The malignant stem cells of TERATOCARCINOMAS, which resemble pluripotent stem cells of the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS. The EC cells can be grown in vitro, and experimentally induced to differentiate. They are used as a model system for studying early embryonic cell differentiation.
A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)
An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Highly proliferative, self-renewing, and colony-forming stem cells which give rise to NEOPLASMS.
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.
The transfer of STEM CELLS from one individual to another within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or between species (XENOTRANSPLANTATION), or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). The source and location of the stem cells determines their potency or pluripotency to differentiate into various cell types.
Cells that can give rise to cells of the three different GERM LAYERS.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Cells with high proliferative and self renewal capacities derived from adults.
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated Hodgkin's disease derives from post-germinal center B cells. (1/294)

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated Hodgkin's disease (HIV-HD) displays several peculiarities when compared with HD of the general population. These include overrepresentation of clinically aggressive histologic types and frequent infection of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Recently, we have reported that the histogenesis of HD of the general population may be assessed by monitoring the expression pattern of BCL-6, a transcription factor expressed in germinal center (GC) B cells, and of CD138/syndecan-1 (syn-1), a proteoglycan associated with post-GC, terminal B-cell differentiation. In this study, we have applied these two markers to the study of HIV-HD histogenesis and correlated their expression status to the virologic features of this disease. We have found that RS cells of all histologic categories of HIV-HD consistently display the BCL-6(-)/syn-1(+) phenotype and thus reflect post-GC B cells. Although BCL-6(-)/syn-1(+) RS cells of HIV-HD express CD40, they are not surrounded by CD40 ligand-positive (CD40L+) reactive T lymphocytes, which, in HD of the general population, are thought to regulate the disease phenotype through CD40/CD40L interactions. Conversely, RS cells of virtually all HIV-HD express the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which, being functionally homologous to CD40, may contribute, at least in part, to the modulation of the HIV-HD phenotype.  (+info)

The expression and function of cadherin-mediated cell-to-cell adhesion in human embryonal carcinoma cells. (2/294)

Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells typically require high cell densities to maintain their characteristic phenotype; they are generally subject to differentiation when cultured at low cell densities, marked by changes in morphology and expression of the surface antigen, SSEA-1. To test whether cadherin mediated cell-to-cell adhesion may be responsible for maintaining an EC phenotype we ascertained that human EC cells generally express E- and P-cadherins, and are subject to cadherin mediated, Ca2+ dependent aggregation. However, in the NTERA2 human EC cell line, inhibition of cadherin mediated adhesion by culture in low levels of Ca2+ did not result in the changes typically seen under low cell density conditions. Low Ca2+ levels also did not affect the pattern of differentiation in these cells following induction with retinoic acid. Therefore, cadherin-mediated cell adhesion does not appear to play a role in maintaining an EC phenotype. On the other hand, culture at both low cell density and in the absence of Ca2+ did result in changes in the patterns of cadherin expression suggesting a feedback regulatory effect of cell-to-cell adhesion. Further, lithium which inhibits the cytoplasmic kinase GSK3beta and hence influences beta-catenin levels did cause differentiation of NTERA2 cells. However, consideration of the phenotype of the resultant cells suggested that this effect may be because of lithium mimicking activation of a Wnt signalling pathway, rather than an effect on signalling consequent upon cadherin mediated cell to cell adhesion.  (+info)

Anomalous high p27/KIP1 expression in a subset of aggressive B-cell lymphomas is associated with cyclin D3 overexpression. p27/KIP1-cyclin D3 colocalization in tumor cells. (3/294)

p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor downregulation is essential for transition to the S phase of the cell cycle. Thus, proliferating cells in reactive lymphoid tissue show no detectable p27 expression. Nevertheless, anomalous high p27 expression has been shown to be present in a group of aggressive B-cell lymphomas with high proliferation index and adverse clinical outcome. This suggests that abnormally accumulated p27 protein has been rendered functionally inactive. We analyzed the causes of this anomalous presence of p27 in a group of aggressive B-cell lymphomas, including 54 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and 20 Burkitt's lymphomas. We simultaneously studied them for p27, cyclin D3, cyclin D2, cyclin D1, and cyclin E expression, because it has been stated that high levels of expression of cyclin D1 or E lead to increased p27 levels in some cell types. A statistically significant association between p27 and cyclin D3 expression was found for the group as a whole. Additionally, when dividing the cases according to the level of expression of cyclin D3 by reactive germinal centers, it was observed that cases with stronger cyclin D3 expression also show higher p27 expression. The relationship between both proteins was also shown at a subcellular level by laser confocal studies, showing that in cases with high expression of both proteins there was a marked colocalization. Additional evidence in favor of p27 sequestration by cyclin D3 was provided by coimmunoprecipitation studies in a Burkitt's cell line (Raji) showing the existence of cyclin D3/p27 complexes and the absence of CDK2/p27 complexes. These results could support the hypothesis that there are cyclin D3/p27 complexes in a subset of aggressive B-cell lymphomas in which p27 lacks the inhibitory activity found when it is bound to cyclin E/CDK2 complexes. This interaction between both proteins could lead to an abnormal nuclear accumulation, detectable by immunohistochemical techniques.  (+info)

A metalloprotease prepares the way. (4/294)

In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans gonad shape and size is determined by the migration of a leader cell, which is at the tip of the growing gonad arm. A metalloprotease secreted by the leader cell has recently been found to play an essential role in this process, preparing the way ahead for the cell's migration.  (+info)

Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg-like cells in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia represent the outgrowth of single germinal-center B-cell-derived clones: potential precursors of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease. (5/294)

In rare cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), large cells morphologically similar to or indistinguishable from Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of Hodgkin's disease (HD) can be found in a background of otherwise typical B-CLL. To test these HRS-like cells for a potential clonal relationship to the B-CLL cells, single cells were micromanipulated from immunostained tissue sections, and rearranged immunoglobulin genes were amplified from HRS-like cells and B-CLL cells and sequenced. The same variable (V) gene rearrangements with shared and distinct somatic mutations were found in HRS-like and B-CLL cells from 1 patient, which indicates derivation of these cells from 2 distinct members of a germinal-center B-cell clone. Separate clonal V gene rearrangements were amplified from HRS-like and B-CLL cells from 2 other patients, showing concomitant presence of 2 distinct expanded B-cell clones. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was detected in the HRS-like cells of these 2 latter cases, indicating clonal expansion of an EBV-harboring B cell in the setting of B-CLL. There is evidence that HRS-like cells in B-CLL, like HRS cells in HD, derive from germinal-center B cells. In all cases, somatic mutations have been detected in the rearranged V genes of the HRS-like cells, and in 1 of the EBV-positive HRS-like cell clones, somatic mutations rendered an originally functional V gene rearrangement nonfunctional. We speculate that the HRS-like cells in B-CLL represent potential precursors for HRS cells causing HD.  (+info)

Synergy of SF1 and RAR in activation of Oct-3/4 promoter. (6/294)

The Oct-3/4 transcription factor is expressed in the earliest stages of embryogenesis, and is thus likely to play an important role in regulation of initial decisions in development. For the first time, we have shown that SF1 and Oct-3/4 are co-expressed in embryonal carcinoma (EC) P19 cells, and their expression is down-regulated with very similar kinetics following retinoic acid (RA) induced differentiation of these cells, suggesting a functional relationship between the two. Previously, we have shown that the Oct-3/4 promoter harbors an RA-responsive element, RAREoct, which functions in EC cells as a binding site for positive regulators of transcription, such as RAR and RXR. In this study we have identified in the Oct-3/4 promoter two novel SF1-binding sites: SF1(a) and SF1(b). The proximal site, SF1(a), is located within the RAREoct, and the distal site, SF1(b), is located between nucleotide -193 and -209 of the Oct-3/4 promoter. Both sites contribute to activation of Oct-3/4 promoter in EC cells, with SF1(a) playing a more crucial role. SF1, and its isoforms ELP2 and ELP3 bind to both SF1 sites and activate the Oct-3/4 promoter. This activation depends on the presence of SF1 DNA-binding domain. Thus, Oct-3/4 is the first EC-specific gene reported that is regulated by SF1. Interestingly, SF1 and RAR form a novel complex on the RAREoct sequence that synergistically activate the Oct-3/4 promoter. Both RARE and SF1 cis regulatory elements, as well as the SF1 DNA-binding domain, are needed for this synergism. SF1 and Oct-3/4 transcription factors play a role in the same developmental regulatory cascade.  (+info)

Pleiotrophin can be rate-limiting for pancreatic cancer cell growth. (7/294)

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors, with an overall survival rate of 2%. The identification of growth factors that contribute to the malignant phenotype can help to identify new targets for therapy. In this study, we analyzed the growth factor pleiotrophin (PTN) that was originally described as a developmentally regulated cytokine during early embryogenesis. More recently, PTN was found to be overexpressed in a variety of neuroectodermal tumors and described as an essential angiogenic growth factor in choriocarcinoma and melanoma, promoting metastatic growth. Recently, we discovered high expression levels of PTN in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies, particularly in those patients with pancreatic cancer. However, it is not known whether PTN is a contributor to the growth of pancreatic cancer or is only a bystander. We used ribozymes to deplete PTN mRNA from Colo357 pancreatic cancer cells and studied the resulting phenotype. The reduction of PTN resulted in a decrease in the proliferation rate, soft agar colony formation, and tumor growth in animals. Supplementation of cells with PTN partially reversed the ribozyme effect. The autocrine function of PTN was confirmed by using PTN-binding antibodies that inhibited the proliferation rate by 50% in Colo357 cells but also in a different pancreatic cancer cell line, Panc89. Our study identifies PTN as a new and essential growth factor for pancreatic cancer. Due to the restricted expression pattern of PTN in adults, PTN is suggested as a target for pancreatic cancer therapy.  (+info)

Nodal signaling uses activin and transforming growth factor-beta receptor-regulated Smads. (8/294)

Nodal, a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, is implicated in many events critical to the early vertebrate embryo, including mesoderm formation, anterior patterning, and left-right axis specification. Here we define the intracellular signaling pathway induced by recombinant nodal protein treatment of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Nodal signaling activates pAR3-Lux, a luciferase reporter previously shown to respond specifically to activin and TGF-beta. However, nodal is unable to induce pTlx2-Lux, a reporter specifically responsive to bone morphogenetic proteins. We also demonstrate that nodal induces p(CAGA)(12), a reporter previously shown to be specifically activated by Smad3. Expression of a dominant negative Smad2 significantly reduces the level of luciferase reporter activity induced by nodal treatment. Finally, we show that nodal signaling rapidly leads to the phosphorylation of Smad2. These results provide the first direct biochemical evidence that nodal signaling is mediated by both activin-TGF-beta pathway Smads, Smad2 and Smad3. We also show here that the extracellular cripto protein is required for nodal signaling, making it distinct from activin or TGF-beta signaling.  (+info)

Embryonal carcinoma stem cells (ECSCs) are a type of cancer stem cell found in embryonal carcinomas, which are a rare form of germ cell tumor that primarily affect the testicles and ovaries. These stem cells are characterized by their ability to differentiate into various cell types, similar to embryonic stem cells. They are believed to play a key role in the development and progression of embryonal carcinomas, as they can self-renew and generate the heterogeneous population of cancer cells that make up the tumor.

