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Encephalitis Virus, JapaneseEncephalitis, JapaneseEncephalitis Virus, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis Viruses, Tick-BorneEncephalitis Virus, St. LouisEncephalitis VirusesEncephalitisEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineEncephalitis, ViralEncephalitis, St. LouisEncephalomyelitis, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis Virus, Murray ValleyEncephalitis, ArbovirusEncephalitis, Tick-BorneEncephalomyelitis, EquineJapanese Encephalitis VaccinesFlavivirusEncephalitis Viruses, JapaneseLimbic EncephalitisEncephalitis, Herpes SimplexCulicidaeWest Nile virusEncephalomyelitis, Eastern EquineFlavivirus InfectionsArthritis-Encephalitis Virus, CaprineCulexAntibodies, ViralVirus ReplicationHorse DiseasesVirus CultivationVero CellsSindbis VirusRNA, ViralAlphavirusViral VaccinesWest Nile FeverRNA VirusesCercopithecus aethiopsNeutralization TestsViral Plaque AssayVaccinia virusHorsesArbovirusesViral Envelope ProteinsCricetinaeAntigens, ViralEncephalitis Virus, CaliforniaEncephalitis, CaliforniaReceptors, VirusCell LineVirus AssemblyAnti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor EncephalitisHemagglutination Inhibition TestsViral Nonstructural ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataPhylogenyVirulenceEncephalomyelitis, Western EquineInsect VectorsVirus DiseasesDefective VirusesViral ProteinsVaccines, AttenuatedBird DiseasesGoatsVirus SheddingArbovirus InfectionsLentivirus InfectionsCzechoslovakiaMeasles virusSimian virus 40BrainCytopathogenic Effect, ViralPlant VirusesGoat DiseasesRabies virusYellow fever virusVirionDNA VirusesViremiaRepliconAedesGenes, ViralAntiviral AgentsDengue VirusInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeSequence Analysis, DNABirdsAmino Acid SequenceDengueEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeRNA HelicasesViral Structural ProteinsDNA, ViralOchlerotatusHemagglutination, ViralVirus InactivationVirus AttachmentToxoplasmosis, CerebralDisease OutbreaksVirus ActivationInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeHepatitis B virusCross ReactionsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionVirologyGenetic VectorsInsectivoraIxodesAntibodies, NeutralizingVaccines, SyntheticRespiratory Syncytial VirusesImmunoglobulin MCommunicable Diseases, EmergingTicksVaccinationSimian immunodeficiency virusLa Crosse virusEpitopesSpecies SpecificityCapsid ProteinsVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusCapsidVirus LatencyGenome, ViralSwineRodent DiseasesSiberiaDisease ReservoirsDisease Models, AnimalSwine DiseasesCerebrospinal FluidMice, Inbred BALB CAlphavirus InfectionsPolymerase Chain ReactionHost-Pathogen InteractionsDNA PrimersRodentiaHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusRecombination, GeneticAntibodies, MonoclonalMumps virusVenezuelaCells, CulturedGene Expression Regulation, ViralSouth AmericaSigmodontinaeSemliki forest virusSeroepidemiologic StudiesAmebiasisDisease VectorsAnimals, WildSerial PassageCulture TechniquesOncogenic VirusesHemagglutinins, ViralChick EmbryoMice, Inbred ICRSimplexvirusImmunizationEncephalitis, Varicella ZosterSequence AlignmentParainfluenza Virus 1, HumanMosaic VirusesHerpesvirus 1, HumanTime FactorsVisna-maedi virusImmunoglobulin GCentral Nervous System InfectionsBase SequenceHemagglutination TestsHepatitis A virusVaccines, InactivatedGenetic VariationFluorescent Antibody TechniqueAvian Sarcoma VirusesGenotypeChickensMeningoencephalitisBK VirusSequence HomologyTumor Virus InfectionsViruses, UnclassifiedJC VirusOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsSensitivity and SpecificityNorth AmericaGlycoproteinsViral LoadVaccines, DNAZoonosesAvian leukosis virusViral Core ProteinsPlasmidsParaneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous SystemAmino Acid SubstitutionViral Fusion ProteinsChikungunya virusOrthomyxoviridae
Encephalitis Virus, Japanese: A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiological agent of Japanese encephalitis found in Asia, southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.Encephalitis, Japanese: A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine: A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. It is seen most commonly in parts of Central and South America.Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne: A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS that causes encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers and is found in eastern and western Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is transmitted by TICKS and there is an associated milk-borne transmission from viremic cattle, goats, and sheep.Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis: A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiologic agent of ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS in the United States, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.Encephalitis Viruses: A collection of single-stranded RNA viruses scattered across the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae families whose common property is the ability to induce encephalitic conditions in infected hosts.Encephalitis: Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine: A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis in Equidae and humans. The virus ranges along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States and Canada and as far south as the Caribbean, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. Infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90 percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics.Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine: A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the United States, southern Canada, and parts of South America.Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.Encephalitis, St. Louis: A viral encephalitis caused by the St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), a FLAVIVIRUS. It is transmitted to humans and other vertebrates primarily by mosquitoes of the genus CULEX. The primary animal vectors are wild birds and the disorder is endemic to the midwestern and southeastern United States. Infections may be limited to an influenza-like illness or present as an ASEPTIC MENINGITIS or ENCEPHALITIS. Clinical manifestations of the encephalitic presentation may include SEIZURES, lethargy, MYOCLONUS, focal neurologic signs, COMA, and DEATH. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p750)Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine: A form of arboviral encephalitis endemic to Central America and the northern latitudes of South America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, VENEZUELAN EQUINE) is transmitted to humans and horses via the bite of several mosquito species. Human viral infection may be asymptomatic or remain restricted to a mild influenza-like illness. Encephalitis, usually not severe, occurs in a small percentage of cases and may rarely feature SEIZURES and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)Encephalitis Virus, Murray Valley: A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), found in Australia and New Guinea. It causes a fulminating viremia resembling Japanese encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, JAPANESE).Encephalitis, Arbovirus: Infections of the brain caused by arthropod-borne viruses (i.e., arboviruses) primarily from the families TOGAVIRIDAE; FLAVIVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; and RHABDOVIRIDAE. Life cycles of these viruses are characterized by ZOONOSES, with birds and lower mammals serving as intermediate hosts. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) or TICKS. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, alterations of mentation, focal neurologic deficits, and COMA. (From Clin Microbiol Rev 1994 Jan;7(1):89-116; Walton, Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System, 10th ed, p321)Encephalitis, Tick-Borne: Encephalitis caused by neurotropic viruses that are transmitted via the bite of TICKS. In Europe, the diseases are caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, TICK-BORNE, which give rise to Russian spring-summer encephalitis, central European encephalitis, louping ill encephalitis, and related disorders. Powassan encephalitis occurs in North America and Russia and is caused by the Powassan virus. ASEPTIC MENINGITIS and rarely encephalitis may complicate COLORADO TICK FEVER which is endemic to mountainous regions of the western United States. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp14-5)Encephalomyelitis, Equine: A group of ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS which affect horses and man, transmitted via the bites of mosquitoes. Disorders in this category are endemic to regions of South America and North America. In humans, clinical manifestations vary with the type of infection, and range from a mild influenza-like syndrome to a fulminant encephalitis. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-10)Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE).Flavivirus: A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE containing several subgroups and many species. Most are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. The type species is YELLOW FEVER VIRUS.Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese: A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which comprises a number of viral species that are the etiologic agents of human encephalitis in many different geographical regions. These include Japanese encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE), St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, MURRAY VALLEY), and WEST NILE VIRUS.Limbic Encephalitis: A paraneoplastic syndrome marked by degeneration of neurons in the LIMBIC SYSTEM. Clinical features include HALLUCINATIONS, loss of EPISODIC MEMORY; ANOSMIA; AGEUSIA; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; DEMENTIA; and affective disturbance (depression). Circulating anti-neuronal antibodies (e.g., anti-Hu; anti-Yo; anti-Ri; and anti-Ma2) and small cell lung carcinomas or testicular carcinoma are frequently associated with this syndrome.Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex: An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)Culicidae: A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.West Nile virus: A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals.Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine: A form of arboviral encephalitis (primarily affecting equines) endemic to eastern regions of North America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, EASTERN EQUINE) may be transmitted to humans via the bite of AEDES mosquitoes. Clinical manifestations include the acute onset of fever, HEADACHE, altered mentation, and SEIZURES followed by coma. The condition is fatal in up to 50% of cases. Recovery may be marked by residual neurologic deficits and EPILEPSY. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)Flavivirus Infections: Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine: A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), closely related to VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS and causing acute encephalomyelitis; chronic arthritis; PNEUMONIA; MASTITIS; and GLOMERULONEPHRITIS in goats. It is transmitted mainly in the colostrum and milk.Culex: A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.Horse Diseases: Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.Virus Cultivation: Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.Vero Cells: A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.Sindbis Virus: The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.RNA, Viral: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Alphavirus: A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.Viral Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.West Nile Fever: A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)RNA Viruses: Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Neutralization Tests: The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).Viral Plaque Assay: Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.Vaccinia virus: The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.Horses: Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.Arboviruses: Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Included are some members of the following families: ARENAVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; TOGAVIRIDAE; and FLAVIVIRIDAE. (From Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)Viral Envelope Proteins: Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Encephalitis Virus, California: A species in the ORTHOBUNYAVIRUS genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. Serotypes are found in temperate and arctic regions and each is closely associated with a single species of vector mosquito. The vertebrate hosts are usually small mammals but several serotypes infect humans.Encephalitis, California: A viral infection of the brain caused by serotypes of California encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, CALIFORNIA) transmitted to humans by the mosquito AEDES triseriatus. The majority of cases are caused by the LA CROSSE VIRUS. This condition is endemic to the midwestern United States and primarily affects children between 5-10 years of age. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; VOMITING; HEADACHE; and abdominal pain followed by SEIZURES, altered mentation, and focal neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13)Receptors, Virus: Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Virus Assembly: The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests: Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.Viral Nonstructural Proteins: Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine: A form of arboviral encephalitis (which primarily affects horses) endemic to western and central regions of NORTH AMERICA. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, WESTERN EQUINE) may be transferred to humans via the bite of mosquitoes (CULEX tarsalis and others). Clinical manifestations include headache and influenza-like symptoms followed by alterations in mentation, SEIZURES, and COMA. DEATH occurs in a minority of cases. Survivors may recover fully or be left with residual neurologic dysfunction, including PARKINSONISM, POSTENCEPHALITIC. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-9)Insect Vectors: Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses.Defective Viruses: Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Vaccines, Attenuated: Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.Bird Diseases: Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.Virus Shedding: The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).Arbovirus Infections: Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.Lentivirus Infections: Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection.Czechoslovakia: Created as a republic in 1918 by Czechs and Slovaks from territories formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia 1 January 1993.Measles virus: The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.Simian virus 40: A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral: Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.Goat Diseases: Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.Rabies virus: The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.Yellow fever virus: The type species of the FLAVIVIRUS genus. Principal vector transmission to humans is by AEDES spp. mosquitoes.Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.DNA Viruses: Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood.Replicon: Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Aedes: A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.Genes, Viral: The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.Dengue Virus: A species of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known.Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype: A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Birds: Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Dengue: An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype: A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.RNA Helicases: A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation.Viral Structural Proteins: Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).DNA, Viral: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Ochlerotatus: A genus of mosquitoes in the family CULICIDAE. A large number of the species are found in the neotropical part of the Americas.Hemagglutination, Viral: Agglutination of ERYTHROCYTES by a virus.Virus Inactivation: Inactivation of viruses by non-immune related techniques. They include extremes of pH, HEAT treatment, ultraviolet radiation, IONIZING RADIATION; DESICCATION; ANTISEPTICS; DISINFECTANTS; organic solvents, and DETERGENTS.Virus Attachment: The binding of virus particles to receptors on the host cell surface. For enveloped viruses, the virion ligand is usually a surface glycoprotein as is the cellular receptor. For non-enveloped viruses, the virus CAPSID serves as the ligand.Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral: Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)Disease Outbreaks: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.Virus Activation: The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype: A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. The H3N2 subtype was responsible for the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968.Hepatitis B virus: The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Virology: The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and VIRUS DISEASES.Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Insectivora: An order of insect eating MAMMALS including MOLES; SHREWS; HEDGEHOGS and tenrecs.Ixodes: The largest genus of TICKS in the family IXODIDAE, containing over 200 species. Many infest humans and other mammals and several are vectors of diseases such as LYME DISEASE, tick-borne encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, TICK-BORNE), and KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE.Antibodies, Neutralizing: Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.Vaccines, Synthetic: Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.Respiratory Syncytial Viruses: A group of viruses in the PNEUMOVIRUS genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported.Immunoglobulin M: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.Communicable Diseases, Emerging: Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.Ticks: Blood-sucking acarid parasites of the order Ixodida comprising two families: the softbacked ticks (ARGASIDAE) and hardbacked ticks (IXODIDAE). Ticks are larger than their relatives, the MITES. They penetrate the skin of their host by means of highly specialized, hooked mouth parts and feed on its blood. Ticks attack all groups of terrestrial vertebrates. In humans they are responsible for many TICK-BORNE DISEASES, including the transmission of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; TULAREMIA; BABESIOSIS; AFRICAN SWINE FEVER; and RELAPSING FEVER. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp543-44)Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.Simian immunodeficiency virus: Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.La Crosse virus: A serotype of the species California encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, CALIFORNIA), in the genus ORTHOBUNYAVIRUS, causing human MENINGOENCEPHALITIS. This is the agent most responsible for California encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, CALIFORNIA), the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease recognized in the United States.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Capsid Proteins: Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus: The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.Virus Latency: The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.Genome, Viral: The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Rodent Diseases: Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).Siberia: A region, north-central Asia, largely in Russia. It extends from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and from the Arctic Ocean to central Kazakhstan and the borders of China and Mongolia.Disease Reservoirs: Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Swine Diseases: Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.Cerebrospinal Fluid: A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.Mice, Inbred BALB CAlphavirus Infections: Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Host-Pathogen Interactions: The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Rodentia: A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus: Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.Recombination, Genetic: Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Mumps virus: The type species of RUBULAVIRUS that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection.VenezuelaCells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Gene Expression Regulation, Viral: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.South AmericaSigmodontinae: A subfamily of the family MURIDAE comprised of 69 genera. New World mice and rats are included in this subfamily.Semliki forest virus: A species of ALPHAVIRUS isolated in central, eastern, and southern Africa.Seroepidemiologic Studies: EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.Animals, Wild: Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.Serial Passage: Inoculation of a series of animals or in vitro tissue with an infectious bacterium or virus, as in VIRULENCE studies and the development of vaccines.Culture Techniques: Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.Oncogenic Viruses: Viruses that produce tumors.Hemagglutinins, Viral: Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.Chick Embryo: The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.Mice, Inbred ICRSimplexvirus: A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. The type species is HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN.Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster: Inflammation of brain tissue caused by infection with the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). This condition is associated with immunocompromised states, including the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME. Pathologically, the virus tends to induce a vasculopathy and infect oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells, leading to CEREBRAL INFARCTION, multifocal regions of demyelination, and periventricular necrosis. Manifestations of varicella encephalitis usually occur 5-7 days after onset of HERPES ZOSTER and include HEADACHE; VOMITING; lethargy; focal neurologic deficits; FEVER; and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch 26, pp29-32; Hum Pathol 1996 Sep;27(9):927-38)Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human: A species of RESPIROVIRUS also called hemadsorption virus 2 (HA2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children.Mosaic Viruses: Viruses which produce a mottled appearance of the leaves of plants.Herpesvirus 1, Human: The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Visna-maedi virus: A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), that can cause chronic pneumonia (maedi), mastitis, arthritis, and encephalomyelitis (visna) in sheep. Maedi is a progressive pneumonia of sheep which is similar to but not the same as jaagsiekte (PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS, OVINE). Visna is a demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep which is similar to but not the same as SCRAPIE.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Hemagglutination Tests: Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Hepatitis A virus: A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.Vaccines, Inactivated: Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Avian Sarcoma Viruses: Group of alpharetroviruses (ALPHARETROVIRUS) producing sarcomata and other tumors in chickens and other fowl and also in pigeons, ducks, and RATS.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.BK Virus: A species of POLYOMAVIRUS apparently infecting over 90% of children but not clearly associated with any clinical illness in childhood. The virus remains latent in the body throughout life and can be reactivated under certain circumstances.Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.Tumor Virus Infections: Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.Viruses, Unclassified: Viruses whose taxonomic relationships have not been established.JC Virus: A species of POLYOMAVIRUS, originally isolated from the brain of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The patient's initials J.C. gave the virus its name. Infection is not accompanied by any apparent illness but serious demyelinating disease can appear later, probably following reactivation of latent virus.Orthomyxoviridae Infections: Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)North AmericaGlycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.Vaccines, DNA: Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.Avian leukosis virus: The type species of ALPHARETROVIRUS producing latent or manifest lymphoid leukosis in fowl.Viral Core Proteins: Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System: Degenerative or inflammatory conditions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that develop in association with a systemic neoplasm without direct invasion by tumor. They may be associated with circulating antibodies that react with the affected neural tissue. (Intern Med 1996 Dec;35(12):925-9)Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.Viral Fusion Proteins: Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.Chikungunya virus: A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing an acute dengue-like fever.Orthomyxoviridae: A family of RNA viruses causing INFLUENZA and other diseases. There are five recognized genera: INFLUENZAVIRUS A; INFLUENZAVIRUS B; INFLUENZAVIRUS C; ISAVIRUS; and THOGOTOVIRUS.

Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology. (1/137)

The serum dilution neutralization test was evaluated for serological diagnosis of California group arbovirus infections and identification of virus isolates. The technical advantages and the degree of subtype specificity of the serum dilution neutralization test over the hemagglutination inhibition test and the complement fixation test were demonstrated with paired specimens from human cases, single human survey sera, and sentinel rabbit sera. Twenty-one virus isolates from various geographical areas of the United States were also used to evaluate the efficacy of the serum dilution neutralization test for specific virus identification.  (+info)

Light-independent inactivation of dengue-2 virus by carboxyfullerene C3 isomer. (2/137)

Carboxyfullerene (C60) is known as a photosensitizer for virus inactivation. Its regioisomer with C3 symmetry, named the C3 isomer, could also inactivate the dengue-2 virus without light when the dose of C3 isomer was increased to 40 microM, indicating the possible involvement of a light-independent mechanism. Further analysis showed that the C3 isomer blocked viral replication at the attachment and penetration stages, suggesting that a direct interaction between the C3 isomer and the virion is required for inactivation. The C3 isomer with a bipolar structure showed better lipid interaction and dengue-2 virus suppression than D3, another isomer that contains evenly distributed hydrophilic side chains. Moreover, the C3 isomer selectively inactivated enveloped viruses (viz., dengue-2 virus and Japanese encephalitis virus) instead of nonenveloped viruses (viz., enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus B3). Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that C3 isomer suppression of enveloped viruses is effected through its hydrophobic interaction with the viral lipid envelope. Our report, which demonstrates the light-dependent and -independent mechanisms of C60 on viral inactivation, will aid in the development of novel anti-viral agents for use against enveloped viruses.  (+info)

