A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), found in Australia and New Guinea. It causes a fulminating viremia resembling Japanese encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, JAPANESE).
Infections of the brain caused by arthropod-borne viruses (i.e., arboviruses) primarily from the families TOGAVIRIDAE; FLAVIVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; and RHABDOVIRIDAE. Life cycles of these viruses are characterized by ZOONOSES, with birds and lower mammals serving as intermediate hosts. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) or TICKS. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, alterations of mentation, focal neurologic deficits, and COMA. (From Clin Microbiol Rev 1994 Jan;7(1):89-116; Walton, Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System, 10th ed, p321)
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiological agent of Japanese encephalitis found in Asia, southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE containing several subgroups and many species. Most are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. The type species is YELLOW FEVER VIRUS.
A collection of single-stranded RNA viruses scattered across the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae families whose common property is the ability to induce encephalitic conditions in infected hosts.
A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)
A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. It is seen most commonly in parts of Central and South America.
A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS that causes encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers and is found in eastern and western Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is transmitted by TICKS and there is an associated milk-borne transmission from viremic cattle, goats, and sheep.
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiologic agent of ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS in the United States, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis in Equidae and humans. The virus ranges along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States and Canada and as far south as the Caribbean, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. Infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90 percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics.
A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the United States, southern Canada, and parts of South America.
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.
Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Included are some members of the following families: ARENAVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; TOGAVIRIDAE; and FLAVIVIRIDAE. (From Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)
A viral encephalitis caused by the St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), a FLAVIVIRUS. It is transmitted to humans and other vertebrates primarily by mosquitoes of the genus CULEX. The primary animal vectors are wild birds and the disorder is endemic to the midwestern and southeastern United States. Infections may be limited to an influenza-like illness or present as an ASEPTIC MENINGITIS or ENCEPHALITIS. Clinical manifestations of the encephalitic presentation may include SEIZURES, lethargy, MYOCLONUS, focal neurologic signs, COMA, and DEATH. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p750)
A form of arboviral encephalitis endemic to Central America and the northern latitudes of South America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, VENEZUELAN EQUINE) is transmitted to humans and horses via the bite of several mosquito species. Human viral infection may be asymptomatic or remain restricted to a mild influenza-like illness. Encephalitis, usually not severe, occurs in a small percentage of cases and may rarely feature SEIZURES and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)
Encephalitis caused by neurotropic viruses that are transmitted via the bite of TICKS. In Europe, the diseases are caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, TICK-BORNE, which give rise to Russian spring-summer encephalitis, central European encephalitis, louping ill encephalitis, and related disorders. Powassan encephalitis occurs in North America and Russia and is caused by the Powassan virus. ASEPTIC MENINGITIS and rarely encephalitis may complicate COLORADO TICK FEVER which is endemic to mountainous regions of the western United States. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp14-5)
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals.
An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.
A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.
A mosquito-borne species of the PHLEBOVIRUS genus found in eastern, central, and southern Africa, producing massive hepatitis, abortion, and death in sheep, goats, cattle, and other animals. It also has caused disease in humans.
A group of ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS which affect horses and man, transmitted via the bites of mosquitoes. Disorders in this category are endemic to regions of South America and North America. In humans, clinical manifestations vary with the type of infection, and range from a mild influenza-like syndrome to a fulminant encephalitis. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-10)
A country consisting of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and adjacent islands, including New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty Islands, and New Hanover in the Bismarck Archipelago; Bougainville and Buka in the northern Solomon Islands; the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands; Woodlark (Murua) Island; and the Louisiade Archipelago. It became independent on September 16, 1975. Formerly, the southern part was the Australian Territory of Papua, and the northern part was the UN Trust Territory of New Guinea, administered by Australia. They were administratively merged in 1949 and named Papua and New Guinea, and renamed Papua New Guinea in 1971.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE).
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which comprises a number of viral species that are the etiologic agents of human encephalitis in many different geographical regions. These include Japanese encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE), St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, MURRAY VALLEY), and WEST NILE VIRUS.
A paraneoplastic syndrome marked by degeneration of neurons in the LIMBIC SYSTEM. Clinical features include HALLUCINATIONS, loss of EPISODIC MEMORY; ANOSMIA; AGEUSIA; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; DEMENTIA; and affective disturbance (depression). Circulating anti-neuronal antibodies (e.g., anti-Hu; anti-Yo; anti-Ri; and anti-Ma2) and small cell lung carcinomas or testicular carcinoma are frequently associated with this syndrome.
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)
A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.
A form of arboviral encephalitis (primarily affecting equines) endemic to eastern regions of North America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, EASTERN EQUINE) may be transmitted to humans via the bite of AEDES mosquitoes. Clinical manifestations include the acute onset of fever, HEADACHE, altered mentation, and SEIZURES followed by coma. The condition is fatal in up to 50% of cases. Recovery may be marked by residual neurologic deficits and EPILEPSY. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), closely related to VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS and causing acute encephalomyelitis; chronic arthritis; PNEUMONIA; MASTITIS; and GLOMERULONEPHRITIS in goats. It is transmitted mainly in the colostrum and milk.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.
Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.
A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.
Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
A species in the ORTHOBUNYAVIRUS genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. Serotypes are found in temperate and arctic regions and each is closely associated with a single species of vector mosquito. The vertebrate hosts are usually small mammals but several serotypes infect humans.
A viral infection of the brain caused by serotypes of California encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, CALIFORNIA) transmitted to humans by the mosquito AEDES triseriatus. The majority of cases are caused by the LA CROSSE VIRUS. This condition is endemic to the midwestern United States and primarily affects children between 5-10 years of age. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; VOMITING; HEADACHE; and abdominal pain followed by SEIZURES, altered mentation, and focal neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13)
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.
Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.
Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.
The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.
Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.

The severity of murray valley encephalitis in mice is linked to neutrophil infiltration and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in the central nervous system. (1/42)

A study of immunopathology in the central nervous system (CNS) during infection with a virulent strain of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) in weanling Swiss mice following peripheral inoculation is presented. It has previously been shown that virus enters the murine CNS 4 days after peripheral inoculation, spreads to the anterior olfactory nucleus, the pyriform cortex, and the hippocampal formation at 5 days postinfection (p.i.), and then spreads throughout the cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, thalamus, and brain stem between 6 and 9 days p.i. (P. C. McMinn, L. Dalgarno, and R. C. Weir, Virology 220:414-423, 1996). Here we show that the encephalitis which develops in MVE-infected mice from 5 days p.i. is associated with the development of a neutrophil inflammatory response in perivascular regions and in the CNS parenchyma. Infiltration of neutrophils into the CNS was preceded by increased expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and the neutrophil-attracting chemokine N51/KC within the CNS. Depletion of neutrophils with a cytotoxic monoclonal antibody (RB6-8C5) resulted in prolonged survival and decreased mortality in MVE-infected mice. In addition, neutrophil infiltration and disease onset correlated with expression of the enzyme-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) within the CNS. Inhibition of iNOS by aminoguanidine resulted in prolonged survival and decreased mortality in MVE-infected mice. This study provides strong support for the hypothesis that Murray Valley encephalitis is primarily an immunopathological disease.  (+info)

Characterization of infectious Murray Valley encephalitis virus derived from a stably cloned genome-length cDNA. (2/42)

An infectious cDNA clone of Murray Valley encephalitis virus prototype strain 1-51 (MVE-1-51) was constructed by stably inserting genome-length cDNA into the low-copy-number plasmid vector pMC18. Designated pMVE-1-51, the clone consisted of genome-length cDNA of MVE-1-51 under the control of a T7 RNA polymerase promoter. The clone was constructed by using existing components of a cDNA library, in addition to cDNA of the 3' terminus derived by RT-PCR of poly(A)-tailed viral RNA. Upon comparison with other flavivirus sequences, the previously undetermined sequence of the 3' UTR was found to contain elements conserved throughout the genus FLAVIVIRUS: RNA transcribed from pMVE-1-51 and subsequently transfected into BHK-21 cells generated infectious virus. The plaque morphology, replication kinetics and antigenic profile of clone-derived virus (CDV-1-51) was similar to the parental virus in vitro. Furthermore, the virulence properties of CDV-1-51 and MVE-1-51 (LD(50) values and mortality profiles) were found to be identical in vivo in the mouse model. Through site-directed mutagenesis, the infectious clone should serve as a valuable tool for investigating the molecular determinants of virulence in MVE virus.  (+info)

Morphological features of Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection in the central nervous system of Swiss mice. (3/42)

We have examined the histological and ultrastructural features of CNS infection with Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus in mice inoculated with a virulent parental strain (BH3479). Light microscopic examination revealed neuronal necrosis in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus of MVE-infected brains by 5 days post-infection (pi). Electron microscopy of these regions showed endoplasmic reticulum membrane proliferation, and tubular and spherical structures in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and nuclear envelope. At seven to eight days pi, infected neurones exhibited chromatin condensation and extrusion, nuclear fragmentation, loss of segments of the nuclear envelope, reduced surface contact with adjacent cells and loss of cytoplasmic organelles. This cell injury was particularly noticeable in the proximal CA3 and distal CA1 regions of the hippocampus. The inflammatory cell profile consisted of macrophages, lymphocytes and especially neutrophils, and many of these inflammatory cells were apoptotic. High mortality rates in the BH3479-infected population of mice correlated with the intense polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocyte inflammatory infiltrate in the CNS.  (+info)

Stimulation of dengue virus replication in cultured Aedes albopictus (C6/36) mosquito cells by the antifungal imidazoles ketoconazole and miconazole. (4/42)

Replication of dengue type 3 virus in Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells was enhanced more than 50-fold by addition of the antifungal imidazole derivative ketoconazole within the first 4 h of infection. The stimulatory effect was reflected in the yield of infectious virus and in levels of viral RNA and protein synthesis. Enhanced yields were observed also for other flaviviruses, including dengue type 2 virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Increased yields of dengue type 3 virus were not observed in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells, human monocytic (U-937) cells, or cells of the mosquito Toxorhynchites amboinensis (TRA-171).  (+info)

Substitutions at the putative receptor-binding site of an encephalitic flavivirus alter virulence and host cell tropism and reveal a role for glycosaminoglycans in entry. (5/42)

The flavivirus receptor-binding domain has been putatively assigned to a hydrophilic region (FG loop) in the envelope (E) protein. In some flaviviruses this domain harbors the integrin-binding motif Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD). One of us has shown earlier that host cell adaptation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) can result in the selection of attenuated variants altered at E protein residue Asp(390), which is part of an RGD motif. Here, a full-length, infectious cDNA clone of MVE was constructed and employed to systematically investigate the impact of single amino acid changes at Asp(390) on cell tropism, virus entry, and virulence. Each of 10 different E protein 390 mutants was viable. Three mutants (Gly(390), Ala(390), and His(390)) showed pronounced differences from an infectious clone-derived control virus in growth in mammalian and mosquito cells. The altered cell tropism correlated with (i) a difference in entry kinetics, (ii) an increased dependence on glycosaminoglycans (determined by inhibition of virus infectivity by heparin) for attachment of the three mutants to different mammalian cells, and (iii) the loss of virulence in mice. These results confirm a functional role of the FG loop in the flavivirus E protein in virus entry and suggest that encephalitic flaviviruses can enter cells via attachment to glycosaminoglycans. However, it appears that additional cell surface molecules are also used as receptors by natural isolates of MVE and that the increased dependence on glycosaminoglycans for entry results in the loss of neuroinvasiveness.  (+info)

Innate resistance to flavivirus infection in mice controlled by Flv is nitric oxide-independent. (6/42)