Embryonal carcinoma stem cells have been studied extensively as a model system for understanding the biology of cancer stem cells and developing new therapies for germ cell tumors. They are known to express specific markers, such as Oct-4, Nanog, and Sox2, which are also expressed in embryonic stem cells and are involved in maintaining their pluripotency.

It is important to note that while embryonal carcinoma stem cells share some similarities with embryonic stem cells, they are distinct from them and have undergone malignant transformation, making them a target for cancer therapy.

Embryonal carcinoma is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that arises from primitive germ cells. It typically occurs in the gonads (ovaries or testicles), but can also occur in other areas of the body such as the mediastinum, retroperitoneum, or sacrococcygeal region.

Embryonal carcinoma is called "embryonal" because the cancerous cells resemble those found in an embryo during early stages of development. These cells are capable of differentiating into various cell types, which can lead to a mix of cell types within the tumor.

Embryonal carcinoma is a highly malignant tumor that tends to grow and spread quickly. It can metastasize to other parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, brain, and bones. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.

Prognosis for embryonal carcinoma depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the location of the tumor, and the patient's overall health. In general, this type of cancer has a poor prognosis, with a high risk of recurrence even after treatment.

A teratoma is a type of germ cell tumor, which is a broad category of tumors that originate from the reproductive cells. A teratoma contains developed tissues from all three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This means that a teratoma can contain various types of tissue such as hair, teeth, bone, and even more complex organs like eyes, thyroid, or neural tissue.

Teratomas are usually benign (non-cancerous), but they can sometimes be malignant (cancerous) and can spread to other parts of the body. They can occur anywhere in the body, but they're most commonly found in the ovaries and testicles. When found in these areas, they are typically removed surgically.

Teratomas can also occur in other locations such as the sacrum, coccyx (tailbone), mediastinum (the area between the lungs), and pineal gland (a small gland in the brain). These types of teratomas can be more complex to treat due to their location and potential to cause damage to nearby structures.

Tretinoin is a form of vitamin A that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris, fine wrinkles, and dark spots caused by aging or sun damage. It works by increasing the turnover of skin cells, helping to unclog pores and promote the growth of new skin cells. Tretinoin is available as a cream, gel, or liquid, and is usually applied to the affected area once a day in the evening. Common side effects include redness, dryness, and peeling of the skin. It is important to avoid sunlight and use sunscreen while using tretinoin, as it can make the skin more sensitive to the sun.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Neoplastic stem cells, also known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), are a subpopulation of cells within a tumor that are capable of self-renewal and generating the heterogeneous lineages of cells that comprise the tumor. These cells are believed to be responsible for the initiation, maintenance, and progression of cancer, as well as its recurrence and resistance to therapy.

CSCs share some similarities with normal stem cells, such as their ability to divide asymmetrically and give rise to differentiated progeny. However, they also have distinct characteristics that distinguish them from their normal counterparts, including aberrant gene expression, altered signaling pathways, and increased resistance to apoptosis (programmed cell death).

The existence of CSCs has important implications for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Targeting these cells specifically may be necessary to achieve durable remissions and prevent relapse, as they are thought to survive conventional therapies that target the bulk of the tumor. Further research is needed to better understand the biology of CSCs and develop effective strategies for their elimination.

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), stem cells are "initial cells" or "precursor cells" that have the ability to differentiate into many different cell types in the body. They can also divide without limit to replenish other cells for as long as the person or animal is still alive.

There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which come from human embryos, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues throughout the body. Embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types in the body, while adult stem cells have more limited differentiation potential.

Stem cells play an essential role in the development and repair of various tissues and organs in the body. They are currently being studied for their potential use in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the properties and capabilities of these cells before they can be used safely and effectively in clinical settings.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. These cells cover organs, glands, and other structures within the body. Carcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and pancreas. They are often characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Carcinomas can be further classified based on their appearance under a microscope, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

Embryonic stem cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell that are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is a very early-stage embryo. These cells have the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body, making them a promising area of research for regenerative medicine and the study of human development and disease. Embryonic stem cells are typically obtained from surplus embryos created during in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures, with the consent of the donors. The use of embryonic stem cells is a controversial issue due to ethical concerns surrounding the destruction of human embryos.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are immature, self-renewing cells that give rise to all the mature blood and immune cells in the body. They are capable of both producing more hematopoietic stem cells (self-renewal) and differentiating into early progenitor cells that eventually develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. HSCs are found in the bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood. They have the ability to repair damaged tissues and offer significant therapeutic potential for treating various diseases, including hematological disorders, genetic diseases, and cancer.

Stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure where stem cells, which are immature and unspecialized cells with the ability to differentiate into various specialized cell types, are introduced into a patient. The main purpose of this procedure is to restore the function of damaged or destroyed tissues or organs, particularly in conditions that affect the blood and immune systems, such as leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic anemia, and inherited metabolic disorders.

There are two primary types of stem cell transplantation: autologous and allogeneic. In autologous transplantation, the patient's own stem cells are collected, stored, and then reinfused back into their body after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy the diseased cells. In allogeneic transplantation, stem cells are obtained from a donor (related or unrelated) whose human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type closely matches that of the recipient.

The process involves several steps: first, the patient undergoes conditioning therapy to suppress their immune system and make space for the new stem cells. Then, the harvested stem cells are infused into the patient's bloodstream, where they migrate to the bone marrow and begin to differentiate and produce new blood cells. This procedure requires close monitoring and supportive care to manage potential complications such as infections, graft-versus-host disease, and organ damage.

Pluripotent stem cells are a type of undifferentiated stem cell that have the ability to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) of a developing embryo. These cells can give rise to all the cell types that make up the human body, with the exception of those that form the extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta.

Pluripotent stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew, which means they can divide and produce more pluripotent stem cells, and differentiate, which means they can give rise to specialized cell types with specific functions. Pluripotent stem cells can be derived from embryos at the blastocyst stage of development or generated in the lab through a process called induced pluripotency, where adult cells are reprogrammed to have the properties of embryonic stem cells.

Pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering because they can be used to generate large numbers of specific cell types that can potentially replace or repair damaged or diseased tissues in the body. However, their use is still a subject of ethical debate due to concerns about the source of embryonic stem cells and the potential risks associated with their use in clinical applications.

A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.

Adult stem cells, also known as somatic stem cells, are undifferentiated cells found in specialized tissues or organs throughout the body of a developed organism. Unlike embryonic stem cells, which are derived from blastocysts and have the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body (pluripotency), adult stem cells are typically more limited in their differentiation potential, meaning they can only give rise to specific types of cells within the tissue or organ where they reside.

Adult stem cells serve to maintain and repair tissues by replenishing dying or damaged cells. They can divide and self-renew over time, producing one daughter cell that remains a stem cell and another that differentiates into a mature, functional cell type. The most well-known adult stem cells are hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to all types of blood cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, which can differentiate into various connective tissue cells such as bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle.

The potential therapeutic use of adult stem cells has been explored in various medical fields, including regenerative medicine and cancer therapy. However, their limited differentiation capacity and the challenges associated with isolating and expanding them in culture have hindered their widespread application. Recent advances in stem cell research, such as the development of techniques to reprogram adult cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have opened new avenues for studying and harnessing the therapeutic potential of these cells.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells that form the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). It commonly occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, lips, and backs of the hands. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop in other areas of the body including the mouth, lungs, and cervix.

This type of cancer usually develops slowly and may appear as a rough or scaly patch of skin, a red, firm nodule, or a sore or ulcer that doesn't heal. While squamous cell carcinoma is not as aggressive as some other types of cancer, it can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body if left untreated, making early detection and treatment important.

Risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma include prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, fair skin, a history of sunburns, a weakened immune system, and older age. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from the sun by wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, avoiding tanning beds, and getting regular skin examinations.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults. It originates from the hepatocytes, which are the main functional cells of the liver. This type of cancer is often associated with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and aflatoxin exposure.

The symptoms of HCC can vary but may include unexplained weight loss, lack of appetite, abdominal pain or swelling, jaundice, and fatigue. The diagnosis of HCC typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as blood tests to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Treatment options for Hepatocellular carcinoma depend on the stage and extent of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and liver function. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or liver transplantation.

