Embryo nonmammalian. Medical search

Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.

The capability of bearing live young (rather than eggs) in nonmammalian species. Some species of REPTILES and FISHES exhibit this.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

The only genus in the family Oryziinae, order BELONIFORMES. Oryzias are egg-layers; other fish of the same order are livebearers. Oryzias are used extensively in testing carcinogens.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.

A large stout-bodied, sometimes anadromous, TROUT found in still and flowing waters of the Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska. It has a greenish back, a whitish belly, and pink, red, or lavender stripes on the sides, with usually a sprinkling of black dots. It is highly regarded as a sport and food fish. Its former name was Salmo gairdneri. The sea-run rainbow trouts are often called steelheads. Redband trouts refer to interior populations of rainbows.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Two membranous sacs within the vestibular labyrinth of the INNER EAR. The saccule communicates with COCHLEAR DUCT through the ductus reuniens, and communicates with utricle through the utriculosaccular duct from which the ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT arises. The utricle and saccule have sensory areas (acoustic maculae) which are innervated by the VESTIBULAR NERVE.

Proteins obtained from species of fish (FISHES).

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Endometrial implantation of EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN at the BLASTOCYST stage.

A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A post-MORULA preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. A blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. The outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper.

Sensory cells in the organ of Corti, characterized by their apical stereocilia (hair-like projections). The inner and outer hair cells, as defined by their proximity to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), change morphologically along the COCHLEA. Towards the cochlear apex, the length of hair cell bodies and their apical STEREOCILIA increase, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.

A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

In invertebrate zoology, a lateral lobe of the FOREBRAIN in certain ARTHROPODS. In vertebrate zoology, either of the corpora bigemina of non-mammalian VERTEBRATES. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1329)

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Early pregnancy loss during the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN stage of development. In the human, this period comprises the second through eighth week after fertilization.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

The earliest developmental stage of a fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE) during which there are several mitotic divisions within the ZONA PELLUCIDA. Each cleavage or segmentation yields two BLASTOMERES of about half size of the parent cell. This cleavage stage generally covers the period up to 16-cell MORULA.

Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Utilization or disposal of an embryo that is fertilized but not immediately transplanted and resulting course of action.

An early embryo that is a compact mass of about 16 BLASTOMERES. It resembles a cluster of mulberries with two types of cells, outer cells and inner cells. Morula is the stage before BLASTULA in non-mammalian animals or a BLASTOCYST in mammals.

The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.

Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.

The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

Experimentation on, or using the organs or tissues from, a human or other mammalian conceptus during the prenatal stage of development that is characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. In humans, this includes the period from the time of fertilization to the end of the eighth week after fertilization.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

The techniques used to select and/or place only one embryo from FERTILIZATION IN VITRO into the uterine cavity to establish a singleton pregnancy.

The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

Embryonic and fetal development that takes place in an artificial environment in vitro.

Methods of implanting a CELL NUCLEUS from a donor cell into an enucleated acceptor cell.

The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.

An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. It is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE).

Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.

The potential of the FETUS to survive outside the UTERUS after birth, natural or induced. Fetal viability depends largely on the FETAL ORGAN MATURITY, and environmental conditions.

The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A unisexual reproduction without the fusion of a male and a female gamete (FERTILIZATION). In parthenogenesis, an individual is formed from an unfertilized OVUM that did not complete MEIOSIS. Parthenogenesis occurs in nature and can be artificially induced.

The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).

A layer of cells lining the fluid-filled cavity (blastocele) of a BLASTULA, usually developed from a fertilized insect, reptilian, or avian egg.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates. They are useful models for studying FERTILIZATION and EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The fusion of a spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) with an OVUM thus resulting in the formation of a ZYGOTE.

Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the OVUM; ZYGOTE; or BLASTOCYST prior to implantation. CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A cartilaginous rod of mesodermal cells at the dorsal midline of all CHORDATE embryos. In lower vertebrates, notochord is the backbone of support. In the higher vertebrates, notochord is a transient structure, and segments of the vertebral column will develop around it. Notochord is also a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues including the NEURAL TUBE development.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

The first of four extra-embryonic membranes to form during EMBRYOGENESIS. In REPTILES and BIRDS, it arises from endoderm and mesoderm to incorporate the EGG YOLK into the DIGESTIVE TRACT for nourishing the embryo. In placental MAMMALS, its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of INTESTINAL MUCOSA; BLOOD CELLS; and GERM CELLS. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the VITELLINE MEMBRANE of the egg.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Paired, segmented masses of MESENCHYME located on either side of the developing spinal cord (neural tube). Somites derive from PARAXIAL MESODERM and continue to increase in number during ORGANOGENESIS. Somites give rise to SKELETON (sclerotome); MUSCLES (myotome); and DERMIS (dermatome).

The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.

A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Common name for two distinct groups of BIRDS in the order GALLIFORMES: the New World or American quails of the family Odontophoridae and the Old World quails in the genus COTURNIX, family Phasianidae.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A subphylum of chordates intermediate between the invertebrates and the true vertebrates. It includes the Ascidians.

A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.

An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Delay in the attachment and implantation of BLASTOCYST to the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The blastocyst remains unattached beyond the normal duration thus delaying embryonic development.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

A process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three GERM LAYERS and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). Gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian BLASTULA or that of a mammalian BLASTOCYST.

A genus of BIRDS in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES, containing the common European and other Old World QUAIL.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

The transformation of a liquid to a glassy solid i.e., without the formation of crystals during the cooling process.

