Embryo mammalian. Medical search

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

Endometrial implantation of EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN at the BLASTOCYST stage.

A post-MORULA preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. A blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. The outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.

Early pregnancy loss during the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN stage of development. In the human, this period comprises the second through eighth week after fertilization.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.

The earliest developmental stage of a fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE) during which there are several mitotic divisions within the ZONA PELLUCIDA. Each cleavage or segmentation yields two BLASTOMERES of about half size of the parent cell. This cleavage stage generally covers the period up to 16-cell MORULA.

Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Utilization or disposal of an embryo that is fertilized but not immediately transplanted and resulting course of action.

An early embryo that is a compact mass of about 16 BLASTOMERES. It resembles a cluster of mulberries with two types of cells, outer cells and inner cells. Morula is the stage before BLASTULA in non-mammalian animals or a BLASTOCYST in mammals.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.

Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Experimentation on, or using the organs or tissues from, a human or other mammalian conceptus during the prenatal stage of development that is characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. In humans, this includes the period from the time of fertilization to the end of the eighth week after fertilization.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

The techniques used to select and/or place only one embryo from FERTILIZATION IN VITRO into the uterine cavity to establish a singleton pregnancy.

Methods of implanting a CELL NUCLEUS from a donor cell into an enucleated acceptor cell.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Embryonic and fetal development that takes place in an artificial environment in vitro.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The fusion of a spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) with an OVUM thus resulting in the formation of a ZYGOTE.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.

An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. It is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE).

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.

A unisexual reproduction without the fusion of a male and a female gamete (FERTILIZATION). In parthenogenesis, an individual is formed from an unfertilized OVUM that did not complete MEIOSIS. Parthenogenesis occurs in nature and can be artificially induced.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The potential of the FETUS to survive outside the UTERUS after birth, natural or induced. Fetal viability depends largely on the FETAL ORGAN MATURITY, and environmental conditions.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates. They are useful models for studying FERTILIZATION and EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT.

The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A layer of cells lining the fluid-filled cavity (blastocele) of a BLASTULA, usually developed from a fertilized insect, reptilian, or avian egg.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.

Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the OVUM; ZYGOTE; or BLASTOCYST prior to implantation. CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease.

The first of four extra-embryonic membranes to form during EMBRYOGENESIS. In REPTILES and BIRDS, it arises from endoderm and mesoderm to incorporate the EGG YOLK into the DIGESTIVE TRACT for nourishing the embryo. In placental MAMMALS, its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of INTESTINAL MUCOSA; BLOOD CELLS; and GERM CELLS. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the VITELLINE MEMBRANE of the egg.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A cartilaginous rod of mesodermal cells at the dorsal midline of all CHORDATE embryos. In lower vertebrates, notochord is the backbone of support. In the higher vertebrates, notochord is a transient structure, and segments of the vertebral column will develop around it. Notochord is also a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues including the NEURAL TUBE development.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.

The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Paired, segmented masses of MESENCHYME located on either side of the developing spinal cord (neural tube). Somites derive from PARAXIAL MESODERM and continue to increase in number during ORGANOGENESIS. Somites give rise to SKELETON (sclerotome); MUSCLES (myotome); and DERMIS (dermatome).

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.

A tough transparent membrane surrounding the OVUM. It is penetrated by the sperm during FERTILIZATION.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Common name for two distinct groups of BIRDS in the order GALLIFORMES: the New World or American quails of the family Odontophoridae and the Old World quails in the genus COTURNIX, family Phasianidae.

Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

A subphylum of chordates intermediate between the invertebrates and the true vertebrates. It includes the Ascidians.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.

Proteins found in any species of insect.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life.

A process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three GERM LAYERS and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). Gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian BLASTULA or that of a mammalian BLASTOCYST.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

A genus of BIRDS in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES, containing the common European and other Old World QUAIL.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

The three primary germinal layers (ECTODERM; ENDODERM; and MESODERM) developed during GASTRULATION that provide tissues and body plan of a mature organism. They derive from two early layers, hypoblast and epiblast.

The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.

Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Delay in the attachment and implantation of BLASTOCYST to the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The blastocyst remains unattached beyond the normal duration thus delaying embryonic development.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

The transformation of a liquid to a glassy solid i.e., without the formation of crystals during the cooling process.

Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

The founding member of the nodal signaling ligand family of proteins. Nodal protein was originally discovered in the region of the mouse embryo primitive streak referred to as HENSEN'S NODE. It is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and plays a critical role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development.

Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).

Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.

