasite. (who.int)
  • Aspects regarding development of vaccines to Yellow Fever virus, (YFV), Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are highlighted, with particular emphasis on purified recombinant proteins generated in bacterial cells. (mdpi.com)
  • The findings are important for controlling Zika virus in Florida and preventing its spread to other parts of the country, said Dana Vanlandingham , lead author and assistant professor of virology in the College of Veterinary Medicine. (k-state.edu)
  • It enables people to target their control strategies so that they aren't wasting time and effort on a mosquito that isn't transmitting Zika virus. (k-state.edu)
  • It is the first Zika virus research publication from the Biosecurity Research Institute. (k-state.edu)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified Aedes aegypti, or yellow fever mosquito, and Aedes albopictus, or Asian tiger mosquito, as two species that transmit Zika virus. (k-state.edu)
  • Both Vanlandingham and Higgs emphasize the importance of personal responsibility in stopping the spread of Zika virus. (k-state.edu)
  • Zika virus occurs in tropical areas with large mosquito populations, and is known to circulate in Africa, the Americas, Southern Asia and Western Pacific. (who.int)
  • The rise in the spread of Zika virus in Brazil has been accompanied by an unprecedented rise in the number of children being born with unusually small heads-identified as microcephaly. (who.int)
  • and that Zika virus is a trigger of Guillain-Barré syndrome. (who.int)
  • How do people catch Zika virus? (who.int)
  • Zika virus can also be transmitted through sex and has been detected in semen, blood, urine, amniotic fluids, saliva as well as body fluids found in the brain and spinal cord. (who.int)
  • Zika virus may present a risk to blood safety. (who.int)
  • What are the symptoms of Zika virus disease? (who.int)
  • Zika virus usually causes mild illness. (who.int)
  • Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is often fatal to humans and horses. (usf.edu)
  • For example, a non-EEE-viral infected bird is fed upon by an infected Culiseta melanura mosquito, which transmits the EEE-virus to the bird while feeding on the bird's blood. (orkin.com)
  • All cases of acute encephalitis and meningitis regardless of etiology are also reportable within one working day. (lacounty.gov)
  • In 2019, the United States saw 38 human cases of EEE virus disease, including 15 deaths (as of December 17, 2019). (networkforphl.org)
  • In response to the 2019 EEE virus outbreaks, the Massachusetts public health commissioner certified that spraying to combat EEE was "necessary to protect public health," and residents were not permitted to opt out of the spraying. (networkforphl.org)
  • Culex pipiens has the ability to transmit pathogens, such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) (Reeves et al. (ufl.edu)
  • Saint Louis encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. (lacounty.gov)
  • St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) has a relatively conserved nucleotide sequence. (medscape.com)
  • St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is widely distributed from Canada to Argentina. (medscape.com)
  • SLEV infections have caused large urban epidemics of encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • For more information, see the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) fact sheet on West Nile virus , links to state and local government web sites on West Nile virus , and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) article on mosquito control . (medscape.com)
  • Although this vaccine was in use for nearly 4 years (1963 to 1967), it was abandoned when analysis indicated that it provided only short-lived immunity and it was found that formerly vaccinated children developed severe reactions called ''atypical measles'' after their immunity waned and they became infected with the wild-type measles virus (Centers for Disease Control, 1967). (nih.gov)
  • [ 6 ] When the virus infects these structures of the central nervous system, it may be described as neuroinvasive disease. (medscape.com)
  • Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/japanese-encephalitis . (medscape.com)
  • Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (JEV) is an important cause of encephalitis in children of South and Southeast Asia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • There are 4 classes of Japanese encephalitis vaccines. (medscape.com)
  • Ixiaro is the Japanese encephalitis vaccine available in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • Induction of the antibody response to vaccine provides the capability to neutralize live Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). (medscape.com)
  • Ixiaro is an inactivated vaccine prepared by propagating Japanese encephalitis virus strain SA 14 -14-2 in Vero cells. (medscape.com)
  • Emerging Genotype IV Japanese Encephalitis Virus Outbreak in New South Wales, Australia. (medscape.com)
  • Lobigs M, Diamond M. Feasibility of cross-protective vaccination against flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex. (medscape.com)
  • Origin and Evolution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Southeast Asia. (medscape.com)
  • Emergence of Japanese encephalitis in Australia: a diagnostic perspective. (medscape.com)
  • Emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype V in the Republic of Korea. (medscape.com)
  • Japanese encephalitis virus: from genome to infectome. (medscape.com)
  • Hills SL, Griggs AC, Fischer M. Japanese encephalitis in travelers from non-endemic countries, 1973-2008. (medscape.com)
  • Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review. (medscape.com)
  • An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995. (medscape.com)
  • Japanese encephalitis virus encephalitis : an overview / Prasert Thongcharoen. (who.int)
  • The disease is caused by the West Nile virus, a positive-strand RNA flavivirus. (medscape.com)
  • Another example of this challenge emerged late last summer as Michigan and Massachusetts responded to Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus disease outbreaks. (networkforphl.org)
  • As a result of widespread opt-outs in Kalamazoo County-a fairly populous county that had the most EEE virus disease cases in Michigan -most of the county was not sprayed because the geographic distribution of opt-outs meant that spraying would likely be ineffective . (networkforphl.org)