Innate resistance to flaviviruses in mice is active in the brain where it restricts virus replication. This resistance is controlled by a single genetic locus, FLV, located on mouse chromosome 5 near the locus encoding the neuronal form of nitric oxide synthase (Nos1). Since nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in antiviral activity, its involvement in natural resistance to flaviviruses has been hypothesized. Here we present data on NO production before and during flavivirus infection in both brain tissue and peritoneal macrophages from two flavivirus-resistant (FLV(r)) and one congenic susceptible (FLV(s)) mouse strains. This study provides evidence that NO is not involved in the expression of flavivirus resistance controlled by FLV since: (a) there is no difference in brain tissue NO levels between susceptible and resistant mice, and (b) lipopolysaccharide-induced NO does not abrogate the difference in flavivirus replication in peritoneal macrophages from susceptible and resistant mice.  (+info)

Antiviral cytotoxic T cells cross-reactively recognize disparate peptide determinants from related viruses but ignore more similar self- and foreign determinants. (7/42)

We have investigated the reactivities of cytotoxic T (Tc) cells against the two immunodominant, H-2K(k)-restricted determinants from the FLAVIVIRUS: Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE), MVE(1785) (REHSGNEI) and MVE(1971) (DEGEGRVI). The respective Tc cell populations cross-reactively lysed target cells pulsed with determinants from the MVE(1785)- and MVE(1971)-corresponding positions of six other flaviviruses, despite low sequence homology in some cases. Notably, anti-MVE(1785) Tc cells recognized a determinant (TDGEERVI) that shares with the determinant used for stimulation only the carboxyl-terminal amino acid residue, one of two H-2K(k) anchor residues. These reactivity patterns were also observed in peptide-dependent IFN-gamma production and the requirements for in vitro restimulation of memory Tc cells. However, the broad cross-reactivity appeared to be limited to flavivirus-derived determinants, as none of a range of determinants from endogenous mouse-derived sequences, similar to the MVE-determinants, were recognized. Neither were cells infected with a number of unrelated viruses recognized. These results raise the paradox that virus-immune Tc cell responses, which are mostly directed against only a few "immunodominant" viral determinants, are remarkably peptide cross-reactive.  (+info)

Attenuation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus by site-directed mutagenesis of the hinge and putative receptor-binding regions of the envelope protein. (8/42)

Molecular determinants of virulence in flaviviruses cluster in two regions on the three-dimensional structure of the envelope (E) protein; the base of domain II, believed to serve as a hinge during pH-dependent conformational change in the endosome, and the lateral face of domain III, which contains an integrin-binding motif Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) in mosquito-borne flaviviruses and is believed to form the receptor-binding site of the protein. In an effort to better understand the nature of attenuation caused by mutations in these two regions, a full-length infectious cDNA clone of Murray Valley encephalitis virus prototype strain 1-51 (MVE-1-51) was employed to produce a panel of site-directed mutants with substitutions at amino acid positions 277 (E-277; hinge region) or 390 (E-390; RGD motif). Viruses with mutations at E-277 (Ser-->Ile, Ser-->Asn, Ser-->Val, and Ser-->Pro) showed various levels of in vitro and in vivo attenuation dependent on the level of hydrophobicity of the substituted amino acid. Altered hemagglutination activity observed for these viruses suggests that mutations in the hinge region may indirectly disrupt the receptor-ligand interaction, possibly by causing premature release of the virion from the endosomal membrane prior to fusion. Similarly, viruses with mutations at E-390 (Asp-->Asn, Asp-->Glu, and Asp-->Tyr) were also attenuated in vitro and in vivo; however, the absorption and penetration rates of these viruses were similar to those of wild-type virus. This, coupled with the fact that E-390 mutant viruses were only moderately inhibited by soluble heparin, suggests that RGD-dependent integrin binding is not essential for entry of MVE and that multiple and/or alternate receptors may be involved in cell entry.  (+info)

Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus (MVEV) is a type of arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) that is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. The virus is named after the Murray Valley region in Australia where it was first identified.

MVEV is the causative agent of Murray Valley encephalitis, a serious illness that can affect the brain and cause inflammation (encephalitis). The virus is found primarily in Australia, Papua New Guinea, and parts of Southeast Asia.

The transmission cycle of MVEV involves mosquitoes serving as vectors that transmit the virus between birds and mammals, including humans. Infection with MVEV can cause a range of symptoms, from mild fever and headache to severe neurological complications such as seizures, coma, and permanent brain damage. There is no specific treatment for Murray Valley encephalitis, and prevention efforts focus on reducing mosquito populations and avoiding mosquito bites in areas where the virus is known to be present.

Arbovirus encephalitis is a type of encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) caused by a group of viruses that are transmitted through the bite of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes or ticks. The term "arbovirus" stands for "arthropod-borne virus."

There are many different types of arboviruses that can cause encephalitis, including:

* La Crosse virus
* St. Louis encephalitis virus
* West Nile virus
* Eastern equine encephalitis virus
* Western equine encephalitis virus
* Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

The symptoms of arbovirus encephalitis can vary, but may include fever, headache, stiff neck, seizures, confusion, and weakness. In severe cases, it can lead to coma or death. Treatment typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms, as there is no specific antiviral treatment for most types of arbovirus encephalitis. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito and tick bites, using insect repellent, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed.

Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is a type of flavivirus that is the causative agent of Japanese encephalitis, a mosquito-borne viral infection of the brain. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Culex species mosquitoes, particularly Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex gelidus.

JEV is endemic in many parts of Asia, including China, Japan, Korea, India, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is estimated to cause around 68,000 clinical cases and 13,000-20,000 deaths each year. The virus is maintained in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts, primarily pigs and wading birds.

Most JEV infections are asymptomatic or result in mild symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches. However, in some cases, the infection can progress to severe encephalitis, which is characterized by inflammation of the brain, leading to neurological symptoms such as seizures, tremors, paralysis, and coma. The case fatality rate for Japanese encephalitis is estimated to be 20-30%, and around half of those who survive have significant long-term neurological sequelae.

Prevention of JEV infection includes the use of insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito feeding times. Vaccination is also an effective means of preventing Japanese encephalitis, and vaccines are available for travelers to endemic areas as well as for residents of those areas.

Flavivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. They are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that are primarily transmitted by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. Many flaviviruses cause significant disease in humans, including dengue fever, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile fever, and Zika fever. The name "flavivirus" is derived from the Latin word for "yellow," referring to the yellow fever virus, which was one of the first members of this genus to be discovered.

Encephalitis viruses are a group of viruses that can cause encephalitis, which is an inflammation of the brain. Some of the most common encephalitis viruses include:

1. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2: These viruses are best known for causing cold sores and genital herpes, but they can also cause encephalitis, particularly in newborns and individuals with weakened immune systems.
2. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV): This virus causes chickenpox and shingles, and it can also lead to encephalitis, especially in people who have had chickenpox.
3. Enteroviruses: These viruses are often responsible for summertime meningitis outbreaks and can occasionally cause encephalitis.
4. Arboviruses: These viruses are transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes, ticks, or other insects. Examples include West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, and Western equine encephalitis virus.
5. Rabies virus: This virus is transmitted through the bite of an infected animal and can cause encephalitis in its later stages.
6. Measles virus: Although rare in developed countries due to vaccination, measles can still cause encephalitis as a complication of the infection.
7. Mumps virus: Like measles, mumps is preventable through vaccination, but it can also lead to encephalitis as a rare complication.
8. Cytomegalovirus (CMV): This virus is a member of the herpesvirus family and can cause encephalitis in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients.
9. La Crosse virus: This arbovirus is primarily transmitted through the bites of infected eastern treehole mosquitoes and mainly affects children.
10. Powassan virus: Another arbovirus, Powassan virus is transmitted through the bites of infected black-legged ticks (also known as deer ticks) and can cause severe encephalitis.

It's important to note that many of these viruses are preventable through vaccination or by avoiding exposure to infected animals or mosquitoes. If you suspect you may have been exposed to one of these viruses, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Japanese encephalitis is a viral inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes, particularly in rural and agricultural areas. The majority of JE cases occur in children under the age of 15. Most people infected with JEV do not develop symptoms, but some may experience mild symptoms such as fever, headache, and vomiting. In severe cases, JEV can cause high fever, neck stiffness, seizures, confusion, and coma. There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis, and care is focused on managing symptoms and supporting the patient's overall health. Prevention measures include vaccination and avoiding mosquito bites in endemic areas.

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) is a type of alphavirus that can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in horses and humans. It is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, although it can also be spread through contact with contaminated food or water, or by aerosolization during laboratory work or in bioterrorism attacks.

VEEV infection can cause a range of symptoms in humans, from mild flu-like illness to severe encephalitis, which may result in permanent neurological damage or death. There are several subtypes of VEEV, some of which are more virulent than others. The virus is endemic in parts of Central and South America, but outbreaks can also occur in other regions, including the United States.

VEEV is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ease of transmission through aerosolization and its high virulence. There are no specific treatments for VEEV infection, although supportive care can help manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites in endemic areas, using personal protective equipment during laboratory work with the virus, and implementing strict biocontainment procedures in research settings.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) viruses are a group of related viruses that are primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks. The main strains of TBE viruses include:

1. European tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV-Eu): This strain is found mainly in Europe and causes the majority of human cases of TBE. It is transmitted by the tick species Ixodes ricinus.
2. Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV-Sib): This strain is prevalent in Russia, Mongolia, and China, and is transmitted by the tick species Ixodes persulcatus.
3. Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV-FE): Also known as Russian spring-summer encephalitis (RSSE) virus, this strain is found in Russia, China, and Japan, and is transmitted by the tick species Ixodes persulcatus.
4. Louping ill virus (LIV): This strain is primarily found in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain, and is transmitted by the tick species Ixodes ricinus. It mainly affects sheep but can also infect humans.
5. Turkish sheep encephalitis virus (TSEV): This strain is found in Turkey and Greece and is primarily associated with ovine encephalitis, although it can occasionally cause human disease.
6. Negishi virus (NGS): This strain has been identified in Japan and Russia, but its role in human disease remains unclear.

TBE viruses are members of the Flaviviridae family and are closely related to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and Zika virus. The incubation period for TBE is usually 7-14 days after a tick bite, but it can range from 2 to 28 days. Symptoms of TBE include fever, headache, muscle pain, fatigue, and vomiting, followed by neurological symptoms such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). Severe cases can lead to long-term complications or even death. No specific antiviral treatment is available for TBE, and management typically involves supportive care. Prevention measures include avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and promptly removing attached ticks. Vaccination is also recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure to TBE viruses.

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus (SLEV) is a type of arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) from the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus. It is the causative agent of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), a viral disease characterized by inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly Culex spp.

The SLEV infection in humans is often asymptomatic or may cause mild flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting. However, in some cases, the virus can invade the central nervous system, leading to severe neurological manifestations like meningitis, encephalitis, seizures, and even coma or death. The risk of severe disease increases in older adults and people with weakened immune systems.

There is no specific antiviral treatment for SLE; management typically focuses on supportive care to alleviate symptoms and address complications. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites, using insect repellents, and eliminating breeding sites for mosquitoes. Vaccines are not available for SLEV, but they have been developed and tested in the past, with potential for future use in high-risk populations during outbreaks.

Encephalitis is defined as inflammation of the brain parenchyma, which is often caused by viral infections but can also be due to bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. The infection or inflammation can cause various symptoms such as headache, fever, confusion, seizures, and altered consciousness, ranging from mild symptoms to severe cases that can lead to brain damage, long-term disabilities, or even death.

The diagnosis of encephalitis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis). Treatment may include antiviral medications, corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Togaviridae and the genus Alphavirus. It is the causative agent of Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), a rare but serious viral disease that can affect humans, horses, and some bird species.

EEEV is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly those belonging to the Culiseta and Coquillettidia genera. The virus is maintained in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, primarily passerine birds. Horses and humans are considered dead-end hosts, meaning they do not develop high enough levels of viremia to infect feeding mosquitoes and perpetuate the transmission cycle.

