Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiological agent of Japanese encephalitis found in Asia, southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
A paraneoplastic syndrome marked by degeneration of neurons in the LIMBIC SYSTEM. Clinical features include HALLUCINATIONS, loss of EPISODIC MEMORY; ANOSMIA; AGEUSIA; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; DEMENTIA; and affective disturbance (depression). Circulating anti-neuronal antibodies (e.g., anti-Hu; anti-Yo; anti-Ri; and anti-Ma2) and small cell lung carcinomas or testicular carcinoma are frequently associated with this syndrome.
Infections of the brain caused by arthropod-borne viruses (i.e., arboviruses) primarily from the families TOGAVIRIDAE; FLAVIVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; and RHABDOVIRIDAE. Life cycles of these viruses are characterized by ZOONOSES, with birds and lower mammals serving as intermediate hosts. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) or TICKS. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, alterations of mentation, focal neurologic deficits, and COMA. (From Clin Microbiol Rev 1994 Jan;7(1):89-116; Walton, Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System, 10th ed, p321)
A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. It is seen most commonly in parts of Central and South America.
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)
A viral encephalitis caused by the St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), a FLAVIVIRUS. It is transmitted to humans and other vertebrates primarily by mosquitoes of the genus CULEX. The primary animal vectors are wild birds and the disorder is endemic to the midwestern and southeastern United States. Infections may be limited to an influenza-like illness or present as an ASEPTIC MENINGITIS or ENCEPHALITIS. Clinical manifestations of the encephalitic presentation may include SEIZURES, lethargy, MYOCLONUS, focal neurologic signs, COMA, and DEATH. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p750)
A collection of single-stranded RNA viruses scattered across the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae families whose common property is the ability to induce encephalitic conditions in infected hosts.
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiologic agent of ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS in the United States, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE).
A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis in Equidae and humans. The virus ranges along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States and Canada and as far south as the Caribbean, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. Infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90 percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics.
A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the United States, southern Canada, and parts of South America.
A form of arboviral encephalitis endemic to Central America and the northern latitudes of South America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, VENEZUELAN EQUINE) is transmitted to humans and horses via the bite of several mosquito species. Human viral infection may be asymptomatic or remain restricted to a mild influenza-like illness. Encephalitis, usually not severe, occurs in a small percentage of cases and may rarely feature SEIZURES and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)
Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), found in Australia and New Guinea. It causes a fulminating viremia resembling Japanese encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, JAPANESE).
A group of ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS which affect horses and man, transmitted via the bites of mosquitoes. Disorders in this category are endemic to regions of South America and North America. In humans, clinical manifestations vary with the type of infection, and range from a mild influenza-like syndrome to a fulminant encephalitis. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-10)
A viral infection of the brain caused by serotypes of California encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, CALIFORNIA) transmitted to humans by the mosquito AEDES triseriatus. The majority of cases are caused by the LA CROSSE VIRUS. This condition is endemic to the midwestern United States and primarily affects children between 5-10 years of age. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; VOMITING; HEADACHE; and abdominal pain followed by SEIZURES, altered mentation, and focal neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13)
A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which comprises a number of viral species that are the etiologic agents of human encephalitis in many different geographical regions. These include Japanese encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE), St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, MURRAY VALLEY), and WEST NILE VIRUS.
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE containing several subgroups and many species. Most are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. The type species is YELLOW FEVER VIRUS.
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)
Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals.
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)
A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.
A form of arboviral encephalitis (primarily affecting equines) endemic to eastern regions of North America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, EASTERN EQUINE) may be transmitted to humans via the bite of AEDES mosquitoes. Clinical manifestations include the acute onset of fever, HEADACHE, altered mentation, and SEIZURES followed by coma. The condition is fatal in up to 50% of cases. Recovery may be marked by residual neurologic deficits and EPILEPSY. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Inflammation of brain tissue caused by infection with the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). This condition is associated with immunocompromised states, including the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME. Pathologically, the virus tends to induce a vasculopathy and infect oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells, leading to CEREBRAL INFARCTION, multifocal regions of demyelination, and periventricular necrosis. Manifestations of varicella encephalitis usually occur 5-7 days after onset of HERPES ZOSTER and include HEADACHE; VOMITING; lethargy; focal neurologic deficits; FEVER; and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch 26, pp29-32; Hum Pathol 1996 Sep;27(9):927-38)
Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
A serotype of the species California encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, CALIFORNIA), in the genus ORTHOBUNYAVIRUS, causing human MENINGOENCEPHALITIS. This is the agent most responsible for California encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, CALIFORNIA), the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease recognized in the United States.
A species in the ORTHOBUNYAVIRUS genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. Serotypes are found in temperate and arctic regions and each is closely associated with a single species of vector mosquito. The vertebrate hosts are usually small mammals but several serotypes infect humans.
Degenerative or inflammatory conditions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that develop in association with a systemic neoplasm without direct invasion by tumor. They may be associated with circulating antibodies that react with the affected neural tissue. (Intern Med 1996 Dec;35(12):925-9)
An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), closely related to VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS and causing acute encephalomyelitis; chronic arthritis; PNEUMONIA; MASTITIS; and GLOMERULONEPHRITIS in goats. It is transmitted mainly in the colostrum and milk.
A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.
Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Included are some members of the following families: ARENAVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; TOGAVIRIDAE; and FLAVIVIRIDAE. (From Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)
Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS; MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)
Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
An acute or subacute inflammatory process of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM characterized histologically by multiple foci of perivascular demyelination. Symptom onset usually occurs several days after an acute viral infection or immunization, but it may coincide with the onset of infection or rarely no antecedent event can be identified. Clinical manifestations include CONFUSION, somnolence, FEVER, nuchal rigidity, and involuntary movements. The illness may progress to COMA and eventually be fatal. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p921)
A form of arboviral encephalitis (which primarily affects horses) endemic to western and central regions of NORTH AMERICA. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, WESTERN EQUINE) may be transferred to humans via the bite of mosquitoes (CULEX tarsalis and others). Clinical manifestations include headache and influenza-like symptoms followed by alterations in mentation, SEIZURES, and COMA. DEATH occurs in a minority of cases. Survivors may recover fully or be left with residual neurologic dysfunction, including PARKINSONISM, POSTENCEPHALITIC. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-9)
The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.
Infection with ROSEOLOVIRUS, the most common in humans being EXANTHEMA SUBITUM, a benign disease of infants and young children.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Infections with viruses of the genus HENIPAVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE.
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with WEST NILE VIRUS.
Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
A species of HENIPAVIRUS, closely related to HENDRA VIRUS, which emerged in Peninsular Malaysia in 1998. It causes a severe febrile VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS in humans and also encephalitis and RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS in pigs. Fruit bats (PTEROPUS) are the natural host.
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
Virus diseases caused by the TOGAVIRIDAE.
The type species of ROSEOLOVIRUS isolated from patients with AIDS and other LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6; (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of EXANTHEMA SUBITUM and has been implicated in encephalitis.
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).
A species of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known.
A class of amoeboid EUKARYOTES that forms either filiform subpseudopodia or lobopodia. Characteristics include the absence of sorocarps, sporangia, or similar fruiting bodies. Lobosea were formerly members of the phylum Sarcomastigophora, subphylum Sarcodina, under the old five kingdom paradigm.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Created as a republic in 1918 by Czechs and Slovaks from territories formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia 1 January 1993.
Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
Enterovirus infections are a group of viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses that primarily affect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems.
Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.
A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Infections of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges by single celled organisms of the former subkingdom known as protozoa. The central nervous system may be the primary or secondary site of protozoal infection. These diseases may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.
The type species of the FLAVIVIRUS genus. Principal vector transmission to humans is by AEDES spp. mosquitoes.
Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
A genus of free-living soil amoebae that produces no flagellate stage. Its organisms are pathogens for several infections in humans and have been found in the eye, bone, brain, and respiratory tract.
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)
Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
A rare neuromuscular disorder with onset usually in late childhood or early adulthood, characterized by intermittent or continuous widespread involuntary muscle contractions; FASCICULATION; hyporeflexia; MUSCLE CRAMP; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; HYPERHIDROSIS; TACHYCARDIA; and MYOKYMIA. Involvement of pharyngeal or laryngeal muscles may interfere with speech and breathing. The continuous motor activity persists during sleep and general anesthesia (distinguishing this condition from STIFF-PERSON SYNDROME). Familial and acquired (primarily autoimmune) forms have been reported. (From Ann NY Acad Sci 1998 May 13;841:482-496; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1491)
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.
A genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. T. gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic animal parasites of man.
Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection.
The largest genus of TICKS in the family IXODIDAE, containing over 200 species. Many infest humans and other mammals and several are vectors of diseases such as LYME DISEASE, tick-borne encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, TICK-BORNE), and KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE.
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.
A genus of mosquitoes in the family CULICIDAE. A large number of the species are found in the neotropical part of the Americas.
One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Acute VIRAL CNS INFECTION affecting mammals, including humans. It is caused by RABIES VIRUS and usually spread by contamination with virus-laden saliva of bites inflicted by rabid animals. Important animal vectors include the dog, cat, bat, fox, raccoon, skunk, and wolf.
Blood-sucking acarid parasites of the order Ixodida comprising two families: the softbacked ticks (ARGASIDAE) and hardbacked ticks (IXODIDAE). Ticks are larger than their relatives, the MITES. They penetrate the skin of their host by means of highly specialized, hooked mouth parts and feed on its blood. Ticks attack all groups of terrestrial vertebrates. In humans they are responsible for many TICK-BORNE DISEASES, including the transmission of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; TULAREMIA; BABESIOSIS; AFRICAN SWINE FEVER; and RELAPSING FEVER. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp543-44)
The presence of viruses in the blood.
A rare, slowly progressive encephalitis caused by chronic infection with the MEASLES VIRUS. The condition occurs primarily in children and young adults, approximately 2-8 years after the initial infection. A gradual decline in intellectual abilities and behavioral alterations are followed by progressive MYOCLONUS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; autonomic dysfunction; and ATAXIA. DEATH usually occurs 1-3 years after disease onset. Pathologic features include perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, neurophagia, and fibrous gliosis. It is caused by the SSPE virus, which is a defective variant of MEASLES VIRUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp767-8)
Infections produced by reoviruses, general or unspecified.
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.
Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
An order of insect eating MAMMALS including MOLES; SHREWS; HEDGEHOGS and tenrecs.
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.
Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.
A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".
A neurosurgical procedure that removes or disconnects the epileptogenic CEREBRAL CORTEX of a hemisphere. Hemispherectomy is usually performed for patients with intractable unilateral EPILEPSY due to malformations of cortical development or brain lesions. Depending on the epileptogenic area in the hemisphere, cortical removal can be total or partial.
Virus diseases caused by RHABDOVIRIDAE. Important infections include RABIES; EPHEMERAL FEVER; and vesicular stomatitis.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
A species of the genus MACACA which inhabits Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is one of the most arboreal species of Macaca. The tail is short and untwisted.
Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. The type species is HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN.
Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE.
A fulminant and often fatal demyelinating disease of the brain which primarily affects young adults and children. Clinical features include the rapid onset of weakness, SEIZURES, and COMA. It may follow a viral illness or MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE infections but in most instances there is no precipitating event. Pathologic examination reveals marked perivascular demyelination and necrosis of white matter with microhemorrhages. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp924-5)
The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.
Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.
Bites and stings refer to injuries caused by the bites or stings of insects, animals, or other organisms, which can result in a range of symptoms from mild discomfort to severe allergic reactions.
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.
A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Virus diseases caused by CORONAVIRIDAE.
Immunoglobulin preparations used in intravenous infusion, containing primarily IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. They are used to treat a variety of diseases associated with decreased or abnormal immunoglobulin levels including pediatric AIDS; primary HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; SCID; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS infections in transplant recipients, LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC; Kawasaki syndrome, infection in neonates, and IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.
A species in the genus CORONAVIRUS causing the common cold and possibly nervous system infections in humans. It contains hemagglutinin-esterase.
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)
Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.
An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.
A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A region, north-central Asia, largely in Russia. It extends from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and from the Arctic Ocean to central Kazakhstan and the borders of China and Mongolia.
The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 10 serotypes, mostly coxsackieviruses.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
The largest of the continents. It was known to the Romans more specifically as what we know today as Asia Minor. The name comes from at least two possible sources: from the Assyrian asu (to rise) or from the Sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to Europe, to the west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p82 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p34)
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Infectious disease processes, including meningitis, diarrhea, and respiratory disorders, caused by echoviruses.
Hospital department responsible for the flow of patients and the processing of admissions, discharges, transfers, and also most procedures to be carried out in the event of a patient's death.
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
A family of RNA viruses, mainly arboviruses, consisting of two genera: ALPHAVIRUS (group A arboviruses), and RUBIVIRUS. Virions are spherical, 60-70 nm in diameter, with a lipoprotein envelope tightly applied to the icosahedral nucleocapsid.
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), that can cause chronic pneumonia (maedi), mastitis, arthritis, and encephalomyelitis (visna) in sheep. Maedi is a progressive pneumonia of sheep which is similar to but not the same as jaagsiekte (PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS, OVINE). Visna is a demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep which is similar to but not the same as SCRAPIE.
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.
An acute tick-borne arbovirus infection causing meningoencephalomyelitis of sheep.
Agglutination of ERYTHROCYTES by a virus.

Activated human T cells, B cells, and monocytes produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor in vitro and in inflammatory brain lesions: a neuroprotective role of inflammation? (1/1379)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has potent effects on neuronal survival and plasticity during development and after injury. In the nervous system, neurons are considered the major cellular source of BDNF. We demonstrate here that in addition, activated human T cells, B cells, and monocytes secrete bioactive BDNF in vitro. Notably, in T helper (Th)1- and Th2-type CD4(+) T cell lines specific for myelin autoantigens such as myelin basic protein or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, BDNF production is increased upon antigen stimulation. The BDNF secreted by immune cells is bioactive, as it supports neuronal survival in vitro. Using anti-BDNF monoclonal antibody and polyclonal antiserum, BDNF immunoreactivity is demonstrable in inflammatory infiltrates in the brain of patients with acute disseminated encephalitis and multiple sclerosis. The results raise the possibility that in the nervous system, inflammatory infiltrates have a neuroprotective effect, which may limit the success of nonselective immunotherapies.  (+info)

Serum gelatinase B, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels in multiple sclerosis. A longitudinal clinical and MRI study. (2/1379)

Metalloproteinases have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. We report longitudinal serum levels of gelatinase B and of the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP), TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, in 21 patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Patients had monthly clinical and gadolinium-enhanced MRI follow-up for 10 months. Longitudinal samples in nine healthy controls and cross-sectional samples from 12 patients with inflammatory CNS disease and 15 patients with other neurological diseases were used for comparison. Average serum gelatinase B, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels were significantly higher in multiple sclerosis patients and those with other neurological diseases than in healthy controls. In the patients with multiple sclerosis, gelatinase B levels were significantly higher during clinical relapse compared with periods of clinical stability. Multiple sclerosis patients with high mean serum gelatinase B levels had significantly more T1-weighted gadolinium-enhancing MRI lesions than those with mean levels within the control range. TIMP-1 levels were not different during relapse and between relapses. There was a trend for TIMP-2 levels to be lower during relapse compared with non-relapse periods. For similar levels of serum gelatinase B, associated TIMP-1 levels were significantly lower and TIMP-2 levels significantly higher in multiple sclerosis patients compared with the inflammatory CNS control group. We propose that an abnormality in the inhibitory response to metalloproteinases may play an aetiological role in the chronicity of multiple sclerosis.  (+info)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after autologous bone marrow transplantation and alpha-interferon immunotherapy. (3/1379)