These stem cells were named embryonal carcinoma P19 cells. These derived P19 cells grew rapidly without feeder cells and were ... P19 cells can also differentiate into those ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm-like cells. When embryonal carcinoma cells are ... van der Heyden, MA; Defize, LH (2003-05-01). "Twenty one years of P19 cells: what an embryonal carcinoma cell line taught us ... Vanderheyden, M; Defize, L (2003). "Twenty one years of P19 cells: What an embryonal carcinoma cell line taught us about ...
"Isolation of human embryonal carcinoma stem cells by immunomagnetic sorting". Stem Cells. 19 (6): 500-4. doi:10.1634/stemcells. ... Stem cell markers are genes and their protein products used by scientists to isolate and identify stem cells. Stem cells can ... 2005). "Somatic stem cell marker prominin-1/CD133 is expressed in embryonic stem cell-derived progenitors". Stem Cells. 23 (6 ... "The small heat shock protein hsp25 is accumulated in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells and embryonic stem cells of line BLC6 during ...
"Switched alternative splicing of oncogene CoAA during embryonal carcinoma stem cell differentiation". Nucleic Acids Research. ... Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (Jan 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9-13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID ... Cell. 127 (3): 635-48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. S2CID 7827573. Yang Z, Sui Y, Xiong S, Liour SS, Phillips ... Cell. 125 (4): 801-14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032. PMID 16713569. S2CID 13709685. Sui Y, Yang Z, Xiong S, Zhang L, ...
In pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells, LIN28 is localized in the ribosomes, P-bodies and stress granules. LIN28 is thought ... primal regulator of growth and metabolism in stem cells". Cell Stem Cell. 12 (4): 395-406. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.03.005. PMC ... "The transcriptome profile of human embryonic stem cells as defined by SAGE". Stem Cells. 22 (1): 51-64. doi:10.1634/stemcells. ... "The transcriptome profile of human embryonic stem cells as defined by SAGE". Stem Cells. 22 (1): 51-64. doi:10.1634/stemcells. ...
The potential role for human JADE1 in the renewal of embryonic stem cell and embryonal carcinoma cell cultures was suggested in ... stem cells activation of stem cell transcription factor OCT4 pathway upregulated JADE1 gene expression along with stem cell ... integration approach to mapping OCT4 gene regulatory networks operative in embryonic stem cells and embryonal carcinoma cells ... cultured cells overload with JADE1 protein causes cell toxicity and side effects. Cells undergo morphological changes that do ...
"The TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 human pluripotent stem cell markers are expressed on podocalyxin in embryonal carcinoma". Stem Cells ... L-selectin ligand on colon carcinoma cells: comparative biochemical properties of selectin ligands in host and tumor cells". Am ... Podocalyxin is also known as TRA-1-60 and is a marker of pluripotent stem cells. Discussion Podocalyxin has been found to ... Sialylated, O-glycosylated glycoforms of podocalyxin expressed by colon carcinoma cells possess L-selectin and E-selectin ...
"Retinoic acid induces embryonal carcinoma cells to differentiate into neurons and glial cells". The Journal of Cell Biology. ... Induced stem cells, Stem cells, Biotechnology, Cell biology, Biological engineering, Biomedical engineering, Tissue engineering ... Since the discovery of embryonic stem (ES) cells (1981) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (2006), source material is ... introduced in the cells. The starting material can be either pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), or either differentiated cell type ...
Gerard, Smith, Austin (1986). "Genetic analysis of embryonal carcinoma cells". hdl:1842/20194. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal ... of the Welcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and later was the director of the new Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell ... He is notable for his pioneering work on the biology of embryonic stem cells. Austin Smith obtained his doctoral degree from ... In 1996, he was appointed director of the centre, which became the Institute for Stem Cell Research under his leadership. He ...
... isolated from the teratocarcinoma replicated and grew in cell culture as a stem cell and are now known as embryonal carcinoma ( ... bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells. Muse cells are able to generate cells representative of all ... "Human Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Using Adult Cells". Cell Stem Cell. 14 (6): 777-780. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015. ISSN ... are equivalent to embryonic stem cells, leading these cells to be known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). This ...
... embryonic stem cells or embryonal carcinoma cells). There is a positive correlation between serum bone alkaline phosphatase ... "Appendix E: Stem Cell Markers". Stem Cell Information. National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human ... One study compared the enzymes of liver metastases of giant-cell lung carcinoma and nonmalignant placental cells. The two were ... Undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells have elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase on their cell membrane, therefore alkaline ...
... which are of interest because they contain pluripotent stem cells (known as embryonal carcinoma, [EC] cells) from which all the ... Stem Cell Research - Potential Solutions, Practical Challenges Martin G (December 1981). "Isolation of a pluripotent cell line ... "Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells". ... She is known for her pioneering work on the isolation of pluripotent stem cells from normal embryos, for which she coined the ...
"Octamer-dependent regulation of the kFGF gene in embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells". Mechanisms of Development. 36 ( ... embryonic stem cell lines (which are cell lines derived from the inner cell mass), and induced pluripotent stem cells. While ... "Oct4 expression is not required for mouse somatic stem cell self-renewal". Cell Stem Cell. 1 (4): 403-15. doi:10.1016/j.stem. ... "Oct-4 expression in adult human differentiated cells challenges its role as a pure stem cell marker". Stem Cells. 25 (7): 1675- ...
... pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cell line. NTERA-2 cells exhibit biochemical and developmental properties similar to the ... 2005). "NTera2: a model system to study dopaminergic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells". Stem Cells Dev. 14 (5): ... NTERA-2 cells were originally isolated from a lung metastasis from a 22-year-old male patient with primary embryonal carcinoma ... 1984). "Pluripotent embryonal carcinoma clones derived from the human teratocarcinoma cell line Tera-2. Differentiation in vivo ...
"Aggregated P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells as a simple in vitro model to study the molecular regulations of mesoderm ... Cell Stem Cell. 3 (5): 508-518. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2008.09.013. PMC 2683270. PMID 18983966. Baillie-Johnson, Peter; Brink, ... small numbers of mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, were aggregated as embryoid bodies (EBs) and used to model and ... The term Gastruloid has been expanded to include self-organised human embryonic stem cell arrangements on patterned (micro ...
... working on neuroblastoma and embryonal carcinoma cells as screens for teratogens before being appointed tenured staff scientist ... Mummery is also the founding editor of Stem Cell Reports; is on the editorial Board of Cell Stem Cells, Stem Cells, Current ... stem cells as models. In 2007, Mummery was a visiting professor jointly at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI) and the ... This second edition contains introduction to embryonic and iPS cells and stem cells. It also features additional information on ...
... is associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. It is expressed in embryonal carcinoma but not in seminoma and is thus ... after failure of autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) HL in patients who are not ASCT candidates after failure of at least 2 ... Lee SY, Park CG, Choi Y (Feb 1996). "T cell receptor-dependent cell death of T cell hybridomas mediated by the CD30 cytoplasmic ... "Identification of Hodgkin and Sternberg-reed cells as a unique cell type derived from a newly-detected small-cell population". ...
This kind of mixed germ cell tumor may be known simply as a teratoma with elements of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, ... Choriocarcinoma of the testicles has the worst prognosis of all germ-cell cancers. Embryonic stem cells Cancer research Maoz A ... Germ cell tumor (GCT) is a neoplasm derived from germ cells. Germ-cell tumors can be cancerous or benign. Germ cells normally ... Teratocarcinoma refers to a germ cell tumor that is a mixture of teratoma with embryonal carcinoma, or with choriocarcinoma, or ...
... and two embryonal carcinoma (here, these last are classified among germ cell tumors). Extraspinal ependymoma, usually ... Stem Cells. 28 (9): 1568-1570. doi:10.1002/stem.471. PMC 2996086. PMID 20641038. "A Stem Cell Legacy: Leroy Stevens". The ... Pluripotent stem cells including human induced pluripotent stem cells have a unique property of being able to generate ... All tumors of this class are the result of abnormal development of pluripotent cells: germ cells and embryonal cells. Teratomas ...
... germ cell neoplasia Gonadoblastoma The germinoma family of tumors Seminoma Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors Embryonal carcinoma ... Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation. Even in cases in which ... cell tumor Leydig cell tumor Sertoli cell tumor Sertoli cell tumor Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor Granulosa cell ... Germ cells derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ Noninvasive germ cell neoplasia Germ cell neoplasia in situ' Specific forms ...
Cell Stem Cell. 11 (2): 231-41. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2012.05.022. PMID 22862948. Hollenbach AD, McPherson CJ, Lagutina I, ... such as breast carcinoma and osteosarcoma. In these wild-type PAX3-expressing cancers, PAX3 function impacts on the control of ... embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma). However, PAX3 is also expressed in other cancer types without a clear relationship to a PAX3- ... melanocyte stem cell maintenance, and disease". review. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 21 (6): 627-45. doi:10.1111/j.1755- ...
"Basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid associated with Gorlin-Goltz syndrome". Ophthalmology. 108 (6): 1115-23. doi:10.1016/s0161- ... "Primary limbal stem cell transplantation in the surgical management of extensive ocular surface squamous neoplasia involving ... "Orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in association with neurofibromatosis type 1". Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 23 (2): 147-8 ... "Metastasis to the eye and orbit from renal cell carcinoma--a report of three cases and review of literature". Surv Ophthalmol. ...
KIT antibodies can also be used in the diagnosis of mast cell tumours and in distinguishing seminomas from embryonal carcinomas ... It is also a marker for mouse prostate stem cells. In addition, mast cells, melanocytes in the skin, and interstitial cells of ... Mobilization is used clinically as a source of hematopoietic stem cells for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). ... Its expression has been linked to cancer stemness in ovarian cancer cells, colon cancer cells, non-small cell lung cancer cells ...
For example, in the lineage-specific differentiation of smooth muscle cells from embryonic stem cell derived cultures, MiR-1 is ... Introduction of miR-1 and miR-133a into an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma-derived cell line is cytostatic, which suggested a strong ... miR-1 and related microRNA miR-499 are proposed to be involved in the regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis ... February 2011). "MicroRNA-1 regulates smooth muscle cell differentiation by repressing Kruppel-like factor 4". Stem Cells and ...
When found histologically, a rhabdomyoblast aids the diagnosis of embryonal, alveolar, spindle cell/sclerosing, and pleomorphic ... Journal of Stem Cell Therapy and Transplantation. 1 (1): 008-016. doi:10.29328/journal.jsctt.1001002. Robertus JL, Harms G, ... Additional malignancies include sarcomatoid carcinoma, undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma, salivary carcinosarcoma ... Rhabdomyoblasts are early stage mesenchymal cells, having the potential to differentiate into a wide range of skeletal cells. ...