A tough transparent membrane surrounding the OVUM. It is penetrated by the sperm during FERTILIZATION.

The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life.

The three primary germinal layers (ECTODERM; ENDODERM; and MESODERM) developed during GASTRULATION that provide tissues and body plan of a mature organism. They derive from two early layers, hypoblast and epiblast.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS.

The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.

The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.

The condition of carrying two or more FETUSES simultaneously.

The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.

Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.

The founding member of the nodal signaling ligand family of proteins. Nodal protein was originally discovered in the region of the mouse embryo primitive streak referred to as HENSEN'S NODE. It is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and plays a critical role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development.

Substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals, including techniques used in selective BREEDING, cloning (CLONING, ORGANISM), and assisted reproduction (REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED).

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

The creation of embryos specifically for research purposes.

The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.

Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).

The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Goosecoid protein is a homeodomain protein that was first identified in XENOPUS. It is found in the SPEMANN ORGANIZER of VERTEBRATES and plays an important role in neuronal CELL DIFFERENTIATION and ORGANOGENESIS.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

Transfer of preovulatory oocytes from donor to a suitable host. Oocytes are collected, fertilized in vitro, and transferred to a host that can be human or animal.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.

The posterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of an embryonic brain. It consists of myelencephalon, metencephalon, and isthmus rhombencephali from which develop the major BRAIN STEM components, such as MEDULLA OBLONGATA from the myelencephalon, CEREBELLUM and PONS from the metencephalon, with the expanded cavity forming the FOURTH VENTRICLE.

Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.

The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The event that a FETUS is born alive with heartbeats or RESPIRATION regardless of GESTATIONAL AGE. Such liveborn is called a newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN).

Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

Cells in certain regions of an embryo that self-regulate embryonic development. These organizers have been found in dorsal and ventral poles of GASTRULA embryos, including Spemann organizer in amphibians, and Hensen node in chicken and mouse. These organizer cells communicate with each other via a network of secreted signaling proteins, such as BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS and their antagonists (chordin and noggin).

Inability to reproduce after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive sterility is permanent infertility.

The cluster of cells inside a blastocyst. These cells give rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper. They are pluripotent EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS capable of yielding many but not all cell types in a developing organism.

Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Proteins containing a region of conserved sequence, about 200 amino acids long, which encodes a particular sequence specific DNA binding domain (the T-box domain). These proteins are transcription factors that control developmental pathways. The prototype of this family is the mouse Brachyury (or T) gene product.

Methods used to induce premature oocytes, that are maintained in tissue culture, to progress through developmental stages including to a stage that is competent to undergo FERTILIZATION.

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

The field of biology which deals with the process of the growth and differentiation of an organism.

The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.

Proteins found in any species of insect.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

A genus of CRUSTACEA of the order ANOSTRACA, found in briny pools and lakes and often cultured for fish food. It has 168 chromosomes and differs from most crustaceans in that its blood contains hemoglobin.

An extra-embryonic membranous sac derived from the YOLK SAC of REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. It lies between two other extra-embryonic membranes, the AMNION and the CHORION. The allantois serves to store urinary wastes and mediate exchange of gas and nutrients for the developing embryo.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.

Artificial introduction of SEMEN or SPERMATOZOA into the VAGINA to facilitate FERTILIZATION.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.

Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.

A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.

A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.

Messenger RNA that is stored in a masked state for translation at a later time. Distinguish from RNA, UNTRANSLATED which refers to non-messenger RNA, i.e. RNA that does not code for protein.

A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Proteins obtained from species of BIRDS.

A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Nutritive tissue of the seeds of flowering plants that surrounds the EMBRYOS. It is produced by a parallel process of fertilization in which a second male gamete from the pollen grain fuses with two female nuclei within the embryo sac. The endosperm varies in ploidy and contains reserves of starch, oils, and proteins, making it an important source of human nutrition.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A tube of ectodermal tissue in an embryo that will give rise to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, including the SPINAL CORD and the BRAIN. Lumen within the neural tube is called neural canal which gives rise to the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain. For malformation of the neural tube, see NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

The plasma membrane of the egg.

Involvement of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase in the Pax-6 gene regulation in neuroretina. (1/9151)

The quail Pax-6 gene is expressed from two promoters named P0 and P1. P0 promoter is under the control of a neuroretina-specific enhancer (EP). This enhancer activates the P0 promoter specifically in neuroretina cells and in a developmental stage-dependent manner. The EP enhancer binds efficiently, as revealed by southwestern experiments, to a 110 kDa protein present in neuroretina cells but not in Quail Embryos Cells and Retinal Pigmented Epithelium which do not express the P0-initiated mRNAs. To study the role of p110 in Pax-6 regulation, we have purified the p110 from neuroretina cells extracts. Based on the peptide sequence of the purified protein, we have identified the p110 as the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Using bandshift experiments and footprinting studies, we present evidence that PARP is a component of protein complexes bound to the EP enhancer that increases the on rate of the protein complex formation to DNA. Using PARP inhibitors (3AB and 6.5 Hphe), we show that these products are able to inhibit EP enhancer activity in neuroretina cells. Finally, we demonstrate that these inhibitors are able to decrease the expression of the P0-initiated mRNA in the MC29-infected RPE cells which, in contrast to the RPE cells, accumulated the PARP in response to v-myc expression. Our results suggest that PARP is involved in the Pax-6 regulation. (+info)

even-skipped determines the dorsal growth of motor axons in Drosophila. (2/9151)