A patient with a stage IV mantle cell lymphoma (according to the REAL classification) was treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. One year later while on alpha-interferon immunotherapy she suffered from progressive loss of short-term memory and reported difficulties in recognizing objects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a vast ring-enhancing lesion of the left postcentral parietal area. Serial stereotactic biopsies disclosed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy without JC-virus in the cerebrospinal fluid. Therapy with subcutaneous interleukin-2 (IL-2) every other day and intrathecal cytarabine once a week was started. After 4 weeks the patient refused further treatment. Nevertheless her condition improved over the next 8 months and MRI scans showed a marked improvement in the lesions.  (+info)

Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase exacerbates chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis in Toxoplasma gondii-susceptible C57BL/6 mice but does not reactivate the latent disease in T. gondii-resistant BALB/c mice. (4/1379)

Infection of C57BL/6 mice with Toxoplasma gondii leads to progressive and ultimately fatal chronic Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE). Genetic deletion or inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) from the beginning of infection increased the number of T. gondii cysts in the brain and markedly reduced the time-to-death in this mouse strain. In the present study, we addressed whether iNOS also contributes to the control of intracerebral parasites in a clinically stable latent infection that develops in T. gondii-resistant BALB/c mice after resolution of the acute phase of TE. iNOS was expressed in the inflammatory cerebral infiltrates of latently infected BALB/c mice, but the number of iNOS+ cells was significantly lower than in the brains of chronically infected T. gondii-susceptible C57BL/6 mice. In BALB/c mice with latent TE (> 30 days of infection), treatment with the iNOS inhibitors L-N6-iminoethyl-lysine or L-nitroarginine-methylester for < or = 40 days did not result in an increase of the intracerebral parasitic load and a reactivation of the disease, despite the presence of iNOS-suppressive inhibitor levels in the brain. However, L-nitroarginine-methylester treatment had remarkably toxic effects and induced a severe wasting syndrome with high mortality. In contrast to BALB/c mice, L-N6-iminoethyl-lysine treatment rapidly exacerbated the already established chronic TE of C57BL/6 mice. Thus, the containment of latent toxoplasms in T. gondii-resistant BALB/c mice is independent of iNOS, whereas the temporary control of intracerebral parasites in T. gondii-susceptible C57BL/6 mice with chronic TE requires iNOS activity.  (+info)

Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia in hematologic complete remission. (5/1379)

The authors describe the cases of three patients affected by acute myeloid leukemia, in complete remission, who rapidly developed neurologic symptoms leading to death. Neither clinical characteristics, nor radiological or microbiological procedures, allowed an etiological diagnosis of the neurologic syndrome. Post-mortem examination of the brain showed both macroscopic and microscopic findings compatible with acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis. The difficulty in distinguishing this entity from other CNS disease-related complications (e.g. leukemia infiltration, drug toxicity, hemorrhages) should not lead to an underestimation of the true incidence of this complication. We believe that with more attention to the possibility of this complication there would probably be both a greater possibility of collecting clinical informations about the real impact of this dramatic disease and a stronger hope of finding the right treatment for it.  (+info)

Serum antibodies to Balamuthia mandrillaris, a free-living amoeba recently demonstrated to cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. (6/1379)

Free-living amoebae cause three well-defined disease entities: a rapidly fatal primary meningoencephalitis, a chronic granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), and a chronic amoebic keratitis. GAE occurs in immunocompromised persons. Recently, another type of free-living amoeba, Balamuthia mandrillaris, has been shown to cause GAE. The finding that this amoeba has caused infection in some healthy children has raised the possibility that humans may lack immunity to B. mandrillaris. Human serum was examined for the presence of surface antibodies specific for this amoeba by immunofluorescence. Sera from adults contained titers of 1/64-1/256 of anti-B. mandrillaris antibodies (IgM and IgG classes), which did not cross-react with other amoebae. Cord blood contained very low antibody levels, but levels similar to those in adults were seen in serum of 1- to 5-year-old children.  (+info)

MR line scan diffusion imaging of the brain in children. (7/1379)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging of the self-diffusion of water has become increasingly popular for the early detection of cerebral infarction in adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate MR line scan diffusion imaging (LSDI) of the brain in children. METHODS: LSDI was performed in four volunteers and 12 patients by using an effective TR/TE of 2736/89.4 and a maximum b value of 450 to 600 s/mm2 applied in the x, y, and z directions. In the volunteers, single-shot echo planar imaging of diffusion (EPID) was also performed. The patients (10 boys and two girls) ranged in age from 2 days to 16 years (average age, 6.6 years). Diagnoses included acute cerebral infarction, seizure disorder, posttraumatic confusion syndrome, complicated migraine, residual astrocytoma, encephalitis, hypoxia without cerebral infarction, cerebral contusion, and conversion disorder. In all patients, routine spin-echo images were also acquired. Trace images and apparent diffusion coefficient maps were produced for each location scanned with LSDI. RESULTS: In the volunteers, LSDI showed less chemical-shift and magnetic-susceptibility artifact and less geometric distortion than did EPID. LSDI was of diagnostic quality in all studies. Diffusion abnormalities were present in five patients. Restricted diffusion was present in the lesions of the three patients with acute cerebral infarction. Mildly increased diffusion was present in the lesions of encephalitis and residual cerebellar astrocytoma. No diffusion abnormalities were seen in the remaining seven children. CONCLUSION: LSDI is feasible in children, provides high-quality diffusion images with less chemical-shift and magnetic-susceptibility artifact and less geometric distortion than does EPID, and complements the routine MR examination.  (+info)

Molecular characterization of the myxosporean associated with parasitic encephalitis of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Ireland. (8/1379)

During seasonal epizootics of neurologic disease and mass mortality in the summers of 1992, 1993 and 1994 on a sea-farm in Ireland, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts suffered from encephalitis associated with infection by a neurotropic parasite. Based on ultrastructural studies, this neurotropic parasite was identified as an intercellular presporogonic multicellular developmental stage of a histozoic myxosporean, possibly a Myxobolus species. In order to generate sequence data for phylogenetic comparisons to substantiate the present morphological identification of this myxosporean in the absence of detectable sporogony, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot hybridization, dideoxynucleotide chain-termination DNA sequencing, and in situ hybridization (ISH) were used in concert to characterize segments of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Oligonucleotide primers were created from sequences of the SSU rRNA gene of M. cerebralis and were employed in PCR experiments using DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of brains from Atlantic salmon smolts in which the myxosporean had been detected by light microscopy. Five segments of the SSU rRNA gene of the myxosporean, ranging in length from 187 to 287 base pairs, were amplified, detected by hybridization with sequence-specific probes, and sequenced. Consensus sequences from these segments were aligned to create a partial sequence of the SSU rRNA gene of the myxosporean. Assessments of sequence identity were made between this partial sequence and sequences of SSU rRNA genes from 7 myxosporeans, including Ceratomyxa shasta, Henneguya doori, M. arcticus, M. cerebralis, M. insidiosus, M. neurobius, and M. squamalis. The partial SSU rRNA gene sequence from the myxosporean had more sequence identity with SSU rRNA gene sequences from neurotropic and myotropic species of Myxobolus than to those from epitheliotropic species of Myxobolus or Henneguya, or the enterotropic species of Ceratomyxa, and was identical to regions of the SSU rRNA gene of M. cerebralis. Digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide DNA probes complementary to multiple segments of the SSU rRNA gene of M. cerebralis hybridized with DNA of the parasite in histologic sections of brain in ISH experiments, demonstrating definitively that the segments of genome amplified were from the organisms identified by histology and ultrastructural analysis. Based on sequence data derived entirely from genetic material of extrasporogonic stages, the SSU rDNA sequence identity discovered in this study supports the hypothesis that the myxosporean associated with encephalitis of farmed Atlantic salmon smolts is a neurotropic species of the genus Myxobolus, with sequences identical to those of M. cerebralis.  (+info)

Encephalitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the brain. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to certain toxins. Symptoms of encephalitis can vary widely and may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and changes in behavior or personality. In severe cases, encephalitis can lead to long-term neurological damage or even death. Treatment for encephalitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation and providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Encephalitis, viral refers to an inflammation of the brain caused by a viral infection. The virus can affect any part of the brain, but it most commonly affects the temporal lobe, which is responsible for memory and speech. Symptoms of viral encephalitis can include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and changes in behavior or personality. In severe cases, it can lead to coma or even death. Treatment typically involves antiviral medications, supportive care, and rehabilitation to help manage symptoms and improve outcomes.

Encephalitis, Japanese is a type of viral infection that affects the brain. It is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The virus can cause inflammation and swelling of the brain, leading to symptoms such as fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and seizures. In severe cases, Japanese encephalitis can lead to coma and even death. The disease is most common in rural areas of Asia, particularly in Japan, China, and Indonesia. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent Japanese encephalitis.

Limbic encephalitis is a neurological disorder characterized by inflammation of the limbic system, which is a group of structures in the brain that are responsible for regulating emotions, memory, and behavior. The symptoms of limbic encephalitis can vary widely and may include changes in mood or behavior, memory loss, confusion, seizures, and hallucinations. The cause of limbic encephalitis can be viral, autoimmune, or idiopathic (of unknown cause). Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and addressing any underlying causes.

Encephalitis, Arbovirus is a type of viral infection that affects the brain and is caused by arboviruses, which are a group of viruses that are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes or ticks. These viruses can cause inflammation and swelling of the brain, which can lead to a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death. Treatment typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications, and in some cases, antiviral medications may be used to help the body fight off the infection. Vaccines are available to prevent some types of arboviral encephalitis, but not all.

Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex is a type of viral infection that affects the brain. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which is a common virus that can cause cold sores or genital herpes. In rare cases, the virus can enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain, causing inflammation and damage to the brain tissue. Symptoms of herpes simplex encephalitis can include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and changes in behavior or personality. Treatment typically involves antiviral medications to help control the virus and reduce inflammation in the brain. In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care may be necessary.

Encephalitis, St. Louis is a type of viral encephalitis caused by the St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). It is primarily found in the United States, particularly in the central and southern regions. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly the Culex species. Symptoms of St. Louis encephalitis can include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and a stiff neck. In severe cases, the virus can cause inflammation of the brain, leading to confusion, seizures, and even coma. The disease is usually self-limiting, and most people recover fully within a few weeks. However, in some cases, there can be long-term neurological effects. There is no specific treatment for St. Louis encephalitis, but supportive care such as hydration, pain management, and anticonvulsants can be provided to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes can breed. Vaccines are also available to prevent the disease in certain high-risk groups.

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vaccines are vaccines that are used to prevent Japanese Encephalitis, a viral infection that can cause inflammation of the brain. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito, and it is most common in rural areas of Asia, particularly in Japan, China, and India. There are two types of JE vaccines: inactivated vaccines and live attenuated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines contain killed viruses, while live attenuated vaccines contain weakened viruses that are still able to replicate but are not harmful to humans. Inactivated JE vaccines are usually given as a series of two or three injections, with the second and third doses given one month and six months after the first dose. Live attenuated JE vaccines are usually given as a single dose. Both types of JE vaccines are highly effective in preventing the disease, and they are recommended for people who are at risk of exposure to the virus, such as travelers to areas where the disease is common and people who work in agricultural or veterinary fields.

Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine (VEE) is a viral infection that primarily affects horses, but can also infect humans and other animals. It is caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), which is transmitted to horses through the bite of infected mosquitoes. VEE can cause a range of clinical signs in horses, including fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, the virus can cause inflammation of the brain and spinal cord (encephalomyelitis), leading to neurological symptoms such as seizures, paralysis, and even death. In humans, VEE can cause a similar range of symptoms, but is generally less severe. The symptoms of VEE in humans can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and nausea. In some cases, VEE can cause more serious neurological symptoms, such as encephalitis or meningitis. VEE is considered a serious public health concern in areas where it is prevalent, as it can be transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Prevention measures include vaccination of horses and other animals, as well as the use of insect repellents and other measures to reduce mosquito populations.

Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) Encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the brain. It is caused by the production of antibodies against the NMDA receptor, which is a protein found on nerve cells in the brain. These antibodies can cause inflammation and damage to the nerve cells, leading to a range of symptoms including confusion, memory loss, seizures, and changes in behavior or mood. The condition can be difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to those of other neurological disorders. Treatment typically involves the use of immunosuppressive medications to reduce the production of the harmful antibodies and manage the symptoms.

Encephalomyelitis, equine refers to an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord in horses. It is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections, bacterial infections, and autoimmune diseases. Symptoms of equine encephalomyelitis may include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, and changes in behavior or coordination. In severe cases, the horse may experience seizures, paralysis, or even coma. Diagnosis of equine encephalomyelitis typically involves a combination of clinical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment may involve supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications, as well as specific therapies to address the underlying cause of the inflammation. Prevention of equine encephalomyelitis is important, and may involve vaccination against certain viruses and bacteria that can cause the condition, as well as careful management of the horse's environment and diet to reduce the risk of infection.

Encephalitis, California is a term that refers to a specific strain of encephalitis that was first identified in California in the 1960s. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by a variety of factors, including viruses, bacteria, and other infections. The California strain of encephalitis is caused by a virus called the California encephalitis virus (CEV), which is a member of the flavivirus family. Symptoms of encephalitis can vary depending on the cause of the inflammation, but may include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death. Treatment for encephalitis typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and address any underlying infections or conditions that may be contributing to the inflammation. In some cases, antiviral medications may also be used to help control the virus and reduce the severity of the inflammation.

Toxoplasmosis, cerebral refers to an infection of the brain caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite can infect people and animals, and it is commonly found in cats. When the parasite infects the brain, it can cause inflammation and damage to brain tissue, leading to a range of symptoms such as headaches, fever, confusion, seizures, and changes in behavior or personality. In severe cases, cerebral toxoplasmosis can be life-threatening. It is typically diagnosed through blood tests or imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment may involve antiparasitic medications to kill the parasite and reduce inflammation in the brain.

Flavivirus infections are a group of viral infections caused by viruses belonging to the Flavivirus genus of the family Flaviviridae. These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, although transmission can also occur through other means, such as blood transfusions, sexual contact, and from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. Flavivirus infections can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms such as fever and headache to more severe conditions such as dengue fever, yellow fever, and West Nile virus disease. Some flaviviruses, such as Zika virus, can also cause serious birth defects in babies born to infected mothers. The diagnosis of flavivirus infections is typically made through laboratory testing of blood or other bodily fluids. Treatment is generally supportive, with antipyretics used to reduce fever and pain relievers used to manage symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. Prevention of flavivirus infections involves avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes can breed. Vaccines are available for some flaviviruses, such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis, but not for others.

West Nile fever is a viral infection caused by the West Nile virus (WNV). It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. The virus can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplants, and from mother to fetus during pregnancy. Symptoms of West Nile fever can range from mild to severe and may include fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. In more severe cases, the virus can cause encephalitis, which is inflammation of the brain, or meningitis, which is inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These severe cases can be life-threatening and may result in long-term neurological problems. West Nile fever is most common in warmer months, particularly in areas where mosquitoes are prevalent. The risk of infection is highest for people who spend a lot of time outdoors, especially during dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active. Treatment for West Nile fever typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. There is no specific antiviral medication available to treat the virus.

Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine is a viral infection that primarily affects horses, but can also infect other equids such as mules and donkeys. The virus is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito, and the symptoms of the disease can range from mild to severe. The disease is characterized by inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, which can lead to a range of neurological symptoms such as fever, loss of appetite, weakness, and difficulty walking. In severe cases, the disease can lead to paralysis, seizures, and even death. There is no specific treatment for Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis, and the focus of management is on providing supportive care to help the horse recover. Prevention is the best approach, and this includes controlling mosquito populations through the use of insecticides and other measures, as well as vaccination of horses at risk.

Antibodies, viral, are proteins produced by the immune system in response to a viral infection. They are also known as immunoglobulins or antibodies. Viral antibodies are specific to a particular virus and can help to neutralize and eliminate the virus from the body. They are typically detected in the blood or other bodily fluids using laboratory tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or immunofluorescence assays. The presence of viral antibodies can be used as a diagnostic tool to confirm a viral infection or to determine the immune status of an individual.

Amebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. It is a common disease worldwide, particularly in developing countries, and can cause a range of symptoms from mild diarrhea to severe complications such as liver abscesses and bowel perforation. The parasite is transmitted through contaminated food or water, or through contact with feces from an infected person. It can also be transmitted sexually. Symptoms of amebiasis can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fever. In severe cases, the infection can cause liver abscesses, which can be life-threatening if left untreated. Diagnosis of amebiasis typically involves a stool test to detect the presence of the parasite or its eggs. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics, although in severe cases surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue. Prevention of amebiasis involves practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly and avoiding contact with feces, and ensuring that food and water are properly cooked and filtered.

Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster is a rare but serious complication of chickenpox (varicella) that occurs when the virus that causes chickenpox (Varicella-zoster virus) infects the brain. It is a type of viral encephalitis, which is an inflammation of the brain caused by a viral infection. The symptoms of encephalitis, varicella zoster can include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and altered mental status. In severe cases, it can lead to permanent brain damage, coma, and even death. Encephalitis, varicella zoster is most commonly seen in children and adults who have not had chickenpox before, but it can also occur in people who have had chickenpox in the past and have developed shingles (a condition caused by the reactivation of the Varicella-zoster virus). Treatment for encephalitis, varicella zoster typically involves antiviral medications to help control the virus and reduce the severity of symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care may be necessary.

Horse diseases refer to any illness or condition that affects horses. These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, genetics, nutrition, and environmental factors. Some common horse diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, equine colic, laminitis, founder, tetanus, botulism, and various types of worms and parasites. Horse diseases can range from mild to severe and can affect the horse's overall health, performance, and quality of life. Treatment for horse diseases may involve medications, surgery, and other medical interventions, as well as changes to the horse's diet and environment to promote healing and prevent recurrence.

Viral vaccines are a type of vaccine that use a weakened or inactivated form of a virus to stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response against the virus. This immune response can provide protection against future infections with the virus. There are several different types of viral vaccines, including live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines use a weakened form of the virus that is still able to replicate, but is not strong enough to cause disease. Inactivated vaccines use a killed form of the virus that is no longer able to replicate. Subunit vaccines use only a small part of the virus, such as a protein or a piece of genetic material, to stimulate an immune response. Viral vaccines are used to prevent a wide range of viral diseases, including influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, and human papillomavirus (HPV). They are typically given by injection, but can also be given by mouth or nose in some cases. Viral vaccines are an important tool in preventing the spread of viral diseases and reducing the number of cases and deaths caused by these diseases. They are generally safe and effective, and are an important part of public health efforts to control the spread of viral diseases.

Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are a group of disorders that occur as a result of the immune system attacking healthy cells in the body, often in response to cancer. These disorders can affect the nervous system in a variety of ways, including causing muscle weakness, numbness, tingling, and other neurological symptoms. Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are often associated with certain types of cancer, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. They are typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, and may require treatment with medications or other therapies to manage symptoms and address the underlying cancer.

Meningoencephalitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of both the meninges, which are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, and the brain itself. This inflammation can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, or certain medications. Symptoms of meningoencephalitis can include fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light, confusion, seizures, and changes in mental status. In severe cases, meningoencephalitis can lead to coma or even death. Diagnosis of meningoencephalitis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and imaging studies like MRI or CT scans. Treatment for meningoencephalitis depends on the underlying cause and can include antiviral or antibiotic medications, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary.

Arbovirus infections are a group of viral diseases that are transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of infected arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. The term "arbovirus" is derived from the words "arthropod-borne virus." There are many different types of arboviruses, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. These viruses can cause a range of symptoms, from mild fever and rash to more severe illness, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever. Arbovirus infections are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions, but they can also occur in temperate regions during the summer months when the vectors are most active. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes can breed. Vaccines are available for some arboviruses, such as Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever, but not for all. Treatment is typically supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications.

AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) is a neurological disorder that occurs in people with advanced HIV/AIDS. It is characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive function, memory loss, confusion, and changes in personality. ADC is caused by the damage to the brain and nervous system that occurs as a result of HIV infection and the immune system's response to the virus. The symptoms of ADC can range from mild to severe and can affect a person's ability to perform daily activities. Treatment for ADC typically involves managing the underlying HIV infection and addressing the specific symptoms of the disorder.

Parkinson's disease, postencephalitic (PDP) is a rare form of Parkinson's disease that is caused by an infection of the brain, usually by the virus called the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). This type of Parkinson's disease is also known as postencephalitic parkinsonism. PDP is characterized by the presence of tremors, stiffness, and slow movement, which are the hallmark symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, PDP also has some unique features, such as the presence of cognitive impairment, mood disorders, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms are thought to be caused by damage to the brain that occurs as a result of the viral infection. PDP is a rare condition, and it is estimated that only a small percentage of people with Parkinson's disease have this form of the disease. It is most commonly seen in older adults, and it is more common in women than in men. Treatment for PDP is similar to that for other forms of Parkinson's disease, and it may include medications, physical therapy, and other supportive therapies.

Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two types of herpes simplex virus: HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 is primarily responsible for oral herpes, which can cause cold sores or fever blisters on or around the mouth and lips. HSV-2 is primarily responsible for genital herpes, which can cause painful sores on the genital area. Herpes simplex is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with the skin or mucous membranes of an infected person. The virus can remain dormant in the body for long periods of time and can reactivate periodically, causing outbreaks of symptoms. There is no cure for herpes simplex, but antiviral medications can help to reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks and prevent the virus from spreading to other parts of the body or to other people. It is important to practice safe sex and to avoid close contact with an infected person to prevent the spread of herpes simplex.

Viral envelope proteins are proteins that are found on the surface of enveloped viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the viral life cycle, as they are involved in the attachment of the virus to host cells, entry into the host cell, and release of new virus particles from the host cell. There are several different types of viral envelope proteins, including glycoproteins, which are proteins that have attached carbohydrates, and matrix proteins, which help to stabilize the viral envelope. These proteins can be important targets for antiviral drugs, as they are often essential for the virus to infect host cells. In addition to their role in viral infection, viral envelope proteins can also play a role in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. For example, some viral envelope proteins can trigger an immune response in the host, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Other viral envelope proteins can help the virus evade the host immune system, allowing the virus to persist and cause disease. Overall, viral envelope proteins are important components of enveloped viruses and play a critical role in the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of viral diseases.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. In ADEM, the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, causing it to break down and release inflammatory chemicals. This leads to inflammation and damage to the nerve fibers, which can result in a wide range of symptoms, including fever, headache, fatigue, and difficulty with coordination and balance. The symptoms of ADEM can vary widely depending on the location and severity of the inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. Some people may experience only mild symptoms, while others may have more severe symptoms that can be life-threatening. ADEM is usually a self-limiting condition, meaning that it will resolve on its own over time. However, in some cases, treatment with corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive drugs may be necessary to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the nervous system.

Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine, also known as equine encephalomyelitis, is a viral disease that affects horses and other equids. It is caused by the West Nile virus, which is transmitted to horses through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The symptoms of equine encephalomyelitis can vary depending on the severity of the infection. In some cases, horses may show no signs of illness at all. However, in more severe cases, horses may develop fever, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, and difficulty moving. In some cases, the disease can also affect the brain and spinal cord, leading to neurological symptoms such as seizures, paralysis, and loss of coordination. There is no specific treatment for equine encephalomyelitis, and the prognosis for horses that develop severe symptoms is generally poor. Prevention is the best way to protect horses from the disease, and this can be achieved through measures such as mosquito control and vaccination.

Roseolovirus infections are a group of viral infections caused by viruses belonging to the genus Roseolovirus. The most common member of this genus is the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), which is also known as roseola virus. HHV-6 is a common virus that can cause mild to severe illness in both children and adults. Roseolovirus infections are typically characterized by a fever, a rash, and swollen lymph nodes. The fever and rash usually start a few days after the initial symptoms, which may include fatigue, headache, and body aches. The rash typically starts on the face and spreads to the trunk and limbs, and it may be accompanied by itching. Roseolovirus infections are usually self-limiting, meaning that they will resolve on their own without treatment. However, in some cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, the infection can be more severe and may require hospitalization. Treatment is typically supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Roseolovirus infections are highly contagious and can be spread through respiratory droplets, direct contact with infected individuals, or contact with contaminated surfaces. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.

RNA, Viral refers to the genetic material of viruses that are composed of RNA instead of DNA. Viral RNA is typically single-stranded and can be either positive-sense or negative-sense. Positive-sense RNA viruses can be directly translated into proteins by the host cell's ribosomes, while negative-sense RNA viruses require a complementary positive-sense RNA intermediate before protein synthesis can occur. Viral RNA is often encapsidated within a viral capsid and can be further protected by an envelope made of lipids and proteins derived from the host cell. RNA viruses include a wide range of pathogens that can cause diseases in humans and other organisms, such as influenza, hepatitis C, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus responsible for COVID-19).

Henipavirus infections are a group of viral infections caused by henipaviruses, which are a type of paramyxovirus. These viruses are primarily found in bats and can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, or through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. There are two main types of henipaviruses: Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV). Both viruses can cause severe respiratory illness, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and in some cases, death. HeV is primarily found in Australia, while NiV is found in Southeast Asia. Symptoms of henipavirus infections can include fever, headache, muscle aches, cough, sore throat, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, the viruses can cause brain swelling, seizures, and coma. There is no specific treatment for henipavirus infections, and supportive care is the mainstay of treatment. This may include antiviral medications, respiratory support, and management of symptoms. Vaccines are currently not available for henipavirus infections, but efforts are underway to develop them.

Meningitis, viral, is an inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused by a viral infection. The symptoms of viral meningitis can include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and a stiff neck. The condition is usually self-limiting and can be treated with supportive care, such as pain relief and fluids. However, in some cases, more severe complications may occur, such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or hearing loss. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone you know may have viral meningitis.

Bird diseases refer to any illness or infection that affects birds, including domesticated birds such as chickens, turkeys, and ducks, as well as wild birds. These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and environmental factors such as exposure to toxins or pollutants. Bird diseases can range in severity from mild to life-threatening, and can affect birds of all ages and species. Some common bird diseases include avian influenza, Newcastle disease, fowl pox, Marek's disease, and psittacosis. In the medical field, bird diseases are typically diagnosed and treated by veterinarians who specialize in avian medicine. Treatment may involve medications, vaccines, or other interventions to manage symptoms and prevent the spread of the disease. In some cases, birds may need to be euthanized if the disease is too severe or if treatment is not effective.

West Nile Virus (WNV) vaccines are medical products that are designed to protect against the West Nile Virus, which is a mosquito-borne virus that can cause serious illness in humans and animals. These vaccines are typically administered to individuals who are at high risk of exposure to the virus, such as those who work in areas where mosquitoes are prevalent or those who have weakened immune systems. There are currently two types of WNV vaccines that are available: an inactivated vaccine and a live-attenuated vaccine. The inactivated vaccine is made by killing the virus and then injecting it into the body, while the live-attenuated vaccine is made by weakening the virus so that it can no longer cause disease but can still stimulate an immune response. Both types of WNV vaccines have been shown to be effective at preventing WNV infection and reducing the severity of illness in those who do become infected. However, they are not without risks, and individuals who receive these vaccines should be monitored closely for any adverse reactions.

Alphavirus infections are a group of viral diseases caused by viruses belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, although transmission can also occur through contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids. Symptoms of alphavirus infections can vary depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, and rash. In severe cases, symptoms can progress to include encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), and hemorrhagic fever (bleeding from various parts of the body). There are several different alphaviruses that can cause human infections, including Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Treatment for alphavirus infections typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications, such as dehydration and secondary infections. In some cases, antiviral medications may be used to help control the infection. Vaccines are available for some alphaviruses, but they are not widely available and are not always effective. Prevention of alphavirus infections involves avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes can breed.

Viral nonstructural proteins (NSPs) are proteins that are not part of the viral capsid or envelope, but are instead synthesized by the virus after it has entered a host cell. These proteins play important roles in the replication and assembly of the virus, as well as in evading the host immune system. NSPs can be classified into several functional groups, including proteases, helicases, polymerases, and methyltransferases. For example, the NSP1 protein of the influenza virus is a protease that cleaves host cell proteins to create a favorable environment for viral replication. The NSP3 protein of the hepatitis C virus is a helicase that unwinds the viral RNA genome to allow for transcription and replication. NSPs can also be targeted by antiviral drugs, as they are often essential for viral replication. For example, the protease inhibitors used to treat HIV target the viral protease enzyme, which is an NSP. Similarly, the NS5B polymerase inhibitors used to treat hepatitis C target the viral polymerase enzyme, which is also an NSP. Overall, NSPs play important roles in the life cycle of viruses and are an important target for antiviral therapy.

Togaviridae infections refer to a group of viral infections caused by viruses belonging to the Togaviridae family. This family includes several important human and animal pathogens, such as dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and West Nile virus. Togaviridae viruses are transmitted primarily through the bite of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. They can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplantation, and from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. Symptoms of Togaviridae infections can vary depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash, and nausea. In severe cases, Togaviridae infections can lead to more serious complications, such as encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever, and death. Treatment for Togaviridae infections typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. There are no specific antiviral drugs available for these viruses, so treatment is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Vaccines are available for some Togaviridae viruses, such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis, but they are not widely available for all members of this family.

Autoimmune diseases of the nervous system are a group of disorders in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the nervous system. These diseases can affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and autonomic nervous system. Examples of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system include multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), myasthenia gravis (MG), and lupus erythematosus (LE). These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, numbness, tingling, pain, difficulty with coordination and balance, vision problems, and cognitive impairment. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and manage symptoms, as well as physical therapy and other supportive care.

Enterovirus infections are a group of viral infections caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of RNA virus that primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system. These viruses are highly contagious and can be transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, or respiratory droplets. Enterovirus infections can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash. In some cases, enterovirus infections can lead to more serious complications, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and paralysis. There is no specific treatment for enterovirus infections, as the viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and providing supportive care, such as fluids and pain relief. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. Prevention of enterovirus infections involves practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding contact with infected individuals or surfaces. Vaccines are not currently available for all types of enteroviruses, but some vaccines are in development.

In the medical field, "Vaccines, Attenuated" refers to vaccines that are made by weakening or attenuating a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, so that it can no longer cause disease in a healthy individual. This weakened pathogen is then introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response, which helps the body to recognize and fight off the pathogen if it is encountered again in the future. Attenuated vaccines are often used to prevent infectious diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and yellow fever. They are typically made by growing the pathogen in a laboratory and then exposing it to conditions that weaken it, such as low temperatures or the absence of certain nutrients. The weakened pathogen is then injected into the body, where it triggers an immune response without causing the disease. Attenuated vaccines are generally considered to be safe and effective, and they are one of the most common types of vaccines used in the world. However, like all vaccines, they can cause side effects, such as fever, soreness at the injection site, and rare allergic reactions.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is produced by B cells in response to an infection or foreign substance. It is the first antibody to be produced during an immune response and is present in the blood and other body fluids in relatively low concentrations. IgM antibodies are large, Y-shaped molecules that can bind to multiple antigens at once, making them highly effective at neutralizing pathogens and marking them for destruction by other immune cells. They are also able to activate the complement system, a series of proteins that can directly destroy pathogens or mark them for destruction by immune cells. IgM antibodies are often used as a diagnostic tool in medical testing, as they are typically the first antibodies to be produced in response to a new infection. They can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of vaccines and to detect the presence of certain diseases, such as viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain types of cancer.

Central Nervous System (CNS) infections refer to infections that affect the brain and spinal cord. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, and can result in a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and changes in mental status or behavior. CNS infections can be classified into two main categories: primary and secondary. Primary CNS infections occur when the pathogen directly enters the brain or spinal cord, while secondary CNS infections occur when the pathogen enters the bloodstream and spreads to the brain or spinal cord. Some common examples of primary CNS infections include meningitis (inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and brain abscess (a localized collection of pus in the brain). Secondary CNS infections can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus), viruses (such as herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus), and fungi (such as Cryptococcus neoformans). Treatment for CNS infections typically involves the use of antibiotics, antiviral drugs, or antifungal medications, depending on the specific pathogen causing the infection. In some cases, surgery may also be necessary to remove infected tissue or drain abscesses. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing complications and improving outcomes.