EEE is most commonly found in the eastern and Gulf Coast states of the United States, as well as in parts of Canada, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. The disease can cause severe neurological symptoms, including inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), meningitis, and neuritis. In severe cases, EEE can lead to seizures, coma, and death. There is no specific treatment for EEE, and prevention efforts focus on reducing mosquito populations and avoiding mosquito bites.

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a type of viral encephalitis that is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes. It is caused by the western equine encephalitis virus, which belongs to the family Togaviridae and the genus Alphavirus.

WEEV is most commonly found in North America, particularly in the western and central regions of the United States and Canada. The virus is maintained in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and birds, but it can also infect horses and humans.

In humans, WEEV infection can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological manifestations such as encephalitis, meningitis, and seizures. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly Culex tarsalis.

The incubation period for WEEV is typically 4-10 days, after which symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually. Mild cases of WEEV may be asymptomatic or may cause fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Severe cases may involve neck stiffness, disorientation, seizures, coma, and permanent neurological damage.

There is no specific treatment for WEEV, and management is primarily supportive. Prevention measures include the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito hours. Public health authorities may also implement mosquito control measures to reduce the risk of transmission.

Viral encephalitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the brain caused by a viral infection. The infection can be caused by various types of viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, enteroviruses, arboviruses (transmitted through insect bites), or HIV.

The symptoms of viral encephalitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and altered level of consciousness. In severe cases, it can lead to brain damage, coma, or even death. The diagnosis is usually made based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scan. Treatment typically involves antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of complications.

Flavivirus infections refer to a group of diseases caused by various viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae family, specifically within the genus Flavivirus. These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks.

Some well-known flavivirus infections include:

1. Dengue Fever: A mosquito-borne viral infection that is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It can cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild flu-like illness to severe complications like dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.
2. Yellow Fever: A viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by the Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes, primarily in Africa and South America. It can cause severe illness, including jaundice, bleeding, organ failure, and death.
3. Japanese Encephalitis: A mosquito-borne viral infection that is endemic to Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. While most infections are asymptomatic or mild, a small percentage of cases can lead to severe neurological complications, such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).
4. Zika Virus Infection: A mosquito-borne viral disease that has spread to many regions of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Most Zika virus infections are mild or asymptomatic; however, infection during pregnancy can cause severe birth defects, such as microcephaly (abnormally small head size) and other neurological abnormalities in the developing fetus.
5. West Nile Virus Infection: A mosquito-borne viral disease that is endemic to North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Most infections are mild or asymptomatic; however, a small percentage of cases can lead to severe neurological complications, such as encephalitis, meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis (sudden weakness in the arms and legs).

Prevention measures for these diseases typically involve avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, staying indoors during peak mosquito hours, and removing standing water from around homes and businesses. Additionally, vaccines are available for some of these diseases, such as Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever, and should be considered for individuals traveling to areas where these diseases are common.

Arboviruses are a group of viruses that are primarily transmitted to humans and animals through the bites of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. The term "arbovirus" is short for "arthropod-borne virus."

Arboviruses can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the individual host's immune response. Some common symptoms associated with arboviral infections include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash, and fatigue. In severe cases, arboviral infections can lead to serious complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or hemorrhagic fever (bleeding disorders).

There are hundreds of different arboviruses, and they are found in many parts of the world. Some of the most well-known arboviral diseases include dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika virus infection, West Nile virus infection, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis.

Prevention of arboviral infections typically involves avoiding mosquito bites and other arthropod vectors through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito feeding times. Public health efforts also focus on reducing vector populations through environmental management and the use of larvicides. Vaccines are available for some arboviral diseases, such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis.

St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) is a type of viral brain inflammation caused by the St. Louis Encephalitis virus. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Culex species. The virus breeds in warm, stagnant water and is more prevalent in rural and suburban areas.

Most people infected with SLE virus do not develop symptoms or only experience mild flu-like illness. However, some individuals, particularly the elderly, can develop severe illness characterized by sudden onset of fever, headache, neck stiffness, disorientation, coma, seizures, and spastic paralysis. There is no specific treatment for SLE, and management is focused on supportive care, including hydration, respiratory support, and prevention of secondary infections. Vaccination against SLE is not available, and prevention measures include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water around homes to reduce mosquito breeding sites.

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system of horses and humans. The medical definition of VEE encephalomyelitis is as follows:

A mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, which primarily affects equids (horses, donkeys, and mules) but can also infect humans. In horses, VEE is characterized by fever, depression, weakness, ataxia, and often death. In humans, VEE can cause a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild flu-like illness to severe encephalitis, which may result in permanent neurological damage or death. The virus is endemic in parts of Central and South America, and outbreaks can occur when the virus is amplified in equine populations and then transmitted to humans through mosquito vectors. Prevention measures include vaccination of horses and use of insect repellents to prevent mosquito bites.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease that causes inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, primarily of the Ixodes species. The TBE virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae and has several subtypes, with different geographical distributions.

The illness typically progresses in two stages:

1. An initial viremic phase, characterized by fever, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, and sometimes rash, which lasts about a week.
2. A second neurological phase, which occurs in approximately 20-30% of infected individuals, can manifest as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or meningoencephalitis (inflammation of both the brain and its membranes). Symptoms may include neck stiffness, severe headache, confusion, disorientation, seizures, and in severe cases, coma and long-term neurological complications.

Preventive measures include avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and promptly removing attached ticks. Vaccination is available and recommended for individuals living or traveling to TBE endemic regions. Treatment is primarily supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and addressing complications as they arise. There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE.

West Nile Virus (WNV) is an Flavivirus, which is a type of virus that is spread by mosquitoes. It was first discovered in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937 and has since been found in many countries throughout the world. WNV can cause a mild to severe illness known as West Nile fever.

Most people who become infected with WNV do not develop any symptoms, but some may experience fever, headache, body aches, joint pain, vomiting, diarrhea, or a rash. In rare cases, the virus can cause serious neurological illnesses such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). These severe forms of the disease can be fatal, especially in older adults and people with weakened immune systems.

WNV is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, but it can also be spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. There is no specific treatment for WNV, and most people recover on their own with rest and supportive care. However, hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito activity hours.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonotic disease that primarily affects animals, but can also have serious consequences for humans. It is caused by the Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV), which belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Phlebovirus.

The disease is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes or through contact with the blood, milk, or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and camels. In humans, RVF can cause a range of symptoms, from mild fever and headache to severe complications such as retinitis, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever, which can be fatal in some cases.

RVF is endemic in parts of Africa, particularly in the Rift Valley region, and has also been reported in the Arabian Peninsula. It poses a significant public health and economic threat to affected regions due to its potential to cause large-scale outbreaks with high mortality rates in both animals and humans. Prevention and control measures include vaccination of animals, vector control, and avoidance of mosquito bites.

Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.

Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.

It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus, a type of virus that is transmitted through the bite of infected arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks. It belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Phlebovirus. The virus was first identified in 1930 during an investigation into a large epidemic of cattle deaths near Lake Naivasha in the Rift Valley of Kenya.

RVFV primarily affects animals, particularly sheep, goats, and cattle, causing severe illness and death in newborn animals and abortions in pregnant females. The virus can also infect humans, usually through contact with infected animal tissues or fluids, or through the bite of an infected mosquito. In humans, RVFV typically causes a self-limiting febrile illness, but in some cases, it can lead to more severe complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and retinitis (inflammation of the retina), which can result in permanent vision loss.

RVFV is endemic to parts of Africa, particularly in the Rift Valley region, but it has also been found in other parts of the continent, as well as in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The virus can be transmitted through the movement of infected animals or contaminated animal products, as well as through the spread of infected mosquitoes by wind or travel.

Prevention measures for RVFV include vaccination of livestock, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling animals or their tissues, and avoidance of mosquito bites in areas where the virus is known to be present. There is currently no approved vaccine for humans, but several candidates are in development. Treatment for RVFV infection typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Equine encephalomyelitis is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) of horses and other equids such as donkeys and mules. The term "encephalomyelitis" refers to inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis). There are three main types of equine encephalomyelitis found in North America, each caused by a different virus: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE), and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE).

EEE is the most severe form of the disease. It is transmitted to horses through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Culiseta melanura and Coquillettidia perturbans. The virus multiplies in the horse's bloodstream and then spreads to the brain and spinal cord, causing inflammation and damage to nerve cells. Clinical signs of EEE include high fever, depression, loss of appetite, weakness, unsteady gait, muscle twitching, paralysis, and potentially death within 2-3 days after the onset of symptoms. The mortality rate for horses with EEE is approximately 75-90%.

WEE is less severe than EEE but can still cause significant illness in horses. It is also transmitted to horses through mosquito bites, primarily Culex tarsalis. Clinical signs of WEE include fever, depression, loss of appetite, muscle twitching, weakness, and unsteady gait. The mortality rate for horses with WEE is around 20-50%.

VEE is the least severe form of equine encephalomyelitis in horses, but it can still cause significant illness. It is primarily transmitted to horses through mosquito bites, mainly Culex (Melanoconion) spp., and also by direct contact with infected animals or their secretions. Clinical signs of VEE include fever, depression, loss of appetite, muscle twitching, weakness, and unsteady gait. The mortality rate for horses with VEE is around 5-20%.

Prevention measures for equine encephalomyelitis include vaccination, mosquito control, and avoiding exposure to infected animals or their secretions. There are vaccines available for EEE and WEE, which can provide protection against these diseases in horses. Mosquito control measures such as removing standing water, using insect repellents, and installing screens on windows and doors can help reduce the risk of mosquito-borne illnesses. Additionally, avoiding contact with infected animals or their secretions can help prevent the spread of VEE.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Papua New Guinea" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, made up of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Viral nonstructural proteins (NS) are viral proteins that are not part of the virion structure. They play various roles in the viral life cycle, such as replication of the viral genome, transcription, translation regulation, and modulation of the host cell environment to favor virus replication. These proteins are often produced in large quantities during infection and can manipulate or disrupt various cellular pathways to benefit the virus. They may also be involved in evasion of the host's immune response. The specific functions of viral nonstructural proteins vary depending on the type of virus.

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vaccines are immunobiological preparations used for active immunization against Japanese Encephalitis, a viral infection transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The vaccines contain inactivated or live attenuated strains of the JE virus. They work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies and T-cells that provide protection against the virus. There are several types of JE vaccines available, including inactivated Vero cell-derived vaccine, live attenuated SA14-14-2 vaccine, and inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine. These vaccines have been shown to be effective in preventing JE and are recommended for use in individuals traveling to or living in areas where the disease is endemic.

Viral envelope proteins are structural proteins found in the envelope that surrounds many types of viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the virus's life cycle, including attachment to host cells, fusion with the cell membrane, and entry into the host cell. They are typically made up of glycoproteins and are often responsible for eliciting an immune response in the host organism. The exact structure and function of viral envelope proteins vary between different types of viruses.

'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.

Japanese Encephalitis Viruses (JEV) are part of the Flaviviridae family and belong to the genus Flavivirus. JEV is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. The virus is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes, particularly Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex vishnui complex.

JEV has a complex transmission cycle involving mosquito vectors, amplifying hosts (primarily pigs and wading birds), and dead-end hosts (humans). The virus is maintained in nature through a enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and amplifying hosts. Humans become infected when bitten by an infective mosquito, but they do not contribute to the transmission cycle.

The incubation period for JEV infection ranges from 5 to 15 days. Most infections are asymptomatic or result in mild symptoms such as fever, headache, and malaise. However, a small percentage of infected individuals develop severe neurological manifestations, including encephalitis, meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. The case fatality rate for JEV-induced encephalitis is approximately 20-30%, with up to half of the survivors experiencing long-term neurological sequelae.

There are no specific antiviral treatments available for Japanese encephalitis, and management primarily focuses on supportive care. Prevention strategies include vaccination, personal protective measures against mosquito bites, and vector control programs. JEV vaccines are available and recommended for travelers to endemic areas and for residents living in regions where the virus is circulating.