Tawfik HM, El-Maqsoud NM, Hak BH, El-Sherbiny YM (2011). "Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: mismatch repair ... March 2009). "Hypomethylating drugs convert HA-1-negative solid tumors into targets for stem cell-based immunotherapy". Blood. ... alveolar and embryonal) rhabdomyosarcoma. Several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are epigenetically altered in sarcomas. ... Histone modification profiles of healthy and cancerous cells tend to differ. In comparison to healthy cells, cancerous cells ...
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in drug resistance and their therapeutic implications in cancer treatment. Stem cells international. ... Identification of mutations in the human PATCHED gene in sporadic basal cell carcinomas and in patients with the basal cell ... GLI inhibitor GANT-61 diminishes embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma growth by inhibiting Shh/AKT-mTOR axis. Oncotarget. ... A GLI1‐p53 inhibitory loop controls neural stem cell and tumour cell numbers. The EMBO Journal. 2009 Mar 18;28(6):663-76. ...
... cDNA isolated from embryonal carcinoma cells, differing only in their terminal ends. SF-1 expression is localized to adult ... Several approaches used targeted gene disruption in mouse embryonic stem cells with the aim of identifying potential target ... Using in situ hybridization with SF-1 cRNA specific probe detected gene transcripts in adrenocortical cells, Leydig cells, and ... For example, SF-1 controls expression of Amh gene in Sertoli cells, whereby the presence or absence of the gene product affects ...
Embryonal carcinomas, a rare tumor type usually found in mixed tumors, develop directly from germ cells but are not terminally ... immature teratomas also have undifferentiated stem cells that make them more malignant than mature teratomas (dermoid cysts). ... Clear-cell adenocarcinomas are histopathologically similar to other clear-cell carcinomas, with clear cells and hobnail cells. ... The ovary is made up of three different cell types including epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells. When these cells ...
... stem cell - stem cell factor - stem cell transplantation - stent - stereotactic biopsy - stereotactic body radiation therapy - ... basal cell - basal cell carcinoma - basal cell nevus syndrome - basophil - batimastat - BAY 12-9566 - BAY 43-9006 - BAY 56-3722 ... embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma - embryonal tumor - embryonic - EMD 121974 - emitefur - emodin - enalapril - encephalopathy - ... peripheral stem cell - peripheral stem cell support - peripheral stem cell transplantation - peristalsis - peritoneal cancer - ...
"The role of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in sarcoma: update and dispute". Stem Cell Investigation. 1: 18. doi:10.3978/j. ... embryonal, alveolar, pleomorphic, and spindle cell/sclerosing) Hemangioendothelioma (includes the following varieties: retiform ... granular cell tumor Malignant ossifying fibromyxoid tumor Stromal sarcoma not otherwise specified Myoepithelial carcinoma ... Stem cells collected from people before high‐dose chemotherapy can be transplanted back to the person if the blood cell count ...
Suppression of p53 plays important roles in cancer stem cell phenotype, induced pluripotent stem cells and other stem cell ... was approved in China in 2003 for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. It delivers a functional copy of the ... a novel small-molecule inhibitor targets MDM2 and induces apoptosis in embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells with wild- ... "Critical role for P53 in regulating the cell cycle of ground state embryonic stem cells". Stem Cell Reports. 14 (2): 175-183. ...
Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells. Cerebrum (with entry terms of Cerebral Hemispheres; Left Cerebral Hemisphere; Right Cerebral ... Leukemia, T-Cell, HTLV-II-Associated (index as Leukemia, T-Cell) [Editors Note: The following paragraph was updated on ... Leukemia, Null-cell (index as Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma). Leukemia, Subleukemic (index as Leukemia). ... Lymphoma, Extranodal NK-T-Cell. Lymphoma, Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell NOTE: Most of the "old headings" were ...
Cancer stem cells may be the driving force behind tumor growth and recurrence, but little is known about their mechanisms. ... CSC: Cancer stem cell; hECC: Human embryonal carcinoma cell; hESC: Human embryonic stem cell; IF: Immunofluorescence; IP: ... The cancer stem cell theory holds that tumors also contain stem-like cells that drive tumor growth and metastasis formation. ... Table 1. Cancer stem cell-associated proteins revealed by proteomics. Human gene. Cancer type. Cell type. Comparison. ...
... from stem cells. P19 embryonal carcinoma cells are multipotent and can differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers. ... Currently, extensive research is being conducted on the generation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) ... Type I diabetes mellitus results from the autoimmune destruction of the β cells in pancreatic islets. ... from stem cells. P19 embryonal carcinoma cells are multipotent and can differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers. ...
These stem cells were named embryonal carcinoma P19 cells. These derived P19 cells grew rapidly without feeder cells and were ... P19 cells can also differentiate into those ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm-like cells. When embryonal carcinoma cells are ... van der Heyden, MA; Defize, LH (2003-05-01). "Twenty one years of P19 cells: what an embryonal carcinoma cell line taught us ... Vanderheyden, M; Defize, L (2003). "Twenty one years of P19 cells: What an embryonal carcinoma cell line taught us about ...
The lineage relationship between cancer-associated stromal cells and normal tissue stromal cells is not known. Nor is the cause ... Temporal expression profiling of the effects of secreted factors from prostate stromal cells on embryonal carcinoma stem cells ... Embryonal carcinoma cell induction of miRNA and mRNA changes in co-cultured prostate stromal fibromuscular cells Eneida F ... Embryonal carcinoma cell induction of miRNA and mRNA changes in co-cultured prostate stromal fibromuscular cells Eneida F ...
There are five subtypes of germ cell tumors: germinomas, embryonal carcinomas, yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinomas and teratomas ... UCLA scientists use stem cells to study genetics of germ cell tumors. UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center ... UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center. Dr. Joanna Gell (left) and Amander Clark examine germ cell tumor cells in the lab at UCLA ... The researchers developed a protocol to recreate germ cell tumor cells from stem cells and used the new model to study the ...
432o) Characterization of Beta-Amyloid Toxicity of P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cell during Development ... 432e) Human Glioma Cells Exhibit Marked Reductions in 13c NMR-Detected Tca Cycle Activity and Oxygen Consumption during Late- ... 432f) Burst Size Distributions from Measurements of Single Cells Infected with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus ... 432l) Detection of Disseminated Tumor Cells in Bone Marrow of Breast Cancer Patients ...
Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells/metabolism*; Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells/pathology; Endonucleases/genetics; Endonucleases/ ... cells into neurons and muscle cells. Our results revealed that the capacity of nucleotide excision repair increases as cell ... Abstract: Embryonic stem cells can self-renew and differentiate, holding great promise for regenerative medicine. They also ... However, the dynamics of the capacity of nucleotide excision repair during stem cell differentiation remain unclear. Here, ...
Isolation of human embryonal carcinoma stem cells by immunomagnetic sorting.. Przyborski SA. Stem Cells; 2001; 19(6):500-4. ... during differentiation of embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells.. Scharnhorst V; Kranenburg O; van der Eb AJ; Jochemsen ... Differentiation of human embryonal carcinomas in vitro and in vivo reveals expression profiles relevant to normal development. ... 2. Transcriptional regulation of OCT4 by the ETS transcription factor ESE-1 in NCCIT human embryonic carcinoma cells.. Park SW ...
Expression data of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells derived pluripotent stem cells. GSE18759. STAT3 protects from liver injury ... Expression and ChIP-seq analyses of embryonic stem cells, extraembryonic endoderm stem cells, and trophoblast stem cells. ... rat embryonic fibroblast cells and mouse ES cells. GSE13770. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells by ... Expression data from aged spermatogonial stem cells. GSE27079. Expression data from epidermal stem cells isolated from dorsal ...
Genomic and phenotypic alterations of the neuronal-like cells derived from human embryonal carcinoma stem cells (NT2) caused by ... alters neurodifferentiation of human embryonal carcinoma stem cells (NT2). Neuroscience. 2014;281:54-67. ... Developmental toxicity assay using cell aggregates derived from mouse pluripotent stem cells *Relevant references: *Li ASW, ... in mouse embryonic stem cells under differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2014;50(3):261-73. ...
Stem Cells Drug Discovery ADME Toxicity Screening Organ-on-a-Chip Microfluidics ... Pluripotent stem cells like the human embryonal carcinoma cell line NT2 provide an enormous potential for drug discovery and ... Stem Cells for Drug Discovery and Toxicity Screening 2017. Stem Cells for Drug Discovery and Toxicity Screening 2017 in Boston ... cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into multipotent nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) that can form nephron-like ...
Stem cells were represented by embryonic stem and embryonal carcinoma cells. The cancer cell types were Gleason pattern 3 ( ... Of clinical importance is the so-called cancer stem cell type. Cell type-specific transcriptomes are used to examine lineage ... relationship among cancer cell types and their expression similarity to normal cell types including stem/progenitor cells. ... The non-luminal-like types showed expression more similar to that of stem/progenitor cells than the luminal-like types. However ...
... pluripotent stem cells offer enormous promise for regenerative medicine. However, the risk that pluripotent stem cells may ... Credit: National Eye Institute, NIH Thanks to their ability to develop into any specialized cell type, ... develop into tumors poses an obstacle to the use of therapies based on these cells and their progeny. ... A colony of human induced pluripotent stem cells. ... induced pluripotent stem cells, and embryonal carcinoma cells ( ...
... embryonal carcinoma or EC), embryonic inner cell mass (ICM), embryonic stem (ES) cells, and erythrocytes. As human stem cells ... embryonal carcinoma or EC), embryonic inner cell mass (ICM), embryonic stem (ES) cells, and erythrocytes. As human stem cells ... As its name implies, the expression of SSEA-3 is stage-specific and can be used to characterize embryonic cells and monitor ... As its name implies, the expression of SSEA-3 is stage-specific and can be used to characterize embryonic cells and monitor ...
... of stem cells and until the derivation of embryonal carcinoma cells in the 1960s-1970s and the first embryonic stem cell in ... The editorial paper in STEM CELLS is a review of the most important areas of stem cell research over the past 30 years, in ... To celebrate 30 years of peer-reviewed publication of cutting edge stem cell research in Stem Cells, the first journal devoted ... but we must not think that stem cell biology is a young science. The idea of a stem cell has actually been around for quite a ...
... a glycolipid carbohydrate antigen expressed on the surface of human embryonal carcinoma (EC), embryonic germ (EG), ... and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, a subset of mesenchymal stem cells, and rhesus monkey ES cell lines. No ... Intrinsic Immunity Shapes Viral Resistance of Stem Cells. Wu X et al. Cell 2018 JAN ... Here, we analyzed gene expression in mammalian stem cells and cells at various stages of differentiation. We find that, ...
NSGCTs are germ cell tumors that contain embryonal stem cells. These may be differentiated into extraembryonic tissues or ... Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma: long-term outcome ... Factors that alter the differentiation of the primordial germ cell, resulting in the presence of an embryonal stem cell, can ... Role of High-Dose Chemotherapy With Autologous Stem-Cell Rescue in Men With Previously Treated Germ Cell Tumors. J Clin Oncol. ...