Intrauterine infection of mice with St. Louis encephalitis virus: immunological, physiological, neurological, and behavioral effects on progeny. (3/137)

Intravenous injection of pregnant mice with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus at 8 days of gestation resulted in infection of the fetus. Progeny developed no antibody or tolerance to SLE virus since the viral antigen was cleared by maternal antibody before antibody-forming competence developed in the young. Temporary growth retardation was observed in a number of young at 3 weeks of age. After the initial setback the growth rate increased, indicating that early runting was due to an inability to adjust adequately to extrauterine life, which was subsequently overcome. In most other young there were no significant effects on growth, reproduction, or life expectancy. A few young died at or shortly after birth; in these, neurological changes ranging from gross defects such as encephaloceles and hydrocephalus to histological evidence of necrosis and congestion were observed. Neurologically related behavioral changes were detected by using the open field test and the rotating-rod test, which indicated neurological damage and memory impairment in the surviving intrauterinely infected animals.  (+info)

Viral encephalitis in England, 1989-1998: what did we miss? (4/137)

We analyzed hospitalizations in England from April 1, 1989, to March 31, 1998, and identified approximately 700 cases, 46 fatal, from viral encephalitis that occurred during each year; most (60%) were of unknown etiology. Of cases with a diagnosis, the largest proportion was herpes simplex encephalitis. Using normal and Poisson regression, we identified six possible clusters of unknown etiology. Over 75% of hospitalizations are not reported through the routine laboratory and clinical notification systems, resulting in underdiagnosis of viral encephalitis in England. Current surveillance greatly underascertains incidence of the disease and existence of clusters; in general, outbreaks are undetected. Surveillance systems must be adapted to detect major changes in epidemiology so that timely control measures can be implemented.  (+info)

Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for antibodies to flavivirus structural and nonstructural proteins. (5/137)

A micro-solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) is described for quantitation of antibodies to purified flaviviruses as well as to the purified envelope glycoprotein and 80,000-molecular-weight viral nonstructural protein. Sera from mice experimentally infected with Saint Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus or from humans after a primary SLE virus infection reacted more specifically with the major viral envelope protein in the SPRIA test than with antigens conventionally used in the complement fixation (CF) and hemagglutination inhibition tests. A high degree of correlation (P is less than 0.05) was observed between SPRIA anti-immunoglobulin G binding values with the 80,000-molecular-weight nonstructural protein of SLE virus and antibody titers obtained by plaque reduction neutralization and CF with the nonstructural protein. In five of seven human sera in which CF antibody titers to the nonstructural protein were 4 or less, SPRIA testing revealed significant titers of IgG immunoglobulin reactive with this viral protein. The SPRIA test for antibodies reactive with group B togavirus nonstructural protein is as specific and sensitive as the plaque reduction neutralization test for titrating viral antibody in human and animal sera. Antibodies reactive with viral envelope proteins are broadly cross-reactive by the Spria technique, demonstrating both group- and complex-reactive antigenic determinants. The SPRIA test, using wells precoated with antigen, can be completed in 1 day, providing a rapid, highly sensitive test which can be adapted to use in testing a large number of sera.  (+info)

Powassan and Silverwater viruses: ecology of two Ontario arboviruses. (6/137)

Powassan virus was isolated from a pool of Ixodes marxi ticks collected during late August 1962, from a red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, and from blood obtained from a red squirrel during early October 1962 near Powassan, Ontario, where a child contracted fatal encephalitis due to this virus in September 1958. The frequent detection of Powassan virus neutralizing antibody in sera of squirrels captured during autumn, but rarely at other seasons, and the frequent I. marxi infestation of squirrels, some of which contain antibody, but the lack of occurrence of I. marxi on other forest rodents, suggest that I. marxi ticks are vectors and squirrels are reservoirs of Powassan virus infection. Isolation of Silverwater virus from Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris ticks which infested a snowshoe hare Lepus americanus near Powassan demonstrates the presence of this agent in the Powassan area also.  (+info)

PRODUCTION OF AN INTERFERON BY L CELLS INFECTED WITH WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS. (7/137)

Lockart, Royce Z., Jr. (The University of Texas, Austin). Production of an interferon by L cells infected with Western equine encephalomyelitis virus. J. Bacteriol. 85:556-566. 1963.-Two strains of Western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEE), WEE (L+) and WEE (L-), which differed with respect to their cytopathogenicity for L cells were isolated. Both strains reproduced in L cells, and both induced the production of an interferon distinct from virus particles. L-cell monolayers were protected from degeneration by prior addition of interferon. By use of the absence of cytopathic effects (CPE) as an end point, interferon content was assayed. Monolayers failing to show CPE consistently produced less than 2% as much virus as control monolayers, indicating that virus synthesis was also inhibited. The use of this assay method was facilitated by the use of horse serum that appeared to contain antibodies against WEE and that permitted interferon to act selectively in the presence of active virus. It was found that interferon was produced during the time in which active virus was produced, and not significantly later. No interferon could be found in fluids from cells treated with inactive virus, although these are known to act as interfering agents. Interferon production was inhibited by pretreatment of L cells with sufficient amounts of interferon. It is concluded that interferon production is closely connected with WEE virus synthesis in L cells. The question is raised as to whether interferon need be a necessary intermediate for interference in L cells.  (+info)

TICK-BORNE VIRUSES. A REVIEW OF AN ARTHROPOD-BORNE VIRUS PROBLEM OF GROWING IMPORTANCE IN THE TROPICS. (8/137)

More than 150 arthropod-borne viruses are now recognized, and over 50 of these are known to produce human infections and disease. Among these viruses are those of the tick-borne Russian spring-summer complex, which is etiologically involved in a wide variety of human diseases of varying severity. The eight antigenically different members of this complex so far known are Russian spring-summer encephalitis, louping-ill, Central European encephalitis, Omsk haemorrhagic fever, Kyasanur Forest disease, Langat, Negishi and Powassan viruses.In his review of the problems posed by these viruses and of research on them, the author points out that, while this complex is distributed around the globe in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, the only serious tick-borne virus disease known in the tropics is Kyasanur Forest disease. It is probable, however, that there are other, unrecognized tick-borne viruses in the tropical areas of Asia, Africa and America of importance to human health, and that these will be brought to light as virological studies of diseases of now obscure etiology are pursued.  (+info)