Acyclovir is an antiviral medication that is used to treat a variety of viral infections, including herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of the skin, mouth, and genitals, as well as chickenpox and shingles. It works by inhibiting the replication of the virus, which helps to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms and prevent the virus from spreading to other parts of the body. Acyclovir is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, ointments, and creams, and is typically taken orally or applied topically to the affected area. It is generally well-tolerated, but can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and headache.

Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections (CNSPIs) are infections caused by protozoan parasites that affect the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can cause a variety of infections in humans, including those that affect the CNS. CNSPIs can be caused by several different protozoan parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei, and Plasmodium falciparum. These parasites can enter the CNS through various routes, such as through the bloodstream, the nasal passages, or the placenta in pregnant women. Symptoms of CNSPIs can vary depending on the specific parasite and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include headache, fever, confusion, seizures, and changes in mental status. In severe cases, CNSPIs can lead to coma, paralysis, and even death. Diagnosis of CNSPIs typically involves a combination of clinical examination, laboratory testing, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment of CNSPIs depends on the specific parasite and the severity of the infection, and may involve antiparasitic medications, corticosteroids, or other supportive therapies.

In the medical field, "Goat Diseases" refers to a wide range of illnesses and conditions that can affect goats. These diseases can be caused by various factors, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and environmental factors. Some common goat diseases include: 1. Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV): A viral disease that affects the central nervous system and joints of goats. 2. Q fever: A bacterial disease that can cause fever, pneumonia, and other respiratory symptoms in goats. 3. Johne's disease: A bacterial disease that affects the digestive system of goats and can cause diarrhea, weight loss, and other symptoms. 4. Coccidiosis: A parasitic disease that affects the digestive system of goats and can cause diarrhea, weight loss, and other symptoms. 5. Mycoplasma agalactiae: A bacterial disease that can cause mastitis (inflammation of the mammary glands) in goats. 6. Scrapie: A fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system of goats. 7. Bluetongue: A viral disease that affects the mouth and tongue of goats and can cause fever, swelling, and other symptoms. 8. Foot-and-mouth disease: A viral disease that affects the mouth and feet of goats and can cause fever, blisters, and other symptoms. 9. Anthrax: A bacterial disease that can cause fever, skin ulcers, and other symptoms in goats. 10. Rift Valley fever: A viral disease that can cause fever, muscle pain, and other symptoms in goats. These are just a few examples of the many goat diseases that can affect goats. It is important for goat owners to be aware of the common diseases in their area and to take steps to prevent and treat them.

"Communicable Diseases, Emerging" refers to infectious diseases that have recently emerged or re-emerged in a population, and for which there is limited understanding or experience in controlling or preventing their spread. These diseases can be caused by new pathogens, changes in the behavior of existing pathogens, or changes in the environment or population dynamics that facilitate their transmission. Emerging communicable diseases can pose a significant public health threat, as they can rapidly spread and cause widespread illness, death, and social disruption. Examples of emerging communicable diseases include Ebola, Zika virus, SARS, and COVID-19. The emergence of these diseases is often linked to factors such as globalization, urbanization, deforestation, climate change, and the movement of people and animals across borders. To control and prevent the spread of emerging communicable diseases, public health officials and healthcare providers must work together to identify and track outbreaks, develop and implement effective prevention and control measures, and provide education and resources to the public. This requires ongoing surveillance, research, and collaboration among healthcare professionals, government agencies, and international organizations.

Central Nervous System Viral Diseases (CNSVDs) are infections caused by viruses that affect the brain and spinal cord. These viruses can enter the central nervous system (CNS) through various routes, such as the bloodstream, respiratory system, or mucous membranes. CNSVDs can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and paralysis. Some viruses can also cause more severe neurological complications, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome. Examples of viruses that can cause CNSVDs include herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, and Zika virus. Treatment for CNSVDs typically involves antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of symptoms. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for severe cases or complications.

Paraneoplastic syndromes are a group of medical conditions that are not directly caused by the cancer itself, but rather by the body's immune response to the cancer. These conditions can occur in association with various types of cancer, including lung cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer, among others. Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect various organs and systems in the body, including the nervous system, the endocrine system, the skin, and the muscles. Some common examples of paraneoplastic syndromes include: * Cushing's syndrome, which is caused by the overproduction of cortisol due to a tumor in the pituitary gland or adrenal gland. * Hypercalcemia, which is caused by the overproduction of parathyroid hormone due to a tumor in the parathyroid gland. * Pemphigus vulgaris, which is a skin disorder caused by an autoimmune response to the body's own cells. * Myasthenia gravis, which is a neuromuscular disorder caused by an autoimmune response to the body's own acetylcholine receptors. Paraneoplastic syndromes can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as they are not directly caused by the cancer. However, they can provide important clues to the presence of cancer, and can sometimes be used to help diagnose the type and location of the cancer. Treatment for paraneoplastic syndromes typically involves managing the symptoms and addressing the underlying cause, which may be the cancer itself.

Meningitis, aseptic, is a type of inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges) that is caused by a non-infectious agent, such as a reaction to a medication or a traumatic injury. It is also known as aseptic meningitis or non-infectious meningitis. Aseptic meningitis is usually characterized by fever, headache, and neck stiffness, as well as other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light. The inflammation of the meninges can cause a headache that is severe and persistent, and may be accompanied by neck stiffness and a sensitivity to light. The cause of aseptic meningitis can vary, but it is often related to the use of certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or antibiotics. It can also be caused by a traumatic injury to the head or neck, or by certain medical conditions, such as cancer or lupus. Aseptic meningitis is usually treated with medications to relieve symptoms and reduce inflammation. In most cases, the condition resolves on its own within a few days to a week. However, in severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Isaacs Syndrome, also known as benign fasciculation syndrome, is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle twitches or fasciculations, particularly in the face, arms, and legs. These fasciculations are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the muscles and are usually harmless. The symptoms of Isaacs Syndrome can be variable and may include muscle stiffness, weakness, and fatigue. Some people with the condition may also experience muscle cramps, twitching, or spasms. While the exact cause of Isaacs Syndrome is not known, it is believed to be related to an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the muscles. Treatment for Isaacs Syndrome typically involves managing symptoms with medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. In most cases, the condition is not life-threatening and does not cause permanent muscle damage. However, in some cases, the symptoms may be severe and may require more aggressive treatment.

Encephalomyelitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of both the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. The symptoms of encephalomyelitis can vary widely depending on the location and severity of the inflammation. Common symptoms may include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, muscle weakness, and difficulty with coordination and balance. In severe cases, encephalomyelitis can lead to permanent neurological damage or even death. Treatment for encephalomyelitis typically involves managing symptoms and addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation. This may include antiviral or antibiotic medications, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and supportive care such as hydration and nutrition. In some cases, physical therapy or other forms of rehabilitation may be necessary to help patients recover from the effects of the condition.

Lentivirus infections refer to a group of viral infections caused by lentiviruses, which are a type of retrovirus. Lentiviruses are characterized by their slow replication rate and ability to infect cells of the immune system, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Lentiviruses are responsible for several serious diseases, including HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Other lentiviruses include equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) in horses, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in cats, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in non-human primates. Lentivirus infections can be transmitted through various means, including sexual contact, blood transfusions, and mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or breastfeeding. The symptoms of lentivirus infections can vary depending on the specific virus and the stage of the infection. In some cases, there may be no symptoms at all, while in others, symptoms can range from mild to severe and can include fever, fatigue, weight loss, and opportunistic infections. Treatment for lentivirus infections typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which involves taking a combination of medications to suppress the virus and prevent the progression of the disease. In some cases, supportive care may also be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Dengue is a viral infection caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. It is a common disease in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and is estimated to affect between 300 million and 500 million people each year. Dengue fever is the most common form of the disease, and is characterized by fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and a rash. In some cases, the disease can progress to more severe forms, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, which can be life-threatening. There is no specific treatment for dengue fever, but supportive care such as hydration and pain management can help alleviate symptoms. Prevention measures include eliminating mosquito breeding sites, using insect repellent, and wearing protective clothing. Vaccines are currently being developed for dengue fever, but are not yet widely available.

Sulfadiazine is an antibiotic medication that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory infections. It works by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria in the body. Sulfadiazine is typically administered orally in the form of tablets or capsules. It may also be available as a liquid or as a cream or ointment for topical use. It is important to note that sulfadiazine is not effective against viral infections, such as the flu or common cold. It is also not recommended for use in pregnant women or children under the age of 12, as it may cause harm to these populations. Side effects of sulfadiazine may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and skin rash. In rare cases, it may cause more serious side effects, such as liver damage or blood disorders. It is important to follow the instructions of your healthcare provider and to report any side effects to them immediately.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Rabies is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system of mammals, including humans. It is caused by the rabies virus, which is transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal, usually through a bite or scratch. The virus attacks the brain and spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms that can include fever, headache, muscle weakness, and confusion. In its most severe form, rabies can cause delirium, seizures, and ultimately death. The disease is preventable through vaccination, but once symptoms appear, there is no cure. Treatment typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications, such as infection or respiratory failure.

Viremia is a medical term that refers to the presence of viruses in the bloodstream. It is a normal part of the viral replication cycle, during which the virus multiplies inside host cells and then enters the bloodstream. In some cases, viremia can be asymptomatic, meaning that the person infected with the virus does not experience any symptoms. However, in other cases, viremia can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of virus and the severity of the infection. Viremia is typically measured by detecting the viral particles or genetic material of the virus in a blood sample using laboratory tests. The level of viremia can be used to monitor the progression of the infection and to determine the effectiveness of antiviral treatments.

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare and progressive neurological disorder caused by the measles virus. It typically occurs several years after a person has had measles, and the symptoms can take several months to appear. The disease is characterized by a slow and progressive decline in mental and physical abilities, including memory loss, confusion, seizures, and muscle weakness. As the disease progresses, the symptoms become more severe and can lead to coma and death. There is no cure for SSPE, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and providing supportive care. The disease is preventable through vaccination against measles, which is highly effective in preventing SSPE and other complications of measles.

Reoviridae infections refer to a group of viral infections caused by viruses belonging to the family Reoviridae. These viruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses that can infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and plants. Reoviridae infections can cause a variety of clinical manifestations, depending on the specific virus and the host infected. In humans, reovirus infections can cause mild to severe respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Other clinical manifestations of reovirus infections in humans include diarrhea, encephalitis, meningitis, and myocarditis. Reovirus infections can also cause disease in animals, including cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry. In animals, reovirus infections can cause respiratory tract infections, enteritis, and abortion. Diagnosis of reovirus infections is typically made through laboratory testing, such as viral culture, serology, and molecular testing. Treatment of reovirus infections is generally supportive, with management of symptoms and complications as needed. Prevention of reovirus infections involves measures such as vaccination, hygiene, and good sanitation practices. Vaccines are available for some animal species, but there are currently no vaccines for humans.

Toxoplasmosis, Animal refers to a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which is commonly found in cats and other animals. The infection can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animal feces, ingestion of undercooked meat containing the parasite, or congenital transmission from an infected mother to her fetus. In animals, the infection can cause a range of clinical signs, including fever, anorexia, and weight loss. However, many animals are asymptomatic carriers of the parasite. In severe cases, the infection can lead to neurological and ocular complications. Treatment for toxoplasmosis in animals typically involves the use of anti-parasitic medications.

Measles is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus. It is characterized by a fever, cough, runny nose, and a distinctive red rash that spreads from the head to the rest of the body. Measles can also cause complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and blindness. It is primarily spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Measles is preventable through vaccination, which is recommended for all children.

Rodent diseases refer to a group of infectious diseases that are caused by pathogens transmitted by rodents, such as mice and rats. These diseases can affect both humans and animals, and can be transmitted through direct contact with infected rodents, their urine, feces, or saliva, or through the bites of infected fleas or ticks. Some common rodent-borne diseases include: 1. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): A severe respiratory illness that can be fatal. 2. Rat-bite fever: A bacterial infection that can cause fever, joint pain, and swelling. 3. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM): A viral infection that can cause meningitis and encephalitis. 4. Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection that can cause fever, headache, muscle pain, and liver damage. 5. Salmonellosis: A bacterial infection that can cause diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. 6. Plague: A bacterial infection that can cause fever, chills, and swelling of the lymph nodes. Preventing rodent-borne diseases involves controlling rodent populations through sanitation, exclusion, and the use of rodenticides, as well as practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with rodents and their droppings. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have been exposed to a rodent-borne disease, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

Autoantibodies are antibodies that are produced by the immune system against the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. In other words, they are antibodies that mistakenly target and attack the body's own components instead of foreign invaders like viruses or bacteria. Autoantibodies can be present in people with various medical conditions, including autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis. They can also be found in people with certain infections, cancer, and other diseases. Autoantibodies can cause damage to the body's own cells, tissues, or organs, leading to inflammation, tissue destruction, and other symptoms. They can also interfere with the normal functioning of the body's systems, such as the nervous system, digestive system, and cardiovascular system. Diagnosis of autoantibodies is typically done through blood tests, which can detect the presence of specific autoantibodies in the blood. Treatment for autoimmune diseases that involve autoantibodies may include medications to suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, as well as other therapies to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

In the medical field, "DNA, Viral" refers to the genetic material of viruses, which is composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Viruses are infectious agents that can only replicate inside living cells of organisms, including humans. The genetic material of viruses is different from that of cells, as viruses do not have a cellular structure and cannot carry out metabolic processes on their own. Instead, they rely on the host cell's machinery to replicate and produce new viral particles. Understanding the genetic material of viruses is important for developing treatments and vaccines against viral infections. By studying the DNA or RNA (ribonucleic acid) of viruses, researchers can identify potential targets for antiviral drugs and design vaccines that stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight off viral infections.

In the medical field, an acute disease is a condition that develops suddenly and progresses rapidly over a short period of time. Acute diseases are typically characterized by severe symptoms and a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Examples of acute diseases include pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and heart attacks. These diseases require prompt medical attention and treatment to prevent complications and improve outcomes. In contrast, chronic diseases are long-term conditions that develop gradually over time and may persist for years or even decades.

Zoonoses are infectious diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, and can be transmitted through direct contact with animals, their bodily fluids, or their feces, or through the bites of infected insects or ticks. Examples of zoonoses include rabies, Lyme disease, brucellosis, and salmonellosis. Zoonoses can be a significant public health concern, as they can spread rapidly and cause serious illness or even death in humans. They can also have a significant economic impact, as they can affect livestock and wildlife populations, and can lead to the closure of farms or the destruction of animals to prevent the spread of disease.

In the medical field, "Vaccines, Inactivated" refers to vaccines that contain viruses or bacteria that have been killed or inactivated, meaning they are no longer able to cause disease. These vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response without causing the disease itself. Inactivated vaccines are often used to prevent viral diseases such as polio, hepatitis A, and influenza. They are usually given by injection and require two or more doses to provide full protection. Inactivated vaccines are considered safe and effective, and are widely used in vaccination programs around the world.