... a glycolipid carbohydrate antigen expressed on the surface of human embryonal carcinoma (EC), embryonic germ (EG), ... and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, a subset of mesenchymal stem cells, and rhesus monkey ES cell lines. No ... Intrinsic Immunity Shapes Viral Resistance of Stem Cells. Wu X et al. Cell 2018 JAN ... Here, we analyzed gene expression in mammalian stem cells and cells at various stages of differentiation. We find that, ...
A non-seminomatous malignant germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of large germ cells with abundant cytoplasm ... resembling epithelial cells, geographic necrosis, high mitotic activity, and pseudoglandular and pseudopapillary structures ... Hypoxia and pluripotency in embryonic and embryonal carcinoma stem cell biology.. Silván U, Díez-Torre A, Arluzea J, Andrade R ... Carcinoma, Embryonal; Carcinomas, Embryonal; Embryonal Carcinoma; Embryonal Carcinomas. SNOMED CT: Embryonal carcinoma ( ...
Embryonal Carcinoma Cells F9 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells F9 Teratocarcinoma Stem Cells Teratocarcinoma Stem Cells Public MeSH ... Cells [A11] * Stem Cells [A11.872] * Neoplastic Stem Cells [A11.872.650] * Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells [A11.872.650.500] ... Cells [A11] * Stem Cells [A11.872] * Pluripotent Stem Cells [A11.872.700] * Embryonic Stem Cells [A11.872.700.250] * ... Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells Preferred Concept UI. M0022152. Scope Note. The malignant stem cells of TERATOCARCINOMAS, which ...
Embryonal Carcinoma Cells F9 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells F9 Teratocarcinoma Stem Cells Teratocarcinoma Stem Cells Public MeSH ... Cells [A11] * Stem Cells [A11.872] * Neoplastic Stem Cells [A11.872.650] * Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells [A11.872.650.500] ... Cells [A11] * Stem Cells [A11.872] * Pluripotent Stem Cells [A11.872.700] * Embryonic Stem Cells [A11.872.700.250] * ... Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells Preferred Concept UI. M0022152. Scope Note. The malignant stem cells of TERATOCARCINOMAS, which ...
In this study, we used embryonal carcinoma (EC) P19 cell lines to investigate the expression level of Halr1 in pluripotency and ... Studies in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have indicated that large intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are involved in the ... RNA transfection was used to silence the expression of HMGB1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. CCK-8, cell clone formation ... expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma; HMGB1 promoted the proliferation and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma via ...
Mitochondrial Metabolism Directs Stemness and Cell Differentiation in P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells. Cell Death Difer. 21( ... Developmental Biology and stem cells. Lung development and disease (Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Chronic Obstructive ... Mitochondrial Biology and Toxicology; Cancer and stem cell metabolism.. Expertise:. Evaluation of mitochondrial activity, ... Fgf10-positive cells represent a multipotent progenitor cell population during lung development and postnatally. Development ...
Neural differentiation of pluripotent mouse embryonal carcinoma cells by retinoic acid - inhibitory effect of serum. Physiol. ... Expression and potential role of fibroblast growth factor 2 and its receptors in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells. 2005, ... Retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells is potentiated by leukemia inhibitory factor. ... The role of cell cycle regulators in developing oocytes and cells of embryonal origin. Derivation, propagation, and ...
Excellent as a marker for differentaiating human neural stem cells. Designed for western blotting and related applications. WB ... Each type of established mammalian pluripotent stem cell line (embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, embryonic stem (ES) cells and ... is expressed in human and mouse totipotent embryonic stem and germ cells. It may function in preventing these cells from ... Media, Cell Culturing Products, and FBS*Media, Cell Culturing Products, and FBS Overview ...
Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells Entry term(s). Carcinoma Cell, Embryonal Carcinoma Cells, Embryonal Cell, Embryonal Carcinoma ... Cells, Embryonal Carcinoma Cells, Teratocarcinoma Stem Embryonal Carcinoma Cell Embryonal Carcinoma Cells Stem Cell, ... Embryonal Carcinoma Cell. Embryonal Carcinoma Cells. F9 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells. F9 Teratocarcinoma Stem Cells. Stem Cell, ... Carcinoma Cell, Embryonal. Carcinoma Cells, Embryonal. Cell, Embryonal Carcinoma. Cell, Teratocarcinoma Stem. Cells, Embryonal ...
Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells. publications Timeline , Most Recent This graph shows the total number of publications written ... "Neoplastic Stem Cells" by people in this website by year, and whether "Neoplastic Stem Cells" was a major or minor topic of ... Expression Profiling of Normal and Malignant Human Colonic Stem Cells Identifies miRNA92a as a Regulator of the LRIG1 Stem Cell ... "Neoplastic Stem Cells" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ...
  • Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are the stem cells of teratocarcinomas, and they are key components of germ cell tumors (GCTs). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • TRA-1-60 antigen is released into the serum of patients bearing testicular tumors containing EC cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The commonest malignant tumors of bone are Meta-analysis of 14 randomized trials revealed a signifiplasma cell tumors (Chap. Side impact: dryness of mouth, pores and skin, blurred vision, loss of lodging constipation, bradycardia followed by tachycardia, difficulty with micturation, flushing [url=https://samoore.com/products/buy-finpecia-online/] hair loss jak inhibitor purchase finpecia 1 mg[/url]. (ehd.org)
  • The volume and weight of tumors was measured and analyzing the ability of purified DU145 cells isolated from the tumors to migrate and proliferate. (jcancer.org)
  • The volume and weight of tumors were significantly higher in mice transplanted with DU145 and stromal cells from PZ. (jcancer.org)
  • The purified DU145 cells isolated from the tumors with DU145 and stromal cells in PZ had increased ability to migrate and proliferate, and had increased expression of C-Kit. (jcancer.org)
  • The cancer stem cell theory holds that tumors also contain stem-like cells that drive tumor growth and metastasis formation. (medscape.com)
  • Embryonic stem cell transcription factor signatures in the diagnosis of primary and metastatic germ cell tumors .Santagata S, Ligon KL, Hornick JL. (testicularcancersociety.org)
  • These same TFs are also expressed in various types of human germ cell tumors (GCTs), implicating them in regulation of tumor growth and differentiation. (testicularcancersociety.org)
  • Although NANOG and OCT3/4 are sensitive and specific markers for seminoma and embryonal carcinoma, neither factor aids in the clinically important distinction of seminomatous from nonseminomatous tumors. (testicularcancersociety.org)
  • We have shown that human CR-1 is overexpressed in approximately 40-90% of a variety of human carcinomas including breast tumors. (grantome.com)
  • However, EC cells derived from patients' EC tumors may exhibit varying levels of R-10G-reactive antigen expression. (bvsalud.org)
  • We investigated the expression of NS in human germ cell tumors and its function in a mouse germ cell tumor model. (elsevierpure.com)
  • NS was abundantly expressed in undifferentiated, but not differentiated, types of human testicular germ cell tumors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These data indicate that abundant expression of NS supports the undifferentiated properties of germ cell tumors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Such tumors may arise in males of nearly any age and may be of germ cell or non-germ cell origin. (medscape.com)
  • This article addresses the demographics, histology, prognosis, and treatment of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs). (medscape.com)
  • germ cell tumors , non-germ cell tumors, and extragonadal tumors . (medscape.com)
  • Germ cell tumors, which are the most common, are classified as either seminoma or nonseminoma, based on histology. (medscape.com)
  • Of the three main types of testicular cancer, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) are second only to seminomas in terms of frequency. (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, we describe for the first time an association of the up-regulation of micro-RNA species such as hsa-miR-512-3p/-515/-517/-518/-525 and down-regulation of hsa-miR-99a/-100/-145 with a cisplatin resistant phenotype in human germ cell tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our approach was designed to characterize the role of micro-RNAs on the presumably multifactorial phenomenon of acquired cisplatin resistance in germ cell tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This phase II trial studies the best approach to combine chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT) based on the patient's response to induction chemotherapy in patients with non-germinomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCT) that have not spread to other parts of the brain or body (localized). (ucsf.edu)
  • Radiation therapy uses high energy x-rays or high-energy protons to kill tumor cells and shrink tumors. (ucsf.edu)
  • SALL4 is a useful marker for acute myeloid leukemia, B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia, intratubular germ cell neoplasia, seminomas/dysgerminomas, and yolk sac tumors (both pediatric and postpubertal). (femtopath.com)
  • Extragonadal germinal cell tumors (EGGCTs) are rare tumors that predominantly affect young males. (medscape.com)
  • The only known risk factor for extragonadal germ cell tumors is Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY), which is associated with mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, which are characterized by their location on the midline from the pineal gland to the coccyx. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] In extragonadal germ cell tumors, no evidence of a primary malignancy is present in either the testes or ovaries by radiologic imaging or physical examination. (medscape.com)
  • Controversy remains regarding the origin of extragonadal germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • The classic theory suggests that germ cell tumors (GCTs) in these areas are derived from local transformation of primordial germ cells misplaced during embryogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • According to this theory, the differences in phenotypes expressed by mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCTs) and gonadal germ cell tumors may be explained by differences in the cellular environment between the gonad and the anterior mediastinum. (medscape.com)
  • Some retroperitoneal extragonadal germ cell tumors may represent metastases from a testicular cancer , with subsequent spontaneous necrosis of the primary tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Literature suggests that the only known risk factor for extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs) is Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY), which is associated with mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Extragonadal germ cell tumors produce a rich symptomatology and may reach large volumes if they arise in silent areas. (medscape.com)
  • Hematologic malignancies are frequently associated with mediastinal germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Highly differentiated yolk-sac tumors make up 30% of mediastinal germ cell tumors, providing a possible basis for this association. (medscape.com)
  • The balance of the p53-mdm2 interaction has been shown to be disrupted in intracranial germ cell tumors (ICGCTs). (medscape.com)
  • Resolving the Pathogenesis of Anaplastic Wilms Tumors through Spatial Mapping of Cancer Cell Evolution. (lu.se)
  • Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiling as Frontline Diagnostics for Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors in Hong Kong. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study we assessed microRNA (miRNA) regulation in two populations of malignant Embryonal Carcinoma (EC) stem cell, which differentiate (NTera2) or remain undifferentiated (2102Ep) during tumourigenesis, and compared this to miRNA regulation in ovarian serous carcinoma (OSC) patient samples. (tcd.ie)