California Group May Bar A Solvent in Dry Cleaning - WSJCalifornia Group May Bar A Solvent in Dry Cleaning - WSJ
Southern California regulators are moving to ban a widely used dry-cleaning solvent as carcinogenic, the first U.S. locality to do so. The industry is fiercely opposed.
I Am Looking For An Anr In CaliforniaI Am Looking For An Anr In California
Are You Looking For An Anr In California? Join friendly people sharing true stories in the I Am Looking For An Anr In California group. Find forums, advice and chat with groups who share this life experience.
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Mosquito-Induced Infection with Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Dogs*...The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Mosquito-Induced Infection with Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Dogs*...
Summary Dogs infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus via the bite of infected Aedes triseriatus responded with fever and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. Even though high temperatures were elicited in 14 of the animals, in only seven did viremia develop above 102.5 mouse intraperitoneal median lethal dose50 per ml. Sufficient quantities of mosquitoes were infected from the dogs to permit passage of the virus on to guinea pigs. There were no other clinical signs of illness observed in the animals.
Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus (EEV) | Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - University of MinnesotaEquine Encephalomyelitis Virus (EEV) | Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - University of Minnesota
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Saint Louis encephalitis - WikipediaSaint Louis encephalitis - Wikipedia
Saint Louis encephalitis is a disease caused by the mosquito borne Saint Louis encephalitis virus. Saint Louis encephalitis virus is related to Japanese encephalitis virus and is a member of the Flaviviridae subgroup. This disease mainly affects the United States. Occasional cases have been reported from Canada and Mexico. The name of the virus goes back to 1933 when within five weeks in autumn an encephalitis epidemic of explosive proportions broke out in the vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri, and the neighboring St. Louis County. Over 1,000 cases were reported to the local health departments and the newly constituted National Institute of Health of the United States was appealed to for epidemiological and investigative expertise. The previously unknown virus that caused the epidemic was isolated by the NIH team first in monkeys and then in white mice. Mosquitoes, primarily from the genus Culex, become infected by feeding on birds infected with the Saint Louis encephalitis virus. Infected ...
Detection of antibodies to West Nile and Saint Louis encephalitis viruses in horsesDetection of antibodies to West Nile and Saint Louis encephalitis viruses in horses
CARTAS AL EDITOR. Detection of antibodies to West Nile and Saint Louis encephalitis viruses in horses To the editor: West Nile virus (WNV) and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) belong to the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus).1-3 As with other members of this complex, WNV and SLEV are usually maintained in cycles between birds and Culex species mosquitoes. Humans, horses and other mammals are typically dead-end hosts. WNV and SLEV infections in humans are usually asymptomatic or characterized by a mild febrile illness, although fatal meningoencephalitis or encephalitis may occur. WNV infection may also lead to fatal disease in horses, whereas clinical manifestations have not been reported in horses infected with SLEV. The geographic ranges of WNV and SLEV include the Americas.3,4 WNV activity has been reported in almost all of the continental United States,5 southern Canada6 and Mexico.7-12 SLEV is endemic throughout the United States, ...
Identification of epitopes on the E glycoprotein of Saint Louis encephalitis virus using monoclonal antibodies - Fingerprint ...Identification of epitopes on the E glycoprotein of Saint Louis encephalitis virus using monoclonal antibodies - Fingerprint ...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Identification of epitopes on the E glycoprotein of Saint Louis encephalitis virus using monoclonal antibodies. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
Biochemical and antigenic comparisons of the envelope glycoproteins of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus strains<...Biochemical and antigenic comparisons of the envelope glycoproteins of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus strains<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Biochemical and antigenic comparisons of the envelope glycoproteins of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus strains. AU - France, J. K.. AU - Wyrick, B. C.. AU - Trent, D. W.. PY - 1979. Y1 - 1979. N2 - Pulse-chase experiments after synchronous initiation of translation indicate that the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus membrane glycoprotein, E2, is derived by proteolytic cleavage of the precursor, PE2. The structural proteins of VEE virus strains representing each of the antigenic subtypes and varieties have been compared by discontinuous SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleocapsid proteins of all isolates were similar in size (mol. wt. 35 to 36x103). The mol. wt. of E1 varied from 48 to 51x103 and the mol. wt. of E2 glycoproteins ranged from 53 to 59x103. Pixuna virus contained a third envelope glycoprotein of 59x103 mol. wt.in addition to the two major glycoproteins of mol. wt. 53x103 and 48x103 respectively. The isoeletric points (pI) of E1 and E2 ...
Public Notification of the Detection of Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus in Mosquitos | City of Corpus ChristiPublic Notification of the Detection of Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus in Mosquitos | City of Corpus Christi
CORPUS CHRISTI, TX - The Corpus Christi Vector Control program is notifying the public of the detection of Saint Louis Encephalitis (SLE) virus in a mosquito pool collected and analyzed from the 400 block of Bartlett Street. Vector Control deploys traps...
Saint Louis Encephalitis Found in Orange County Mosquitoes | City of Garden GroveSaint Louis Encephalitis Found in Orange County Mosquitoes | City of Garden Grove
For the first time since 1986, Saint Louis encephalitis virus has been found in adult mosquito samples in Orange County. The mosquito samples were collected in Garden Grove on August 9, 2016 and tested positive for St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE) on August 17, 2016. SLE is a native arbovirus in the same virus family as West Nile virus (Flaviviridae). SLE is similar to West Nile virus in that both viruses require a bird reservoir to maintain the virus in nature. In 2016, SLE has been found in Los Angeles, Riverside, Kern, San Bernardino, and now Orange County.. The last recorded human infections of SLE in Orange County occurred in 1984. SLE was occasionally found in mosquitoes across the United States until the year 2000. Detections of SLE were reduced significantly after the introduction of West Nile virus around that time. SLE infection results in an immune response and antibody development in birds that is very similar to the immunity resulting from West Nile virus infection. This ...
anti-St. Louis Encephalitis Virus antibody [6b6c-1] | GeneTexanti-St. Louis Encephalitis Virus antibody [6b6c-1] | GeneTex
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus antibody [6b6c-1] for ELISA, ICC/IF. Anti-St. Louis Encephalitis Virus mAb (GTX39036) is tested in Saint Louis encephalitis virus samples. 100% Ab-Assurance.
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Genotypic and Phenotypic Variation of Selected Saint Louis Encephalitis...The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Genotypic and Phenotypic Variation of Selected Saint Louis Encephalitis...
Abstract The mechanism for long-term maintenance of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus in California is unknown. Two possibilities are 1) that the virus is maintained locally in discrete enzootic foci by one or more reservoir mechanisms, and/or 2) that the foci are ephemeral in nature and virus is reintroduced periodically from other enzootic areas by migratory birds or movement of vectors. We have investigated these epidemiologic alternatives by studies of genetic variation within a 277 nucleotide portion of the envelope-encoding region among 17 strains of SLE virus isolated since 1952 from different geographic locations in California. Three lineages of virus were detected. One lineage, Group A, consisted of four SLE virus strains isolated in California since 1972 from the Coachella, Sacramento, and San Joaquin Valleys. The group A strains were closely related to strain MSI-7 of SLE virus isolated in Mississippi in 1975. The 13 other strains formed the second and third lineages (Groups B1 and B2) that
Category:Louis (given name) - Wikimedia CommonsCategory:Louis (given name) - Wikimedia Commons
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PW - Environmental - Mosquito Control - Saint Louis Encephalitis | Okaloosa CountyPW - Environmental - Mosquito Control - Saint Louis Encephalitis | Okaloosa County
The transmission cycle leading to SLE epidemics is thought to accompany infection of various species of wild birds. A bird infected by the bite of a mosquito can later produce enough virus in its blood to infect other susceptible mosquitoes that might feed upon it. It takes one to two days after infection for the bird to produce significant quantities of virus in its blood, and this virus rapidly disappears one to three days later as the bird recovers from the infection. Thus, there is a narrow "window of opportunity" for the mosquitoes to pick up the virus and then further spread ("amplify") it. After experiencing one SLE infection, an individual bird is forever immune from another SLE infection. SLE virus is not known to cause disease in birds, and birds cannot infect one another.. Under suitable conditions, SLE virus may sufficiently amplify in local bird populations that a large number of mosquitoes are infected, and there is an increased chance that an infected mosquito may bite a human or ...
Powassan virus<...Powassan virus<...
On paper, Powassan virus sounds like your basic nightmare. A tick-borne infection with no vaccine and no cure, it kills 1 in 10 people who get it and causes long-term neurological problems in half of reported cases. Fortunately, Powassan virus disease for decades had affected only about one person a year in the U.S.-most likely because it was typically transmitted from woodchucks to humans by a tick that rarely bites people. So back in 1997, when Sam Telford, a professor of infectious disease and global health at Cummings School, found a genetically distinct strain of Powassan virus in deer ticks-the bloodsuckers notorious for spreading Lyme disease-he initially worried about its implications. But despite the fact that he found the virus in 1 out of every 100 deer ticks he sampled, at the time there were no reports of swelling in the brain (called encephalitis) in sites where Lyme disease was common. He and his fellow researchers surmised that people just didnt come down with Powassan virus ...
Saint Louis Physical Therapists - Best Physical Therapists in Saint Louis, MOSaint Louis Physical Therapists - Best Physical Therapists in Saint Louis, MO