A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Differences in benzo(a)pyrene metabolism between rodent liver microsomes and embryonic cells. (1/12641)

Differences in benzo(a)pyrene metabolite pattern have been shown by rodent liver microsomes (Sprague-Dawley) and rodent embryo cells from Syrian hamsters and NIH Swiss mice. Rodent liver induced by methylcholanthrene shows marked quantitative variation between species. Additional pattern changes were found in mouse and hamster embryo secondary cultures with a reduction of the K-region metabolites and a marked increase in 9-hydroxybenzo(a)-pyrene. These results are indicative of a region-specific attack on the carcinogen by the cell monooxygenases which is distinct from the liver attack of microsomal enzymes on benzo(a)pyrene. These results suggest that activation and detoxification of benzo(a)pyrene may be species and tissue variable, and susceptibility and resistence to malignant transformation may be predicted on induction of a fortuitous combination of intermediate metabolic steps. (+info)

A molecular pathway revealing a genetic basis for human cardiac and craniofacial defects. (2/12641)

Microdeletions of chromosome 22q11 are the most common genetic defects associated with cardiac and craniofacial anomalies in humans. A screen for mouse genes dependent on dHAND, a transcription factor implicated in neural crest development, identified Ufd1, which maps to human 22q11 and encodes a protein involved in degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. Mouse Ufd1 was specifically expressed in most tissues affected in patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome. The human UFD1L gene was deleted in all 182 patients studied with 22q11 deletion, and a smaller deletion of approximately 20 kilobases that removed exons 1 to 3 of UFD1L was found in one individual with features typical of 22q11 deletion syndrome. These data suggest that UFD1L haploinsufficiency contributes to the congenital heart and craniofacial defects seen in 22q11 deletion. (+info)

Regulation of neurotrophin-3 expression by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: the role of Wnt factors. (3/12641)

Neurotrophins regulate survival, axonal growth, and target innervation of sensory and other neurons. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is expressed specifically in cells adjacent to extending axons of dorsal root ganglia neurons, and its absence results in loss of most of these neurons before their axons reach their targets. However, axons are not required for NT-3 expression in limbs; instead, local signals from ectoderm induce NT-3 expression in adjacent mesenchyme. Wnt factors expressed in limb ectoderm induce NT-3 in the underlying mesenchyme. Thus, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions mediated by Wnt factors control NT-3 expression and may regulate axonal growth and guidance. (+info)

Low resting potential and postnatal upregulation of NMDA receptors may cause Cajal-Retzius cell death. (4/12641)

Using in situ patch-clamp techniques in rat telencephalic slices, we have followed resting potential (RP) properties and the functional expression of NMDA receptors in neocortical Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells from embryonic day 18 to postnatal day 13, the time around which these cells normally disappear. We find that throughout their lives CR cells have a relatively depolarized RP (approximately -50 mV), which can be made more hyperpolarized (approximately -70 mV) by stimulation of the Na/K pump with intracellular ATP. The NMDA receptors of CR cells are subjected to intense postnatal upregulation, but their similar properties (EC50, Hill number, sensitivity to antagonists, conductance, and kinetics) throughout development suggest that their subunit composition remains relatively homogeneous. The low RP of CR cells is within a range that allows for the relief of NMDA channels from Mg2+ blockade. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CR cells may degenerate and die subsequent to uncontrolled overload of intracellular Ca2+ via NMDA receptor activation by ambient glutamate. In support of this hypothesis we have obtained evidence showing the protection of CR cells via in vivo blockade of NMDA receptors with dizocilpine. (+info)

The amyloid precursor protein interacts with Go heterotrimeric protein within a cell compartment specialized in signal transduction. (5/12641)

The function of the beta-amyloid protein precursor (betaAPP), a transmembrane molecule involved in Alzheimer pathologies, is poorly understood. We recently reported the presence of a fraction of betaAPP in cholesterol and sphingoglycolipid-enriched microdomains (CSEM), a caveolae-like compartment specialized in signal transduction. To investigate whether betaAPP actually interferes with cell signaling, we reexamined the interaction between betaAPP and Go GTPase. In strong contrast with results obtained with reconstituted phospholipid vesicles (Okamoto et al., 1995), we find that incubating total neuronal membranes with 22C11, an antibody that recognizes an N-terminal betaAPP epitope, reduces high-affinity Go GTPase activity. This inhibition is specific of Galphao and is reproduced, in the absence of 22C11, by the addition of the betaAPP C-terminal domain but not by two distinct mutated betaAPP C-terminal domains that do not bind Galphao. This inhibition of Galphao GTPase activity by either 22C11 or wild-type betaAPP cytoplasmic domain suggests that intracellular interactions between betaAPP and Galphao could be regulated by extracellular signals. To verify whether this interaction is preserved in CSEM, we first used biochemical, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural techniques to unambiguously confirm the colocalization of Galphao and betaAPP in CSEM. We show that inhibition of basal Galphao GTPase activity also occurs within CSEM and correlates with the coimmunoprecipitation of Galphao and betaAPP. The regulation of Galphao GTPase activity by betaAPP in a compartment specialized in signaling may have important consequences for our understanding of the physiopathological functions of betaAPP. (+info)