  • The cell line is pluripotent and can differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also, exposing P19 cells to retinoic acid (RA) can differentiate them into neuronal cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The difference between these subtype cell lines is the ability to differentiate into neuronal cells or muscle cells in response to treatment with retinoic acid or DMSO, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because embryonal carcinoma can differentiate into cells of all three germ layers, P19 cells can also differentiate into those ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm-like cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • When embryonal carcinoma cells are cultured at high density, they start to differentiate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies have shown that a certain concentration of RA can induce P19 cells to differentiate into neuronal cells, including neurons and glial cells, whereas 0.5% - 1% DMSO led P19 cells to differentiate into cardiac or skeletal muscle cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Those studies showed that drug exposure causes multipotent P19 cells to differentiate into different layers of cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other than into neurons and astrocytes, P19 cells can also differentiate to oligodendrocytes, which can be detected using the specific markers, myelin-associated glycoprotein and 2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Under these conditions, iPS cells begin to differentiate into a hepatocyte lineage. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can differentiate into somatic cells ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Generally, when a stem cell culture is induced to differentiate, the differentiated population is analysed for particular cell types by expression of genes, markers or phenotypic analysis. (justia.com)
  • In particular, the induction of stem cells to differentiate into muscle cells (myocytes) is useful for muscle transplantation and therapeutic purposes, as well as providing potential human disease models in culture (e.g. for testing pharmaceuticals). (justia.com)
  • immunohistochemical diagnostic tool to differentiate seminoma from embryonal carcinoma. (testicularcancersociety.org)
  • The P19 embryonal carcinoma cells differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and fibroblast-like cells following induction with retinoic acid. (huji.ac.il)
  • The factor mediating the density effect is concentrated exclusively on the cell membrane of P19 neurons and not on the nonneuronal cells, which also differentiate from P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. (huji.ac.il)
  • Mouse ES cells have been widely utilized as an in vitro model to study cardiogenesis, as cardiomyocytes were found to spontaneously differentiate from ES cells after withdrawal of LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor), which functions to maintain the pluripotency of undifferentiated mouse ES cells [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We investigated the effect of 5-azacytidine (5-aza) on P19 cells to differentiate into a high-efficacy cardiomyocytes. (korea.ac.kr)
  • Introduction Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can self-renew indefinitely in culture while maintaining the potential to differentiate into all cell lineages of an adult organism. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • A unique and essential property of embryonic stem cells is the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Under the same neural differentiation-promoting conditions, the ability of each cell line to differentiate into neural progenitors varied. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) possess the ability to self-renew in an undifferentiated state in culture while retaining the ability to differentiate into all of the cell types in the human body. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is also essential to understand how the inherited variation in the sex, stage, quality and genetic background of embryos, as well as environmental influences such as derivation methods and passage procedures can affect the ability of hES cell lines to self-renew and differentiate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the present study, a side-by-side comparison of the ability to maintain an undifferentiated state and to self-renew under standard conditions, the ability to spontaneously differentiate into cell types of three germ layers in embryonic bodies, and directed differentiation under neural differentiation-promoting conditions was made between three NIH registered hESC lines I3, I6 and BG01V. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Objective Human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have the potential to differentiate into multiple cell types, although little is known about factors that control their fate. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Nevertheless, the possibility of obtaining MSC from an autologous NFATC1 source and their ability to differentiate into a variety of connective tissue types makes them ideal candidates for cell therapy. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • No immunoreactivity is seen with murine EC, EG or ES cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • TWS 119 induces neuronal differentiation in pluripotent murine embryonal carcinoma cells and embryonic stem cells at 400 nM. (tocris.com)
  • P19 is a murine embryonal carcinoma cell line. (cytion.com)
  • We aim to identify molecular mechanism associated with the generation of tumours with differing grades from malignant stem cell populations with different differentiation potentials. (tcd.ie)
  • Human embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs), stem cells of human teratocarcinomas, are considered a close but malignant counterpart to human ESCs. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are the stem cells of teratocarcinomas, and the malignant counterparts of embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage embryos, whether human or mouse. (silverchair.com)
  • In these features, the 'adapted' ES cells resembled malignant EC cells. (silverchair.com)
  • A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. (lookformedical.com)
  • A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. (lookformedical.com)
  • One approach is to derive PSCs through culturing various embryonic adult or malignant cells with stem cell properties (Sidebar 1 and Figure 1). (hiv-proteases.com)
  • Malignant transformation of germ cells is the result of a multistep process of genetic changes. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, when cells from such an 'adapted' culture were inoculated into a SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) mouse, we obtained a teratocarcinoma containing histologically recognizable stem cells, which grew out when the tumour was explanted into culture and exhibited properties of the starting ES cells. (silverchair.com)
  • P19 cells is an embryonic carcinoma cell line derived from an embryo-derived teratocarcinoma in mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • For developmental biologists, embryonal carcinoma, which is derived from teratocarcinoma, is a good object for developmental study. (wikipedia.org)
  • The antigen is found on teratocarcinoma (embryonal carcinoma or EC), embryonic inner cell mass (but not morula or trophoblast), and embryonic stem (ES) cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • P19 is a type of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells originally obtained from teratocarcinoma developed in a C3H/He mouse. (cytion.com)
  • The paternal cell lines are (1) the p53-wt (wild type) pluripotent gonadal germ cell tumor cell line NTERA-2, (2) the p53-mutated pluripotent extragonadal nonseminomatous germ cell tumor cell line NCCIT and (3) the p53-wt nullipotent embryonal cell carcinoma 2102EP, derived from a primary human testicular teratocarcinoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Comparative Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells Reveals Current Drawbacks and Possible Strategies for Improved Differentiation. (mpg.de)
  • The TRA-1-60 monoclonal antibody reacts with the neuraminidase-resistant form of a pluripotent-stem-cell-specific epitope on a high-molecular-weight transmembrane glycoprotein. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Sidebar Culture-derived Pluripotent Stem Cell lines Embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs): derived from mouse teratocarcinomas these are the first PSC lines generated. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • TWS 119 enhances the proliferation and survival of γδ T-cells, and induces differentiation of CD8+ T cells towards a stem cell-like memory T cell phenotype at 2.5 μM. (tocris.com)
  • We further suggest that the P19 cell line can serve as a model system for the study of neurotransmitter phenotype acquisition and plasticity throughout neuronal differentiation. (huji.ac.il)
  • Her research allowed for developing an easy PCR-based assay to phenotype embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS) rhabdomyosarcoma based on the methylation of imprinted regions within DLK1-MEG3 locus. (louisville.edu)
  • The epithelial-to-mesenchymal changes in cell phenotype has been defined as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which plays a critical role in cancer metastasis [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Expression of CKS2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Correlation with Survival Outcomes and Immune Microenvironment. (cdc.gov)
  • Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma 2023 10 10 1767-1784. (cdc.gov)
  • The differentiated ES cell cultures are heterogeneous and contain undifferentiated ES cells, which could result in teratoma formation after transplantation into the host. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1] Among mixed GCTs, seminoma is also commonly present in combination with teratoma, yolk sac tumor, and/or embryonal carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Regulation of microRNA biosynthesis and expression in 2102Ep embryonal carcinoma stem cells is mirrored in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma patients. (tcd.ie)
  • Methods: miRNA expression was assessed in NTera2 and 2102Ep cells in the undifferentiated and differentiated states and compared to that of OSC samples using miRNA qPCR. (tcd.ie)
  • Results: Our analysis reveals a substantial overlap between miRNA regulation in 2102Ep cells and OSC samples in terms of miRNA biosynthesis and expression of mature miRNAs, particularly those of the miR-17/92 family and clustering to chromosomes 14 and 19. (tcd.ie)
  • In the undifferentiated state 2102Ep cells expressed mature miRNAs at up to 15,000 fold increased levels despite decreased expression of miRNA biosynthesis genes Drosha and Dicer. (tcd.ie)
  • 2102Ep cells avoid differentiation, which we show is associated with consistent levels of expression of miRNA biosynthesis genes and mature miRNAs while expression of miRNAs clustering to chromosomes 14 and 19 is deemphasised. (tcd.ie)
  • Strikingly, 2102Ep cells are not simply malfunctioning but respond to differentiation specifically, a mechanism that is highly relevant to OSC samples. (tcd.ie)
  • Three cisplatin resistant sublines (NTERA-2-R, NCCIT-R, 2102EP-R) showing 2.7-11.3-fold increase in drug resistance after intermittent exposure to increasing doses of cisplatin were compared to their parental counterparts, three well established relatively cisplatin sensitive germ cell tumor cell lines (NTERA-2, NCCIT, 2102EP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Comparative molecular portraits of human unfertilized oocytes and primordial germ cells at 10 weeks of gestation. (mpg.de)
  • Embryonic germ cells (EGCs) and germ line stem cells (GSCs): derived respectively from mouse primordial germ cells (Figure 1 (+)-Corynoline (d)) or germ line stem cells (GSCs) from neonatal and adult testis (Figure 1 (+)-Corynoline (e)) they resemble ESCs but retain some epigenetic features of their cell of origin. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • NS was expressed concomitantly with OCT3/4, a critical regulator of the undifferentiated status of pluripotent stem cells in primordial germ cells and embryonal carcinomas. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Factors that alter the differentiation of the primordial germ cell, resulting in the presence of an embryonal stem cell, can increase the risk of NSGCT. (medscape.com)
  • However, GCTs, including seminomas, can occur in extragonadal sites along the midline of the body, following the embryologic migration route of its precursor cells -- the primordial germ cells. (medscape.com)
  • In somatic cells, the activity of telomerase, a reverse transcriptase that can elongate telomeric repeats, is usually diminished after birth so that the telomere length is gradually shortened with cell divisions, and triggers cellular senescence. (nature.com)
  • Thus, even in stem cells, except for embryonal stem cells and cancer stem cells, telomere shortening occurs during replicative ageing, possibly at a slower rate than that in normal somatic cells. (nature.com)