Best voted Physical Therapists in Saint Louis, Missouri. Physical Therapists, Hydrotherapy, Physical Medicine And Rehabilitation, Orthopaedic, Joints, Occupational Therapy, Phonophoresis, Alzheimers Disease, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Cancer, ALS, Brain Injury, Cerebral Palsy, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinsons Disease, Spinal Cord Injury, And Stroke, and more in Saint Louis, MO.
Our Services - Lake Saint Louis Acne, Lake Saint Louis Cysts, Lake Saint Louis MelanomaOur Services - Lake Saint Louis Acne, Lake Saint Louis Cysts, Lake Saint Louis Melanoma
Maria Canizares, MD provides dermatology services and treatments dealing with acne, cysts, melanoma, and rosacea in Lake Saint Louis, MO.
Hampton Inn & Suites St. Louis/South I-55 $101 ($̶1̶2̶6̶) - Prices & Hotel Reviews - Saint Louis, MO - TripAdvisorHampton Inn & Suites St. Louis/South I-55 $101 ($̶1̶2̶6̶) - Prices & Hotel Reviews - Saint Louis, MO - TripAdvisor
Now $101 (Was $̶1̶2̶6̶) on TripAdvisor: Hampton Inn & Suites St. Louis/South I-55, Saint Louis. See 1,379 traveler reviews, 402 candid photos, and great deals for Hampton Inn & Suites St. Louis/South I-55, ranked #1 of 2 hotels in Saint Louis and rated 5 of 5 at TripAdvisor.
Friends of the SLU Liver Center » YOUNG FRIENDS OF THE SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LIVER CENTER ANNOUNCE 2ND ANNUAL THAT 80S...Friends of the SLU Liver Center » YOUNG FRIENDS OF THE SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LIVER CENTER ANNOUNCE 2ND ANNUAL "THAT 80'S...
Make plans NOW to join the Young Friends of the Saint Louis University Liver Center at their 2nd Annual That 80s Prom!. This is definitely not your high school prom! That 80s Prom features a VIP cocktail reception with open bar and live music from That 80s Band. The Young Friends will also be having a costume contest to crown their Prom King/Queen.. Tickets for the That 80s Prom are $75 for VIP Admission, which includes early admission to the party and an open bar; and $40 for Regular Admission (if purchased before 4/15/14 - ticket prices will increase to $50 after that date.) Tickets can be purchased online now at Brown Paper Tickets - http://that80sprom.bpt.me/.. Proceeds will benefit the Young Friends of the SLU Liver Center, which supports the research efforts of the world-renowned Saint Louis University Liver Center for the treatment and cure of liver diseases, and promotes understanding and awareness of liver disease. All money raised by the organization stays in the St. Louis area to ...
Anesthesiologist in Saint Louis, MO 63127Anesthesiologist in Saint Louis, MO 63127
Find an Anesthesiologist in Saint Louis, MO 63127. Anesthesiologist reviews, phone number, address and map. Find the best Anesthesiologist in Saint Louis, MO 63127
David Landau, MD Gastroenterologist in Saint Louis, MO 63136David Landau, MD Gastroenterologist in Saint Louis, MO 63136
David Landau, MD is a Gastroenterologist at 11125 Dunn Rd Ste 406, Saint Louis, MO 63136. Wellness.com provides reviews, contact information, driving directions and the phone number for Digestive Disease Specialists in Saint Louis, MO.
Southwest Dental in Saint Louis, MO with Reviews - YP.comSouthwest Dental in Saint Louis, MO with Reviews - YP.com
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BIOL - Saint Louis University - Course HeroBIOL - Saint Louis University - Course Hero
Discover the best homework help resource for BIOL at Saint Louis University. Find BIOL study guides, notes, and practice tests for Saint Louis.
Ophthalmologists in Saint Louis, MO | Saint Louis OphthalmologyOphthalmologists in Saint Louis, MO | Saint Louis Ophthalmology
Find 189 local Ophthalmologists practicing in Saint Louis, MO. Read 144 ratings and reviews to help find the best doctor in your area.
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Eye Diseases | Optometrist in Saint Louis, MO | Fontana Eyecare AssociatesEye Diseases | Optometrist in Saint Louis, MO | Fontana Eyecare Associates
Eye Diseases in Saint Louis, MO. Fontana Eyecare Associates is your local Optometrist in Saint Louis serving all of your needs. Call us today at (314) 353-6171 for an appointment.
Helium Comedy Club in St. Louis, MO | Saint Louis GalleriaHelium Comedy Club in St. Louis, MO | Saint Louis Galleria
Shop Helium Comedy Club in St. Louis, MO at Saint Louis Galleria! Helium Comedy Club is proud to bring national-level comedy and premium entertainment to St. Louis. Helium is a contemporary venue with multiple meeting spaces, comprehensive audio visual systems, and a showroom capacity of 275+ people. Our venue amenities have been carefully tailored to accommodate the needs of all manners of patron. Aside from the spacious showroom, Helium boasts a prohibition-style bar in The Garage lounge, as well as a separate and exclusive Elements restaurant for those who make dinner reservations. Were a place to laugh, enjoy a good meal, or unwind with a frosty craft beer or homespun cocktail; a place to bring your friends and family or your coworkers and employees; an unforgettable place to eat, drink, and be entertained. The box office hours are as follows: Mon-Tues: Closed Wed-Sat: Open at 5pm Sun: Open at 5pm (on scheduled show Sundays)
Dr. Travis J Hillen, MD | Saint Louis, MO | Diagnostic Radiologist | VitalsDr. Travis J Hillen, MD | Saint Louis, MO | Diagnostic Radiologist | Vitals
Dr. Travis J Hillen, MD, rated 3.7/5 by patients. 3 reviews, Phone number & practice locations, Diagnostic Radiologist in Saint Louis, MO.
Dr. Sharlene Teefey, MD | Saint Louis, MO | Diagnostic RadiologistDr. Sharlene Teefey, MD | Saint Louis, MO | Diagnostic Radiologist
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Saint Louis, MO Hospital and Healthcare Facilities - Compare CostsSaint Louis, MO Hospital and Healthcare Facilities - Compare Costs
Compare pricing for medical facilities in Saint Louis, MO. Choose the procedure you need to compare facility cost estimates in your area for common medical procedures!
Cathy Luhman, PT | Saint Louis, MO | HealthgradesCathy Luhman, PT | Saint Louis, MO | Healthgrades
Cathy Luhman, PT is a Physical Therapist in Saint Louis, MO. She is accepting new patients. Be sure to call ahead with Cathy Luhman to book an appointment.
Vote for Mc Laughlin Group Realtors in the Best Saint Louis Real Estate Agents & Realtors CategoryVote for Mc Laughlin Group Realtors in the Best Saint Louis Real Estate Agents & Realtors Category
See where Mc Laughlin Group Realtors ranks among the best Real Estate Agents & Realtors in Saint Louis, MO. Mc Laughlin Group Realtors, 7717 Natural Bridge Rd, 314-389-9998.
Saint Louis University surgical technology programSaint Louis University surgical technology program
Get the facts about Saint Louis University surgical technology program. Seek out accredited nursing programs for the best training. Given a brief hospital internship or prior work experience, you can expect a great return on your medical education.
Saint Louis Community College community health programSaint Louis Community College community health program
Find information about Saint Louis Community College community health program. You can enter nursing with either an associates degree or BSN. As a licensed vocational nurse (LVN), you may provide patient care under the supervision of a registered nurse (RN).
Dr. Craig Smith, MD - General Surgeon in Saint Louis, MODr. Craig Smith, MD - General Surgeon in Saint Louis, MO
Dr. Craig Smith, MD of Saint Louis, MO patient reviews, appointments, phone number and quality report. Compare Dr. Smith to other nearby General Surgeons in Missouri.
Patrick R. Aguilar, MD - Critical Care Specialist in Saint Louis, MO | MD.comPatrick R. Aguilar, MD - Critical Care Specialist in Saint Louis, MO | MD.com
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Dr. Carmel F Bonnaig MD, Emergency Physician in Saint Louis, MO, 63123 | FindATopDoc.comDr. Carmel F Bonnaig MD, Emergency Physician in Saint Louis, MO, 63123 | FindATopDoc.com
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Best 30 Concrete Construction in Saint Louis, MO with Reviews - YP.comBest 30 Concrete Construction in Saint Louis, MO with Reviews - YP.com
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Leshers Flowers Inc. - Flowers - Saint Louis, MO - WeddingWireLeshers Flowers Inc. - Flowers - Saint Louis, MO - WeddingWire
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Linda Ma MD | General Surgeon | Saint Louis, MO | Lifescript.comLinda Ma MD | General Surgeon | Saint Louis, MO | Lifescript.com
Linda Ma MD is a General Surgeon who practices in Saint Louis, MO. Get a full report about this doctors background by clicking here.
Saint Louis County prosecutor under pressureSaint Louis County prosecutor under pressure
Under pressure from the Ferguson community and the governor to speed up the investigation, Saint Louis County prosecutors tell NBC News that a Missouri grand jury could hear evidence in the Michael Brown shooting as early as Wednesday. MSNBC.com national reporter Zachary Roth discusses with Craig Melvin.
Apply For BJC Staff Nurse - 13100 Cystic Fibrosis - Full Time - 72 Hours / pp - Rotating job - Nursing Services - Saint Louis,...Apply For BJC Staff Nurse - 13100 Cystic Fibrosis - Full Time - 72 Hours / pp - Rotating job - Nursing Services - Saint Louis,...
Apply For BJC Staff Nurse - 13100 Cystic Fibrosis - Full Time - 72 Hours / pp - Rotating job - Nursing Services - Saint Louis, MO
Schools in Saint Louis County, MN | MESABI AREA LEARNING CENTERSchools in Saint Louis County, MN | MESABI AREA LEARNING CENTER
Learn more about MESABI AREA LEARNING CENTER, a school located in Saint Louis County, MN. Read school ratings and reviews for MESABI AREA LEARNING CENTER.
2010 Chevrolet Cobalt For Sale in Saint Louis, MO - CarGurus2010 Chevrolet Cobalt For Sale in Saint Louis, MO - CarGurus
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Saint Louis Community College physiology majorSaint Louis Community College physiology major
Get info about Saint Louis Community College physiology major. Completion of an accredited nursing program or other medical training can qualify you to start working in a private hospital immediately.
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Get the facts about Saint Louis Community College scientific research. Are you are considering an associates degree in electronics engineering, or a bachelor of science in mechanical or civil engineering?
Rossman School Profile (2020-21) | Saint Louis, MORossman School Profile (2020-21) | Saint Louis, MO
Rossman School in Saint Louis, Missouri serves 215 students in grades Prekindergarten-6. View their 2020-21 profile to find tuition cost, acceptance rates, reviews and more.
Mosquito bites far worse than cozying up to bed-bugs, say experts | EmaxHealthMosquito bites far worse than cozying up to bed-bugs, say experts | EmaxHealth
Bug bites cause reactions that are usually easy to manage. Mosquitoes are especially dangerous because they spread disease that can be fatal. Most bug bites disappear within a few days. Mosquito bites can transmit potentially fatal encephalitis.. Ronald P. Rapini, MD, FAAD, Josey professor and chair of the department of dermatology said at the at the American Academy of Dermatologys Summer Academy Meeting 2011 in New York, "The key is knowing which insects pose the biggest risk and when it is necessary to see a dermatologist for treatment.". For a mosquito bite that causes itching, swelling and redness, Rapini says a dermatologist can prescribe cortisone cream. But, the biggest concern is contracting a disease from the bite. Outbreaks of Saint Louis encephalitis virus, dengue fever and West Nile virus can be spread by mosquitoes, leading to serious illness.. He says most people who contract Saint Louis encephalitis wont become seriously ill, but those who do could experience inflammation of ...