Axon pathfinding and target choice are governed by cell type-specific responses to external cues. Here, we show that in the Drosophila embryo, motorneurons with targets in the dorsal muscle field express the homeobox gene even-skipped and that this expression is necessary and sufficient to direct motor axons into the dorsal muscle field. Previously, it was shown that motorneurons projecting to ventral targets express the LIM homeobox gene islet, which is sufficient to direct axons to the ventral muscle field. Thus, even-skipped complements the function of islet, and together these two genes constitute a bimodal switch regulating axonal growth and directing motor axons to ventral or to dorsal regions of the muscle field. (+info)

Fish swimbladder: an excellent mesodermal inductor in primary embryonic induction. (3/9151)

Swimbladder of the crucian carp, Carassius auratus, was found to be better as a vegatalizing tissue than other tissues, such as guinea-pig bone marrow, when presumptive ectoderm of Triturus gastrulae was used as reacting tissue. Swimbladder usually induced assemblies of highly organized mesodermal tissues, such as notochord, somites and pronephric tubules, some of which were covered by mesodermal epithelium without any epidermal covering. A special character of the effect of swimbladder was the rather frequent induction of solid balls of undifferentiated cells, which were identified as mesodermal or mesodermal and probably endodermal. These findings show that swimbladder has a strong and fast spreading vegetalizing effect on the responding presumptive ectoderm. (+info)

A glial-neuronal signaling pathway revealed by mutations in a neurexin-related protein. (4/9151)

In the nervous system, glial cells greatly outnumber neurons but the full extent of their role in determining neural activity remains unknown. Here the axotactin (axo) gene of Drosophila was shown to encode a member of the neurexin protein superfamily secreted by glia and subsequently localized to axonal tracts. Null mutations of axo caused temperature-sensitive paralysis and a corresponding blockade of axonal conduction. Thus, the AXO protein appears to be a component of a glial-neuronal signaling mechanism that helps to determine the membrane electrical properties of target axons. (+info)

Mitochondrial gene expression is regulated at the level of transcription during early embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis. (5/9151)

Mitochondrial transcription in the early Xenopus laevis embryo resumes several hours before active mtDNA replication, effectively decoupling mtDNA transcription and replication. This developmental feature makes Xenopus embryogenesis an appealing model system to investigate the regulation of mitochondrial transcription. Studies reported here refine our understanding of the timing, magnitude, and mechanism of this transcriptional induction event. Northern analyses of six mitochondrial mRNAs (normalized to mtDNA) reveal that transcript levels remain basal between fertilization and gastrulation and then undergo a coordinate induction, culminating in a 20-28-fold increase over egg levels by 48 h of development. Measurement of mitochondrial run-on transcription rates demonstrates a good correlation between transcription rates and transcript levels, showing that transcription itself is the primary determinant of transcript abundance. Experimental increases in mitochondrial ATP and energy charge also correlate with patterns of transcript levels and transcription rates, suggesting that developmental changes in the biochemical composition of the mitochondrial matrix could be regulating transcriptional activity. Consistent with this idea, transcriptional run-on rates in mitochondria of early embryos can be stimulated by the addition of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to the run-on reaction. However, mitochondria of later stages do not show this response to the addition of metabolite. In combination, these data suggest that mitochondrial transcription is under metabolic regulation during early Xenopus embryogenesis. (+info)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters cardiovascular and craniofacial development and function in sac fry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (6/9151)

Hallmark signs of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity in rainbow trout sac fry, are yolk sac edema, hemorrhage, craniofacial malformation, and growth retardation culminating in mortality. Our objective was to determine the role of cardiovascular dysfunction in the development of this toxicity. An embryotoxic TCDD dose (385 pg/g egg) caused a progressive reduction in blood flow in rainbow trout sac fry manifested first and most dramatically in the 1st and 2nd branchial arches and vessels perfusing the lower jaw. Blood flow was reduced later in the infraorbital artery and occipital vein of the head as well as segmental vessels and caudal vein of the trunk. Reduced perfusion occurred last in gill branchial arteries involved with oxygen uptake and the subintestinal vein and vitelline vein involved with nutrient uptake. Although heart rate throughout sac fry development was not affected, heart size at 50 days post-fertilization (dpf) was reduced far more than body weight or length, suggesting that the progressive circulatory failure caused by TCDD is associated with reduced cardiac output. Craniofacial development was arrested near hatch, giving rise to craniofacial malformations in which the jaws and anterior nasal structures were underdeveloped. Unlike the medaka embryo, in which TCDD causes apoptosis in the medial yolk vein, endothelial cell death was not observed in rainbow trout sac fry. These findings suggest a primary role for arrested heart development and reduced perfusion of tissues with blood in the early-life stage toxicity of TCDD in trout. (+info)

Conversion of lacZ enhancer trap lines to GAL4 lines using targeted transposition in Drosophila melanogaster. (7/9151)

Since the development of the enhancer trap technique, many large libraries of nuclear localized lacZ P-element stocks have been generated. These lines can lend themselves to the molecular and biological characterization of new genes. However they are not as useful for the study of development of cellular morphologies. With the advent of the GAL4 expression system, enhancer traps have a far greater potential for utility in biological studies. Yet generation of GAL4 lines by standard random mobilization has been reported to have a low efficiency. To avoid this problem we have employed targeted transposition to generate glial-specific GAL4 lines for the study of glial cellular development. Targeted transposition is the precise exchange of one P element for another. We report the successful and complete replacement of two glial enhancer trap P[lacZ, ry+] elements with the P[GAL4, w+] element. The frequencies of transposition to the target loci were 1.3% and 0.4%. We have thus found it more efficient to generate GAL4 lines from preexisting P-element lines than to obtain tissue-specific expression of GAL4 by random P-element mobilization. It is likely that similar screens can be performed to convert many other P-element lines to the GAL4 system. (+info)