Viral proteins are proteins that are synthesized by viruses during their replication cycle within a host cell. These proteins play a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including attachment to host cells, entry into the cell, replication of the viral genome, assembly of new viral particles, and release of the virus from the host cell. Viral proteins can be classified into several categories based on their function, including structural proteins, non-structural proteins, and regulatory proteins. Structural proteins are the building blocks of the viral particle, such as capsid proteins that form the viral coat. Non-structural proteins are proteins that are not part of the viral particle but are essential for viral replication, such as proteases that cleave viral polyproteins into individual proteins. Regulatory proteins are proteins that control the expression of viral genes or the activity of viral enzymes. Viral proteins are important targets for antiviral drugs and vaccines, as they are essential for viral replication and survival. Understanding the structure and function of viral proteins is crucial for the development of effective antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Rhabdoviridae infections refer to a group of viral infections caused by viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae. These viruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that are enveloped and have a bullet-shaped or bullet-nosed appearance. They are known to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and plants. Some of the most well-known rhabdoviruses that can cause infections in humans include rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. These viruses can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the location of the infection. For example, rabies virus can cause a progressive encephalitis that can be fatal if left untreated, while vesicular stomatitis virus can cause fever, mouth ulcers, and swelling of the salivary glands. Rhabdoviridae infections can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including viral culture, serological testing, and molecular testing. Treatment for these infections typically involves antiviral medications, supportive care, and, in some cases, vaccination. Prevention of rhabdovirus infections involves avoiding contact with infected animals or humans, practicing good hygiene, and getting vaccinated when appropriate.

Brain diseases refer to a wide range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or chemistry of the brain. These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, infections, injuries, toxins, and degenerative processes. Some common examples of brain diseases include: 1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. 2. Parkinson's disease: A movement disorder caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. 3. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system, causing inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers. 4. Huntington's disease: A genetic disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain, leading to movement, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. 5. Epilepsy: A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including brain injury, genetic mutations, and brain tumors. 6. Stroke: A medical emergency caused by a disruption of blood flow to the brain, which can result in brain damage or death. 7. Brain tumors: Benign or malignant growths of abnormal cells in the brain that can cause a range of symptoms, depending on their location and size. These are just a few examples of the many different types of brain diseases that can affect people. Treatment options for brain diseases depend on the specific condition and its severity, and may include medications, surgery, physical therapy, and other interventions.

Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, as well as certain autoimmune diseases or reactions to medications. The symptoms of meningitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the inflammation, but common signs include fever, headache, neck stiffness, sensitivity to light, and a rash. In severe cases, meningitis can lead to complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, seizures, and even death. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of meningitis are crucial to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or antiviral medications, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent dehydration.

In the medical field, "dog diseases" refers to any illness or condition that affects dogs. These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, infections, environmental factors, and lifestyle. Some common examples of dog diseases include: 1. Canine Influenza: A highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus. 2. Canine Distemper: A highly contagious viral disease that affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. 3. Canine Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the white blood cells. 4. Canine Hip Dysplasia: A genetic disorder that affects the development of the hip joint. 5. Canine Heartworm: A parasitic disease that affects the heart and blood vessels. 6. Canine Cancers: A group of diseases that affect the body's cells and tissues. 7. Canine Arthritis: A joint disease that causes inflammation and pain. 8. Canine Allergies: A condition in which the immune system overreacts to certain substances, such as pollen or food. 9. Canine Eye Diseases: A group of conditions that affect the eyes, including cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment. 10. Canine Skin Diseases: A group of conditions that affect the skin, including allergies, mange, and acne. These are just a few examples of the many diseases that can affect dogs. It is important for pet owners to be aware of the common diseases that affect their dogs and to take steps to prevent and treat them.

Antibodies, neutralizing are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, such as a virus or bacteria. Neutralizing antibodies are a specific type of antibody that can bind to and neutralize the harmful effects of a pathogen, preventing it from infecting cells or causing damage to the body. Neutralizing antibodies are an important part of the immune response and are often used in medical treatments to help the body fight off infections.

Herpesviridae infections refer to a group of viral infections caused by viruses belonging to the family Herpesviridae. These viruses are characterized by their ability to establish lifelong infections in their hosts, with periods of latency and reactivation. There are eight known herpesviruses that infect humans, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), and human herpesvirus 36 (HHV-36). Herpesviridae infections can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the location of the infection. Common symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, skin rashes, and genital sores. Some infections can also cause more serious complications, such as encephalitis, meningitis, and pneumonia. Herpesviridae infections are typically diagnosed through laboratory tests, such as viral culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serology. Treatment options for herpesviridae infections include antiviral medications, which can help to reduce symptoms and prevent complications. However, there is currently no cure for herpesviridae infections, and the viruses can remain dormant in the body for long periods of time before reactivating.

Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) is a rare and severe form of inflammation of the white matter in the brain, characterized by the presence of hemorrhages (bleeds) within the affected areas. AHLE is typically caused by a viral infection, such as the herpes simplex virus (HSV), and is more commonly seen in children and young adults. The symptoms of AHLE can vary widely and may include headache, fever, nausea and vomiting, confusion, seizures, and changes in consciousness. In some cases, AHLE can lead to permanent neurological damage or even death. Diagnosis of AHLE typically involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as MRI), and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause of the inflammation. Treatment may involve antiviral medications, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Sarcocystosis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Sarcocystis. The parasite can infect a wide range of animals, including humans, and is typically transmitted through the consumption of undercooked meat or contaminated water or soil. In humans, sarcocystosis can cause a variety of symptoms, including muscle pain, fever, and fatigue. In some cases, the infection can also cause more serious complications, such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or eye infections. Diagnosis of sarcocystosis typically involves identifying the parasite in tissue samples taken from the infected individual. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications, although in some cases, the infection may resolve on its own without treatment. Prevention measures include proper cooking of meat and avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water.

Seizures are abnormal electrical discharges in the brain that can cause a variety of symptoms, including convulsions, muscle spasms, loss of consciousness, and changes in behavior or sensation. Seizures can be caused by a variety of factors, including brain injury, infection, genetic disorders, and certain medications. They can be classified into different types based on their symptoms and the part of the brain affected. Treatment for seizures may include medications, surgery, or other interventions, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the seizures.

In the medical field, "Vaccines, Synthetic" refers to vaccines that are made using synthetic or man-made methods, rather than being derived from natural sources such as live or attenuated viruses or bacteria. These vaccines are typically made using recombinant DNA technology, which involves inserting a small piece of genetic material from the pathogen into a harmless host cell, such as a yeast or bacteria, that is then grown in large quantities. The resulting protein is then purified and used to make the vaccine. Synthetic vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines, including the ability to produce vaccines quickly and efficiently, the ability to produce vaccines for diseases that are difficult to grow in the laboratory, and the ability to produce vaccines that are safe and effective for people with weakened immune systems or other health conditions. Some examples of synthetic vaccines include the hepatitis B vaccine, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, and the influenza vaccine.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of protein that is produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. It is the most abundant type of immunoglobulin in the blood and is responsible for the majority of the body's defense against infections. IgG is produced by B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response. When a B cell encounters a foreign substance, it produces IgG antibodies that can recognize and bind to the substance, marking it for destruction by other immune cells. IgG antibodies can also be transferred from mother to child through the placenta during pregnancy, providing the baby with some protection against infections during the first few months of life. In addition, some vaccines contain IgG antibodies to help stimulate the immune system and provide protection against specific diseases. Overall, IgG is an important component of the immune system and plays a critical role in protecting the body against infections and diseases.

In the medical field, "Bites and Stings" refers to injuries caused by the bites or stings of various animals or insects. These injuries can range from minor to severe and can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, swelling, redness, itching, and in some cases, an allergic reaction. Some common examples of bites and stings include: - Bee or wasp stings: These stings can cause pain, swelling, and redness at the site of the sting, as well as an allergic reaction in some people. - Snake bites: Snake bites can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of snake and the amount of venom injected. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing. - Spider bites: Spider bites can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of spider and the amount of venom injected. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, redness, and an allergic reaction. - Dog bites: Dog bites can cause a range of injuries, from minor scratches to deep puncture wounds. In some cases, dog bites can also cause infection. Treatment for bites and stings depends on the severity of the injury and the type of animal or insect involved. In some cases, treatment may include antivenom, antibiotics, or other medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you have been bitten or stung by an animal or insect.

RNA helicases are a class of enzymes that play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including gene expression, RNA metabolism, and DNA replication. These enzymes are responsible for unwinding the double-stranded RNA or DNA helix, thereby facilitating the access of other proteins to the nucleic acid strands. RNA helicases are involved in several biological processes, including transcription, translation, splicing, and RNA degradation. They are also involved in the initiation of reverse transcription during retroviral replication and in the unwinding of RNA-DNA hybrids during DNA repair. In the medical field, RNA helicases are of particular interest due to their involvement in various diseases. For example, mutations in certain RNA helicases have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Additionally, RNA helicases have been implicated in various types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, and lung cancer. Overall, RNA helicases are essential enzymes that play a critical role in many cellular processes and are of significant interest in the medical field due to their involvement in various diseases.

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a viral infection that primarily affects children under the age of 10. It is caused by several types of enteroviruses, including Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71. The symptoms of HFMD typically include fever, sore throat, and a rash on the hands, feet, and mouth. The rash may also appear on the buttocks, knees, and elbows. In severe cases, the virus can cause complications such as encephalitis, meningitis, and pneumonia. HFMD is highly contagious and spreads through direct contact with the virus, such as through saliva, mucus, or feces. It can also be transmitted through contaminated surfaces or objects. Treatment for HFMD is generally supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. Vaccines are currently being developed for some types of enteroviruses that cause HFMD.

Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SAIDS) is a disease that affects primates, including monkeys and chimpanzees, and is caused by a virus similar to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). SAIDS is characterized by a weakened immune system, which makes the affected animals more susceptible to infections and diseases. The symptoms of SAIDS are similar to those of HIV in humans, including fever, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. SAIDS is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, and vaginal fluids, and can be spread through sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. SAIDS is a serious and often fatal disease, and there is currently no cure for it.

Coronaviridae infections refer to a group of viral infections caused by members of the Coronaviridae family. This family of viruses includes several well-known pathogens, such as the common cold virus (rhinovirus) and the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. Coronaviruses are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that are enveloped and have a crown-like appearance under electron microscopy, hence the name "corona." They are typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated surfaces. Coronaviridae infections can range in severity from mild to severe, and can affect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and birds. Some coronaviruses cause mild respiratory infections, while others can cause more serious illnesses, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and even death. In the medical field, the diagnosis of coronaviridae infections is typically made through laboratory testing, such as viral culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, or serological testing. Treatment of coronaviridae infections typically involves supportive care, such as rest, hydration, and pain relief, as well as antiviral medications in some cases. Vaccines are also available for some coronaviruses, such as the seasonal flu vaccine.

Immunoglobulins, intravenous (IVIG) are a type of medication that contains a mixture of different types of antibodies (proteins produced by the immune system) that are obtained from the plasma of healthy donors. IVIG is used to treat a variety of conditions, including primary immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune diseases, and certain types of infections. IVIG works by providing the body with a supply of antibodies that can help fight off infections and other diseases. It is typically administered through a vein, usually over a period of several hours, and can be given as a single dose or as a series of infusions over a period of weeks or months. IVIG is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, although it can cause side effects such as headache, nausea, and allergic reactions. It is important to note that IVIG is not a cure for the underlying conditions it is used to treat, and it may need to be continued long-term in some cases.

Yellow Fever is a viral disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV) and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The disease is characterized by fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In severe cases, yellow fever can lead to hemorrhage, shock, and multi-organ failure, with a high mortality rate. Yellow fever is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America, but it can also occur in travelers who visit these areas. The disease is preventable through vaccination, and early diagnosis and treatment can significantly reduce the risk of complications and death.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (AROIs) are infections that occur when the immune system is weakened due to HIV/AIDS. The immune system is responsible for fighting off infections and diseases, but when it is weakened, it is unable to effectively fight off these infections. As a result, people with HIV/AIDS are more susceptible to a variety of infections that would not normally cause illness in people with a healthy immune system. These infections are called opportunistic infections because they take advantage of the weakened immune system to cause illness. Some common AROIs include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and yeast infections. Treatment for AROIs typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control the HIV infection and medications to treat the specific infection.

Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) are a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor found in the central nervous system. They are named after the agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), which binds to and activates these receptors. NMDA receptors are important for a variety of physiological processes, including learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. They are also involved in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. NMDA receptors are heteromeric complexes composed of two subunits, NR1 and NR2, which can be differentially expressed in various brain regions and cell types. The NR2 subunit determines the pharmacological properties and functional profile of the receptor, while the NR1 subunit is essential for receptor function. Activation of NMDA receptors requires the binding of both glutamate and a co-agonist, such as glycine or d-serine, as well as the depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. This leads to the opening of a cation-permeable channel that allows the influx of calcium ions, which can trigger various intracellular signaling pathways and modulate gene expression. In summary, NMDA receptors are a type of glutamate receptor that play a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system.

Nervous system diseases refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the nervous system, which is responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body. These diseases can affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. Some examples of nervous system diseases include: 1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are conditions that cause the progressive loss of nerve cells and their functions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. 2. Neuromuscular diseases: These are conditions that affect the muscles and nerves that control movement, such as muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis. 3. Neurological disorders: These are conditions that affect the brain and nervous system, such as epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. 4. Neuropsychiatric disorders: These are conditions that affect the brain and behavior, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. 5. Infections of the nervous system: These are conditions caused by infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and neurocysticercosis. Treatment for nervous system diseases depends on the specific condition and can include medications, surgery, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes and managing symptoms.

Swine diseases refer to any illness or infection that affects pigs. These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, and environmental factors. Swine diseases can range from mild to severe and can affect pigs of all ages and sizes. Some common swine diseases include: 1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) 2. Swine Influenza (Swine Flu) 3. Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) 4. Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) 5. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) 6. Swine Leukosis Virus (SLV) 7. Porcine Dermatitis and Necrosis Syndrome (PDNS) 8. Porcine Enterotoxemia (PED) 9. Porcine Circovirus Type 1 (PCV1) 10. Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) Swine diseases can have significant economic impacts on the pork industry, as well as on animal welfare and public health. Therefore, it is important for veterinarians, farmers, and other stakeholders to be aware of the signs and symptoms of swine diseases and to take appropriate measures to prevent and control their spread.

Echovirus infections are a type of viral infection caused by the echoviruses, which are a group of enteroviruses. These viruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route, meaning that they can be spread through contaminated food, water, or surfaces, or by coming into contact with an infected person's bodily fluids. Echovirus infections can affect people of all ages, but they are most common in children. The symptoms of echovirus infections can vary depending on the specific type of virus and the age and overall health of the person infected. Common symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash. In some cases, echovirus infections can cause more serious complications, such as meningitis or encephalitis. Echovirus infections are typically treated with supportive care, such as rest, fluids, and medications to manage symptoms. There is no specific antiviral medication available to treat echovirus infections, and the viruses cannot be eradicated from the body once a person is infected. However, most people recover from echovirus infections within a few days to a week.

Viral structural proteins are proteins that make up the physical structure of a virus. They are essential for the virus to function properly and are involved in various stages of the viral life cycle, including attachment to host cells, entry into the cell, replication, and assembly of new virus particles. There are several types of viral structural proteins, including capsid proteins, envelope proteins, and matrix proteins. Capsid proteins form the protective shell around the viral genetic material, while envelope proteins are found on the surface of enveloped viruses and help the virus enter host cells. Matrix proteins are found in the interior of the viral particle and help to stabilize the structure of the virus. Viral structural proteins are important targets for antiviral drugs and vaccines, as they are essential for the virus to infect host cells and cause disease. Understanding the structure and function of viral structural proteins is crucial for the development of effective antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of neurological disorders characterized by the loss of the protective myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS). The myelin sheath is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system, as it allows electrical signals to travel quickly and efficiently along the nerve fibers. Demyelinating diseases can be classified into two main categories: primary and secondary. Primary demyelinating diseases, also known as idiopathic demyelinating diseases, are caused by an autoimmune response in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the myelin sheath. Examples of primary demyelinating diseases include multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Secondary demyelinating diseases, on the other hand, are caused by an underlying condition that damages the myelin sheath. Examples of secondary demyelinating diseases include chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and transverse myelitis. Symptoms of demyelinating diseases can vary widely depending on the specific disease and the location of the affected nerve fibers. Common symptoms include weakness, numbness, tingling, difficulty with coordination and balance, vision problems, and cognitive impairment. Treatment for demyelinating diseases typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of the disease, as well as physical therapy and other supportive measures to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It can affect humans and other animals, including cats, dogs, birds, and rodents. The infection is typically acquired by ingesting food or water contaminated with the parasite, or by coming into contact with infected cat feces. In most healthy individuals, the infection is asymptomatic and clears on its own within a few weeks to a few months. However, in pregnant women, the infection can be transmitted to the developing fetus and cause serious complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defects. In people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients, the infection can cause more severe symptoms and complications. Toxoplasmosis can be diagnosed through blood tests or imaging studies such as ultrasounds or MRIs. Treatment with antiparasitic medications is typically recommended for pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems to prevent complications.