Organic Wine Saint Louis MO - organic wines, Saint Louis MO organic red wine, Saint Louis MO organic sulfite free red wineOrganic Wine Saint Louis MO - organic wines, Saint Louis MO organic red wine, Saint Louis MO organic sulfite free red wine
Welcome to the All Star Wine Local Pages. Here you will find local information about Organic Wine in Saint Louis, MO and other products that may be of interest to you. In addition to a number of relevant products you can purchase online, we have compiled a list of businesses and services around Saint Louis, including Liquor & Alcohol Stores, Vineyards & Wineries, and Grocery Stores that should help with your local search. Before you take a look at the local resources, please browse through our competitively priced products that you could order from the comfort of your own home.
Murray Valley encephalitis | Article about Murray Valley encephalitis by The Free DictionaryMurray Valley encephalitis | Article about Murray Valley encephalitis by The Free Dictionary
Looking for Murray Valley encephalitis? Find out information about Murray Valley encephalitis. An acute inflammation of the brain and spinal cord caused by a virus; confined to Australia and New Guinea. Also known as Australian X disease. Explanation of Murray Valley encephalitis
Saint Louis encephalitisSaint Louis encephalitis
Logical Images, Inc. d/b/a VisualDx (hereinafter "VisualDx", "we", "us", or "our") has created this Acceptable Use Policy, Medical Disclaimer, & Copyright Notice (this "Notice") to inform you (hereinafter "you", "your", or "yourself") as a purchaser of a license for and/or user of the software hosted by VisualDx known as VisualDx (the "Software") of certain important terms and conditions set forth in the VisualDx End User License Agreement that governs your license for and/or use of the Software (the "EULA"). This Notice is subject to all of the terms and conditions set forth in the EULA and does not replace or limit it in anyway. You should read the EULA in detail prior to purchasing a license for or using the Software to make sure you understand and agree to its terms and conditions. Nothing in this Notice will (a) expand your rights or VisualDx′s obligations under the EULA or (b) modify or otherwise affect any terms and conditions of the EULA or the rights of the parties under the EULA. In ...
Chiropractors Saint Louis MO - alternative medicine, Saint Louis MO back pain, Saint Louis MO chiropractic medicine, Saint...Chiropractors Saint Louis MO - alternative medicine, Saint Louis MO back pain, Saint Louis MO chiropractic medicine, Saint...
This page provides relevant content and local businesses that can help with your search for information on Chiropractors. You will find informative articles about Chiropractors, including How Safe are Chiropractors?. Below you will also find local businesses that may provide the products or services you are looking for. Please scroll down to find the local resources in Saint Louis, MO that can help answer your questions about Chiropractors.
Hand Infection Treatment Saint Louis MO - orthopedics, Saint Louis MO Adult, Saint Louis MO HandHand Infection Treatment Saint Louis MO - orthopedics, Saint Louis MO Adult, Saint Louis MO Hand
This page provides relevant content and local businesses that can help with your search for information on Hand Infection Treatment. You will find informative articles about Hand Infection Treatment, including Diagnosis and Treatment of Hand Infections. Below you will also find local businesses that may provide the products or services you are looking for. Please scroll down to find the local resources in Saint Louis, MO that can help answer your questions about Hand Infection Treatment.
Saint Louis Asbestos Mesothelioma Lawyers - Local Attorneys & Law Firms in Saint Louis, MO | FindLawSaint Louis Asbestos Mesothelioma Lawyers - Local Attorneys & Law Firms in Saint Louis, MO | FindLaw
Saint Louis, MO Asbestos Mesothelioma lawyers with detailed profiles and recommendations. Find your Saint Louis, MO Asbestos Mesothelioma Attorney or Law Firm.
Equine encephalomyelitis - Biology-Online DictionaryEquine encephalomyelitis - Biology-Online Dictionary
Home » Equine encephalomyelitis. Equine encephalomyelitis (Science: veterinary) An acute, often fatal, virus disease of horses and mules transmitted by mosquitoes and characterised by central nervous system disturbances. It is typically caused by one of two arthropod-borne viruses, and their resulting diseases are designated western equine or eastern equine encephalomyelitis; these viruses belong to the family togaviridae and can also cause neurologic disease in humans. Synonym: equine encephalitis. ...
Is the Powassan Virus a Threat to Pets?Is the Powassan Virus a Threat to Pets?
By Jennifer Coates, DVM. Powassan virus has garnered the attention of people living in the northeastern and Great Lakes regions of the United States, not because it is all that common but because it can cause a potentially devastating illness.. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that only around 50 cases have been reported in the last 10 years. The virus is spread through the bite of an infected tick. Most exposures to the virus do not result in illness, but when symptoms do arise they can be quite severe and include fever, headache, vomiting, weakness, confusion, loss of coordination, speech difficulties, and seizures. Approximately 50% of people who become sick after Powassan virus infection are permanently affected (chronic headaches, muscle wasting, and poor memory) and 10% die. Treatment is purely symptomatic and supportive.. A number of diseases are spread by ticks to pets, and Powassan virus has been identified in other mammals like woodchucks, squirrels, and ...
Prevalence and the Risk Factors of Renal Insufficiency in the City of Saint Louis in SenegalPrevalence and the Risk Factors of Renal Insufficiency in the City of Saint Louis in Senegal
Background: The true scale of renal insufficiency (RI) in Sub-Saharan Africa remains unknown due to the lack of national registries. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological characteristics of renal insufficiency in urban areas in Saint Louis of Senegal. Materials and Methods: It is an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study. The study was conducted during 27 days starting from 3 to 30 May 2010. All senegalese residents of Saint Louis (older than 15 years at the time of the study) in whom creatinine clearance was performed were included in the study. The sampling method used was a systematic random sampling, stratified cluster. The survey was designed by an expert comitee based on STEPS survey of the World Health Organization. RI was defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 2. Results: Among 1424 people initially selected a final selection of 1416 was made. The sex ratio was 0.45. The mean age was 43.4 ± 17.8 years. The overall prevalence of renal insufficiency
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Saint Louis, Missouri Trails & Trail Maps | TrailLinkSaint Louis, Missouri Trails & Trail Maps | TrailLink
Explore the best trails in Saint Louis, Missouri on TrailLink. With more than 44 Saint Louis trails covering 566 miles, youre bound to find a perfect trail like the Benld-Gillespie Bike Trail or MCT Schoolhouse Trail. View detailed trail descriptions, trail maps, reviews, photos, trail itineraries, directions and more on TrailLink.
Thanh Do Restaurant - Saint Louis Park, MN | OpenTableThanh Do Restaurant - Saint Louis Park, MN | OpenTable
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Powassan encephalitis | definition of Powassan encephalitis by Medical dictionaryPowassan encephalitis | definition of Powassan encephalitis by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of Powassan encephalitis in the Medical Dictionary? Powassan encephalitis explanation free. What is Powassan encephalitis? Meaning of Powassan encephalitis medical term. What does Powassan encephalitis mean?
Diagnosis of Fatal Human Case of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Infection by Metagenomic Sequencing, California, 2016 - Volume 23...Diagnosis of Fatal Human Case of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Infection by Metagenomic Sequencing, California, 2016 - Volume 23...
We used unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing to diagnose a fatal case of meningoencephalitis caused by St. Louis encephalitis virus in a patient from California in September 2016. This case is associated with the recent 2015-2016 reemergence of this virus in the southwestern United States.
Table 2 - Diagnosis of Fatal Human Case of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Infection by Metagenomic Sequencing, California, 2016 -...Table 2 - Diagnosis of Fatal Human Case of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Infection by Metagenomic Sequencing, California, 2016 -...
We used unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing to diagnose a fatal case of meningoencephalitis caused by St. Louis encephalitis virus in a patient from California in September 2016. This case is associated with the recent 2015-2016 reemergence of this virus in the southwestern United States.
California Encephalitis Antibody, IgG by IFA, SerumCalifornia Encephalitis Antibody, IgG by IFA, Serum
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A83.5 CALIFORNIA ENCEPHALITISA83.5 CALIFORNIA ENCEPHALITIS
ICD-10 A83.5 is california encephalitis (A835). This code is grouped under diagnosis codes for certain infectious and parasitic diseases.
Powassan virus one of many diseases transmitted by deer ticks | Detroit Lakes OnlinePowassan virus one of many diseases transmitted by deer ticks | Detroit Lakes Online
As most Minnesotans know, the blacklegged tick is abundant during warm weather months in many wooded areas of the state. The greatest risk for tick bites are from April through July and September through October.. When a tick infected with Powassan virus attaches to a person, it might take only minutes of tick attachment for the virus to be transmitted.. Symptoms of infection usually appear within one to four weeks of a tick bite. Signs can include fever, headache, vomiting, weakness, confusion, seizures and memory loss.. According to the CDC, "long-term neurologic problems may occur. There is no specific treatment, but people with severe Powassan virus illnesses often need to be hospitalized to receive respiratory support, intravenous fluids, or medications to reduce swelling in the brain." ...
MASSACHUSETTS warns residents of rare but serious TICK-BORNE POWASSAN VIRUS ~ RABID WOODCHUCK report from CT. | Natural Unseen...MASSACHUSETTS warns residents of rare but serious TICK-BORNE POWASSAN VIRUS ~ RABID WOODCHUCK report from CT. | Natural Unseen...
Massachusetts 07/20/16 capecodextension.org: Media Release - The Massachusetts Department of Public Health has received reports of nine cases of Powassan virus in Massachusetts residents since the beginning of 2013 . These occurred in Barnstable, Middlesex, Essex and Norfolk Counties. Powassan virus is a rare but serious disease that is transmitted by the bite of a…
Maricopa County is now able to test mosquitoes for Zika virus - Queen Creek Independent | Queen Creek IndependentMaricopa County is now able to test mosquitoes for Zika virus - Queen Creek Independent | Queen Creek Independent