  • The infections occur as periodic focal outbreaks of encephalitis in the midwestern, western, and southwestern United States, followed by years of sporadic cases. (medscape.com)
  • The related flavivirus dengue virus (DENV) cocirculates in many JEV-endemic areas, and clinical data suggest cross-protection between DENV and JEV. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In Japan, tickborne encephalitis is notifiable. (cdc.gov)
  • TICOVAC (tick-borne encephalitis vaccine) is a sterile, off-white, homogenous, opalescent suspension for intramuscular injection. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
  • Infectious vaccine-derived rubella viruses emerge, persist, and evolve in cutaneous granulomas of children with primary immunodeficiencies. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Cases that prove to be symptomatic may produce symptoms that range from a mild febrile illness to a severe lethal encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • What Are the Symptoms of Eastern Equine Encephalitis? (orkin.com)
  • Some people infected with EEE-virus will suffer no symptoms and are referred to as being asymptomatic . (orkin.com)
  • The Boston Children's Hospital reports that while people of any age can develop serious symptoms from EEE-virus, risk is higher for adults older than 50 and children younger than 15 . (orkin.com)
  • The only treatment that helps reduce the severity of symptoms is intense supportive care to enhance the immune system's response to the virus. (orkin.com)
  • Severe cases can affect the central nervous system resulting in meningitis and/or encephalitis and can result in death and long-term disability. (lacounty.gov)
  • Dengue viruses have been identified as the most important arboviral pathogen in the world. (who.int)
  • The Culex mosquito, common in the eastern United States, is the primary vector responsible for infecting humans with West Nile virus. (medscape.com)
  • Culex pipiens is also responsible for transmitting other pathogens, including Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Sindbis virus (SINV), and roundworms that cause filariasis in many regions of the globe (Taylor et al. (ufl.edu)
  • Geographically, the virus is widely spread across Eurasia and annually causes ≈10,000 clinically apparent cases in humans ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • However, Culiseta melanura are not direct transmitters of EEE-virus to humans since they feed almost exclusively on birds. (orkin.com)
  • Neither virus is spread directly from person-to-person or from birds to humans. (lacounty.gov)
  • The closest relatives of this virus are Far-Eastern TBEV isolates. (who.int)
  • Encephalitis is irritation and swelling (inflammation) of the brain, most often due to infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most infections caused by the Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) are asymptomatic or very mild Footnote 3 . (canada.ca)
  • Annually, the virus causes about 50-100 million infections with cases of DHF/DSS estimated as close to 500,000 (Webster et al. (who.int)
  • Management of dengue infections is mainly symptomatic, as there are no specific drugs effective against the virus and proper maintenance of fluid balance has been described as cornerstone in this. (who.int)
  • In Mongolia, the incidence and fatality rates of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) have been increasing. (who.int)
  • However, the virus reappeared in California in 2015 and has continued to be detected each year since then. (lacounty.gov)
  • Freeze-dried Murrey Valley Encephalitis Virus strain UVE/MVEV/UNK/AU/3329, Australia, complete ORF sequence. (european-virus-archive.com)
  • Therefore, failure to isolate the virus is not an argument against the diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • Bioprospecting the American Alligator Peptidome for antiviral peptides against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • The lack of therapeutics available for the treatment of viruses such as Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) underscores the urgency of novel strategies for antiviral discovery. (bvsalud.org)
  • Permanent brain damage may occur in severe cases of encephalitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • That inclusion is very appropriate and important since EEE kills about 70 to 90 percent of the horses the virus infects . (orkin.com)
  • Mapping Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Risk for White-Tailed Deer i" by Joni A. Downs, Garrett Hyzer et al. (usf.edu)
  • Note that the disease's name Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus includes equine . (orkin.com)
  • How is the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Transmitted? (orkin.com)
  • Different viruses occur in different geographic locations. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Encephalitic EEE illness can generally occur after a few days of systemic illness and involves the swelling of the brain and the virus attacking the central nervous system. (orkin.com)
  • Prevention of West Nile virus is primarily directed at reducing the mosquito population from May to October and by taking precautions to limit human exposure during these months of high mosquito activity. (medscape.com)
  • After the virus enters the body, the brain tissue swells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Recovery from the systemic form of EEE is complete if no encephalitis (swelling of the brain and the virus attacking the central nervous system) is involved. (orkin.com)
  • For patient education information, see the Brain and Nervous System Center , as well as Encephalitis . (medscape.com)
  • The virus enters the CNS either through the cerebral capillary endothelial cell/astrocyte complex (the blood-brain barrier) or across fenestrated endothelium in areas of the CNS that do not have the usual blood-brain barrier capacity (ie, choroid plexus). (medscape.com)
  • E astern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. (cdc.gov)
  • The elapsed time from an infected mosquito transmitting EEE-virus to the onset of illness ranges from about 4-10 days. (orkin.com)

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