Louping Ill is a viral disease that affects sheep and goats. It is caused by the louping ill virus, which is transmitted to animals through the bite of an infected tick. The disease is characterized by fever, weakness, and lameness, and can lead to death in severe cases. In sheep, it can cause abortion and stillbirths. There is no specific treatment for Louping Ill, and prevention is the best way to control the disease. This is typically done through the use of tick control measures and vaccination of susceptible animals.

Akinetic mutism is a neurological condition characterized by a lack of movement and muteness, often following a stroke or other brain injury. People with akinetic mutism may appear to be in a coma or vegetative state, but they are actually awake and aware of their surroundings. They may have difficulty speaking, moving, or communicating, and may require assistance with basic needs such as eating and hygiene. Treatment for akinetic mutism typically involves physical therapy, speech therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation to help improve movement and communication skills.

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases refer to disorders that affect the brain and spinal cord. These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, infections, injuries, and degenerative processes. Some common examples of CNS diseases include: 1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are disorders that cause the progressive loss of brain cells and function, leading to cognitive decline and physical disability. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. 2. Infections: Infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites can affect the brain and spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms such as fever, headache, seizures, and paralysis. 3. Trauma: Traumatic injuries to the brain and spinal cord, such as those caused by car accidents, falls, or sports injuries, can result in a range of neurological symptoms. 4. Genetic disorders: Some genetic disorders can affect the development and function of the brain and spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms such as intellectual disability, movement disorders, and seizures. 5. Autoimmune disorders: Autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, can cause inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, leading to a range of neurological symptoms. Overall, CNS diseases can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and can be challenging to diagnose and treat.

In the medical field, a virus disease is a condition caused by a virus, which is a tiny infectious agent that can only replicate inside living cells. Viruses can infect a wide range of organisms, including humans, animals, plants, and even bacteria. When a virus enters the body, it attaches to and invades host cells, taking over the cell's machinery to produce more copies of itself. This can cause damage to the host cells and trigger an immune response, which can lead to symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, and fatigue. Some common examples of virus diseases in humans include the common cold, influenza, herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B and C. These diseases can range from mild to severe and can be treated with antiviral medications, vaccines, or supportive care.

Paramyxoviridae infections refer to a group of viral infections caused by viruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. This family includes a number of important human and animal pathogens, such as measles virus, mumps virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza viruses. Paramyxoviridae infections are characterized by the production of small, nonenveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome. These viruses are able to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and birds. They are typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals or surfaces. Symptoms of paramyxoviridae infections can vary depending on the specific virus causing the infection. Common symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, and body aches. In some cases, more severe symptoms may develop, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, or encephalitis. Treatment for paramyxoviridae infections typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, antiviral medications may be used to help control the infection. Vaccines are also available for some of the viruses in this family, such as measles and mumps.

Coronavirus infections refer to a group of viral infections caused by the coronavirus family of viruses. These viruses can cause a range of illnesses, from mild respiratory infections to severe respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The most well-known coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2, which causes the disease COVID-19. Other coronaviruses that have caused outbreaks in the past include SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Symptoms of coronavirus infections can include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and body aches. Treatment typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Vaccines have been developed to prevent COVID-19, and antiviral medications are being studied for their potential to treat the disease.

In the medical field, "distemper" can refer to a variety of illnesses or conditions that affect the mind or emotions. One common use of the term "distemper" is to describe a viral infection that primarily affects dogs, known as canine distemper. This highly contagious disease can cause fever, coughing, runny nose, and a variety of other symptoms, and can be fatal if left untreated. In humans, "distemper" can also refer to a range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. It can also be used to describe a general feeling of being out of sorts or unwell, without a specific diagnosis. Overall, the term "distemper" is often used to describe a range of conditions that affect the mind or emotions, and can be used to describe both physical and mental health issues.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-made proteins that can mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. They are produced by genetically engineering cells to produce large quantities of a single type of antibody, which is specific to a particular antigen (a molecule that triggers an immune response). In the medical field, monoclonal antibodies are used to treat a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. They can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously, depending on the condition being treated. Monoclonal antibodies work by binding to specific antigens on the surface of cells or pathogens, marking them for destruction by the immune system. They can also block the activity of specific molecules involved in disease processes, such as enzymes or receptors. Overall, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases, offering targeted and effective therapies with fewer side effects than traditional treatments.

A teratoma is a type of tumor that is composed of multiple types of tissue, including bone, cartilage, fat, and neural tissue. It is also known as a "mixed germ cell tumor" because it is derived from primitive cells that have the potential to develop into any type of tissue in the body. Teratomas are most commonly found in the ovaries, testes, and brain, but they can occur in any part of the body. They are usually benign, meaning they are not cancerous, but in some cases they can be malignant and may require treatment. Teratomas are often diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for teratomas depends on the size and location of the tumor, as well as whether it is benign or malignant. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the tumor, and in other cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used to treat the tumor.

Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders (DDA) is a group of conditions that affect cognitive function, including memory, attention, and language. These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including aging, brain injury, stroke, infections, and certain medications. Delirium is a sudden onset of confusion and disorientation that can occur in people of any age, but is most common in older adults. It is often caused by an underlying medical condition, such as an infection or medication side effect. Dementia is a chronic condition that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. It is often associated with aging and is characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive function over time. There are many different types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Amnestic disorders are a type of dementia that specifically affects memory. People with amnestic disorders may have difficulty remembering recent events or may have trouble forming new memories. Cognitive disorders are a broad category of conditions that affect cognitive function, including memory, attention, language, and problem-solving skills. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including aging, brain injury, stroke, infections, and certain medications.

Borna Disease is a rare, infectious disease caused by the Borna Disease Virus (BDV). It is primarily found in animals, such as rodents and horses, but can also affect humans. The symptoms of Borna Disease in animals can include changes in behavior, such as aggression, anxiety, and depression, as well as seizures, tremors, and paralysis. In humans, the symptoms are generally milder and may include fever, headache, and muscle aches. There is currently no cure for Borna Disease, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms.

Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections (CNSBIs) are infections caused by bacteria that affect the brain and spinal cord. These infections can be either acute or chronic and can range from mild to severe. The bacteria that cause CNSBIs can enter the central nervous system through various routes, including the bloodstream, the meninges (the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or through direct invasion of the brain or spinal cord. CNSBIs can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and altered mental status. In severe cases, they can lead to brain damage, meningitis, or even death. The most common bacteria that cause CNSBIs include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment for CNSBIs typically involves antibiotics, which are administered intravenously to reach the brain and spinal cord. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or drain fluid from the brain or spinal cord.

Myelitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the spinal cord, which is a bundle of nerves that runs from the brain down through the back of the neck and back to the pelvis. The inflammation can cause damage to the spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms, including pain, weakness, numbness, and tingling sensations in the affected area. Myelitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. Some common causes of myelitis include viral infections such as herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, and poliovirus, as well as bacterial infections such as tuberculosis and Lyme disease. Autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica can also cause myelitis. The symptoms of myelitis can vary depending on the location and severity of the inflammation. In some cases, the symptoms may be mild and resolve on their own, while in other cases, they can be severe and require medical treatment. Treatment for myelitis typically involves managing symptoms and addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation. This may include medications, physical therapy, and other supportive care.

Tick infestations refer to the presence of ticks on a person or animal's body. Ticks are small arachnids that feed on the blood of their hosts. They can transmit various diseases to humans and animals, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and babesiosis. Tick infestations can be caused by exposure to tick-infested areas, such as forests, grasslands, and woodlands, or by contact with infected animals. Treatment for tick infestations typically involves removing the ticks and treating any symptoms or infections that may have resulted from the bite. Prevention measures include wearing protective clothing, using insect repellent, and avoiding tick-infested areas.

In the medical field, lethargy refers to a state of drowsiness, fatigue, or lack of energy that is more severe than normal tiredness. It is often accompanied by a lack of interest in activities, decreased alertness, and difficulty concentrating. Lethargy can be caused by a variety of factors, including illness, medication side effects, sleep deprivation, and depression. It can also be a symptom of more serious underlying medical conditions, such as anemia, thyroid disorders, or neurological disorders. In some cases, lethargy may require medical attention to determine its cause and appropriate treatment.

Protozoan infections in animals refer to a group of diseases caused by single-celled organisms called protozoa. Protozoa are microscopic organisms that can infect a wide range of animals, including humans, livestock, and pets. These infections can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific protozoan and the animal affected. Protozoan infections in animals can be transmitted through a variety of routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, contact with infected animals or their feces, or through the bite of an infected insect. Some common examples of protozoan infections in animals include giardiasis, coccidiosis, and toxoplasmosis. Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia and can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss in animals. Coccidiosis is caused by the protozoan Eimeria spp. and can cause diarrhea, weight loss, and anemia in livestock. Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii and can cause reproductive problems, neurological disorders, and death in animals. Protozoan infections in animals can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including fecal examination, blood tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves the use of antiprotozoal medications, although some infections may be difficult to treat or may require supportive care. Prevention of protozoan infections in animals involves good hygiene practices, proper sanitation, and vaccination when appropriate.

Cytokines are small proteins that are produced by various cells of the immune system, including white blood cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. They play a crucial role in regulating immune responses and inflammation, and are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Cytokines can be classified into different groups based on their function, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and regulatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), promote inflammation and recruit immune cells to the site of infection or injury. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), help to dampen the immune response and prevent excessive inflammation. Regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13), help to regulate the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Cytokines play a critical role in many diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. They are also important in the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.

DNA primers are short, single-stranded DNA molecules that are used in a variety of molecular biology techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. They are designed to bind to specific regions of a DNA molecule, and are used to initiate the synthesis of new DNA strands. In PCR, DNA primers are used to amplify specific regions of DNA by providing a starting point for the polymerase enzyme to begin synthesizing new DNA strands. The primers are complementary to the target DNA sequence, and are added to the reaction mixture along with the DNA template, nucleotides, and polymerase enzyme. The polymerase enzyme uses the primers as a template to synthesize new DNA strands, which are then extended by the addition of more nucleotides. This process is repeated multiple times, resulting in the amplification of the target DNA sequence. DNA primers are also used in DNA sequencing to identify the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. In this application, the primers are designed to bind to specific regions of the DNA molecule, and are used to initiate the synthesis of short DNA fragments. The fragments are then sequenced using a variety of techniques, such as Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing. Overall, DNA primers are an important tool in molecular biology, and are used in a wide range of applications to study and manipulate DNA.

Central Nervous System Helminthiasis (CNSH) is a type of parasitic infection that affects the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. The term "helminthiasis" refers to an infection caused by parasitic worms, also known as helminths. CNSH is caused by various types of helminths, including Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Taenia solium, and Echinococcus granulosus. These parasites can enter the CNS through various routes, such as through the bloodstream, the nasal cavity, or the digestive system. The symptoms of CNSH can vary depending on the type and severity of the infection. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, confusion, memory loss, and difficulty with movement or coordination. In severe cases, the infection can lead to permanent neurological damage or even death. Diagnosis of CNSH typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, such as blood tests, imaging studies, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Treatment for CNSH depends on the type and severity of the infection, as well as the patient's overall health. Antiparasitic medications are often used to treat the infection, and in some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the parasites or repair any damage to the CNS.

Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is a type of cytokine that is naturally produced by the body's immune system in response to viral infections. It is also used as a medication to treat certain autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), by reducing inflammation and slowing the progression of the disease. IFN-beta is typically administered as an injection or infusion, and its effects can last for several days. It works by activating immune cells and inhibiting the growth of virus-infected cells. In MS, IFN-beta is thought to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses by modulating the immune response and reducing inflammation in the central nervous system. There are several different types of IFN-beta available, including beta-1a, beta-1b, and beta-2a. These different forms of IFN-beta have slightly different mechanisms of action and are used in different ways to treat MS and other autoimmune diseases.

Hemorrhagic fevers are a group of severe viral infections characterized by fever, bleeding, and organ failure. These viruses are transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, or through the bites of infected arthropods such as mosquitoes or ticks. The most well-known hemorrhagic fevers include Ebola, Marburg, Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Dengue fever. These viruses can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In severe cases, the viruses can cause hemorrhaging, which can lead to internal bleeding and organ failure. Hemorrhagic fevers are typically treated with supportive care, such as fluid replacement and pain management, as well as antiviral medications if available. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals and their bodily fluids, using insect repellent and protective clothing to avoid bites from infected arthropods, and practicing good hygiene to prevent the spread of the viruses.