Limbic encephalitis is a rare type of inflammatory autoimmune disorder that affects the limbic system, which is a part of the brain involved in emotions, behavior, memory, and sense of smell. It is characterized by inflammation of the limbic system, leading to symptoms such as memory loss, confusion, seizures, changes in behavior and mood, and problems with autonomic functions.

Limbic encephalitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections, cancer, or autoimmune disorders. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI), and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment usually involves immunosuppressive therapy to reduce inflammation, as well as addressing any underlying causes if they can be identified.

It is important to note that limbic encephalitis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment. If you or someone else experiences symptoms such as sudden confusion, memory loss, or seizures, it is essential to seek medical care immediately.

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a severe and potentially life-thingening inflammation of the brain caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), most commonly HSV-1. It is a rare but serious condition that can cause significant neurological damage if left untreated.

The infection typically begins in the temporal or frontal lobes of the brain and can spread to other areas, causing symptoms such as headache, fever, seizures, confusion, memory loss, and personality changes. In severe cases, it can lead to coma or death.

Diagnosis of HSE is often made through a combination of clinical presentation, imaging studies (such as MRI), and laboratory tests, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to detect the presence of the virus.

Treatment typically involves antiviral medications, such as acyclovir, which can help reduce the severity of the infection and prevent further neurological damage. In some cases, corticosteroids may also be used to reduce inflammation in the brain. Prompt treatment is critical for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term neurological complications.

'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

'Culex' is a genus of mosquitoes that includes many species that are vectors for various diseases, such as West Nile virus, filariasis, and avian malaria. They are often referred to as "house mosquitoes" because they are commonly found in urban environments. These mosquitoes typically lay their eggs in standing water and have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all continents except Antarctica. The life cycle of Culex mosquitoes includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Both male and female adults feed on nectar, but only females require blood meals to lay eggs.

Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) is a rare but serious viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by the Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito.

EEE is most commonly found in the eastern and Gulf Coast states of the United States, as well as parts of Canada, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. The disease is more common in the summer and early fall months when mosquitoes are most active.

Symptoms of EEE can include sudden onset of fever, headache, stiff neck, disorientation, seizures, and coma. In severe cases, EEE can lead to permanent neurological damage or death. There is no specific treatment for EEE, and care is primarily supportive. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites and using insect repellent.

EEE is a serious disease that requires prompt medical attention. If you experience symptoms of EEE or have been exposed to mosquitoes in an area where the virus is known to be present, it is important to seek medical care immediately.

I apologize, but there is no medical definition for "Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine." The term "Caprine" refers to something related to or derived from goats. Arthritis-Encephalitis Viruses (AEV) are a group of viruses that can affect various animal species and cause joint inflammation (arthritis) and brain inflammation (encephalitis). However, I couldn't find any specific virus named "Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine" in the medical literature.

There are several viruses that can affect goats and cause arthritis and encephalitis, such as CAEV (Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus) or PPRV (Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus). If you have any specific concerns about a particular virus affecting goats, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate and helpful response.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

I understand you are asking for a medical definition of "Horse Diseases." However, it's important to note that there isn't a specific medical field dedicated to horse diseases as we typically categorize medical fields by human diseases and conditions. Veterinary medicine is the field responsible for studying, diagnosing, and treating diseases in animals, including horses.

Here's a general definition of 'Horse Diseases':

Horse diseases are health issues or medical conditions that affect equine species, particularly horses. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections; genetic predispositions; environmental factors; and metabolic disorders. Examples of horse diseases include Strangles (Streptococcus equi), Equine Influenza, Equine Herpesvirus, West Nile Virus, Rabies, Potomac Horse Fever, Lyme Disease, and internal or external parasites like worms and ticks. Additionally, horses can suffer from musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis, laminitis, and various injuries. Regular veterinary care, preventative measures, and proper management are crucial for maintaining horse health and preventing diseases.

Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.

The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:

1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.

Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

Sindbis virus is an alphavirus that belongs to the Togaviridae family. It's named after the location where it was first isolated, in Sindbis, Egypt, in 1952. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes and can infect a wide range of animals, including birds and humans. In humans, Sindbis virus infection often causes a mild flu-like illness characterized by fever, rash, and joint pain. However, some people may develop more severe symptoms, such as neurological disorders, although this is relatively rare. There is no specific treatment for Sindbis virus infection, and management typically involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms.

Alphaviruses are a genus of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that belong to the family Togaviridae. They are enveloped viruses and have a icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of approximately 70 nanometers. Alphaviruses are transmitted to vertebrates by mosquitoes and other arthropods, and can cause a range of diseases in humans and animals, including arthritis, encephalitis, and rash.

Some examples of alphaviruses that can infect humans include Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. These viruses are usually found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, and can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals.

Alphaviruses have a wide host range, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. They replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and have a genome that encodes four non-structural proteins (nsP1 to nsP4) involved in viral replication, and five structural proteins (C, E3, E2, 6K, and E1) that form the virion.

Prevention and control of alphavirus infections rely on avoiding mosquito bites, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and reducing mosquito breeding sites. There are no specific antiviral treatments available for alphavirus infections, but supportive care can help manage symptoms. Vaccines are available for some alphaviruses, such as Eastern equine encephalitis virus and Western equine encephalitis virus, but not for others, such as Chikungunya virus.

West Nile Fever is defined as a viral infection primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The virus responsible for this febrile illness, known as West Nile Virus (WNV), is maintained in nature between mosquito vectors and avian hosts. Although most individuals infected with WNV are asymptomatic, some may develop a mild, flu-like illness characterized by fever, headache, fatigue, body aches, skin rash, and swollen lymph glands. A minority of infected individuals, particularly the elderly and immunocompromised, may progress to severe neurological symptoms such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or acute flaccid paralysis (sudden weakness in the limbs). The diagnosis is confirmed through laboratory tests, such as serological assays or nucleic acid amplification techniques. Treatment primarily focuses on supportive care, as there are no specific antiviral therapies available for West Nile Fever. Preventive measures include personal protection against mosquito bites and vector control strategies to reduce mosquito populations.

RNA viruses are a type of virus that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material, as opposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA viruses replicate by using an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate their RNA genome.

There are several different groups of RNA viruses, including:

1. Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that is complementary to the mRNA and must undergo transcription to produce mRNA before translation can occur. Examples include influenza virus, measles virus, and rabies virus.
2. Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that can serve as mRNA and can be directly translated into protein after entry into the host cell. Examples include poliovirus, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses.
3. Double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome consisting of double-stranded RNA and use a complex replication strategy involving both transcription and reverse transcription. Examples include rotaviruses and reoviruses.

RNA viruses are known to cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as hepatitis C, polio, and COVID-19. Due to their high mutation rates and ability to adapt quickly to new environments, RNA viruses can be difficult to control and treat with antiviral drugs or vaccines.

Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.

The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.

Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.

A viral plaque assay is a laboratory technique used to measure the infectivity and concentration of viruses in a sample. This method involves infecting a monolayer of cells (usually in a petri dish or multi-well plate) with a known volume of a virus-containing sample, followed by overlaying the cells with a nutrient-agar medium to restrict viral spread and enable individual plaques to form.

After an incubation period that allows for viral replication and cell death, the cells are stained, and clear areas or "plaques" become visible in the monolayer. Each plaque represents a localized region of infected and lysed cells, caused by the progeny of a single infectious virus particle. The number of plaques is then counted, and the viral titer (infectious units per milliliter or PFU/mL) is calculated based on the dilution factor and volume of the original inoculum.

Viral plaque assays are essential for determining viral titers, assessing virus-host interactions, evaluating antiviral agents, and studying viral pathogenesis.

Vaccinia virus is a large, complex DNA virus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. It is the virus used in the production of the smallpox vaccine. The vaccinia virus is not identical to the variola virus, which causes smallpox, but it is closely related and provides cross-protection against smallpox infection.

The vaccinia virus has a unique replication cycle that occurs entirely in the cytoplasm of infected cells, rather than in the nucleus like many other DNA viruses. This allows the virus to evade host cell defenses and efficiently produce new virions. The virus causes the formation of pocks or lesions on the skin, which contain large numbers of virus particles that can be transmitted to others through close contact.

Vaccinia virus has also been used as a vector for the delivery of genes encoding therapeutic proteins, vaccines against other infectious diseases, and cancer therapies. However, the use of vaccinia virus as a vector is limited by its potential to cause adverse reactions in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "horses" is not a medical term. It is the common name given to the species *Equus ferus caballus*, which are large domesticated mammals used for transportation, work, and recreation. If you have any questions about horses or a related topic that you would like a medical perspective on, please let me know and I'd be happy to help!

Cricetinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes hamsters, gerbils, and relatives. These small mammals are characterized by having short limbs, compact bodies, and cheek pouches for storing food. They are native to various parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some species are popular pets due to their small size, easy care, and friendly nature. In a medical context, understanding the biology and behavior of Cricetinae species can be important for individuals who keep them as pets or for researchers studying their physiology.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

There is no medical definition or specific virus named "Encephalitis Virus, California." However, there are several viruses that can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and some of them have been identified in California. Some examples include:

1. West Nile Virus: A mosquito-borne virus that is the most common cause of encephalitis in the United States, including California.
2. St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Another mosquito-borne virus that is less common but can cause encephalitis, particularly in older adults. It has been identified in California.
3. Californian serogroup viruses (La Crosse, Jamestown Canyon, Snowshoe Hare): These are transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes and have been known to cause encephalitis, particularly in children. They are named after California because they were first identified there.
4. Tick-borne encephalitis viruses: There are several tick-borne viruses that can cause encephalitis, including Powassan virus and deer tick virus. These have been reported in California but are rare.

It's important to note that any virus that causes an infection in the body has the potential to spread to the brain and cause encephalitis, so there are many other viruses that could potentially be associated with encephalitis in California or any other location.

"California encephalitis" is not a medical term used to describe a specific type of encephalitis. Instead, it refers to a group of related viral infections that are common in California and other western states. These viruses are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes.

The most common cause of California encephalitis is the California serogroup of viruses, which includes the La Crosse virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, and Snowshoe Hare virus. These viruses can cause inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) and can lead to symptoms such as fever, headache, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and coma.

California encephalitis is typically a mild illness, but in some cases, it can be severe or even life-threatening. Treatment usually involves supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. There is no specific antiviral treatment for California encephalitis. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites, using insect repellent, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Virus receptors are specific molecules (commonly proteins) on the surface of host cells that viruses bind to in order to enter and infect those cells. This interaction between the virus and its receptor is a critical step in the infection process. Different types of viruses have different receptor requirements, and identifying these receptors can provide important insights into the biology of the virus and potential targets for antiviral therapies.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests are a type of serological assay used in medical laboratories to detect and measure the amount of antibodies present in a patient's serum. These tests are commonly used to diagnose viral infections, such as influenza or HIV, by identifying the presence of antibodies that bind to specific viral antigens and prevent hemagglutination (the agglutination or clumping together of red blood cells).

In an HI test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of the viral antigen, which has been treated to attach to red blood cells. If the patient's serum contains antibodies that bind to the viral antigen, they will prevent the antigen from attaching to the red blood cells and inhibit hemagglutination. The degree of hemagglutination inhibition can be measured and used to estimate the amount of antibody present in the patient's serum.

HI tests are relatively simple and inexpensive to perform, but they have some limitations. For example, they may not detect early-stage infections before the body has had a chance to produce antibodies, and they may not be able to distinguish between different strains of the same virus. Nonetheless, HI tests remain an important tool for diagnosing viral infections and monitoring immune responses to vaccination or infection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "goats" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a common noun referring to the domesticated animal species Capra aegagrus hircus. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or term, please provide that and I would be happy to help.