Involvement of protein kinase C in 5-HT-stimulated ciliary activity in Helisoma trivolvis embryos. (8/9151)

1. During development, embryos of the pulmonate gastropod, Helisoma trivolvis, undergo a rotation behaviour due to the co-ordinated beating of three bands of ciliated epithelial cells. This behaviour is in part mediated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) released from a pair of identified embryonic neurons. Using time-lapse videomicroscopy to measure ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in response to pharmacological manipulations, we determined whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in mediating 5-HT-stimulated ciliary beating. 2. Diacylglycerol (DAG) analogues sn-1,2-dioctanoyl glycerol (DiC8; 100 microM) and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG; 100 microM), partially mimicked the 5-HT-induced increase in CBF. In contrast, application of OAG in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ did not result in an increase in CBF. 3. 5-HT-stimulated CBF was effectively blocked by PKC inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide (10 and 100 nM) and calphostin C (10 nM). In addition, bisindolylmaleimide (100 nM) inhibited DiC8-induced increases in CBF. At a higher concentration (200 nM), bisindolylmaleimide did not significantly reduce 5-HT-stimulated cilio-excitation. 4. Two different phorbol esters, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA; 0.1, 10 or 1000 nM) and phorbol 12beta, 13alpha-dibenzoate (PDBn; 10 microM) did not alter basal CBF. TPA (1 microM) did not alter 5-HT-stimulated CBF. Likewise, the synthetic form of phosphatidylserine, N-(6-phenylhexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulphonamide (SC-9; 10 microM), did not increase CBF, whereas a strong increase in CBF was observed upon exposure to 5-HT. 5. The results suggest that a DAG-dependent, phorbol ester-insensitive isoform of PKC mediates 5-HT-stimulated CBF in ciliated epithelial cells from embryos of Helisoma trivolvis. (+info)

Remnant abdominal segments in cirripedes (barnacles). Non-mammalian vertebrate embryos depend on nutrients from the yolk sac. ... alongside the presence of an empty yolk sac with the embryo. Dolphin embryonic limb buds. Leaf formation in some cacti species ... in vertebrate embryo development. Note that in fish, the arches continue to develop as branchial arches while in humans, for ... of the developmental plasticity that exists within embryos..." Atavisms occur because genes for previously existing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent

In the embryo, the nasal region develops from neural crest cells which start their migration down to the face during the fourth ... Incisive bone is a term used for mammals, and it has been generally thought to be homologous to premaxilla in non-mammalian ... Reptiles and most non-mammalian therapsids have a large, paired, intramembranous bone behind the premaxilla called the ... Based on this, the incisive bone is not completely homologous to the non-mammalian premaxilla. This was hypothesized by Ernst ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premaxilla

Di Berardino M.A. (2006). "Origin and Progress of Nuclear Transfer in Nonmammalian Animals". In Verma P.J.; Trounson A.O. (eds ... Development of Tumor Nuclear-Transplant Embryos". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 126 (1): 115-126. doi:10.1111/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_A._DiBerardino

... embryo, nonmammalian MeSH A16.254.300.200 - chick embryo MeSH A16.254.300.400 - chorioallantoic membrane MeSH A16.254.300.600 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(A16)

Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog), the eggs and embryos from these frogs are used in developmental ... used in the study of the song system of songbirds and the study of non-mammalian auditory systems. Danio rerio (Zebrafish), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms

The AGM region is derived from the mesoderm layer of the embryo. During organogenesis (around the fourth week in human embryos ... The formation of the AGM region has been best described in non-mammalian vertebrates such as Xenopus laevis. Shortly after ... RUNX1 knockout studies have shown a complete removal of definitive haematopoietic activity in all foetal tissues before embryo ... Furthermore, isolated organ cultures of the AGM from mouse embryos can autonomously initiate hematopoietic stem cell activity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta-gonad-mesonephros

... the 1-cell embryo is easy to see and micro-inject with transgenic DNA, and zebrafish have the capability of regenerating their ... for the development of bio-medically important proteins Their use as indicators of aquatic pollutants Developing new non-mammalian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish

The presence of microorganisms in both the oocytes and in the embryos of sponges has been confirmed. Many insects depend on ... Most research on vertical transmission in non-mammalian vertebrates focuses on pathogens in agricultural animals (e.g. chicken ... Microbiota may be passed on to offspring via bacteriocytes associated with the ovaries or developing embryo, by feeding larvae ... Brock, J.A.; Bullis, R. (2001). "Disease prevention and control for gametes and embryos of fish and marine shrimp". Aquaculture ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_acquisition_of_microbiota

In the embryo, the embryonic cloaca divides into a posterior region that becomes part of the anus, and an anterior region that ... Nonmammalian synapsids were traditionally - and incorrectly - called "mammal-like reptiles" or pelycosaurs; we now know they ... Studies on Permian coprolites suggest that non-mammalian synapsids of the epoch already had fur, setting the evolution of hairs ... Amniotic eggs, however, have internal membranes that allow the developing embryo to breathe but keep water in. Hence, amniotes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal

Xenopus embryo culture system that will enable discovery of new drug targets and development of therapeutics when combined with ... H+-V-ATPase-dependent proton flux is necessary for consistent left-right patterning of non-mammalian vertebrates" (PDF). ... "Serotonin Signaling Is a Very Early Step in Patterning of the Left-Right Axis in Chick and Frog Embryos". Current Biology. 15 ( ... "Left/Right Patterning Signals and the Independent Regulation of Different Aspects ofSitusin the Chick Embryo". Developmental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Levin_(biologist)