  • Telomeric DNA consists of short guanine-rich repeat sequences in all eukaryotes with linear chromosomes, and its length in human somatic cells is remarkably heterogeneous among individuals ranging from 5 to 20 kb, according to age, organ, and the proliferative history of each cell ( Wright and Shay, 2005 ). (nature.com)
  • In most human somatic cells except for stem cells and lymphocytes, telomerase activity is diminished after birth so that telomere length shortens with each cell division. (nature.com)
  • During differentiation the expression of stem cell specific genes and markers are often lost and cells acquire gene expression profiles of somatic cells or their precursors. (justia.com)
  • Embryonic stem (ES) cells are naturally derived from early stage embryos and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are reprogrammed from somatic cells with overexpression of four reprogramming factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another approach is to reset a somatic cell to a pluripotent state by exposing its nucleus to exogenous transacting factors. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • This is currently achieved by three methods: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cell fusion and direct reprogramming by defined transcription factors. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • SCNT and experiments involving fusions between PSCs and somatic cells (Figure 1 (g)) demonstrate that factors present in the egg and in PSCs have the ability to reset somatic nuclei to a pluripotent state 7. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • We conclude that spatio-temporally controlled somatic mutations generated in animal models in given cell-types/tissues and at chosen times during pre- and postnatal life, are required to reveal the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the receptor genes involved in the retinoid signaling pathway throughout the life of the mouse. (degruyter.com)
  • In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)
  • In fact, low levels of telomerase activity have been found in human adult stem cells including haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic stem cells such as neuronal, skin, intestinal crypt, mammary epithelial, pancreas, adrenal cortex, kidney, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ( Table 1 ). (nature.com)
  • Human liver organoids are formed from the assembly of hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from iPS cells, human umbilical vascular endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We have also found that overexpression of either Cr-1 or CR-1 in mouse mammary epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo as a transgene results in their transformation and in their enhanced ability to migrate and invade as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). (grantome.com)
  • This study aims to evaluate the potential anti-metastatic activities of OFE on human ovarian cancer cells, and investigate its inhibitory effect on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). (biomedcentral.com)
  • EMT converts polarized and immotile epithelial cells to motile mesenchymal cells, accompanied by loss of cell-cell adhesion, planar and apical-basal polarity, and acquired mesenchymal features, including motility, invasiveness and enhanced resistance to apoptosis [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This property may be linked to the differentiation properties of stem cell-like populations within malignancies. (tcd.ie)
  • Basically, given the difference of telomere and telomerase activity in human and mouse cells, the telomere and telomerase status in stem cell populations is different between humans and mice ( Harrington, 2004 ). (nature.com)
  • [ 2 ] In addition, some tumor types do not appear to adhere to the CSC concept at all [ 3 , 4 ] or may have multiple independent tumor-initiating cell populations. (medscape.com)
  • Understanding cell-fate decisions in stem cell populations is a major goal of modern biology. (lu.se)
  • Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)
  • Carcinoma squamous cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Expression of SALL4 is often associated with poor prognosis in HCC, and with metastasis in endometrial cancer, colorectal carcinoma, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. (femtopath.com)
  • Comprehensive analysis of m6A modifications in oral squamous cell carcinoma by MeRIP sequencing. (cdc.gov)
  • Several proteins that were highly expressed in ECCs such as heat shock 27kDa protein-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1, nuclear factor of K light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor like-2, and S100 calcium-binding protein-A4 have also been attributed to malignancy in other systems. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Moreover, signaling pathways related to neurogenesis and myogenesis were also investigated by studying gene expression or generating mutants of P19 cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • A data integration approach to mapping OCT4 gene regulatory networks operative in embryonic stem cells and embryonal carcinoma cells. (mpg.de)
  • The neomycin-resistant gene driven by the cardiac α-myosin heavy chain promoter was stably transfected into ES cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, a profound variation in colony morphology, growth rate, BrdU incorporation, and relative abundance of gene expression in undifferentiated and differentiated states of the cell lines was observed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Examination of gene expression E-4031 dihydrochloride profiles has revealed dynamics between MSC, progenitor cells, and committed differentiated cells [29, 30]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Inactivation of the FGF-4 gene in embryonic stem cells alters the growth and/or the survival of their early differentiated progeny. (musc.edu)
  • Role of the transcription factor Sox-2 in the expression of the FGF-4 gene in embryonal carcinoma cells. (musc.edu)
  • Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
  • In normal cells, mdm2 availability is controlled by ARF, the product of the p14ARF gene located on INK4a/ARF locus, which binds with mdm2 and induces its degradation. (medscape.com)
  • In summary, this is the first large-scale quantitative proteomic study of human ESCs and ECCs, which provides critical information about the regulators of these two closely related, but developmentally distinct, stem cells. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • This indicates that miRNA biosynthesis and levels of miRNA expression, particularly from chromosome 14, are tightly regulated both in progenitor cells and in tumour samples. (tcd.ie)
  • Conclusion: miRNA biosynthesis and expression of mature miRNAs, particularly the miR-17/92 family and those clustering to chromosomes 14 and 19, are highly regulated in both progenitor cells and tumour samples. (tcd.ie)
  • Sal-Like Protein 4 (SALL4), is a zinc finger transcription factor found in germ cells and human blood progenitor cells, with functional involvement in modulating Oct-4 to maintain embryonic stem cell pluripotency. (femtopath.com)
  • To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)
  • Due to the pluripotency of P19 cells, those new derived cell lines can be ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm-like cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore her work is now focusing on identification of potential interacting partner(s) of DLK1 that could modulate the biology of cancer cells, focusing on properties characteristic for cancer stem cells such as pluripotency and self-renewal. (louisville.edu)
  • In addition, Nodal and Cripto-1 are essential in the maintenance of embryonic stem cell (ES) self renewal and pluripotency. (grantome.com)
  • use but also to our understanding of the molecular basis of cell identity pluripotency and plasticity. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • Based on these observations Yamanaka and colleagues screened 24 pluripotency transcription factors and demonstrated that over-expression of the reprogramming factors Oct4 Sox2 Klf4 and c-Myc (referred to as OSKM) is sufficient to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse fibroblasts (Figure 1 (h)) 8. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • Octamer-Binding Transcription Factor 4 (Oct-4), also known as POU5F1 (POU Domain, Class 5, Transcription Factor 1), is a member of the POU homeodomain family of transcription factors and is involved in the maintenance and regulation of pluripotency in embryonic stem and germ cells. (genomeme.ca)
  • Perturbation of PRTG activity in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells and in chick embryos, by either RNA interference or a dominant-negative PRTG mutant, increases neuronal differentiation. (nycu.edu.tw)
  • Synaptic network activity induces neuronal differentiation of adult hippocampal precursor cells through BDNF signaling. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • Pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be differentiated in vitro into a variety of cells which hold promise for transplantation therapy. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Hepatocytes derived from iPS cells are suitable for transplantation into patients with liver insufficiency and for use in toxicity tests ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The induction of a specific differentiated cell type can be useful for transplantation or drug screening and drug discovery in vitro. (justia.com)
  • Overall, 60% of germ cell neoplasms have seminoma in their composition, but pure seminomas are genetically different from those that present as a component of a mixed tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Genetic changes have also been studied in the past few decades, with documentation of aneuploid DNA content in seminomas and intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the unclassified type (IGCNU), the precursor lesion. (medscape.com)
  • Elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels can occur in seminomas and correlate with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells seen histologically. (medscape.com)
  • Most human prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas, which originate from the epithelial cells that line the glands and ducts of prostate [ 2 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. (lookformedical.com)
  • It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA . (lookformedical.com)
  • These mouse carcinoma cells possess an epithelial-like morphology. (cytion.com)
  • The Centre for Stem Cell Biology and the Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K. (silverchair.com)
  • Methods of inducing differentiation in stem cells and muscle cells produced therefrom may be used for the study of cellular and molecular biology of tissue development, for the discovery of genes and proteins such as differentiation factors that play a role in tissue development and regeneration. (justia.com)
  • Both ES cells and iPS cells are pluripotent stem cells with capabilities of indefinite self-renewal and can be differentiated into almost all cell types of the body, which make them valuable for studying early developmental biology, for modeling and as therapy for human diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dr. Schneider's research interest in focused on identification and characterization of biomolecules that play a role in cancer progression and metastasis as well as in regulating cancer stem cell biology. (louisville.edu)
  • It is widely used in biomedical research, mainly for studying developmental biology, stem cell biology, cell differentiation, and drug screening. (cytion.com)
  • Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer unique opportunities for studying human biology modeling diseases and for therapeutic applications. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • Cell surface molecules expressed on embryos in a stage-specific manner appeared to play key roles in regulation of cell-cell interaction and cell sorting during early development. (nih.gov)
  • OvaPrint™ - a cell-free DNA methylation liquid biopsy for the risk assessment of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • The expression patterns of stem cell-specific genes of these DU145 cells were examined. (jcancer.org)
  • The mouse and human Fli1 genes are similarly regulated by Ets factors in T cells. (musc.edu)
  • Therefore, mutations have been introduced by homologous recombination (HR) in F9 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, a cell-autonomous system that differentiates in the presence of RA, in order to disrupt RAR and RXR genes and establish their cellular and molecular functions in RA-induced differentiation. (degruyter.com)
  • explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)