Virus assembly, also known as virion assembly, is the final stage in the virus life cycle where individual viral components come together to form a complete viral particle or virion. This process typically involves the self-assembly of viral capsid proteins around the viral genome (DNA or RNA) and, in enveloped viruses, the acquisition of a lipid bilayer membrane containing viral glycoproteins. The specific mechanisms and regulation of virus assembly vary among different viral families, but it is often directed by interactions between viral structural proteins and genomic nucleic acid.

Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a type of autoimmune encephalitis, which is a inflammation of the brain. It occurs when the body's immune system produces antibodies against NMDA receptors, which are proteins found on the surface of certain brain cells (neurons). These antibodies can bind to and disrupt the function of the NMDA receptors, leading to a range of neurological symptoms.

The symptoms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis typically develop over several weeks or months and can include:

* Behavioral changes, such as anxiety, agitation, or paranoia
* Memory loss
* Seizures
* Movement disorders, such as involuntary jerking or twitching of muscles
* Speech difficulties
* Loss of consciousness
* Autonomic instability (problems regulating heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and temperature)

The diagnosis is confirmed by detecting the anti-NMDA receptor antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum. Treatment typically involves a combination of immunotherapy (such as corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasma exchange) and tumor removal if a tumor is present.

It's important to note that this disorder can affect both children and adults, and it can be associated with ovarian teratoma in women of childbearing age.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

Arbovirus infections are a group of diseases caused by viruses that are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and midges. "Arbo" is short for "arthropod-borne."

There are over 150 different Arboviruses, but only a few cause significant illness in humans. Some of the most common Arbovirus infections include:

* Dengue fever
* Chikungunya fever
* Yellow fever
* Zika virus infection
* Japanese encephalitis
* West Nile fever
* Tick-borne encephalitis

The symptoms of Arbovirus infections can vary widely, depending on the specific virus and the individual infected. Some people may experience only mild illness or no symptoms at all, while others may develop severe, life-threatening complications.

Common symptoms of Arbovirus infections include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash, and fatigue. In more severe cases, Arbovirus infections can cause neurological problems such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).

There is no specific treatment for most Arbovirus infections. Treatment is generally supportive, with fluids and medications to relieve symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as dehydration or neurological problems.

Prevention of Arbovirus infections involves avoiding mosquito and tick bites, using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating breeding sites for mosquitoes and ticks. Vaccines are available to prevent some Arbovirus infections, such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis.