Bickerstaff's encephalitis Cerebritis La Crosse encephalitis Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis Sappinia amoebic encephalitis ... Herpes simplex encephalitis has an incidence of 2-4 per million of the population per year. Encephalitis with meningitis is ... WHO: Viral Encephalitis Scholia has a topic profile for Encephalitis. (CS1: long volume value, CS1 German-language sources (de ... MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Encephalitis Connolly MP, Goodwin E, Schey C, Zummo J (February 2017). "Toxoplasmic encephalitis ...
... (AIE) is a type of encephalitis, and one of the most common causes of noninfectious encephalitis. It ... Autoimmune encephalitis can result from a number of autoimmune diseases including: Rasmussen encephalitis Systemic lupus ... Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis appears to be a trigger for anti-NMDAR encephalitis; most AIE cases after herpes zoster are ... typical limbic encephalitis, Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis) Absence of well- ...
Eastern equine encephalitis virus Japanese encephalitis virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Western equine encephalitis ... Equine encephalitis is a family of horse diseases that also affect humans. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. ... Several forms of viral encephalitis can infect equines, and these include: ...
... is a form of encephalitis, a disease characterized by inflammation of the brain. Limbic encephalitis is ... Limbic encephalitis is broadly grouped into two types: paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and non-paraneoplastic limbic ... Limbic encephalitis associated with cancer or tumors is called paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis.[citation needed] The ... HHV-6 (human herpes virus 6) encephalitis is also clinically indistinguishable from limbic encephalitis. There are two sets of ...
... or amoebic meningoencephalitis may refer to several potentially fatal diseases that are infections of the ... Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis Naegleriasis, also known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis This disambiguation page ... lists articles associated with the title Amoebic encephalitis. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the ...
... is an atypical form of encephalitis. Also known as "sleeping sickness" or "sleepy sickness" (distinct ... "Encephalitis Lethargica". The Encephalitis Society. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. Retrieved 2021-06- ... Easton, Ava (27 June 2017). "Encephalitis Lethargica". The Encephalitis Society. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017 ... "Encephalitis lethargica (von Economo's encephalitis)". Neurovirology. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 123. pp. 745-761. ...
... at Who Named It? Rasmussen T, Olszewski J, Lloyd-Smith D (1958). "Focal seizures due to chronic ... In Rasmussen's encephalitis, there is chronic inflammation of the brain, with infiltration of T lymphocytes into the brain ... Rasmussen's encephalitis is a rare inflammatory neurological disease, characterized by frequent and severe seizures, loss of ... Rasmussen's encephalitis has been recorded with a neurovisceral porphyria, and acute intermittent porphyria. The diagnosis may ...
... , caused by the Powassan virus (POWV), a flavivirus also known as the deer tick virus, is a form of ... The disease was first isolated from the brain of a boy who died of encephalitis in Powassan, Ontario, in 1958. This disease is ... McLEAN, DM; DONOHUE, WL (1 May 1959). "Powassan virus: isolation of virus from a fatal case of encephalitis". Canadian Medical ... The virus shares antigenic similarities with the Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis viruses. Symptoms manifest within 7-10 ...
Encephalitis that results as a complication of another systemic infection is known as parainfectious encephalitis and can ... equine encephalitis in its various forms and St. Louis encephalitis. The latter two have appeared in epidemic form in the ... "Post-Vaccination Encephalitis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 5 (3): 711-712. 1 September 1931. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-5-3-333. ... Postvaccinal encephalitis (PVE) is postvaccinal complication which was associated with vaccination with vaccinia virus during ...
... may refer to: Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis This disambiguation ... page lists articles associated with the title Amebic encephalitis. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the ...
The different forms of viral encephalitis are called viral encephalitides. It is the most common type of encephalitis and often ... For some forms of viral encephalitis, such as Eastern equine encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis, there may be a significant ... such as those against Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Although ... Herpes simplex encephalitis tends to produce necrotic lesions in the CNS. If viral encephalitis is suspected, then questions ...
... may refer to: Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine Japanese encephalitis vaccine This disambiguation page lists ... articles associated with the title Encephalitis vaccine. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to ...
... (JE) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with up to 70,000 cases reported annually. Case- ... Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections ... Japanese encephalitis". Immunisation against infectious disease. Green Book. Public Health England. "Japanese encephalitis ... Simon, LV; Kruse, B (January 2018). "Japanese Encephalitis". Encephalitis, Japanese. FL: StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29262148. ...
... including an Encephalitis Support Forum, Virtual Gatherings and The Encephalitis Podcast. The Encephalitis Society funds and ... Awareness of encephalitis is raised through campaigns such as Encephalitis Research Month, Encephalitis Information Week and ... Encephalitis Society is a not-for-profit organisation providing information and support for those affected by encephalitis, an ... The Encephalitis Society provides support and information to people affected directly or indirectly by encephalitis, and to a ...
Since then, most cases of encephalitis have been associated with the La Crosse virus, and California encephalitis is a rare ... California encephalitis orthobunyavirus type strain California encephalitis virus was discovered in Kern County, California, ... Louis encephalitis, and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses combined. California encephalitis virus (CEV) - type strain ... and causes encephalitis in humans. Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that can cause minor symptoms, such as ...
... (GAE) is a rare, usually fatal, subacute-to-chronic central nervous system disease caused by ... Successful treatment in these cases was credited to "awareness of Balamuthia as the causative agent of encephalitis and early ... In more modern references, the term "balamuthia amoebic encephalitis" (BAE) is commonly used when Balamuthia mandrillaris is ... Siddiqui R, Khan NA (February 2008). "Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: an emerging disease with fatal consequences". Microbial ...
... is an encephalitis caused by an arbovirus (the La Crosse virus) which has a mosquito vector ( ... Nonetheless, this was the largest study of antiviral treatment for La Crosse encephalitis. La Crosse encephalitis was ... Similar diseases that are spread by mosquitoes include: Western and Eastern equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, Saint ... Directors of Health Promotion and Education Facts Sheet La Crosse Encephalitis Encephalitis Global Inc. Offering information ...
... (HSE), or herpesviral encephalitis , is encephalitis due to herpes simplex virus. It is estimated ... Herpesviral encephalitis can serve as a trigger of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. About 30% of HSE patients develop this ... The most common cause for encephalitis in children and adults is HSV-1. However, encephalitis found in newborns and ... encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis can be treated with high-dose intravenous acyclovir, which should be infused 10 mg/kg( ...
Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses. During 1975 and 1976, Rocio virus was ... Rocio viral encephalitis is an epidemic flaviviral disease of humans first observed in São Paulo State, Brazil, in 1975. Low- ... The encephalitis outbreak in the western hemisphere caused by West Nile virus, a related flavivirus, highlights the potential ... O. Souza Lopes, Francisco P. Pinheiro, and L. B. Iversson: "Rocio Viral Encephalitis", in: Handbook of Zoonoses, Second Edition ...
Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Saint Louis encephalitis and Western equine encephalitis virus, the latter two not being ... The Encephalitis Society A comprehensive resource on Encephalitis and providing support and information to those affected and ... Jamestown Canyon encephalitis is an infectious disease caused by the Jamestown Canyon virus, an orthobunyavirus of the ... Geography Historically, most cases of encephalitis reported to the CDC occurred in the north of the mainland United States. JCV ...
... St. Louis Encephalitis at eMedicine The Encephalitis Society - A Global resource on Encephalitis "St ... Saint Louis encephalitis is a disease caused by the mosquito-borne Saint Louis encephalitis virus. Saint Louis encephalitis ... The Saint Louis encephalitis virus grows both in the infected mosquito and the infected bird, but does not make either one sick ... Louis encephalitis virus in the Americas". Infect. Genet. Evol. 9 (4): 709-15. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.006. PMID 18708161 ...
"Orphanet: Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 28 October 2019. "Bickerstaff's Brainstem Encephalitis ... Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, first described by Edwin ... Bickerstaff ER (1957). "Brain-stem encephalitis: further observations on a grave syndrome with benign prognosis". Br Med J. 1 ( ... There is certainly overlap between Guillain-Barré syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, as ...
"World Encephalitis Day 2014". Encephalitis Society. Retrieved 13 April 2017. "It's World Encephalitis Day. But to survivors ... Encephalitis Explained from Encephalitis Society WHO: Viral Encephalitis (Articles with short description, Short description ... World Encephalitis Day is held on February 22 each year and is designed to raise awareness of encephalitis, an inflammation of ... "World Encephalitis Day 2015". Encephalitis Society. Retrieved 13 April 2017. "Rebecca Adlington launches medical campaign after ...
... (CAE) is a viral disease of goats caused by a lentivirus called caprine arthritis encephalitis ... 2011). "Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi Visna (MV)". Goat medicine (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN ... 2010). "Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus". Fenner's Veterinary Virology (5th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 294-295. ISBN ... Matthews, JG (2016). "Caprine arthritis encephalitis". Diseases of the goat (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 98-102. ISBN ...
"Tickborne Encephalitis". CDC.gov. Retrieved 4 June 2016. Tickborne encephalitis at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( ... encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. Myelitis also occurs with or without encephalitis. Sequelae persist for a year or more in ... Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus (transmitted by I. persulcatus) Far-Eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus, formerly ... The tick-borne encephalitis virus is known to infect a range of hosts including ruminants, birds, rodents, carnivores, horses, ...
... (SAE) is the name for amoebic encephalitis caused by species of Sappinia. The causative organism ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Encephalitis, Protozoal diseases, All stub articles ... "Amoebic encephalitis due to Sappinia diploidea". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 285 (19): 2450-2451. ... "Molecular confirmation of Sappinia pedata as a causative agent of amoebic encephalitis". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. ...
... virus (EEEV) is closely related to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and western equine ... most commonly western equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and tetanus. Most vaccinations for EEE ... Diagnosing equine encephalitis is challenging because many of the symptoms are shared with other illnesses and patients can be ... While the encephalitis is more common among infants, in adults and children, it usually manifests after experiencing the ...
... is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis. The vaccines are more than 90% ... "Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine ... The Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of ... Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s. One of them was an inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine ...
17 June 2019). "Encephalitis: 20 more kids die in 24 hours, Bihar encephalitis toll hits 93". The Times of India. Archived from ... The term acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) was coined by the World Health Organisation in 2008. The symptoms of AES include an ... "Encephalitis deaths: SC directs Centre, Bihar govt to file response within 7 days". 24 June 2019. "176 died in Bihar due to ... "Nitish Kumar Visits Encephalitis Ground Zero, "Go Back" Cry Protesters". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. ...
anti-LGI-1 encephalitis: Patients with anti-LGI1 encephalitis have limbic encephalitis with amnesia and/or confusion (100%) and ... Other patients present with isolated neuromyotonia or limbic encephalitis.[citation needed]Patients with anti-DPPX encephalitis ... Anti-NMDAR encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Rojas, Galeno; Demey, Ignacio; Quiroga, Julieta; Cejas, Luciana Leon; Bonardo, ... The treatment is largely based on the treatment of anti-NMDAR encephalitis which is the most common autoimmune encephalitis. ...
Immunogenicity of the inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine Ixiaro in children from a Japanese encephalitis virus- ... Japanese Encephalitis. CDC Yellow Book 2024. Travel-Associated Infections & Diseases Author(s): Susan Hills, Nicole Lindsey, ... Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus and is closely related to ... Use of Japanese encephalitis vaccine in U.S. travel medicine practices in Global TravEpiNet. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(4):694- ...
Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine can prevent if they:. Japanese encephalitis.. Will visit rural areas and have an increased ... A person with encephalitis can experience fever, of JE vaccine, or has any severe, life-threatening neck stiffness, seizures, ... in 4 with encephalitis dies. Up to half of those who Is pregnant. Pregnant women should usual y not dont die have permanent ... Japanese encephalitis occurs mainly in many Are not sure of their travel plans.. parts of Asia and Many laboratory workers at ...
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain, often caused by a viral infection. It can be mild or severe. Read about symptoms, ... Encephalitis (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine: What You Need to Know (Centers for Disease ... Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) * Encephalitis Lethargica (National Institute of ... Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) * Travelers Health: Japanese Encephalitis (Centers ...
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Most commonly, clinically relevant viral encephalitis affects children, young adults, or elderly patients, but the spectrum of ... HSV encephalitis is the most common form of viral encephalitis and has an incidence of 2-4 cases per 1 million population per ... LaCrosse viral encephalitis mimics herpes simplex viral encephalitis. Pediatr Neurol. 2001 Nov. 25(5):413-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link ... The Far East form of tick-borne encephalitis is more severe than the Central European form of tick-borne encephalitis, with ...
Encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, presents as diffuse and/or focal neuropsychological dysfunction. ... The goal of the use of antivirals for herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and varicella-zoster encephalitis is to shorten the ... encoded search term (Encephalitis) and Encephalitis What to Read Next on Medscape ... Encephalitis Medication. Updated: Aug 07, 2018 * Author: David S Howes, MD; Chief Editor: Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP more ...
Japanese encephalitis in Nepal. JE and HFRS Bull. 1:5-15, 1986. * Wuryadi S. Japanese encephalitis in Indonesia, JE and HFRS ... Reported Japanese Encephalitis Cases By Country, 1986 - 1990. Transmission Cycle Of JE Virus. Reported Cases Of Encephalitis By ... Ahmed A. Viral encephalitis. J Pakistan Med Assoc. 36:158-169, 1986. * Grascenkov NI. Japanese encephalitis in the USSR. Bull ... Isolation of Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses from peripheral blood of encephalitis patients. Indian J Med Res. 79:1 ...
Japanese encephalitis. Reported cases by country Also available:. *Reported cases by WHO region ...
... encephalitis - Raising our voices to improve health around the world. ...
MAXIMUM 150 WORDS: Remember: front load your paragraphs! This content should include a strong opening sentence describing the health topic in the Eastern Mediterranean (include key words "Eastern Mediterranean" and health topic name for search engine optimization). You should focus on the issue as it relates to the Region and the magnitude of problem in the region, as well as a brief mention of current situation/problem.. ...
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) remains one of the most devastating infections of the central nervous system despite ... Herpes simplex encephalitis: children and adolescents Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2005 Jan;16(1):17-23. doi: 10.1053/j.spid. ... Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) remains one of the most devastating infections of the central nervous system despite ...
... tick-borne encephalitis vaccine), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & ... Tick-Borne Encephalitis. Indicated for active immunization to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) administered as a 3-dose ... Tick-Borne Encephalitis. Indicated for active immunization to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in individuals aged ≥1 year ... encoded search term (tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (TicoVac)) and tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (TicoVac) What to Read Next ...
Tickborne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease that attacks the central nervous system and can result in long-term ... Tickborne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease that attacks the central nervous system and can result in long-term ... Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a human viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system, and occurring in many ... Tickborne encephalitis is caused by a virus (Flavivirus genus, family Flaviviridae) which includes three subtypes:. *European ...
Encephalitis - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... What is encephalitis? Encephalitis is inflammation of your brain, usually caused by an infection. ... What are the symptoms of encephalitis? Early symptoms depend on what caused the encephalitis. Many viruses first cause stomach ... How do doctors treat encephalitis? For some kinds of viral encephalitis, doctors give you antiviral medicines. They may give ...
Learn about the veterinary topic of Meningitis and Encephalitis in Cats. Find specific details on this topic and related topics ... Also see professional content regarding meningitis and encephalitis Meningitis, Encephalitis, and Encephalomyelitis in Animals ... Meningitis and Encephalitis in Cats By Maureen T. Long , DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, ... In cats, especially adult animals, viruses, protozoa, and fungi are more frequent causes of meningitis and encephalitis than ...
Foscarnet and Encephalitis Cytomegalovirus - Suspected Cause - Reports of Side Effects ... Indication: Encephalitis Cytomegalovirus Ganciclovir Dosage: unspecified unit, unspecified interval Indication: Encephalitis ... Reactions: Encephalitis Cytomegalovirus Adverse event resulted in: death Drug(s) suspected as cause:. Foscarnet Dosage: ... Reactions: Encephalitis Cytomegalovirus Adverse event resulted in: death Drug(s) suspected as cause:. Foscarnet Indication: ...
The United Nations health agency has approved a new vaccine against Japanese encephalitis (JE), stressing that access to the ... UN health agency approves new encephalitis vaccine to protect children in developing countries ... Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne virus infection that involves inflammation of the brain. It is endemic with seasonal ... The United Nations health agency has approved a new vaccine against Japanese encephalitis (JE), stressing that access to the ...
Encephalitis surveillance annual summary : 1965 Cite CITE. Title : Encephalitis surveillance annual summary : 1965 Corporate ... Encephalitis surveillance annual summary : 1964 Cite CITE. Title : Encephalitis surveillance annual summary : 1964 Corporate ... Arthropod borne encephalitis -- IV. Appendix: Confirmed and presumptive human cases of arthropod-borne encephalitis; Arthropod- ... In 1961, a total of 2,143 cases of encephalitis were reported to the Encephalitis Surveillance Unit of the Communicable Disease ...
Browse our selection of Encephalitis products for sale in our online store. ZeptoMetrix offers a diverse collection of ...
The electrocardiographic patterns in patients with a tick-borne encephalitis and in Macacus rhesus monkeys infected with the ... Isolation and molecular characterization of a tick-borne encephalitis virus strain from a new tick-borne encephalitis focus ... Confirmed exposure to tick-borne encephalitis virus and probable human cases of tick-borne encephalitis in Central/Northern ... Study of the variation in tick borne encephalitis virus 1 Prolonged cultivation of tick-borne encephalitis viruses on embryonic ...