Identification of the Kv2.1 K+ channel as a major component of the delayed rectifier K+ current in rat hippocampal neurons. (6/12641)

Molecular cloning studies have revealed the existence of a large family of voltage-gated K+ channel genes expressed in mammalian brain. This molecular diversity underlies the vast repertoire of neuronal K+ channels that regulate action potential conduction and neurotransmitter release and that are essential to the control of neuronal excitability. However, the specific contribution of individual K+ channel gene products to these neuronal K+ currents is poorly understood. We have shown previously, using an antibody, "KC, " specific for the Kv2.1 K+ channel alpha-subunit, the high-level expression of Kv2.1 protein in hippocampal neurons in situ and in culture. Here we show that KC is a potent blocker of K+ currents expressed in cells transfected with the Kv2.1 cDNA, but not of currents expressed in cells transfected with other highly related K+ channel alpha-subunit cDNAs. KC also blocks the majority of the slowly inactivating outward current in cultured hippocampal neurons, although antibodies to two other K+ channel alpha-subunits known to be expressed in these cells did not exhibit blocking effects. In all cases the blocking effects of KC were eliminated by previous incubation with a recombinant fusion protein containing the KC antigenic sequence. Together these studies show that Kv2.1, which is expressed at high levels in most mammalian central neurons, is a major contributor to the delayed rectifier K+ current in hippocampal neurons and that the KC antibody is a powerful tool for the elucidation of the role of the Kv2.1 K+ channel in regulating neuronal excitability. (+info)

Differential regulation of the human nidogen gene promoter region by a novel cell-type-specific silencer element. (7/12641)

Transfection analyses of the human nidogen promoter region in nidogen-producing fibroblasts from adult skin revealed multiple positive and negative cis-acting elements controlling nidogen gene expression. Characterization of the positive regulatory domains by gel mobility-shift assays and co-transfection studies in Drosophila SL2 cells unequivocally demonstrated that Sp1-like transcription factors are essential for a high expression of the human nidogen gene. Analysis of the negative regulatory domains identified a novel silencer element between nt -1333 and -1322, which is bound by a distinct nuclear factor, by using extracts from adult but not from embryonal fibroblasts. In embryonal fibroblasts, which express significantly higher amounts of nidogen mRNA as compared with adult fibroblasts, this inhibitory nidogen promoter region did not affect nidogen and SV40 promoter activities. The silencer element seems to be active only in nidogen-producing cells. Therefore this regulatory element might function in vivo to limit nidogen gene expression in response to external stimuli. However, none of the identified regulatory elements, including the silencer, contribute significantly to cell-specific expression of the human nidogen gene. Instead we provide evidence that gene expression in epidermal keratinocytes that are not producing nidogen is repressed by methylation-specific and chromatin-dependent mechanisms. (+info)

Onset of nucleolar and extranucleolar transcription and expression of fibrillarin in macaque embryos developing in vitro. (8/12641)

Specific aims were to characterize the onset of nucleolar and extranucleolar transcription and expression of the nucleolar protein fibrillarin during preimplantation development in vitro in macaque embryos using autoradiographic and immunocytochemical techniques. Autoradiography was performed on whole embryos cultured with [3H]uridine for assessment of nucleolar (rRNA) and extranucleolar (mRNA) transcription. Expression of fibrillarin was immunocytochemically assessed in whole embryos using a primary antibody against fibrillarin and a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated secondary antibody. Extranucleolar incorporation of [3H]uridine was first detected in 2-cell embryos cultured 6-10 h with [3H]uridine. Culture with alpha-amanitin prevented incorporation of label in 2-cell embryos, and treatment with ribonuclease reduced the signal to background levels, indicating that [3H]uridine was incorporated into mRNA and not rRNA or DNA. Nucleolar incorporation of [3H]uridine was not evident in pronucleate-stage or 2- to 5-cell embryos, but it was detected in one 6-cell embryo and in all 8-cell to blastocyst-stage embryos. Fibrillarin was first expressed in some 6- to 7-cell embryos, but it was consistently expressed in all 8-cell embryos. Fibrillarin was localized to the perimeter of the nucleolar precursor bodies, forming a ring that completely encapsulated these structures. Fibrillarin was not expressed in 8- to 16-cell embryos cultured with alpha-amanitin, indicating that it is transcribed, rather than recruited, at the 8-cell stage. In conclusion, in in vitro-fertilized macaque embryos developing in vitro, extranucleolar synthesis of mRNA is initiated at the 2-cell stage while the onset of nucleolar transcription occurs at the 6- to 8-cell stage, coincident with expression of fibrillarin. (+info)