... (MVEV) is a zoonotic flavivirus endemic to northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. It is the ... "Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection-Fact Sheet". Department of Health and Ageing. Archived from the original on 18 ... Hurrelbrink RJ, Nestorowicz A, McMinn PC (1 December 1999). "Characterization of infectious Murray Valley encephalitis virus ... The virus was isolated from human samples in 1951 during an epidemic in the Murray Valley, Australia. Epidemics usually occur ...
Both forms of Kunjin virus disease are milder than the diseases caused by West Nile virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus ... "Murray Valley Encephalitis virus & Kunjin virus". University of Sydney-Department of Medical Entomology. Archived from the ... Kunjin virus (KUNV) is a zoonotic virus of the family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus. It is a subtype of West Nile virus ... Kunjin virus is a zoonotic virus of the family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus. It is an arbovirus which is transmitted ...
Isolation of Murray Valley encephalitis and other viruses from mosquitoes in north Queensland. Australian Journal of Science, ... She married Ian Murray Mackerras on 5 April 1924 at Grosvenor Flat, Eidsvold, Queensland (her parents' home). On 8 October 1971 ... During her time at the University of Sydney, she met Ian Murray Mackerras, her future husband. The young couple enjoyed sailing ... Doherty, R. L., Carley, J. G., Mackerras, M. J., & Marks, E. N. (1963). Studies of arthropod-borne virus infections in ...
"Fatal Infection with Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus Imported from Australia to Canada, 2011". Emerging Infectious Diseases. ... "Eastern Equine Encephalitis , Eastern Equine Encephalitis , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2023-06-14. Retrieved 2023-09-06. "Dengue and ... 2005). Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 648. ISBN 978-0-08057- ... "Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103". World Health Organization. March 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. ...
It can also infect Murray Valley encephalitis in Australia. "An annotated checklist of mosquitoes of Sri Lanka" (PDF). Man and ... Adults and larva can be naturally infected with Wuchereria bancrofti and Batai virus in India, and Burgia malayi in Sri Lanka. ...
At the Hall Institute he initially worked on the viruses that cause influenza and Murray Valley encephalitis. He was the first ... to establish that influenza is an RNA virus and was awarded his DSc by the University of Sydney in 1959. From 1962 he focused ...
... virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus Nipah virus Powassan virus Rabies virus Rubella virus SARS-CoV-2 Snowshoe hare virus St ... California encephalitis virus Chandipura virus Chikungunya virus Cytomegalovirus Dengue virus Eastern equine encephalitis virus ... shingles Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus Western equine encephalitis virus Zika virus Encephalitic viruses ... Louis virus Tahyna virus Tick-borne encephalitis virus Varicella-zoster virus, which causes both chickenpox and ...
... can be a vector of human diseases, such as Ross River virus, Kunjin virus, Murray Valley encephalitis, and ...
... human-pathogenic viruses such as West Nile and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses were found to be unable to develop in the ... flavivirus from northern Australia suppresses replication of West Nile virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus in co- ... The virus is named after Palm Creek, near Darwin, from where it was originally isolated. PCV is the first insect-specific virus ... Palm Creek virus (PCV) is an insect virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, of the family Flaviviridae. It was discovered in ...
In 1960, QIMR Berghofer scientists isolated Murray Valley encephalitis virus from mosquitoes, which paved the way for discovery ... Epstein-Barr virus, Ross River virus, scabies, dengue fever and schistosomiasis (blood flukes) Mental health, including ... "Mackerras, Ian Murray (1898-1980)" (published first in hardcopy 2000). Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of ... Eight years later, this same virus was found to immortalise white blood cells; a discovery that revolutionised research of ...
Groth, and Frank Fenner made significant contributions on Murray Valley encephalitis, myxomatosis, poliomyelitis, poxviruses, ... He brought back a set of viruses from the National Institute to begin the basis of research in Melbourne. When Burnet returned ... His own research was on the canarypox virus, which he used in developing a chick embryo assay for the isolation and ... Following his productive work in London, the Rockefeller Institute agreed to fund a new virus research laboratory in Melbourne ...
Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses. During 1975 and 1976, Rocio virus was ... The encephalitis outbreak in the western hemisphere caused by West Nile virus, a related flavivirus, highlights the potential ... "Rocio virus". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 64315. (Flaviviruses, Viral encephalitis, Hemorrhagic fevers, Insect-borne diseases, ... The causative Rocio virus belongs to the genus Flavivirus (the same genus as the Zika virus) in family Flaviviridae and is ...
Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya and filariasis in Africa and Asia; and Murray Valley encephalitis in Australia. Depending on ... Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, Everglades virus, Highlands J virus, La Crosse Encephalitis virus in the United States ... Disease organisms transmitted by mosquitoes include West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis virus, ... dengue fever, yellow fever, Ilheus virus, malaria, Zika virus and filariasis in the American tropics; Rift Valley fever, ...
... together with Japanese encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Saint Louis encephalitis virus and some other ... The virus is genetically related to the Japanese encephalitis family of viruses. Humans and horses both exhibit disease ... dengue virus, and yellow fever virus. The virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, mostly species of Culex. The primary ... The mature viruses are then secreted out of the cell.[citation needed] WNV is one of the Japanese encephalitis antigenic ...
... where he studied Murray Valley encephalitis virus and respiratory viruses alongside Macfarlane Burnet. Marmion returned to the ... He moved to Leeds as the head of the new PHLS virus laboratory in 1955. At Leeds, he published the first description of Q fever ... This investigation laid the groundwork for the principles of bloodborne virus control that would later be applied to HIV. In ... working in the virus reference laboratory at the latter. In 1951, he was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship allowing him to ...
... encephalitis virus, murray valley MeSH B04.820.250.350.300.330 - encephalitis virus, st. louis MeSH B04.820.250.350.300.950 - ... encephalitis virus, murray valley MeSH B04.909.777.270.475.330 - encephalitis virus, st. louis MeSH B04.909.777.270.475.950 - ... encephalitis virus, murray valley MeSH B04.909.777.310.350.300.330 - encephalitis virus, st. louis MeSH B04.909.777.310.350.300 ... la crosse virus MeSH B04.909.777.270.150 - encephalitis virus, eastern equine MeSH B04.909.777.270.369 - encephalitis virus, ...
... of Murray Valley Murray River valley Murray Valley Highway Murray Valley National Park Murray Valley encephalitis virus This ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Murray Valley. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ... Murray Valley may refer to: Electoral district ...
Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) - Major mosquito vector: Culex annulirostris. Japanese encephalitis - Several mosquito ... West Nile virus - Vectors: vary according to geographical area; in the United States Culex pipiens (Eastern US), Culex tarsalis ... Houseflies also transmit poliomyelitis by carrying the virus from infected faeces to food or drink. Cholera and hepatitis are ... Lyme disease - Vectors: several species of the genus Ixodes Alkhurma virus (KFDV) - Vector: tick Kyasanur forest disease - ...
... including Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, Kunjin virus and Japanese encephalitis, as ...
Melao virus (MELV), Marituba virus (MTBV), Mount Elgon bat virus (MEBV), Mucambo virus (MUCV), Murray Valley Encephalitis virus ... Nola virus (NOLV), Ntaya virus (NTAV), Oriboca virus (ORIV), Orungo virus (ORUV), Restan virus (RESV), Rift Valley fever virus ... Cache Valley virus (CVV), Dengue virus (DENV), Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEEV), Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus ( ... Japanese encephalitis virus (JBEV), Ketapang virus (KETV), Kunjin virus (KUNV), La Crosse virus (LACV), Mayaro virus (MAYV), ...
Dengue fever Hepatitis C Japanese encephalitis Kyasanur Forest disease Murray Valley encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis Tick- ... Japanese encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest disease, Powassan virus, West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, and Zika virus) Genus ... GB virus B)) Genus Pegivirus (includes Pegivirus A (GB virus A), Pegivirus C (GB virus C), and Pegivirus B (GB virus D)) Genus ... Guaico Culex virus, Jingmen tick virus and Mogiana tick virus. These viruses have a segmented genome of 4 or 5 pieces. Two of ...
Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) Alfuy virus St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) Usutu virus (USUV) West Nile virus (WNV ... virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus Ntaya virus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus Phnom Penh bat virus Powassan virus Rio Bravo ... virus Saumarez Reef virus Sepik virus Tembusu virus Tick-borne encephalitis virus Tyuleniy virus Uganda S virus Usutu virus ... virus Japanese encephalitis virus Jugra virus Jutiapa virus Kadam virus Kedougou virus Kokobera virus Koutango virus Kyasanur ...
Dengue virus group Dengue virus Japanese encephalitis virus group Japanese encephalitis virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus ... Louis encephalitis virus West Nile virus Spondweni virus group Spondweni virus Zika virus Yellow fever virus group Yellow fever ... Eastern equine encephalitis virus Ross River virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Western equine encephalitis virus' ... virus Tick-borne viruses Mammalian tick-borne virus group Kyasanur forest disease virus Tick-borne encephalitis virus Family ...
"History of major virus outbreaks in the UK in recent times". Express and Star. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020. ... John Murray. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-84854-470-3. Mitchell, Cameron (19 February 2016). "The case of suspected Irish serial killer ... "Oaks Disaster Victims". Dearne Valley Landscape Partnership. Archived from the original on 15 October 2016. Retrieved 13 ... The Enigma of von Economo's Encephalitis Lethargica". Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 60 (7): 665. doi: ...
La Crosse virus was first recognized in a fatal case of encephalitis in La Crosse, Wisconsin 1977: Rift Valley Fever virus ... PMID 22933273 Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal and Michael A. Pfaller (2008-12-24). Medical Microbiology, 6e (6 ed.). ... California encephalitis virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, La Crosse encephalitis virus, Oropouche orthobunyavirus, and Snowshoe ... As precautions Cache Valley virus and Hantavirus research are conducted in BSL-2 (or higher), Rift Valley Fever virus research ...
death announced on this date) Murray Feshbach, 90, American economist. Salvador Freixedo, 96, Spanish ufologist and priest. ... Paul Crosby, 30, American basketball player (Mississippi Valley State, Minas), traffic collision. Ron Fairly, 81, American ... complications from Powassan virus. Piyare Jain, 97, Indian particle physicist. Zoltán Jeney, 76, Hungarian composer. Dean L. ... of legendary Wexford goalkeeper Art Foley Former US Senator Kay Hagan dead at 66 after three-year battle with encephalitis ...
"Murray Rosenblatt Obituary - San Diego, CA". Dignity Memorial. "David Weisman, 'Kiss of the Spider Woman' Producer, Dies at 77 ... "Valley anti-war activist Frances Crowe dies at 100". Daily Hampshire Gazette. August 27, 2019. "Senator Deddeh Obituary - ... Former US Senator Kay Hagan dead at 66 after three-year battle with encephalitis "State legislator, civil-rights attorney John ... Sheikh, Knvul (September 27, 2019). "Joachim Messing, 73, Who Charted the DNA of Viruses and Plants, Dies". The New York Times ...
Allworth, A.; Murray, K.; Morgan, J.A. (1996). "Human case of encephalitis due to a lyssavirus recently identified in fruit ... Hendra virus, Australian bat lyssavirus and Menangle virus. However, only Australian bat lyssavirus is known from two isolated ... The forced relocations are also said to have led to the discovery of the orchards of the Goulburn Valley. Similarly, the first ... Negative public perception of the species has intensified with the discovery of three recently emerged zoonotic viruses that ...
... and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. In 1971, weaponized smallpox from the island reached a nearby ship, which then ... Craig Murray, UK ambassador to Uzbekistan in 2002, attributes the shrinkage of the Aral Sea in the 1990s to president Islam ... of farmland in the Ferghana Valley. The Aral Sea region is heavily polluted, with consequent serious public health problems. ... Craig Murray (2007). Dirty Diplomacy. Scribner. Greenberg, Ilan (7 April 2006). "A vanished sea reclaims its form in Central ...
Japanese encephalitis virus (JE) Kyasanur Forest virus LaCrosse virus (LACV) Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) Western ... Junin virus, Machupo virus, Guanarito virus, Lassa fever Bunyaviruses: Hantaviruses, Rift Valley Fever, Crimean-Congo ... ISBN 978-0-19-990905-6. Murray KA, Allen T, Loh E, et al. (2015). "Emerging Viral Zoonoses from Wildlife Associated with Animal ... Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever virus, Alkhurma virus, Kyasanur Forest virus (reclassified from B to C) Powassan virus (Deer Tick virus ...
Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a zoonotic flavivirus endemic to northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. It is the ... "Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection-Fact Sheet". Department of Health and Ageing. Archived from the original on 18 ... Hurrelbrink RJ, Nestorowicz A, McMinn PC (1 December 1999). "Characterization of infectious Murray Valley encephalitis virus ... The virus was isolated from human samples in 1951 during an epidemic in the Murray Valley, Australia. Epidemics usually occur ...
Virus Sections. Virus Name/Prototype. Original Source. Method of Isolation. Virus Properties. Antigenic Relationship. Biologic ... SECTION I - Full Virus Name and Prototype Number. Prototype Strain Number / Designation. MVE/1/1951 Accession Number. Original ... Click on the PDF icon to the left to view a copy of this virus entry in PDF format. You can get a copy of the PDF viewer by ... Virus Name: Murray Valley encephalitis Abbreviation: MVEV Status. Arbovirus Select Agent. No SALS Level. 3 ...
What is Murray Valley encephalitis?. Murray Valley encephalitis virus is spread to people through the bite of an infected ... What can travelers do to prevent Murray Valley encephalitis?. There are no vaccines or medicines that prevent Murray Valley ... or Indonesia are at risk for being infected with Murray Valley encephalitis virus. ... Symptoms of Murray Valley encephalitis can include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and tiredness. Some people may develop ...
Murray Valley encephalitis virus activity in Western Australia in March 1997. / Broom, A.; Van Heuzen, B. In: Communicable ... Broom, A. ; Van Heuzen, B. / Murray Valley encephalitis virus activity in Western Australia in March 1997. In: Communicable ... Broom A, Van Heuzen B. Murray Valley encephalitis virus activity in Western Australia in March 1997. Communicable Diseases ... Broom, A., & Van Heuzen, B. (1997). Murray Valley encephalitis virus activity in Western Australia in March 1997. Communicable ...
... is a rare but potentially fatal disease caused by the MVE virus which is carried by mosquitoes. Kunjin virus is a related virus ... Murray Valley encephalitis and Kunjin viruses. Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) is a rare but potentially fatal disease caused ... These viruses cannot be caught directly from birds or other people.. Both MVE and Kunjin viruses are very rare. Approximately ... Can I catch MVE or Kunjin viruses more than once?. No. Once you have been infected with MVE or Kunjin viruses (even if you did ...
... strives to protect the nation from viruses and bacteria spread by mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas. ... Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Top of Page. O. Orientia tsutsugamushi (see scrub typhus) ... Tick-borne encephalitis virus (vaccine available). Tickborne relapsing fever (Borrelia hermsii, B. turicatae, and B. parkerii) ... Only a few mosquito-borne viruses can be prevented with vaccines. In most cases, people need to protect themselves from ...
In a follow-up on Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus infection in Victoria, Australia, two additional cases of MVE virus ... Home » Australia » Victoria: Two new cases of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus infection confirmed ... Victoria: Two new cases of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus infection confirmed ... Mosquitoes can spread diseases such as JE, MVE, and West Nile/Kunjin virus infection. MVE virus and West Nile (Kunjin) virus ...
Murray Valley encephalitis in New Guinea. I. Isolation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus from the brain of a fatal case of ... Immunisation with gamma globulin to Murray Valley encephalitis virus and with an inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus ... Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is found across Australia, Papua New Guinea and Irian ... Report of a suspected case of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) infection in Victoria. A 69-year-old man from the Murray ...