Access Encephalitis case definitions; uniform criteria used to define a disease for public health surveillance. ...
Fifteen minute consultation: Managing neonatal and childhood herpes encephalitis Message subject: (Your Name) has forwarded a ...
Encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, presents as diffuse and/or focal neuropsychological dysfunction. ... encoded search term (Encephalitis) and Encephalitis What to Read Next on Medscape ... Encephalitis Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Apr 13, 2016 * Author: David S Howes, MD; Chief Editor: Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD ... The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. ...
Introduction status of Japanese Encephalitis over time derived from official country reporting to the World Health Organization ... Introduction of Japanese Encephalitis. Introduction status of Japanese Encephalitis over time. These data summarize country ... Read more about Japanese Encephalitis (JE) reported cases and incidence by year ... introduction status of Japanese Encephalitis in the national immunization programme. Data are updated regularly and are derived ...
Tick-borne Encephalitis Background. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a rare but potentially severe disease found in parts of ...
Herpes simplex encephalitis occurs as 2 distinct entities: In children older than 3 months and in adults, HSE is usually ... herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) remains a serious illness with significant risks of morbidity and death. ... In the United States, HSE is the most common nonepidemic encephalitis and the most common cause of sporadic lethal encephalitis ... encoded search term (Herpes Simplex Encephalitis) and Herpes Simplex Encephalitis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Multiplex FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis assay is useful for diagnosing HHV-6 encephalitis This multiplex qualitative test ... Imunocompromised patients with HHV-6 encephalitis have a ratio of CSF/blood viral load >1, whereas children with encephalitis ... Latest Encephalitis & Encephalopathy Articles. View Post BioFire assay identifies HHV-6 as the most frequent cause of ... HHV-6 encephalitis following CAR-T cell therapy A growing number of case reports reveal reactivation similar to that seen after ...
IRIGARAY, Tatiana Q. et al. Neuropsychological assessment in Hashimotos encephalitis: a case report. Neuropsicologia ...
... launched today investigating the effectiveness of intradermal administration of the existing TGA-approved Japanese encephalitis ... JE is a rare but serious illness caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and is spread to humans by infected mosquitoes ... Japanese encephalitis vaccine delivery study - subcutaneous injection versus intradermal injection Researchers are calling for ... Although most infections are asymptomatic, those with severe infection may develop encephalitis which can lead to death or ...
... the Vaccine Alliance to protect its children from Japanese encephalitis. WHO, as a co-founder of Gavi and the UNs specialist ...
  • In cats, especially adult animals, viruses, protozoa, and fungi are more frequent causes of meningitis and encephalitis than are bacteria. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • The EU Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from a spinal tap is the most reliable and accurate means of identifying meningitis or encephalitis. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Yao K, Honarmand S, Espinosa A, Akhyani N, Glaser C, Jacobson S. Detection of human herpesvirus-6 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • This multiplex qualitative test for cerebrospinal fluid helps physicians diagnose HHV-6 encephalitis quickly, but interpretation must take into account imaging, ciHHV-6 status and other markers. (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: application of polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid from brain-biopsied patients and correlation with disease. (medscape.com)
  • Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a disorder that can be hard to diagnose. (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
  • Psychiatric symptoms and behavior changes are often among the first signs of autoimmune encephalitis, especially NMDAR encephalitis, and a majority of patients are seen first by psychiatrists upon entering the emergency room 1 . (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
  • Diagnostic criteria for autoimmune encephalitis: utility and pitfalls for antibody-negative disease , J. Dalmau, et. (hesaonline.info)
  • The Detection of Up‑Regulated Anti‑thyroid Antibodies and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases In Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Retrospective Study of 221 Patients , J. Lin, et. (hesaonline.info)
  • Recognizing New-Onset Sleep Disorders in Autoimmune Encephalitis Often Prompt Earlier Diagnosis , M. Grigg-Dambergern, et. (hesaonline.info)
  • Differentiating autoimmune encephalitis from schizophrenia spectrum disorders among patients with first-episode psychosis , H. Mukai, et. (hesaonline.info)
  • Searching for autoimmune encephalitis: Beware of normal CSF , D. Tang-Wai, et. (hesaonline.info)
  • Autoimmune Encephalitis , S. Gole, et. (hesaonline.info)
  • Immunotherapy in Probable Autoimmune Encephalitis Without Detected Autoantibody , Woo-Jin Lee, let al. (hesaonline.info)
  • Novel Surrogate Markers of CNS Inflammation in CSF in the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis , D. Brown, et al. (hesaonline.info)
  • SOP: antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis , H. Prüss, et al. (hesaonline.info)
  • Rituximab for Autoimmune Encephalitis with Epilepsy , Mohankumar Kurukumbi, et al. (hesaonline.info)
  • Update on the diagnosis and management of autoimmune encephalitis , Mark A Ellul, et al. (hesaonline.info)
  • The Diagnostic Challenge of Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis With Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus , V. Jahagirdar, et al. (hesaonline.info)
  • Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis , A. Memon, et al. (hesaonline.info)
  • Differences and diversity of autoimmune encephalitis in 77 cases from a single tertiary care center , A. Saraya, et al. (hesaonline.info)
  • Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne arboviral disease of major public health importance in Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. (curehunter.com)
  • Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne virus infection that involves inflammation of the brain. (un.org)
  • Fact sheets on specific mosquito-borne diseases, including Japanese encephalitis Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus, are available at Vector borne disease fact sheets . (nsw.gov.au)
  • A traveler to any of 24 countries in Asia can be infected with Japanese encephalitis virus, 1 which is related to mosquito-borne Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile viruses. (preventje.com)
  • Japanese encephalitis , a mosquito-borne viral disease, is a form of encephalitis caused by JE virus that can lead to brain damage or death. (preventje.com)
  • Tick-borne encephalitis IgG - IgG antibodies to the tick-borne encephalitis virus indicate chronic or past infection, as well as whether a person has had a tick-borne encephalitis vaccination. (telesante.lt)
  • Anti-NMDAR encephalitis, as the name suggests, involves antibodies against a type of neurotransmitter receptor called NMDARs. (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
  • In anti-NMDAR encephalitis, antibodies in the immunoglogbulin G (IgG) subclass target the NMDA receptors 9 . (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
  • The diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis is based on both IgM and IgG antibodies in the blood. (telesante.lt)
  • Elevated tick-borne encephalitis IgG indicates that immunity is established (in the absence of elevated IgM antibodies and symptoms). (telesante.lt)
  • Cognitive impact of neuronal antibodies: encephalitis and beyond , T. A. Pollak, et al. (hesaonline.info)
  • Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The second phase involves the neurological system with symptoms of meningitis (inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord) and/or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). (europa.eu)
  • Encephalitis is inflammation of your brain, usually caused by an infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Inflammation of the meninges, the membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord ( meningitis ), and inflammation of the brain ( encephalitis ) often are seen simultaneously ( meningoencephalitis ), although either can develop separately. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Encephalitis, or brain inflammation, is a common sign of severe illness and can result in seizures, comas, & paralysis. (medtigo.com)
  • These data summarize country introduction status of Japanese Encephalitis in the national immunization programme. (who.int)
  • Individuals with a history of severe allergic reaction to another Japanese encephalitis vaccine may be referred to an allergist for evaluation if immunization with IXIARO might be considered. (preventje.com)
  • Acute encephalitis is the most recognized clinical manifestation of JE virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • JE virus is the most common vaccine-preventable cause of encephalitis in Asia, occurring throughout most of Asia and parts of the western Pacific. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to acute viral encephalitis, other less established and more unusual manifestations of viral infections include progressive neurologic disorders, such as postinfectious encephalomyelitis (such as may occur after measles or Nipah virus encephalitis) and conditions such as postpoliomyelitis syndrome, which has been considered by some to be as a persistent manifestation of poliovirus infection. (medscape.com)
  • After human immunodeficiency virus infection, JE may be the leading cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Although most infections are asymptomatic, those with severe infection may develop encephalitis which can lead to death or permanent disability. (ncirs.org.au)
  • The IgG antibody test for tick-borne encephalitis is administered 3-4 weeks after the injection to determine the course of the chronic disease or to assess a pre-existing infection. (telesante.lt)
  • Tick-borne encephalitis, also called TBE, is an infection caused by tick bites. (kry.se)
  • 2 In rare cases, JE viral infection can result in life-threatening encephalitis. (preventje.com)
  • Tickborne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease that attacks the central nervous system and can result in long-term neurological symptoms, and even death. (europa.eu)
  • What are the symptoms of encephalitis? (msdmanuals.com)
  • Early symptoms depend on what caused the encephalitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Doctors suspect encephalitis based on your symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • One study of AE found that 77% of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis initially came to the hospital due to psychiatric symptoms 2 . (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
  • While the exact mechanisms by which AE causes behavior changes are not well understood, anti-NMDAR encephalitis research provides some potential insights into processes in the brain that might lead to these symptoms. (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
  • All of these are also common symptoms of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
  • A person infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus may experience flu-like symptoms, such as a headache, low-grade fever and aching body aches, two to three weeks after a tick bite. (telesante.lt)
  • There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis and antibiotics are not effective, so each person is treated according to the symptoms he or she experiences. (telesante.lt)
  • Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus and is closely related to dengue, West Nile, and Saint Louis encephalitis viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus initially was called Japanese B encephalitis (the modifying B has fallen into disuse) to distinguish the agent from the etiology of Von Economo's type A encephalitis, which had different epidemiologic characteristics. (cdc.gov)
  • The United Nations health agency has approved a new vaccine against Japanese encephalitis (JE), stressing that access to the vaccine will help save the lives of children in developing countries. (un.org)
  • Introduction status of Japanese Encephalitis over time. (who.int)
  • Japanese investigators evaluated cytokines and chemokines in the CSF and plasma in HHV-6 encephalitis patients with good and poor prognoses. (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • Researchers are calling for participants from the Hilltops Shire to take part in a new research study which launched today investigating the effectiveness of intradermal administration of the existing TGA-approved Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine Imojev® compared with subcutaneous administration. (ncirs.org.au)
  • JE is a rare but serious illness caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and is spread to humans by infected mosquitoes. (ncirs.org.au)
  • NSW Health can confirm two people with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are currently being treated in hospital and is continuing to urge the public to be vigilant and safeguard themselves against mosquito bites. (nsw.gov.au)
  • What is Japanese Encephalitis? (preventje.com)
  • Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of IXIARO, any other Japanese encephalitis vaccine, or any component of IXIARO, including protamine sulfate ─ a compound known to cause hypersensitivity reactions in some individuals ─ is a contraindication to administration of IXIARO. (preventje.com)
  • The Bohol Provincial Health Office (PHO) has warned against diseases that thrive in unsanitary conditions such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis (JE). (boholchronicle.com.ph)
  • PHO chief Dr. Reymoses Cabagnot on Wednesday urged the public to thoroughly clean houses and their surroundings as reports on cases of Japanese encephalitis in the Philippines surfaced. (boholchronicle.com.ph)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), JE is primarily caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a flavivirus related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses. (boholchronicle.com.ph)
  • A person with encephalitis can experience fever, of JE vaccine , or has any severe, life-threatening neck stiffness, seizures, and coma. (cdc.gov)
  • These agents are used to treat seizures associated with encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • With roughly 68 reported cases yearly, it ranks second in significance to West Nile virus encephalitis among viruses spread by mosquitoes in the US. (medtigo.com)
  • If the annual incidence of herpes encephalitis, probably the most common sporadic viral encephalitis, is estimated at 5 per million, then approximately 25,000 such cases occur worldwide each year (5). (cdc.gov)
  • Even though the majority of incidences in the US are rarely from California and the West coast, the illness was given the name California encephalitis when the first-person incidence was reported in Kern County, Californian, in 1946. (medtigo.com)
  • In Mongolia, the incidence and fatality rates of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) have been increasing. (who.int)
  • Below is the selection of side effect reports (a.k.a. adverse event reports) related to Foscarnet where reactions include encephalitis cytomegalovirus. (druglib.com)
  • Central nervous system apoptosis in human herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • Corticosteroids may be considered for postinfectious or noninfectious encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory agents used for treatment of postinfectious encephalitis and acute disseminated encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • They may give you corticosteroids if encephalitis is caused by an autoimmune reaction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Recurrent summer outbreaks of encephalitis in horses and humans, consistent with JE, had been observed in Japan since the last century. (cdc.gov)
  • The juvenile CNS disease known as California encephalitis (CE), which is reportable, is contracted through mosquitoes. (medtigo.com)
  • Many different viruses can cause encephalitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Based on these reports above, it seems that Encephalitis in fish can be brought about by a number of viruses, and more detailed investigations will be needed. (fishvetapp.com)
  • 33%, especially those in children, are treated with antimicrobials) and of the 2 most common causes of encephalitis-the arboviruses and the potentially curable HSV. (medscape.com)
  • The midwestern states in the US have the highest rates of arboviruses encephalitis. (medtigo.com)
  • Encephalitis and poor neuronal death-mediated control of herpes simplex virus in human inherited RIPK3 deficiency. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hayasaka D, Aoki K, Morita K. Development of simple and rapid assay to detect viral RNA of tick-borne encephalitis virus by reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification. (medscape.com)
  • Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system: encephalitis and meningitis, including Mollaret's. (medscape.com)
  • Atypical herpes simplex virus encephalitis diagnosed by PCR amplification of viral DNA from CSF. (medscape.com)
  • Osih RB, Brazie M, Kanno M. Multifocal herpes simplex virus type 2 encephalitis in a patient with AIDS. (medscape.com)
  • However another virus (LcEV) has also been described as causing encephalitis in the same species. (fishvetapp.com)
  • The skull of a 4-year-old kid who passed away from encephalitis in La Crosse Province, Wisconsin, was the first place where the La Crosse virus was discovered. (medtigo.com)
  • In the US, pediatric encephalitis brought on by arboviral infections is most frequently caused by the La Crosse virus. (medtigo.com)
  • We aimed to identify the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) associated with fatal meningoencephalitis in Mongolia. (who.int)
  • Baasandavga U, Badrakh B, Burged N, Davaajav O, Khurelsukh T, Barnes A, Ulaankhuu U, Nyamdorj T. A case series of fatal meningoencephalitis in Mongolia: epidemiological and molecular characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis virus. (who.int)
  • Many people haven't heard of La Crosse encephalitis Virus (LACV). (iflscience.com)
  • What is La Crosse encephalitis virus? (iflscience.com)
  • How many people get infected with La Crosse encephalitis virus? (iflscience.com)
  • Rarely, doctors need to remove a sample (biopsy) of brain tissue and do tests on it to find the cause of the encephalitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a rare but potentially severe disease found in parts of Europe and Asia that is most commonly transmitted through tick bites. (medscape.com)
  • Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 may produce a more subacute encephalitis, apparent psychiatric syndromes, and benign recurrent meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • Psychiatric disorders were the most common prodomal symptom (58%) and this was significantly different from patients with non-herpesvirus encephalitis. (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • New guidelines from Japan recommend foscarnet as the first-line treatment for HHV-6 encephalitis, with ganciclovir as second choice. (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a human viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system, and occurring in many parts of Europe and Asia. (europa.eu)
  • People who get tick-borne encephalitis acquire immunity that lasts a lifetime. (telesante.lt)
  • People who plan to spend time outdoors in risk areas can protect themselves with the tick-borne encephalitis vaccine. (kry.se)
  • People aged 1-50 need 3 doses for full protection against tick-borne encephalitis. (kry.se)
  • Potential side effects from the tick-borne encephalitis vaccine are usually mild and temporary. (kry.se)
  • The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (medscape.com)
  • Diseases that mimic herpes simplex encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • however, most CNS viral infections involve the meninges to a greater or lesser extent, leading to aseptic meningitis or causing mild meningoencephalitis rather than pure encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) remains one of the most devastating infections of the central nervous system despite available antiviral therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Herpes simplex encephalitis: adolescents and adults. (medscape.com)
  • Most commonly, clinically relevant viral encephalitis affects children, young adults, or elderly patients, but the spectrum of involvement depends on the specific viral agent, host immune status, and genetic and environmental factors. (medscape.com)
  • Bloch KC, Glaser C. Diagnostic approaches for patients with suspected encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • Cinque P, Cleator GM, Weber T, Monteyne P, Sindic CJ, van Loon AM. The role of laboratory investigation in the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis: a consensus report. (medscape.com)
  • Although sporadic cases of viral encephalitis had been noted in northern Thailand before 1969, epidemic transmission of JE was first recognized that year, when an outbreak leading to 685 cases occurred in the Chiang Mai valley. (cdc.gov)
  • JEV is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries of Asia with an estimated 68,000 clinical cases every year," the WHO said. (boholchronicle.com.ph)
  • Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is an acute or subacute illness that causes both general and focal signs of cerebral dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Axial diffusion-weighted image reveals restricted diffusion in left medial temporal lobe consistent with herpes encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • Extra temporal involvement in herpes simplex encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • Less commonly, HSV-1 may produce a brainstem encephalitis, and HSV-2 may produce a myelitis. (medscape.com)