... embryo.asu.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-29. "Alexis Carrel's Tissue Culture Techniques , The Embryo Project Encyclopedia". embryo.asu ... Most large scale suspension culture involves non-mammalian cells and takes place in bioreactors. Some examples of suspension ... "Alexis Carrel's Tissue Culture Techniques." The Embryo Project Encyclopedia". embryo.asu.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-18.{{cite web ... Carrel went on to develop the first known cell line, a line derived from chicken embryo heart which was maintained continuously ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_culture

Pinealocytes in many non-mammalian vertebrates have a strong resemblance to the photoreceptor cells of the eye. Evidence from ... by developmental formation of a paired structure that subsequently fuses into a single pineal gland in developing embryos of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland

Philosopher Nicolas Malebranche was the first to advance the hypothesis that each embryo could contain even smaller embryos ad ... Ova were known in some non-mammalian species, and semen was thought to spur the development of the preformed organism contained ... Driesch's experiments on the development of the embryos of sea urchins are considered to have been decisively in favor of ... As opposed to "strict" preformationism, it is the notion that "each embryo or organism is gradually produced from an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preformationism

In non-mammalian vertebrates, loss of one SOXB1 protein results in minor phenotypic differences. This supports the claim that ... SOX1 expression is restricted to the neuroectoderm by proliferating progenitor cells in the tetrapod embryo. The induction of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOX1

These fruit fly tests are a short-term test and a non-mammalian approach for in vivo testing of putative genotoxins found in ... are formed in the embryo. The pupa emerges following the completion of the larval stages, and metamorphosis occurs as a result ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_mutation_and_recombination_tests

As the embryo is readily accessible, its development can be easily followed (unlike mice). This also allows the use of ... Poultry continues to be used as a model for many studies in non-mammalian immunology. Studies in bird behaviour include the use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology

... but even more interesting is his passion for non-mammalian systems. These systems include plants, energy generating bacteria, ... High-throughput Mechanotransduction in Drosophila Embryos with Mesofluidics. Lab on a Chip 19: 1141-1152 (2019, cover). Egan, P ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_LeDuc

Duboc, V; Röttinger, E; Lapraz, F; Besnardeau, L; Lepage, T (2005). "Left-right asymmetry in the sea urchin embryo is regulated ... H+-V-ATPase-dependent proton flux is necessary for consistent left-right patterning of non-mammalian vertebrates". Development ... As in the brain, developmental bioelectrics can integrate information across significant distance in the embryo, for example ... Using light to control ion flux-dependent signals in Xenopus embryos". The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 58 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectricity

The mother develops a kind of yolk sack in her womb that delivers nutrients to the embryo. Embryos of bandicoots, koalas and ... However, it is generally agreed that endothermy first evolved in non-mammalian synapsids such as dicynodonts, which possess ... The embryo is born at a very early stage of development, and is usually less than 2 in (5.1 cm) long at birth. It has been ... Placentals' best-known feature is their method of reproduction: The embryo attaches itself to the uterus via a large placenta ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals

Once the embryo exits diapause arrest and resumes regular development, no adverse effects are observed. Specifically within ... and other non-mammalian vertebrates. It has been observed additionally in less than 2% of mammalian species, including certain ... There is also evidence pointing to the upregulation of B cell translocation gene 1 (Btg1) in the mouse embryo during diapause, ... Desmarais JA, Bordignon V, Lopes FL, Smith LC, Murphy BD (March 2004). "The escape of the mink embryo from obligate diapause". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_diapause

Many non-mammalian synapsids have three bones in the interparietal region as adults: one midline bone and two lateral bones. In ... Paired postparietals have also been observed in Alligator mississippiensis embryos, although they are incorporated into the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postparietal

It has been shown in both mammalian and non-mammalian animal models that cortical granule migration depends on cytoskeleton ... the exocytosis of cortical granules may also contribute towards protection and support of the developing embryo during ... Peptidylarginine deiminiase is a secretory protein within the cortical granule that contributes to regulation of the embryo's ... briefly or undergo a modification shortly after fertilization because only small amounts of p32 are present on the embryo. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_granule

NAE 20:4 (AEA) play a key role, because, for the embryo to become attached to the lining of the uterus, a particular amount ( ... Soderstrom K (2009). "Lessons from nonmammalian species". In Kendall D, Alexander S (eds.). Behavioral Neurobiology of the ... An earlier 2004 research in to the course of ectopic pregnancy, a result of embryo retention in the fallopian tube, found that ... October 2004). "Aberrant cannabinoid signaling impairs oviductal transport of embryos". Nature Medicine. 10 (10): 1074-80. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acylethanolamine

Hox genes are a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis. They are responsible ... It is thought that this elasticity may allow for developmental variation across non-mammalian taxa. This is of course true for ... On the other hand, recent studies of a small number of non-mammalian taxa propose greater dissimilarity than initially ... Researchers found the results to suggest that Hox cluster expansion and transposon accumulation are common features of non-mammalian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hox_genes_in_amphibians_and_reptiles

All non-mammalian amniotes use this system including lizards, crocodilians, dinosaurs (and their descendants the birds) and ... which developed in eggs with internal membranes which allowed the developing embryo to breathe but kept water in. The first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles

"The homeotic gene fork head encodes a nuclear protein and is expressed in the terminal regions of the Drosophila embryo". Cell ... such as the first haplotype map for a non-mammalian species. To further exploit and advance the understanding of genetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlef_Weigel

In pig embryos, the mandible ossifies on the side of Meckel's cartilage, while the posterior part of that cartilage is ossified ... Luo, Zhexi; Crompton, Alfred W. (1994-09-07). "Transformation of the quadrate (incus) through the transition from non-mammalian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrate_bone

In non-mammalian four-legged animals, the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella; however, in reptiles, ... "Development of the stapes and associated structures in human embryos". Journal of Anatomy. 207 (2): 165-173. doi:10.1111/j.1469 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapes

It does have a large and easily manipulated embryo, however. The ease of manipulation in amphibian embryos has given them an ... Emerging Infectious Diseases 10(12). Christensen-Dalgaard, Jakob (2005). "Directional hearing in nonmammalian tetrapods". In ... for distribution throughout the embryo) or early embryo (for distribution only into daughter cells of the injected cell). ... Xenopus embryos and eggs are a popular model system for a wide variety of biological studies, in part because they have the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_clawed_frog

Another characteristic is the number of embryos in the egg case. Some species contain only one embryo while others can have up ... Berkovitz, Barry; Shellis, Peter (2017). The Teeth of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates. pp. 5-27. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802850-6.00002 ... When a female skate is fertilized, a protected case forms around the embryo called an egg case, or more commonly mermaid's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_(fish)

As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the ... In non-mammalian vertebrates, the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

Non-mammalian species do not have a brain structure that looks like the mammalian hippocampus, but they have one that is ... "Study of pallial neurogenesis in shark embryos and the evolutionary origin of the subventricular zone". Brain Structure and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus

Reptile embryo development involves separate processes of differentiation and embryo growth. Differentiation is determined by ... implications for reconstructing non-mammalian synapsids". PeerJ. 8: e8556. doi:10.7717/peerj.8556. PMC 7034385. PMID 32117627 ... As the embryo approaches hatching, development stages are categorized into periods rather than ages (characterized by ... it has unique modifications to its skeletal gait that help map the evolutionary history of the non-mammalian musculoskeletal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_black_and_white_tegu

The term "tectal plate" or "quadrigeminal plate" is used to describe the junction of the gray and white matter in the embryo. ( ... The homologous structure to the superior colliculus in non mammalian vertebrates including fish and amphibians, is called the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain

While the non-mammalian animal egg was obvious, the doctrine ex ovo omne vivum ("every living [animal comes from] an egg"), ... Upon germination, the embryo grows into a seedling. In the moss Physcomitrella patens, the Polycomb protein FIE is expressed in ... The resulting zygote develops into an embryo inside the ovule. The ovule, in turn, develops into a seed and in many cases, the ... Soon after fertilisation the FIE gene is inactivated (the blue colour is no longer visible, left) in the young embryo. In algae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_cell

Each embryo develops in its own egg. Familiar examples of ovoviviparous fish include guppies, angel sharks, and coelacanths. ... The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods. In ... Some viviparous fish exhibit oophagy, in which the developing embryos eat other eggs produced by the mother. This has been ... In such species the mother retains the eggs and nourishes the embryos. Typically, viviparous fish have a structure analogous to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_physiology

The human embryo forms five sets of endoderm-lined pharyngeal pouches. The third and fourth pouch are responsible for ... Wilson JX (1984). "The renin-angiotensin system in nonmammalian vertebrates". Endocrine Reviews. 5 (1): 45-61. doi:10.1210/edrv ... A lateral and ventral view of an embryo showing the third (inferior) and fourth (superior) parathyroid glands during the 6th ... week of embryogenesis Once the embryo reaches four weeks of gestation, the parathyroid glands begins to develop. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system

Over a span of 5 days, the amount of pregnant Daphnia decreased by nearly 50%, and less than 20% of exposed embryos survived ... Highlighting developmental and reproductive effects in mammals and non-mammalian aquatic species". General and Comparative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution

2016). Embryo-like fossils are described from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (China) by Yin et al. (2016), who argue that ... Rachel N. O'Meara; Robert J. Asher (2016). "The evolution of growth patterns in mammalian versus nonmammalian cynodonts". ... embryo-like fossils as metazoans". Geology. 44 (9): 735-738. Bibcode:2016Geo....44..735Y. doi:10.1130/G38262.1. Karma Nanglu; ... at least some of these fossils represent crown-animal embryos. New fossil material of Oesia disjuncta is described by Nanglu et ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_in_paleontology

The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods. In ... formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo. Fish ovaries may be of three types: gymnovarian, secondary gymnovarian ... although even this forms from the fusion of paired structures in the embryo. Under a tough membranous shell, the tunica ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_anatomy

... while eggs and embryos from Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) are used in developmental biology, cell ... Non-Mammalian Hormone-Behavior Systems https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism

B snurposomes are found in the amphibian oocyte nuclei and in Drosophila melanogaster embryos. B snurposomes appear alone or ... ISBN 978-3-8171-1781-9. Cohen WD (1982). "The cytomorphic system of anucleate non-mammalian erythrocytes". Protoplasma. 113: 23 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus

In the embryo, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production.) The production can be stimulated by the hormone ... Cohen, W. D. (1982). "The cytomorphic system of anucleate non-mammalian erythrocytes". Protoplasma. 113: 23-32. doi:10.1007/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell

July 1996). "The whale shark, Rhincodon typus, is a livebearer: 300 embryos found in one 'megamamma' supreme". Environ. Biol. ... most notably being by far the largest living nonmammalian vertebrate. It is the sole member of the genus Rhincodon and the only ... "Paternity analysis in a litter of whale shark embryos". Endangered Species Research. 12 (2): 117-124. doi:10.3354/esr00300. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark

In the first phase, the embryo has no functional organs and relies on the yolk sac for sustenance. The yolk is absorbed by the ... The venom appears to have a different function from those produced by non-mammalian species; its effects are not life- ... This allows the yolk, which contains the embryo, to exchange waste and nutrients with the cytoplasm. There is no official term ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus

... from 800 albino embryos, only 29 survived to full adulthood. Early studies on fish led some researchers to describe albinism as ... Whilst this does not state specifically that non-mammalian albino animals (or plants) are white, this can be inferred from "... ... embryo Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) Whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) Zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum) A ... but ignore the several other pigments that non-mammalian animals have and also structural colouration. For example, "Absence of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism

In species whose embryos develop more slowly, such as mice and humans, the RPE instead grows by producing additional cells - a ... Embryo, Nonmammalian * Embryonic Development * Morphogenesis* * Retina * Retinal Pigment Epithelium / cytology* * Zebrafish / ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34545806/

Categories: Embryo, Nonmammalian Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Embryo,+Nonmammalian&parentid=2970&catid=9334

Filters: Keyword is Embryo, Nonmammalian and Author is Staci L. Massey Simonich [Clear All Filters] ... D. Hanigan, Truong, L., Simonich, S. L. Massey, Tanguay, R., and Westerhoff, P. K., "Zebrafish embryo toxicity of 15 ... "Zebrafish embryo toxicity of anaerobic biotransformation products from the insensitive munitions compound 2,4-dinitroanisole." ... uptake kinetics and behavior assessment in zebrafish embryos following exposure to perfluorooctanesulphonicacid (PFOS).", Aquat ...

https://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/biblio?f%5Bkeyword%5D=3031&f%5Bauthor%5D=1459&s=year&o=desc

Embryo, Nonmammalian A16.254.300 A16.331. Enbucrilate D2.626.290.350. Endoderm A16.254.425.407 A16.504.407. Enterobactin D4.345 ... Chick Embryo A16.254.300.200 A16.331.200. Chlorisondamine D3.438.473.193 D3.438.513.249. Chlorthalidone D3.438.513.750.500. ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2008.htm

Embryo, Nonmammalian. Lebold KM, Kirkwood JS, Taylor AW, Choi J, Barton CL, Miller GW, La Du J, Jump DB, Stevens JFrederik, ...

https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=4956&o=desc&page=4&s=keyword

Embryo, Nonmammalian. 1. 2019. 955. 0.040. Why? Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2. 1. 2021. 1403. 0.030. Why? ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/person/134551/network/researchareas/details

multiple/non-mammalian species. 100 ppm. MUTAEX 4,17,1989. morphological transform. embryo/hamster. 100 mg/L. TIVIEQ 2,103,1988 ... embryo/mouse. 2500 mg/L. PMRSDJ 5,639,1985. mutation in microorganisms. /Saccharomyes cerevisiae. 100 mg/L (+/-enzymatic ... Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus). JJATDK 7,317,1987. ... Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death. GISAAA 34(7),25,1969. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/CM381378.html

keywords = "Animals, Cell Polarity, Cell Shape, Drosophila melanogaster, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Epithelium, Intercellular ... Modelling of wound repair and inflammation in the Drosophila embryo. Martin, P. B. ...

https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/recapitulation-of-morphogenetic-cell-shape-changes-enables-wound-

Filters: Keyword is Embryo, Nonmammalian and Author is Mehta, Vatsal [Clear All Filters] ...

https://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/biblio?f%5Bkeyword%5D=3031&f%5Bauthor%5D=66696&s=type&o=asc

Filters: Keyword is Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology/embryology/metabolism [Clear All Filters]. 2008 ...

https://www.biology.washington.edu/biblio?f%5Bkeyword%5D=620

keywords = "Animals, Blood Vessels/cytology, Coturnix/embryology, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Embryonic Development/physiology, ...

https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/time-lapse-microscopy-of-macrophages-during-embryonic-vascular-de

Mouse and rat embryos display unique epiblast morphology, referred to as an egg cylinder, whereas epiblasts form discs in non- ... It is unclear whether PRDM14 function in motor neurons is conserved among non-mammalian deuterostomes; therefore, the ... 1999). Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. Genes Dev. 13, 424-436. doi: 10.1101/ ... Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) derived from epiblast cells at the post-implantation stage of mouse embryos can be expanded and ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2018.00012/full

The transparent zebrafish embryo is one of the living models in which, after germline transformation with reporter protein- ... Embryo, Nonmammalian. *Genes, Reporter*. *Promoter Regions, Genetic. *Signal Transduction*. *Zebrafish/embryology. *Zebrafish/ ... The genetically modified embryos, larvae and adults, resulting from the transformation, are individuals in which time lapse ...

http://zfin.org/ZDB-PUB-130611-8

Embryo, Nonmammalian/anatomy & histology. *Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology. *Frizzled Receptors/genetics. *Frizzled Receptors/ ...

https://www.zfin.org/ZDB-PUB-100730-13

In non-mammalian early embryos (Xenopus, Drosophila), replication origins are closely spaced at 10 kb(DePamphilis, 1999) and ... Hoechst 33342 dye DNA staining of control embryos, embryos microinjected with 2.5 μM recombinant XCL100 and embryos incubated ... Hoechst 33342 dye DNA staining of control embryos, embryos microinjected with 2.5 μM recombinant XCL100 and embryos incubated ... A) The second, later peak in MAP kinase activity at the time of NEB in control embryos (black circle) and in embryos treated ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/132/3/579/43082/ERK1-activation-is-required-for-S-phase-onset-and