The Maricopa County Environmental Services Department has enhanced its mosquito testing program to include testing for Zika virus. Previously, MCESDs Vector Control technicians were testing for West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis and Chikungunya. With updated federal guidance, the mosquito testing program has become even more robust, according to a press release.. "Our Vector Control Laboratory has been re-engineered and has new equipment," Steven Goode, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department director, said in the release. "We have been working diligently with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to expand our mosquito testing protocols. This is another crucial step forward in our battle to protect Maricopa County residents and our visitors from mosquito-borne diseases.". "The board of supervisors is proud of the steps taken to advance testing already done on mosquitoes," Maricopa County Board of Supervisors Chairman Clint Hickman said in the release. "The ...
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Powassan Virus is on the Rise in Southeastern Massachusetts - Mosquito Squad of Fall River & the South ShorePowassan Virus is on the Rise in Southeastern Massachusetts - Mosquito Squad of Fall River & the South Shore
Dont let that fool you. Powassan is a dangerous disease. The mortality rate for Powassan virus is 10-15% and there is no treatment. While some may not be affected at all, Powassan can infect your nervous system, causing meningitis (swelling of the membranes around the spinal cord and brain) and encephalitis(swelling of the brain itself). This is what happened to Tucker Lane. Symptoms include fever, headache, weakness, vomiting, confusion, loss of coordination and speech, and seizures. 50% of those that do survive will have permanent memory and neurological problems.. Tucker has been lucky. He was in a coma for a week and on life support for a few days but appears to have completely recovered.. Dr. Lyons believes that the number of cases could be on the verge of an explosion."There is thought that the virus is spreading among the ticks." If this is true Massachusetts is sure to be knee deep. In the last 10 years, 75 cases have been reported and 8 of those were here in Massachusetts.. ...
Saint Alexius Hospital - Saint Louis, MOSaint Alexius Hospital - Saint Louis, MO
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Saint Louis University Journal of Health Law & Policy | SLU LAWSaint Louis University Journal of Health Law & Policy | SLU LAW
The Saint Louis University Journal of Health Law & Policy is published bi-annually by the Center for Health Law Studies and a student editorial board. The Journal features articles that provide in-depth analysis of topical and developing issues in health law and policy. One issue each year is devoted to the publication of the proceedings of the Center for Health Law Studies annual symposium.
11 Accredited Law Schools in Saint Louis, Missouri11 Accredited Law Schools in Saint Louis, Missouri
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The Mission of Saint Louis University is the pursuit of truth for the greater glory of God and for the service of humanity. The University seeks excellence in the fulfillment of its corporate purposes
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Dr. Michael Trangle, Psychiatry, Saint Louis Park, MNDr. Michael Trangle, Psychiatry, Saint Louis Park, MN
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2 Accredited Film Schools in Saint Louis, Missouri2 Accredited Film Schools in Saint Louis, Missouri
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Virus | Saint Louis Encephalitis | CDCVirus | Saint Louis Encephalitis | CDC
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Fatal case of deer tick virus encephalitis. - PubMed - NCBIFatal case of deer tick virus encephalitis. - PubMed - NCBI
Murray Valley encephalitis virus - WikipediaMurray Valley encephalitis virus - Wikipedia
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DEEP: State Reports Positive Mosquitoes for Eastern Equine Encephalitis VirusDEEP: State Reports Positive Mosquitoes for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
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Japanese encephalitis virus | MSDSonlineJapanese encephalitis virus | MSDSonline
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Murray Valley encephalitis virus - WikispeciesMurray Valley encephalitis virus - Wikispecies
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Saint louis encephalitis virus | Define Saint louis encephalitis virus at Dictionary.comSaint louis encephalitis virus | Define Saint louis encephalitis virus at Dictionary.com
Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management | SpringerLinkHerpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management | SpringerLink
Department of Health | Japanese encephalitis virus infection case definition - V1.1Department of Health | Japanese encephalitis virus infection case definition - V1.1
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West Nile Virus (WNV) Infection and Encephalitis (WNE) Medication: Analgesics/AntipyreticsWest Nile Virus (WNV) Infection and Encephalitis (WNE) Medication: Analgesics/Antipyretics
West Nile Encephalitis Virus Infection : Michael S. Diamond : 9780387798394West Nile Encephalitis Virus Infection : Michael S. Diamond : 9780387798394
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Encephalitis Virus, JapaneseEncephalitis, JapaneseEncephalitis Virus, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis Viruses, Tick-BorneEncephalitis Virus, St. LouisEncephalitis VirusesEncephalitisEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineEncephalitis, ViralEncephalitis, St. LouisEncephalomyelitis, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis Virus, Murray ValleyEncephalitis, ArbovirusEncephalitis, Tick-BorneEncephalomyelitis, EquineJapanese Encephalitis VaccinesFlavivirusEncephalitis Viruses, JapaneseLimbic EncephalitisEncephalitis, Herpes SimplexCulicidaeWest Nile virusEncephalomyelitis, Eastern EquineFlavivirus InfectionsArthritis-Encephalitis Virus, CaprineCulexAntibodies, ViralVirus ReplicationHorse DiseasesVirus CultivationVero CellsSindbis VirusRNA, ViralAlphavirusViral VaccinesWest Nile FeverRNA VirusesCercopithecus aethiopsNeutralization TestsViral Plaque AssayVaccinia virusHorsesArbovirusesViral Envelope ProteinsCricetinaeAntigens, ViralEncephalitis Virus, CaliforniaEncephalitis, CaliforniaReceptors, VirusCell LineVirus AssemblyAnti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor EncephalitisHemagglutination Inhibition TestsViral Nonstructural ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataPhylogenyVirulenceEncephalomyelitis, Western EquineInsect VectorsVirus DiseasesDefective VirusesViral ProteinsVaccines, AttenuatedBird DiseasesGoatsVirus SheddingArbovirus InfectionsLentivirus InfectionsCzechoslovakiaMeasles virusSimian virus 40BrainCytopathogenic Effect, ViralPlant VirusesGoat DiseasesRabies virusYellow fever virusVirionDNA VirusesViremiaRepliconAedesGenes, ViralAntiviral AgentsDengue VirusInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeSequence Analysis, DNABirdsAmino Acid SequenceDengueEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeRNA HelicasesViral Structural ProteinsDNA, ViralOchlerotatusHemagglutination, ViralVirus InactivationVirus AttachmentToxoplasmosis, CerebralDisease OutbreaksVirus ActivationInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeHepatitis B virusCross ReactionsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionVirologyGenetic VectorsInsectivoraIxodesAntibodies, NeutralizingVaccines, SyntheticRespiratory Syncytial VirusesImmunoglobulin MCommunicable Diseases, EmergingTicksVaccinationSimian immunodeficiency virusLa Crosse virusEpitopesSpecies SpecificityCapsid ProteinsVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusCapsidVirus LatencyGenome, ViralSwineRodent DiseasesSiberiaDisease ReservoirsDisease Models, AnimalSwine DiseasesCerebrospinal FluidMice, Inbred BALB CAlphavirus InfectionsPolymerase Chain ReactionHost-Pathogen InteractionsDNA PrimersRodentiaHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusRecombination, GeneticAntibodies, MonoclonalMumps virusVenezuelaCells, CulturedGene Expression Regulation, ViralSouth AmericaSigmodontinaeSemliki forest virusSeroepidemiologic StudiesAmebiasisDisease VectorsAnimals, WildSerial PassageCulture TechniquesOncogenic VirusesHemagglutinins, ViralChick EmbryoMice, Inbred ICRSimplexvirusImmunizationEncephalitis, Varicella ZosterSequence AlignmentParainfluenza Virus 1, HumanMosaic VirusesHerpesvirus 1, HumanTime FactorsVisna-maedi virusImmunoglobulin GCentral Nervous System InfectionsBase SequenceHemagglutination TestsHepatitis A virusVaccines, InactivatedGenetic VariationFluorescent Antibody TechniqueAvian Sarcoma VirusesGenotypeChickensMeningoencephalitisBK VirusSequence HomologyTumor Virus InfectionsViruses, UnclassifiedJC VirusOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsSensitivity and SpecificityNorth AmericaGlycoproteinsViral LoadVaccines, DNAZoonosesAvian leukosis virusViral Core ProteinsPlasmidsParaneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous SystemAmino Acid SubstitutionViral Fusion ProteinsChikungunya virusOrthomyxoviridae
InfectionInflammation of the brainVaccineCauses encephalitisFLAVIVIRUSTick-borneHumansAntibodiesVenezuelanGenusDengueAbstractCulexTBEVAntibodyArbovirusMeningitisMosquitoesVECTORSCause of viral encephalitisEEEVSymptomsVaccinationCommon cause of encephalitisLouis Encephalitis VirusArthritis encephalitis virusTickborne encephalitis virusStrainDiagnosisIsolationWest NileHerpesFlaviviridaeMurray Valley EncepEpidemiologyPathogenesisEpidemiologicalSpeciesEncephalomyelitisSimian immunClinicalAcuteGenomeFlavivirusesInfectious diseasesEpidemicStrainsJapanese EncepArboviralBirdsKunjinComaViral diseaseReplicationEastern equinMVEVBrainVaccinesMosquito-borne diseaseInhibition
Infection50
Inflammation of the brain6
Vaccine23
Causes encephalitis3
FLAVIVIRUS15
Tick-borne10
Humans19
Antibodies9
Venezuelan7
Genus3
Dengue5
Abstract1
  • Authors: Yoshii K, Sato K, Ishizuka M, Kobayashi S, Kariwa H, Kawabata H Abstract Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is widely prevalent on the Eurasian continent, including Japan, but four cases of TBE have been reported in Japan. (medworm.com)
Culex4
TBEV2
  • The virion structure indicates that the repulsive interactions of histidine side chains, which become protonated at low pH, may contribute to the disruption of heterotetramers of the TBEV envelope and membrane proteins and induce detachment of the envelope protein ectodomains from the virus membrane. (rcsb.org)
  • Each year approximately 10 000 individuals on the Eurasian continent develop neurological disease, in the form of meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis and radiculitis, following a bite by a TBEV infected tick. (diva-portal.org)
Antibody5
Arbovirus2
Meningitis2
Mosquitoes17
VECTORS2
Cause of viral encephalitis1
EEEV1
Symptoms6
Vaccination4
  • Vaccination for the Japanese encephalitis virus is safe and effective. (blogarama.com)
  • As the epidemiological aspects of Japanese encephalitis (JE) are transformed by vaccination in some countries, highly integrated expert collaborative research and objective data are needed to identify and prioritize the human health, animal health and economic burden due to JE and other pathogens associated with encephalitides. (plos.org)
  • However, through continued surveillance, serological monitoring, and vaccination activities, we are confident that the impact of EEE virus on whooping crane recovery can be overcome to the ultimate benefit of this endangered species. (usgs.gov)
  • The viruses belong to the U.S. list of prioritized pathogens amongst other agents, like smallpox, anthrax and other lethal diseases, which are covered by the current vaccination policy for U.S. military personnel being deployed around the globe. (ptcommunity.com)
Common cause of encephalitis1