Louis encephalitis West Nile, Japanese B, and Murray Valley viruses, from the Flavivirus family; and California group and ... Herpes family viruses. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV), ... and California virus, which infects young children. Children with St. Louis or California group encephalitis viruses may not ... Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus is the most common cause of arboviral meningitis, and is also the most common mosquito- ...
Saint Louis encephalitis virus. H02166. T40112. Louping ill virus. T40055. Murray Valley encephalitis virus. H01536. ... Rift Valley fever virus. H01549. Orthomyxoviridae. Alphainfluenzavirus. T40035. Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)) ... Influenza C virus (C/Ann Arbor/1/50). H00398. Kolmioviridae. Deltavirus. T40085. Hepatitis D virus (Hepatitis delta virus). ... Hepatitis B virus. H00412. ssRNA-RT viruses. Retroviridae. Deltaretrovirus. T40003. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) ...
... outbreaks in southeastern Australia have sparked interest into epidemiological factors surrounding the virus novel emergence ... Aedes sagax and Aedes alboannulatus for Murray Valley encephalitis virus at different temperatures. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1989, 3 ... The emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus in Australia in 2022: Existing knowledge of mosquito vectors. Viruses 2022, 14, ... Japanese encephalitis virus; ecological niche modelling; species distribution modelling; Culex; Culex annulirostris; Culex ...
... is caused by a viral infection, transmitted through mosquito bites. It has the capacity to cause ... Murray Valley encephalitis is a serious and sometimes life-threatening infection caused by infection with a virus transmitted ... For further information please see Murray Valley encephalitis factsheet, or contact your local Public Health Unit on 1300 066 ...
Currently 18 laboratories contribute data on the laboratory identification of viruses and other organisms. This number may ...
Ross River Virus, Lymphatic Filariasis, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Murray Valley Encephalitis, Rift Valley Fever, Lacrosse ... Kunjin Jamestown Canyon Virus, Zika, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, St Loius Encephalitis, Pogostra Disease, ... Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Chickungunya, ...
Structure of the Murray Valley encephalitis virus RNA helicase to 1. 9A resolution. ... Crystal Structure of the NS3 protease-helicase from Murray Valley encephalitis virus. ... Crystal Structure of Catalytic Domain of Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS3 Helicase/Nucleoside Triphosphatase at a Resolution 1.8 ... HEPATITIS C VIRUS NS3 HELICASE DOMAIN COMPLEXED WITH SINGLE STRANDED SDNA. 1c4o. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE DNA NUCLEOTIDE ...
... west nile virus infections, japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, yellow fever, st louis encephalitis, murray valley, orthopox ... virus infections, banzai viruses, smallpox, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic ...
Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) We have had Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) detected in mosquitos trapped last ... ABC Riverina 97.9 FM and ABC Goulburn Murray ...
Murray Valley encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and some other flaviviruses. West Nile has also been associated ... WNV is one of several Japanese encephalitis antigenic serocomplex of viruses that also include Japanese encephalitis virus, ... West Nile Virus. West Nile virus (WNV) is an arthropod-borne, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA flavivirus (family ... Yellow Fever (colloquially called "Yellow Jack") is a potentially fatal virus that mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) transmit to their ...
Australians have for some time coexisted uncomfortably with Barma Forest virus and Murray Valley Encephalitis. As we continue ... The fact that viruses embodied in animal cells are dangerous to other populations which are not immune to those viruses, means ... Hendra Virus, bats and invading horses and humans. It seems likely that recent infections of horses, humans and a dog by the ... London and Queensland: Plague and Hendra Virus. At the time of the civil wars in Britain, people in London went into the ...
Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Viruses. RF01415. Crystal structure of an Xrn1-resistant RNA from the 3 untranslated region ... Crystal structure of an Xrn1-resistant RNA from the 3 untranslated region of a flavivirus (Murray Valley Encephalitis virus). ... Murray Valley Encephalitis virus). X-ray diffraction. 2.46. 2014-04-30. ...
... mosquitoes can be problematic and these may transmit various viruses such as Murray Valley Encephalitis virus, Barmah Forest ... After a severe drought in 1914 which left most of the Murray River as a series of pools, work began in the 1920s to construct ... Echuca was an important inland port on the Murray River in the late 19th and early 20th centuries after it was founded by Henry ... Above is my photo of the beautiful red gums at a dispersed camp site along the Murray River in Gunbower National Park - note ...
... tick-borne encephalitis or Murray Valley encephalitis and participants with a history of prolonged (≥1 year) habitation in a ... Japanese Encephalitis (JE) viruses or tick-borne encephalitis. ... The dengue virus serotypes are DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV- ... Virus Diseases. Flavivirus Infections. Flaviviridae Infections. RNA Virus Infections. Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral. ... Previous participation in any clinical trial of a dengue or other flavivirus (e.g., West Nile [WN] virus) candidate vaccine, ...
... mosquitoes can be problematic and these may transmit various viruses such as Murray Valley Encephalitis virus, Barmah Forest ... After a severe drought in 1914 which left most of the Murray River as a series of pools, work began in the 1920s to construct ... Echuca was an important inland port on the Murray River in the late 19th and early 20th centuries after it was founded by Henry ... Above is my photo of the beautiful red gums at a dispersed camp site along the Murray River in Gunbower National Park - note ...
... infectious encephalitis) or an antibody-mediated autoimmune respon... ... Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, caused by viral (most common), bacterial, parasitic, or fungal ... Mosquito-borne viruses * West Nile virus (WNV): West Nile encephalitis * Murray Valley encephalitis virus: Murray Valley ... Western equine encephalitis virus: Western equine encephalitis * Eastern equine encephalitis virus: Eastern equine encephalitis ...
A Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belonging to the genotype I-a (GI-a) has been isolated for the first time from a Culex ... This virus is related to a 1983 isolate from Thailand whereas the infected Cx. gelidus mosquito belonged to a Chinese haplotype ... Japanese encephalitis has become a public health threat in Indonesia. Three genotypes have been recorded in Indonesia, i.e. ... The tree was rooted with 2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) sequences as outgroups. The scale-bar indicates the number ...
Murray Valley Encephalitis, Japanese Encephalitis and and St. Louis Encephalitis.. There is a species of mosquito found in ... Yet another deadly mosquito-borne virus, Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) has been discovered in Massachusetts. An elderly ... This mosquito is known as a carrier of the Dengue fever virus and viruses for Yellow Fever and Zika. The Aedes mosquito is a ... Of the 21 states that reported the virus over the last decade, Florida reported the most cases, with 13.. EEE is a rare and ...
In cultures simultaneously infected with two dengue virus types, one virus type was excluded from replication in most cells. A ... with dengue virus type 1 (dengue-1) were found resistant to superinfection with dengue virus type 3 (dengue-3). This was ... Dengue-1 PI cultures stained with this antibody 3 days after superinfection with dengue-3 virus (m.o.i. of 2) had dengue-3 ... small population of cells was also found (about 1%) that contained type-specific antigen of both dengue virus types. ...
  • Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a zoonotic flavivirus endemic to northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has become a public health threat in Asia, including Indonesia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Z ported human infections indicated that clinical characteris- ika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus in the tics of infection with ZIKV included fever, headache, mal- family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus . (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Introduction: Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus known to cause infrequent yet substantial human outbreaks around the Murray Valley region of south-eastern Australia, resulting in significant mortality. (bvsalud.org)
  • The emergence of Zika virus, another mosquito-borne flavivirus, has illustrated additional potential routes of non-vector transmission in humans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A recent study in another flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, in pigs has also demonstrated non-vector transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus transmitted via the bite of the female Aedes mosquitoes, usually Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Until the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks in the Americas led to the recognition of non-mosquito-borne transmission, most reports on flavivirus transmission via non-vector routes have been on DENV, with rare reports on other flaviviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We use the specific example of Zika virus disease and dengue below, but the concepts apply to other endemic flavivirus diseases with cross-reactivity (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • West Nile Virus West Nile virus is a flavivirus that is now the primary cause of arbovirus encephalitis in the United States. (msdmanuals.com)
  • MVEV is related to Kunjin virus, which has a similar ecology, but a lower morbidity rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kunjin virus is a related virus that is also carried by mosquitoes, but generally causes less severe symptoms. (wa.gov.au)
  • Humans can only catch MVE or Kunjin viruses after being bitten by an infected mosquito. (wa.gov.au)
  • Both MVE and Kunjin viruses are very rare. (wa.gov.au)
  • People at greatest risk of these illnesses are those unlikely to have previously been exposed to the viruses, such as very young children or people new to an area where MVE and Kunjin viruses occur. (wa.gov.au)
  • Can I catch MVE or Kunjin viruses more than once? (wa.gov.au)
  • No. Once you have been infected with MVE or Kunjin viruses (even if you did not develop any symptoms) you cannot be infected again. (wa.gov.au)
  • Adults who have grown up in areas where MVE and Kunjin viruses occur naturally are often immune to these diseases following infection during childhood. (wa.gov.au)
  • Unfortunately, people who have been infected with the MVE virus are not immune to the Kunjin virus and vice versa. (wa.gov.au)
  • A doctor who diagnoses a patient with MVE or Kunjin disease must notify the Department of Health immediately so more can be learnt about where the virus is active and public health action can be taken if necessary. (wa.gov.au)
  • There are no vaccines or medical cures for MVE or Kunjin viruses. (wa.gov.au)
  • The best protection against MVE and Kunjin viruses is to minimise your risk of being bitten by an infected mosquito. (wa.gov.au)
  • Mosquitoes can spread diseases such as JE, MVE, and West Nile/Kunjin virus infection. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • MVE virus and West Nile (Kunjin) virus continue to be detected in mosquitoes trapped in parts of northern Victoria, and it is likely that JE virus is also circulating in mosquito populations. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • In the Australian Capital Territory, infections with Murray Valley encephalitis virus and Kunjin are combined under Murray Valley encephalitis. (health.gov.au)
  • Other less common diseases which are present in the Kimberley include Murray Valley encephalitis virus and West Nile virus (Kunjin subtype). (wa.gov.au)
  • The samples are analysed for both West Nile virus (Kunjin subtype) and Murray Valley Encephalitis. (wa.gov.au)
  • Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) is a rare but potentially fatal disease caused by the MVE virus which is carried by mosquitoes. (wa.gov.au)
  • In nature, these viruses move in cycles between birds (especially water birds) and mosquitoes. (wa.gov.au)
  • The Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) strives to protect the nation from viruses and bacteria spread by mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas. (cdc.gov)
  • Approximately 30 species of mosquitoes found in Australia are considered to be major pests and/or possible carriers of viruses. (pestaid.com.au)
  • Control mosquitoes fed on West Nile virus--normal rabbit serum mixtures containing similar or smaller amounts of infectious virus were shown to become infected. (unicamp.br)
  • Mosquitoes ingesting suspensions of West Nile virus previously incubated with Murray Valley encephalitis or Ntaya antiserum became infected at significantly lower rates (P = less than 0-05) than controls ingesting West Nile virus-normal rabbit serum mixtures. (unicamp.br)
  • Viruses such as dengue , Zika and chikungunya are responsible for the commonest human mosquito borne diseases and are transmitted between humans by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, predominantly in urban environments. (edu.au)
  • It is maintained in a virus transmission cycle involving waterbirds and Culex annulirostris mosquitoes. (edu.au)
  • Mosquitoes act as the vectors of different viruses that carry and spread fatal diseases from one person to another. (tomspestcontrolbrisbane.com.au)
  • Ross River virus and other diseases like Barmah Forest virus and Murray Valley encephalitis are carried by mosquitoes and contracted from their bite. (expeditionaustralia.com.au)
  • ISVs are also refereed to as mosquito-specific viruses as they are generally identified and discovered in mosquitoes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • [ 28 ] In addition, ISVs such as Eilat virus (EILV) and Negev virus could be experimentally transmitted to adult mosquitoes via a high-titer of an infectious blood meal. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Many people don't know that in NSW, mosquitoes can also spread viruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Murray Valley encephalitis and Ross River virus. (nsw.gov.au)
  • While serious illness and hospitalisation from these viruses is rare, the more mosquitoes, the greater the risk. (nsw.gov.au)
  • Public health officials could soon be able to detect viruses in mosquitoes in the wild much more quickly and easily-thanks to the insect equivalent of a urine test. (best8-weekfitness.com)
  • In just the last few years, researchers have discovered that viruses such as dengue and West Nile can be detected in the excreta, or liquid waste droplets, of infected mosquitoes. (best8-weekfitness.com)
  • Other methods for detecting mosquito-borne diseases in wild populations include collecting pools of mosquitoes to test directly for viruses or testing blood samples from animals, such as chickens or pigs, that are also bitten by mosquitoes and serve as "reservoir" hosts for viruses. (best8-weekfitness.com)
  • Traps for long-term field deployment contained an external source of moisture, to keep mosquitoes alive for longer and thus excreting more, increasing the possibility of virus detection. (best8-weekfitness.com)
  • 1 The virus was isolated from mosquitoes in 1974 2 and the first human cases were reported in 1986. (who.int)
  • Arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) is defined as any virus that is transmitted to humans and/or other vertebrates by certain species of blood-feeding arthropods, mostly insects (flies and mosquitoes) and arachnids (ticks). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most arboviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, but some are transmitted by ticks, and one (Oropouche virus) is transmitted by midges. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Following infection, a person has lifelong immunity to the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • There were 18 notifications of dengue virus infection acquired in Australia and 1,390 cases that were acquired overseas, while for 38 cases, the place of acquisition was unknown. (health.gov.au)
  • Murray Valley encephalitis is a serious and sometimes life-threatening infection caused by infection with a virus transmitted through mosquito bites. (nsw.gov.au)
  • Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma , caused by viral (most common), bacterial, parasitic, or fungal infection ( infectious encephalitis ) or an antibody -mediated autoimmune response ( autoimmune encephalitis ). (amboss.com)
  • Infection of the mosquito Aedes aegypti with infectious West Nile virus-antibody complexes. (unicamp.br)
  • West Nile virus--17D yellow fever or dengue--2 antiserum mixtures did not produce significantly reduced infection rates in Ae. (unicamp.br)
  • This PhD opportunity will access sophisticated in vitro / ex vivo / in vivo models, multi-omics and structural biology techniques, coupled with traditional virology and molecular virology techniques (inc. cell culture, virus propagation and purification, virus genome manipulation, insect infection and husbandry). (jobs.csiro.au)
  • The present invention is relative to chimerical peptides, whose primary structure holds at least one segment which inhibits the activation of the NS3 protease of a virus from the Flaviviridae family, they also contain a cell penetrating segment and they are capable of inhibiting or attenuate the viral infection. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • This invention is also relative to pharmaceutical compounds which contain these chimerical peptides for the prevention and/or treatment of the infection caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • 1. Chimerical peptides, characterized by having a primary structure comprising at least one segment inhibitor of the activation of the NS3pro protease from a virus of the Flaviviridae family and a cell penetrating segment and these peptides are able to inhibit or attenuate the infection by the virus. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • Astrovirus MLB2, a New Gastroenteric Virus Associated with Meningitis and Disseminated Infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Human dengue virus infection without mosquito vector has been reported to occur as a result of mucocutaneous transmission, needlestick in patient care and laboratory accident, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant, organ transplant, intrapartum and perinatal transmission, and breastfeeding. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although low levels of neutralizing antibodies have been detected in kangaroos, wallabies, possums, horses, cats and dogs after experimental infection, the detected viraemia is considered too low for an insect vector to acquire the virus. (who.int)