Part C, Embryo Today. 84 (4): 265-80. doi:10.1002/bdrc.20137. PMID 19067422. "What is Regenerative Medicine?". University of ... Muneoka K; Allan CH; Yang X; Lee J; Han M (December 2008). "Mammalian regeneration and regenerative medicine". Birth Defects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_medicine

Coleman CM (September 2008). "Chicken embryo as a model for regenerative medicine". Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo ... "Regeneration in the mammalian heart demonstrated by Wistar researchers , EurekAlert! Science News". Eurekalert.org. Retrieved ... Part C, Embryo Today. 84 (4): 265-80. doi:10.1002/bdrc.20137. PMID 19067422. Philip SJ, Kumar RJ, Menon KV (October 2005). " ... For instance, removing a portion of the elbow joint in a chick embryo via window excision or slice excision and comparing joint ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)

Tucker, A; Sharpe, P (2004). "The cutting-edge of mammalian development; how the embryo makes teeth". Nature Reviews Genetics. ... Subsequently, through the study of mouse embryo differentiation and the role of homeobox sequences in DNA, his work has mainly ... Gaunt, SJ; Sharpe, PT; Duboule, D (1988). "Spatially-restricted domains of homeo-gene transcripts in mouse embryos: relation to ... doctoral work on differentiation of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum but he extended this work to mammalian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Sharpe

Gastruloid Human embryo-length, 2 mm. Dorsal view, with the amnion laid open. X 30. Lateral section through the mammalian ... At first formation the primitive streak extends for half the length of the embryo. In the human embryo this appears by stage 6 ... At first formation the primitive streak extends for half the length of the embryo. In the human embryo this appears by Carnegie ... The chick embryo as a model organism has provided much information about the formation of the primitive streak. In the chick ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_streak

Biggers, JD; Borland, RM; Powers, RD (1977). "Transport mechanisms in the preimplantation mammalian embryo". Ciba Foundation ... An amphibian embryo in the 128- cell stage is considered a blastula as the blastocoel in the embryo becomes apparent during ... mammalian, and avian embryos, zebrafish do not have a defined blastocoel. Rather, they have small, irregular extracellular ... As the embryo further divides, the blastocoel expands and the inner cell mass is positioned on one side of the trophoblast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocoel

Cell Signaling During Mammalian Early Embryo Development. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 843. New York, NY ... This layer of cells is vital in the implantation of the embryo to the uterus and gives rise to majority of the extra-embryonic ... In the case of the early embryo, especially before compaction has started to occur, majority of the control is via the maternal ... Disruption of vezatin synthesis in the early embryo not only leads to lack of adherens junction formation, but also results in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEZT

Cellular and Genetic Underpinnings of Trophectoderm Identity and Differentiation in the Mammalian Embryo". Current Topics in ... After five or six days it is much easier to determine which embryos will result in healthy live births. Knowing which embryos ... However at this stage of development it is very difficult to predict which embryos will develop best, and several embryos were ... it is much easier to give embryos the correct nutrients to sustain them into the blastocyst phase. Embryo transfer following in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocyst

Magoun, H. W.; Marshall, L. (January 2003). "Mammalian Embryos and William Windle". American Neuroscience in the Twentieth ... Windle was a pioneer of physiological research in the developmental biology of embryos and newborn infants. He contributed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Windle

Byrne, Annette Therese (1999). Analysis of apoptosis in the preimplantation mammalian embryo (Thesis). OCLC 53565067. "Dr ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Byrne

"Can the mammalian embryo be killed by X‐irradiation?." Journal of Experimental Zoology 151.3 (1962): 227-243. Rugh, Roberts, et ... 1962). "Can the mammalian embryo be killed by X‐irradiation?." Journal of Experimental Zoology. (151)3): 227-243. Rugh, Roberts ... "Fractionated x-irradiation of the mammalian embryo and congenital anomalies." The American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium ... 1960). "Fractionated x-irradiation of the mammalian embryo and congenital anomalies." The American Journal of Roentgenology, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Rugh

in The Freezing of Mammalian Embryos. Ciba Found. Symp. 52,NS., Eds. Elliott and Whelan, Elsevier/ Excpt. Medica/ N.Holland, ... Prior to the nuclear transfer experiments, Willadsen had developed methods for freezing sheep and cow embryos, and embryo ... to produce Dolly, the sheep, although in the latter case, nuclei from a mature sheep, i.e. not from sheep embryos, were used. ... Willadsen, S.M. (1979): A method for culture of micromanipulated sheep embryos, and its use to produce monozygotic twins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steen_Willadsen