Louis Encephalitis Virus1
  • An isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus, confirmed by the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratories, was made from a mockingbird nestling in August. (ajtmh.org)
Arthritis encephalitis virus2
Tickborne encephalitis virus2
Strain4
  • Intracerebral inoculation of twelve spider monkeys with large doses of a virulent strain of Japanese encephalitis virus produced a subclinical encephalomyelitis. (nih.gov)
  • The isolate seems to be closely related to Tr 9464 and Ja 7532 viruses, which are both closely related to the Parton strain of SLE virus. (ajtmh.org)
  • KX268728) of tick-borne encephalitis strain HB171/11, isolated from an Ixodes ricinus tick from a natural focus where human neurological disease is rare. (diva-portal.org)
  • To examine the relationship between macrophage tropism and neurovirulence, macaques were inoculated with two recombinant hybrid viruses derived from the parent viruses SIVmac239, a lymphocyte-tropic, non-neurovirulent clone, and SIV/17E-Br, a macrophage-tropic, neurovirulent virus strain. (asm.org)
Diagnosis4
  • A boy from New York traveling in Nova Scotia had olfactory hallucinations and other signs of temporal lobe involvement, leading to a diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. (nih.gov)
  • Herein, we review the pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and clinical and radiological features of herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis in adults, including a discussion of the most common complications and their treatment. (springer.com)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white cell count was 287 × 10 6 /L with 90% mononuclear cells, CSF protein elevated at 1.49 g/L (normal range [NR], 0.15-0.45 g/L), and CSF glucose 4.5 mmol/L (NR, 2.7-4.2 mmol/L). The most likely diagnosis was thought to be encephalitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, and she initially received intravenous immunoglobulin and intravenous methylprednisolone 1 g daily. (mja.com.au)
  • Here we present the results of WNV RNA and anti-WNV testing in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in 80 patients with the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. (termedia.pl)
Isolation1
West Nile30
Herpes9
Flaviviridae1
Murray Valley Encep2
Epidemiology8
Pathogenesis2
  • This previously uncharacterized strategy for HSV-1 evasion of CD8+ T cell accumulation in the CNS has important implications for understanding the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of HSV-1 encephalitis. (jci.org)
  • Pathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis: viral determinants of neurovirulence. (asm.org)
Epidemiological1
Species4
  • Due to recent heavy rains, this species is particularly numerous now and will potentially have a longer season to spread the virus to birds and then mosquito species that feed on birds and people before the weather turns cold in the fall. (ct.gov)
  • Equines, rather than rodents, are the primary animal species that carry and spread the disease, as infected equines develop an enormous quantity of virus in their circulatory system. (valentbiosciences.com)
  • The loss of captive whooping cranes to the EEE virus presented a previously unrecognized risk and obstacle to recovery of this species. (usgs.gov)
  • Not only was, there a setback in the captive breeding and reintroduction program for the whooping crane, but, because of the susceptibility of the species to the EEE virus. (usgs.gov)
Encephalomyelitis1
Simian immun2
Clinical2
Acute1
  • A case of acute encephalitis syndrome was defined as any person presenting a fever with neurological signs (altered mental status AND/OR motor deficit AND/OR sensory deficit AND/OR seizures of new onset, excluding simple febrile seizures) of sudden onset (fewer than seven days). (plos.org)
Genome1
  • Using phylogenetic approaches, we identified seven amino acid changes in the VEEV genome that represent putative determinants of emergence of the 1992 to 1993 epizootic/epidemic serotype IC strains from enzootic ID viruses circulating sympatrically in western Venezuela ( 24 ). (asm.org)
Flaviviruses1
Infectious diseases2
Epidemic2
  • The virus was isolated from human samples in 1951 during an epidemic in the Murray Valley, Australia. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most important outcome of this study will be a working model of the virus in space and time that will provide critical information to local governments in the Southeastern United States regarding EEE epidemic risk under various urbanization scenarios. (epa.gov)
Strains2
  • Test chickens are kept in various parts of the county to enable health officials to detect the presence of various strains of encephalitis. (orlandosentinel.com)
  • Cell culture passage of alphaviruses, including VEEV ( 2 ) and Sindbis virus ( 7 , 13 ), results in selection for binding to heparan sulfate (HS), and this selection is accompanied by mutations that increase the positive charge of E2 and the small-plaque phenotype characteristic of natural, epizootic VEEV strains ( 3 ). (asm.org)
Japanese Encep15
Arboviral1
  • Factors influencing the transmission and control of arboviral encephalitis, in general, include: the season, geographical location, patient age, and the regional climate. (wikipedia.org)
Birds1
Kunjin2
Coma1
  • About one of every four people infected with the virus will develop coma and die. (chop.edu)
Viral disease1
Replication5
Eastern equin5
MVEV2
Brain13
Vaccines2
Mosquito-borne disease1
Inhibition2
Dropbox - 2018 Japanese Encephalitis Virus Transmitted Via Blood Transfusion, Hong Kong, China.pdf
Dropbox - 2018 Japanese Encephalitis Virus Transmitted Via Blood Transfusion, Hong Kong, China.pdf (dropbox.com)
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Sequenced Directly from Questing and Blood-Feeding Ticks Reveals Quasispecies Variance
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Sequenced Directly from Questing and Blood-Feeding Ticks Reveals Quasispecies Variance (journals.plos.org)
Are Patients with Erythema Migrans Who Have Leukopenia and/or Thrombocytopenia Coinfected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum or...
Are Patients with Erythema Migrans Who Have Leukopenia and/or Thrombocytopenia Coinfected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum or... (journals.plos.org)
Japanese encephalitis virus real-time RT-PCR protocol (method, recipe) by Judy Northill
Japanese encephalitis virus real-time RT-PCR protocol (method, recipe) by Judy Northill (protocols.io)
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2004
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2004 (cdc.gov)
Nipah Virus Encephalitis Reemergence, Bangladesh - Volume 10, Number 12-December 2004 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal -...
Nipah Virus Encephalitis Reemergence, Bangladesh - Volume 10, Number 12-December 2004 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal -... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Virus meningo-encephalitis in Austria
Virus meningo-encephalitis in Austria (apps.who.int)
Joint external evaluation of IHR core capacities of Republic of Slovenia: executive summary, June 5-9, 2017
Joint external evaluation of IHR core capacities of Republic of Slovenia: executive summary, June 5-9, 2017 (apps.who.int)
Mississippi State Department of Health | | Page 6
Mississippi State Department of Health | | Page 6 (msbusiness.com)
Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Encephalopathies and Immunotherapies | SpringerLink
Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Encephalopathies and Immunotherapies | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Siberian Subtype Tickborne Encephalitis Virus, Finland - Volume 12, Number 10-October 2006 - Emerging Infectious Diseases...
Siberian Subtype Tickborne Encephalitis Virus, Finland - Volume 12, Number 10-October 2006 - Emerging Infectious Diseases... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Migrating Birds and Tickborne Encephalitis Virus - Volume 13, Number 8-August 2007 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Migrating Birds and Tickborne Encephalitis Virus - Volume 13, Number 8-August 2007 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Figure 2 - Siberian Subtype Tickborne Encephalitis Virus, Finland - Volume 12, Number 10-October 2006 - Emerging Infectious...
Figure 2 - Siberian Subtype Tickborne Encephalitis Virus, Finland - Volume 12, Number 10-October 2006 - Emerging Infectious... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Tickborne Encephalitis Virus, Norway and Denmark - Volume 12, Number 7-July 2006 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Tickborne Encephalitis Virus, Norway and Denmark - Volume 12, Number 7-July 2006 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine (Intramuscular Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic
Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine (Intramuscular Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic (mayoclinic.org)
Notes from the Field: Multistate Outbreak of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus - United States, 2019 | MMWR
Notes from the Field: Multistate Outbreak of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus - United States, 2019 | MMWR (cdc.gov)
Figure 4 - Nipah Virus-associated Encephalitis Outbreak, Siliguri, India - Volume 12, Number 2-February 2006 - Emerging...
Figure 4 - Nipah Virus-associated Encephalitis Outbreak, Siliguri, India - Volume 12, Number 2-February 2006 - Emerging... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Figure 1 - Novel Variant of Tickborne Encephalitis Virus, Russia - Volume 13, Number 10-October 2007 - Emerging Infectious...
Figure 1 - Novel Variant of Tickborne Encephalitis Virus, Russia - Volume 13, Number 10-October 2007 - Emerging Infectious... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Figure - Molecular Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Taiwan - Volume 16, Number 5-May 2010 - Emerging Infectious...
Figure - Molecular Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Taiwan - Volume 16, Number 5-May 2010 - Emerging Infectious... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
The Day - Governor's office seeking update on Amistad status - News from southeastern Connecticut
The Day - Governor's office seeking update on Amistad status - News from southeastern Connecticut (theday.com)
Nipah Virus-associated Encephalitis Outbreak, Siliguri, India - Volume 12, Number 2-February 2006 - Emerging Infectious...
Nipah Virus-associated Encephalitis Outbreak, Siliguri, India - Volume 12, Number 2-February 2006 - Emerging Infectious... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Novel Variant of Tickborne Encephalitis Virus, Russia - Volume 13, Number 10-October 2007 - Emerging Infectious Diseases...
Novel Variant of Tickborne Encephalitis Virus, Russia - Volume 13, Number 10-October 2007 - Emerging Infectious Diseases... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Molecular Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Taiwan - Volume 16, Number 5-May 2010 - Emerging Infectious Diseases...
Molecular Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Taiwan - Volume 16, Number 5-May 2010 - Emerging Infectious Diseases... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Most Popular Articles : Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
Most Popular Articles : Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases (journals.lww.com)
New and Evolving Infections of the 21st Century : I. W. Fong : 9780387326474
New and Evolving Infections of the 21st Century : I. W. Fong : 9780387326474 (bookdepository.com)