  • Hantavirus Infection Hantaviridae are a family of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses, which consists of at least 4 serotypes with 9 viruses causing 2 major, sometimes overlapping, clinical syndromes: Hemorrhagic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some agents preferentially infect certain age groups, such as St. Louis encephalitis, which affects the extremes of age, and California virus, which infects young children. (medscape.com)
  • West Nile virus disease and Saint Louis encephalitis). (cdc.gov)
  • There were 20 imported cases of chikungunya virus. (health.gov.au)
  • Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of Chikungunya virus: An updating review. (cdc.gov)
  • Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne alphavirus primarily associated with acute and chronic joint pain. (edu.au)
  • Other mosquito borne diseases include the Zika, dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. (wa.gov.au)
  • The list included Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, Murray Valley encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, Dengue and Chikungunya virus. (cmca.net.au)
  • This same schedule is used for updating West Nile virus and chikungunya case counts on the CDC website and updating the CDC Disease Maps (formerly USGS maps). (cdc.gov)
  • 11 It is also possible that prior immunisation with yellow fever virus or JEV vaccine may induce cross-reactive antibodies. (mja.com.au)
  • Notable exceptions are the vaccines developed against Japanese Encephalitis and Yellow Fever, and the partially effective vaccine available for dengue. (edu.au)
  • MVEV is a mosquito-borne virus that is maintained in a bird-mosquito-bird cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The scientific study of the genetics of MVEV has been facilitated by the construction and manipulation of an infectious cDNA clone of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is found across Australia, Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. (mja.com.au)
  • 4 , 5 MVEV also infects a wide range of native and non-native animals, 6 but the role of these species in maintenance and transmission of the virus is unclear. (mja.com.au)
  • 33 Antigen detection assays are not available for MVEV, but have been used for JEV and Dengue fever virus. (mja.com.au)
  • Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne fl avivirus fi rst studies in the absence of epidemics ( 6 - 8 ). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Detection of Autochthonous Zika Virus Transmission in Sincelejo, Colombia. (cdc.gov)
  • Zika virus was responsible for an unprecedented epidemic in the Americas in 2016 which was declared by the WHO to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. (edu.au)
  • There have even been cases of the Zika virus in Australia. (cmca.net.au)
  • We highlight some reports on dengue virus that have documented non-vector transmission and that are relevant to the transmission of Zika virus and other flaviviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Zika virus disease case counts are updated on the CDC website the first Thursday of each month. (cdc.gov)
  • The CDC Disease maps for Zika virus disease cases are also updated on the same monthly schedule. (cdc.gov)
  • For cases meeting the case definition criteria for both Zika virus disease and dengue it may be difficult to distinguish between the two diseases for reporting purposes. (cdc.gov)
  • For these cases, we request that you do not report the case twice as both a Zika virus disease case and a dengue case. (cdc.gov)
  • Aedes aegypti fed through chick skin membranes on West Nile virus-homologous antiserum mixtures shown by an anti-globulin neutralization test to be highly infectious complexes (in terms of plaque formation in tissue culture) failed to become infected. (unicamp.br)
  • Murray Valley encephalitis and West Nile virus) co-circulating in Australia. (jobs.csiro.au)
  • The researchers then tested the collected mosquito waste for presence of West Nile virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, and Ross River virus, each of which were detected. (best8-weekfitness.com)
  • Spread of West Nile Virus in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
  • OBJECTIVES: To study the clinical features of children with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) secondary to epidemic encephalitis B (EEB). (bvsalud.org)
  • A Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belonging to the genotype I-a (GI-a) has been isolated for the first time from a Culex gelidus mosquito in the Province of Jambi, Indonesia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The behavior of Murray Valley encephalitis virus in Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Curlex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Viral names the causative agent, and the term meningitis implies lack of parenchymal and spinal cord involvement (otherwise called encephalitis and myelitis, respectively). (medscape.com)
  • Arboviruses consist of more than 500 viruses from different viral families, all given the common name "ar-bo," for arthropod-borne disease. (medscape.com)
  • SKI2 has a role in the 3'-mRNA degradation pathway, repressing dsRNA virus propagation by specifically blocking translation of viral mRNAs, perhaps recognizing the absence of CAP or poly(A). (embl.de)
  • Acyclovir or empirical antibiotic treatment should be started immediately if viral or bacterial encephalitis is suspected, respectively. (amboss.com)
  • It is not part of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses classification of viruses (ie, it is not a species, genus, or family), which is based on the nature and structure of the viral genome. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although the arbovirus is endemic to Northern Australia, it has occasionally spread to the southern states during times of heavy rainfall during the summer monsoon season via seasonal flooding of the Murray-Darling River system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) describes a virus that is transmitted by certain species of arthropods. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It seems likely that recent infections of horses, humans and a dog by the Hendra Virus in Queensland demonstrate the Virolution theory. (candobetter.net)
  • This report published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence, Volume 28, Number 2 In 2002, discusses the Ross River virus (RRV) infections in Tasmania after the largest number of RRV infections ever recorded for the state was reported. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2002, Tasmania reported the largest number of Ross River virus (RRV) infections ever recorded for the state. (health.gov.au)
  • Although 80% of infections are asymptomatic or lead to mild febrile illness in adults, the virus can be passed from mothers to embryos in the womb. (edu.au)
  • The rapid spread of arboviral infections in recent years has continually established arthropod-borne encephalitis to be a pressing global health concern. (bvsalud.org)
  • While the pathogenesis of arboviral infections is still being investigated, shared neuroanatomical pathways among these viruses may give insight into future therapeutic targets. (bvsalud.org)
  • Travelers to parts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, or Indonesia are at risk for being infected with Murray Valley encephalitis virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Phylogeny of Murray Valley encephalitis virus in Australia and Papua New Guinea. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus was isolated from human samples in 1951 during an epidemic in the Murray Valley, Australia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Barmah Forest virus (BFV) is a mosquito-borne virus causing epidemic polyarthritis in Australia. (who.int)
  • Broom, A & Van Heuzen, B 1997, ' Murray Valley encephalitis virus activity in Western Australia in March 1997 ', Communicable Diseases Intelligence (Australia) , vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 111-112. (edu.au)
  • The species which are suspected of having transmitted the viruses will themselves have been impacted by the diseases that travel with humans and their domestic animals. (candobetter.net)
  • The most common mosquito-borne diseases in WA are Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus, which can lead to tiredness, severe joint swelling and pain that can continue for weeks, months or even years. (wa.gov.au)
  • Climate change would increase our exposure to waterborne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and micro-organisms such as giardia and cryptosporidium. (climate-news-db.com)
  • These viruses may spread to humans from nonhuman reservoirs, but most arboviral diseases are not transmissible by humans, perhaps because the typical viremia is inadequate to infect the arthropod vector. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In areas where these wild reservoirs are close to humans and mosquito vectors feed on both, these viruses can "spill over" into the human population and present a considerable public health threat. (edu.au)
  • These viruses are characterized by their competency to replicate in their vectors, while their replication are restricted in vertebrate cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • LabVISE provides data on diagnoses of a number of infectious viruses, parasites and fungi. (health.gov.au)
  • For further information please see Murray Valley encephalitis factsheet , or contact your local Public Health Unit on 1300 066 055. (nsw.gov.au)
  • Ribavirin (already established as therapy for hepatitis C virus, which is also in the Flaviviridae family) was used in a study of 153 Indian children with JEV encephalitis, but did not indicate any benefit compared with placebo. (mja.com.au)
  • 10. Chimerical peptides according to the claim 1, where the mentioned virus from the Flaviviridae family is a Hepacivirus and specifically HCV. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • The 4 dengue virus serotypes were DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • The dengue virus serotypes are DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Laboratory testing with a rapid conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the caus- in nearby regions of Uganda had specifi c antibodies to ative agent. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • 46 There are numerous reports of immunotherapy for WNV encephalitis in Israel and the United States with WNV-specific intravenous immunoglobulin (Omr-IgG-am, Omrix Biopharmaceuticals, Tel Aviv, Israel) obtained from donors with high titres of WNV antibodies. (mja.com.au)
  • Monoclonal antibodies specific for dengue virus type 3. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Recent Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) outbreaks in southeastern Australia have sparked interest into epidemiological factors surrounding the virus' novel emergence in this region. (mdpi.com)
  • Mosquito transmits and spreads the Barmah Forest virus that causes joint pains, fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and rashes on torso and limbs. (tomspestcontrolbrisbane.com.au)
  • Murray Valley encephalitis symptoms begin between seven to 28 days after exposure and include fever, headache, nausea and vomiting. (expeditionaustralia.com.au)
  • Japanese encephalitis has become a public health threat in Indonesia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since then, encephalitis cases have been reported in several hospitals and currently Japanese encephalitis (JE) has become widespread and endemic across 32 out of 34 Indonesian provinces [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Understanding the pathogenesis and transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus in Australia. (jobs.csiro.au)
  • Japanese encephalitis virus is a mosquito transmitted virus of public and animal health significance throughout southern Asia and parts of Australia. (jobs.csiro.au)
  • and California group and Jamestown Canyon viruses, from the Bunyaviridae family. (medscape.com)
  • previously known as Australian encephalitis or Australian X disease). (wikipedia.org)
  • Overseas experience with WNV and JEV encephalitis suggests that IgM in serum usually appears 4-9 days after disease onset and can persist for months. (mja.com.au)
  • Members of NAMAC have expertise in virus and disease surveillance, epidemiology, virology, vector ecology, vector control and quarantine, and represent agencies with a substantial interest in this area. (health.gov.au)
  • The detection of either of these viruses indicates prevalence of the disease in the area and gives a 'heads up' to the public so extra precautions can be taken to minimise risk of the disease. (wa.gov.au)
  • Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease are similar. (expeditionaustralia.com.au)
  • It takes three to nine days for symptoms of Ross River virus disease to occur after exposure, and occasionally up to 21 days. (expeditionaustralia.com.au)
  • Barmah Forest virus disease symptoms occur between seven to ten days after a bite from an infected mosquito. (expeditionaustralia.com.au)
  • Resurgence of Sudan Virus Disease (SUVD) in Uganda. (edu.au)
  • Barmah Forest virus (BFV) disease is an arboviral disease endemic to Australia. (who.int)
  • Varicella (i.e., chickenpox) is a highly contagious disease caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV). (cdc.gov)
  • As discussed below, many viruses are capable of causing meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • Seizures are more common with arboviral meningitis than with any other group of viruses. (medscape.com)
  • Molecular Characterization of Canine Rabies Virus, Mali, 2006-2013. (cdc.gov)
  • There are no vaccines or medicines that prevent Murray Valley encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Only a few mosquito-borne viruses can be prevented with vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • Cultured Aedes albopictus cells (clone C6/36), persistently infected (PI) with dengue virus type 1 (dengue-1) were found resistant to superinfection with dengue virus type 3 (dengue-3). (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Semliki Forest virus replication in cultured Aedes albopictus cells: studies on the establishment of persistence. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Morphogenesis of Sindbis virus in cultured Aedes albopictus cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Characteristics of Aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with dengue virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In the early 2000s, a structural change in the virus appears to have allowed it to become more easily transmitted by Aedes albopictus . (edu.au)
  • These viruses are transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. (wa.gov.au)
  • The first ISV identified is cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV), which was isolated from an Aedes aegypti ( Ae . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod borne viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Humans and their horses have encroached on the territory of wild species, and have exposed themselves to viruses from the species they have invaded. (candobetter.net)
  • The alphaviruses Barmah Forest virus and Ross River virus accounted for 6,036 (77%) of these. (health.gov.au)
  • Ross River virus is a pathogen that circulates widely among marsupials and birds. (edu.au)
  • Mosquito bites can transmit the Ross River virus that causes fatigue, muscle aches, inflammation, rashes, and overall body pain. (tomspestcontrolbrisbane.com.au)
  • Over 1000 cases of Ross River virus reported in Victoria. (expeditionaustralia.com.au)
  • Victoria's Chief Health Officer, Professor Charles Guest, revealed that as of the middle of February there had been 1012 notifications of Ross River virus in Victoria. (expeditionaustralia.com.au)
  • It is defined as the ability of a particular virus to productively infect and replicate in a specific cell type, tissue, or species. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Mechanism of Sindbis virus-induced intrinsic interference with vesicular stomatitis virus replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • 130 countries that are at significant risk of being infected with a mosquito-borne virus. (edu.au)
  • Barmah Forest virus is the second most reported mosquito-borne virus in Australia. (edu.au)
  • Dengue-1 PI cultures stained with this antibody 3 days after superinfection with dengue-3 virus (m.o.i. of 2) had dengue-3 antigen in 0.1 to 1.0% of the cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Hendra virus is not the only case where the forest has fought back. (candobetter.net)
  • Australians have for some time coexisted uncomfortably with Barma Forest virus and Murray Valley Encephalitis. (candobetter.net)
  • The virus has been detected around Mildura and Moira / Barmah Forest as well as the Loddon, Mallee and Hume regions. (expeditionaustralia.com.au)
  • Murray Valley encephalitis is another example of an Australian mosquito-borne zoonosis. (edu.au)
  • It's a proof of concept that puts this technique closer to use in regions around the world where mosquito-borne viruses are a public health threat. (best8-weekfitness.com)
  • Phylogenetic analyses based on sequence identities between ISVs and other mosquito-borne viruses suggest strong evidence that ISVs may be ancestral to arboviruses. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Many of us associate mosquito-borne viruses only with tropical climates, but experts tell us that they're spreading to the southern parts of Australia, even Tasmania. (cmca.net.au)
  • Now, a new study in Australia shows that two kinds of commonly used mosquito traps can be readily modified to collect mosquito waste to be tested for signs of viruses. (best8-weekfitness.com)