  • The core embryonic stem cell transcription factors (TFs) OCT3/4 (OCT4), NANOG, and SOX2 have shared as well as nonoverlapping roles in stem cell growth and differentiation. (testicularcancersociety.org)
  • To determine if a panel of embryonic stem cell TFs (NANOG, OCT3/4, and SOX2) can facilitate the identification and distinction of seminomatous from nonseminomatous GCTs, we evaluated their expression by immunohistochemistry in primary testicular (n=41) and metastatic retroperitoneal (n=43) GCTs. (testicularcancersociety.org)
  • In addition, SOX2 is expressed in embryonal carcinoma but not pure seminoma and is therefore a useful diagnostic marker for distinguishing seminomatous and nonseminomatous GCTs. (testicularcancersociety.org)
  • In summary, we find that the embryonic stem cell TF signature of seminoma is NANOG+, OCT3/4+, and SOX2-, whereas embryonal carcinoma is NANOG+, OCT3/4+, and SOX2+, and expect these immunohistochemical profiles will facilitate the diagnosis of both primary and metastatic GCTs. (testicularcancersociety.org)
  • Similar shifting of GSL expression profiles from globo-series and neolacto/lacto-series to ganglio-series was observed during differentiation of human EC cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells, reflecting the essential role of cell surface glycoconjugates in early development. (nih.gov)
  • Computational analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation during the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells along the endodermal lineage. (mpg.de)
  • The TRA-1-60 antigen is a sialylated epitope on the same keratan sulfate core molecule, podocalyxin, as 4 other distinct antigens on tumor-derived cell lines, TRA-1-81, GCTM2, K4, and K21. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The TRA-1-81 antibody reacts with a carbohydrate epitope on the surface of human embryonal carcinoma (EC), embryonic germ (EG), embryonic stem (ES), induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and hemangioblasts. (bio-techne.com)
  • Examples of early developmental markers high in ESCs include β-galactoside-binding lectin, undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor-1, DNA cytosine methyltransferase 3β isoform-B, melanoma antigen family-A4, and interferon-induced transmembrane protein-1. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Thus, P19 cells can be useful in studying cell differentiation and developmental processes. (cytion.com)
  • Figure 1 Sources of pluripotent Stem Cells Table 1 Molecular and functional assays to assess the developmental potential of PSCs. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • Thus, we asked whether human EC tissues or germ cell tumor (GCT) tissues other than EC express R-10G-reactive antigen. (bvsalud.org)
  • We compared microRNA expression patterns in three cisplatin resistant sublines derived from paternal cisplatin sensitive germ cell tumor cell lines in order to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of cisplatin resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We created an in vitro model of acquired cisplatin resistance by long term exposure of three well established germ cell tumor cell lines to cisplatin, resulting in sublines with significantly increased resistance to cisplatin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seminoma is the most common pure germ cell tumor (GCT) of the testis, accounting for up to 50% of cases. (medscape.com)
  • Analysis of teratomas derived from embryonic stem cells in which the NS promoter drives GFP expression showed that cells highly expressing NS were actively proliferating and exhibited the characteristics of tumor-initiating cells, including the ability to initiate and propagate tumor cells in vivo. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Indeed, exposing aggregated P19 cells to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) induces differentiation into cardiac and skeletal muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study has demonstrated that 5-aza induces differentiation of P19 cells into cardiomyocytes in a confluent monolayer culture in the absence of prior embryoid formation and dimethyl sulfoxide exposure, depending in part on alteration of BMP signaling molecules. (korea.ac.kr)
  • They can be differentiated into other cell types when exposed to non-toxic drugs such as retinoic acid and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [1]. (cytion.com)
  • Evidence that vitronectin is a potent migration-enhancing factor for cancer cells chaperoned by fibrinogen: a novel view of the metastasis of cancer cells to low-fibrinogen lymphatics and body cavities. (louisville.edu)
  • Only the has-miR-10b involved in breast cancer invasion and metastasis and has-miR-512-3p appeared to be up-regulated (2-3-fold) in all three cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cholinergic markers, such as the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, acetyl cholinesterase, and choline acetyltransferase, are expressed in about 85% of the cells in sparse cultures and are largely suppressed at high cell densities. (huji.ac.il)
  • After six to nine days of treatment, the relative neuronal population declines, likely because of faster proliferation of non-neuronal cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the possible differences in proliferation and differentiation capabilities among independently-derived human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are not well known because of insufficient characterization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adaptive peripheral immune response increases proliferation of neural precursor cells in the adult hippocampus. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane. (lookformedical.com)
  • A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Chemotherapy drugs, such as carboplatin, etoposide, ifosfamide, and thiotepa, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. (ucsf.edu)
  • However, the smaller the residual mass, the lower the chance that it harbors viable tumor cells. (medscape.com)
  • To explain the origin of occult carcinoma in situ cells, 2 models have been proposed. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] This abnormality is found in occult carcinoma in situ lesions as well as more advanced disease. (medscape.com)
  • P19 cells can be maintained in exponential growth because of a stable chromosomal composition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also, it is the most characterized embryonic carcinoma (EC) cell line that can be induced into cardiac muscle cells and neuronal cells by different specific treatments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, telomerase activity and telomere maintenance are associated with the immortality of cancer cells, germ-line cells, and embryonic stem (ES) cells. (nature.com)
  • H9 human embryonic stem (ES) cells were harvested with Accutase™ and stained with either PE Mouse Anti-Human TRA-1-60 (solid line) or PE mouse IgM (G155-228) isotype control (Cat. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Expression of TRA-1-60 antigen has also been observed on a rhesus monkey ES cell line (Thomson et al, 1995). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Immunofluorescent staining of mouse ES cell line. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The P19 embryonal carcinoma cell line is a useful model cells for studies on cardiac differentiation. (korea.ac.kr)
  • This section will cover the following: What is P19 cell line? (cytion.com)
  • The cell line was first established in 1982 by McBurney and Rogers. (cytion.com)
  • The P19 cell line is widely cultured in research laboratories due to its unique characteristics. (cytion.com)
  • How do you culture P19 cell line? (cytion.com)
  • Is P19 an adherent cell line? (cytion.com)
  • The doubling time reported for the P19 cell line is approximately 2 to 3 days. (cytion.com)
  • P19 embryonic carcinoma cell line is adherent. (cytion.com)
  • A humidified incubator set at 37°C with a 5% CO2 supply is essential to growing and culturing the P19 embryonic carcinoma cell line. (cytion.com)
  • Biosafety level 1 laboratory settings are required for the P19 cell line. (cytion.com)
  • This section will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the P19 cell line. (cytion.com)
  • Pluripotent embryonic carcinoma cell line P19 is a useful model for studying early embryonic development. (cytion.com)
  • Lines I3 and I6 possess normal XX and a normal XY karyotype while BG01V is a variant cell line with an abnormal karyotype derived from the karyotypically normal cell line BG01. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The comparison of the unique properties and behavior of each individually derived cell line is critical in identifying the safe and efficacious lines for research and therapeutic use [ 3 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results confirm NANOG and OCT3/4 as sensitive and specific markers for primary seminoma and embryonal carcinoma and demonstrate the novel finding that NANOG is a marker for metastatic GCTs. (testicularcancersociety.org)
  • Using immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and MPSS, we found that all three cell lines actively proliferated and expressed similar "stemness" markers including transcription factors POU5F1/Oct3/4 and NANOG, glycolipids SSEA4 and TRA-1-81, and alkaline phosphatase activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The regulation of telomere length and telomerase activity is a complex and dynamic process that is tightly linked to cell cycle regulation in human stem cells. (nature.com)
  • Multivariate statistical analysis of epigenetic regulation with application to the analysis of human embryonic stem cells. (mpg.de)
  • Recently, the importance of epigenetic regulation via microRNA in controlling stem cell activities has been recognized [31-37]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • In terminally differentiated cell fate is coupled to appropriate regulation of the alternative cells, transcriptional networks must be stable and irreversible, pathways. (lu.se)
  • Identification of lactate regulation pattern on tumor immune infiltration, therapy response, and DNA methylation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. (cdc.gov)
  • DNMT1-mediated regulating on FBXO32 promotes the progression of glioma cells through the regulation of SKP1 activity. (cdc.gov)
  • SCs are not only capable of maintaining themselves (self-renewal) but also give rise to a proliferative 'transit amplifying' compartment and ultimately to postmitotic differentiated cells with specialized functions. (medscape.com)
  • By contrast, transit amplifying cells and differentiated cells are incapable of self-renewal and tissue regeneration. (medscape.com)
  • The self renewal capacity of MSC, thought to be limited, is known to be enhanced under specific culture conditions such as serum concentration, cell seeding density, and inclusion of growth factors such as FGF-2 [9-11]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST. (lookformedical.com)
  • Precision oncology: Artificial intelligence, circulating cell-free DNA, and the minimally invasive detection of pancreatic cancer-A pilot study. (cdc.gov)
  • Combinatorial binding in human and mouse embryonic stem cells identifies conserved enhancers active in early embryonic development. (mpg.de)
  • As P19 cells have differentiation ability, they can be useful in investigating complex biological processes such as tissue formation and early embryonic development. (cytion.com)
  • Accordingly, in all EC components examined, the EC cell plasma membrane was immunolabeled with R-10G, while most seminoma components were R-10G-negative. (bvsalud.org)
  • Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is not produced by seminoma cells, and its serum detection usually indicates a nonseminomatous component. (medscape.com)
  • Cell cultures containing undifferentiated stem cells were isolated from the primary tumor which have a euploid karyotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • In particular, the invention relates to methods of inducing differentiation of embryonic stem cells into muscle cells or vascular endothelial cells. (justia.com)
  • Finally, we have found that two transcription factors, LRH-1 and GCNF, can positively and negatively regulate CR-1 expression, respectively, in human breast cancer cell lines. (grantome.com)
  • Because the concentration of retinoic acid or DMSO is nontoxic to the cells, the drug-specific differentiation is due to induction of cells not selection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment of undifferentiated P19 cells with retinoic acid can specifically induce them into neuronal cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Retinoic acid induces the development of neurons, microglia, and astroglia, whereas DMSO initiates beating cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cell development from P19 cells. (cytion.com)