Filters: Keyword is Embryo, Nonmammalian and Author is Turner, Russell T [Clear All Filters] ...

https://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/biblio?f%5Bkeyword%5D=3031&f%5Bauthor%5D=66361&s=author&o=asc

Embryo, Nonmammalian. D. Krotov, Dubuis, J. O., Gregor, T., and Bialek, W., "Morphogenesis at criticality.", Proc Natl Acad Sci ...

https://lsi.princeton.edu/research/publications?page=5&s=keyword&o=desc&f%5Bauthor%5D=75

Embryo, Nonmammalian --metabolism. en_US. dc.subject.mesh. Glycerol --pharmacology. en_US. ... Bose T. Stimulated 32P incorporation into Lymnaea embryos exposed to glycerol. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1975 Mar ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/60621?mode=full

Embryo, Non Mammalian Embryo, Non-Mammalian Embryos, Non-Mammalian Embryos, Nonmammalian Non-Mammalian Embryo Non-Mammalian ... Non-Mammalian Embryos. Nonmammalian Embryo. Nonmammalian Embryo Structure. Nonmammalian Embryo Structures. Nonmammalian ... Embryos, Non-Mammalian. Embryos, Nonmammalian. Non-Mammalian Embryo. Non-Mammalian Embryonic Structure. Non-Mammalian Embryonic ... Embryo Structure, Nonmammalian. Embryo Structures, Nonmammalian. Embryo, Non Mammalian. Embryo, Non-Mammalian. Embryonic ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=4697&filter=ths_exact_term&q=EMBRION+NO+MAMIFERO

Public Health, Delivery of Health Care, Health Services, Cell Biology, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Cytological Techniques, Genetic ... Embryo Research, Blastocyst, Embryo Transfer, Ovary, Fertility, Preservation, Biological, Organ Preservation, Tissue ... Embryo Culture Techniques, Cryopreservation of Stem Cells, Reproductive Cells, Tissue and Organs = Criopreservação de Células- ...

https://bvsalud.org/en/direve/?q=ginecologia+OR+neonatologia&filter=not_regional_event%3A%22False%22+AND+descriptor%3A%22Servicios+de+Salud%22&page=2

In non-mammalian embryos one sees little or no cell death prior to the maternal-zygotic transition, but, in mammalian embryos, ... Considerable sculpting of the embryo occurs by cell deaths during organogenesis, and appropriate cell numbers, especially in ... but in other embryos the stochastic nature of the deaths limit our ability to do more than identify the regions in which cells ... Cell death is prominent in gametogenesis and shapes and sculpts embryos. ...

http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper/150220zz/what-cell-death-does-in-development

https://decs2014.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2008.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2012.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2011.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

Anatomy64

Organisms32

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs46

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment41

Phenomena and Processes64

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science6

Named Groups1

Health Care1

Involvement of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase in the Pax-6 gene regulation in neuroretina. (1/9151)

even-skipped determines the dorsal growth of motor axons in Drosophila. (2/9151)

Fish swimbladder: an excellent mesodermal inductor in primary embryonic induction. (3/9151)

A glial-neuronal signaling pathway revealed by mutations in a neurexin-related protein. (4/9151)

Mitochondrial gene expression is regulated at the level of transcription during early embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis. (5/9151)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters cardiovascular and craniofacial development and function in sac fry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (6/9151)

Conversion of lacZ enhancer trap lines to GAL4 lines using targeted transposition in Drosophila melanogaster. (7/9151)

Involvement of protein kinase C in 5-HT-stimulated ciliary activity in Helisoma trivolvis embryos. (8/9151)

No FAQ available that match "embryo nonmammalian"

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Vertebrates

Embryo, Mammalian

Embryo, Nonmammalian

Reptiles

Viviparity, Nonmammalian

Zebrafish

Oryzias

Chick Embryo

Chickens

Mammals

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Molecular Sequence Data

Saccule and Utricle

Fish Proteins

Amino Acid Sequence

Embryo Implantation

Fishes

Evolution, Molecular

Phylogeny

Blastocyst

Hair Cells, Auditory

Rana catesbeiana

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Embryonic Development

Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian

Cloning, Molecular

Sequence Alignment

Base Sequence

Species Specificity

DNA, Complementary

Embryo Loss

Tissue Distribution

Embryonic and Fetal Development

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

RNA, Messenger

Fertilization in Vitro

Retina

Cleavage Stage, Ovum

Blastomeres

Pregnancy

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Embryo Disposition

Morula

Zygote

Cryopreservation

Gastrula

Body Patterning

In Situ Hybridization

Oocytes

Embryo Research

Morphogenesis

Single Embryo Transfer

Cloning, Organism

Culture Techniques

Mesoderm

Ectogenesis

Nuclear Transfer Techniques

Ectoderm

Zebrafish Proteins

Pregnancy Rate

Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic

Xenopus Proteins

Homeodomain Proteins

Seeds

Fetal Viability

Endoderm

Transcription Factors

Parthenogenesis

Embryonic Induction

Blastoderm

Drosophila

Sea Urchins

Drosophila Proteins

Fertilization

Preimplantation Diagnosis

Animals, Genetically Modified

Microinjections

Cell Differentiation

Notochord

Nervous System