The mammalian fibroblast growth factor receptor family has 4 members, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4. The FGFRs consist of ... Part C, Embryo Today. 69 (4): 286-304. doi:10.1002/bdrc.10025. PMID 14745970. Sutherland D, Samakovlis C, Krasnow MA (Dec 1996 ... Coumoul X, Deng CX (Nov 2003). "Roles of FGF receptors in mammalian development and congenital diseases". Birth Defects ... "Expression of a dominant negative mutant of the FGF receptor disrupts mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos". Cell. 66 (2): 257 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor

Tarkowski with Anne McLaren won the Japan Prize for their discoveries concerning the early development of mammalian embryos. In ... the Embryo Transfer Pioneer Award, the International Embryo Transfer Society Award (1991), and the Commander's Cross with star ... birth of first chimaeric mice produced experimentally by injecting blastomeres from one embryo to genetically different embryo ... In 1959 Tarkowski showed that a single blastomere isolated from a 2-cell stage mouse embryo is fully able to develop and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Tarkowski

"Myc-driven endogenous cell competition in the early mammalian embryo". Nature. 500 (7460): 39-44. Bibcode:2013Natur.500...39C. ... This phenomenon also happens in the early mouse embryo where cells expressing high levels of Myc actively kill their neighbors ... and mammalian circadian clock. Distribution of fitness effects Evolvability Canalization Neutral network (evolution) Epistasis ... "Temporal Coordination of Gene Networks by Zelda in the Early Drosophila Embryo". PLOS Genetics. 7 (10): e1002339. doi:10.1371/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustness_(evolution)

"Myc-driven endogenous cell competition in the early mammalian embryo". Nature. 500 (7460): 39-44. Bibcode:2013Natur.500...39C. ... Land H, Parada LF, Weinberg RA (1983). "Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myc

Evolution and Development González B, Soria-Escobar AM, Rojas-Díaz V, Pustovrh MC, Monsalve LS, Rougier GW (2020). The embryo ... http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005887 Werneburg and Spiekman (2016). Mammalian embryology ... The "Standard Event System" (SES) to Study Vertebrate Embryos was developed in 2009 to establish a common language in ... Homologous developmental characters are defined therein and should be recognisable in all vertebrate embryos. The SES includes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Event_System

"Containerless vitrification of mammalian oocytes and embryos". Nature Biotechnology. 17 (12): 1234-1236. doi:10.1038/70795. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Forest

Svoboda P (2008). "RNA silencing in mammalian oocytes and early embryos". RNA Interference. Current Topics in Microbiology and ... The cited study predicted that approximately one third of mammalian genes were to be regulated by, in this case, miRNAs. One ... miRBase.org Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, Bartel DP (Jan 2009). "Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs". ... "Functional Anatomy of siRNA for Mediating Efficient RNAi in Drosophilia melanogaster Embryo Lysate". EMBO Journal. 20 (23): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_silencing

To do this, she was first to establish RNA interference in mammalian cells to determine cell fate in the mouse embryos. At that ... These "synthetic embryos" recapitulate the natural architecture of the embryo and their patterns of gene expression leading to ... "Rhythmic actomyosin-driven contractions induced by sperm entry predict mammalian embryo viability". Nature Communications. 2: ... The knowledge she gained through her work on how the embryo develops during the blastocyst to gastrula transition, allowed her ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Żernicka-Goetz

Studies on cell fate and cell potency in the postimplantation mammalian embryo. 1981. Beddington, R. S. (1994). "Induction of a ... Beddington embarked on the study of anterior-posterior axial patterning in mammalian embryos, beginning with her doctoral ... Beddington, Rosa (1981). Studies on cell fate and cell potency in the postimplantation mammalian embryo (PhD thesis). ... "Studies on cell fate and cell potency in the postimplantation mammalian embryo" supervised by Richard Gardner and Virginia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Beddington

"Negative control of Smad activity by ectodermin/Tif1gamma patterns the mammalian embryo". Development. 137 (15): 2571-8. doi: ... The mRNA was then injected into several Xenopus embryos at a four-cell stage and looked in early blastula embryos for an ... The synthetic RNA was then injected into embryos and the animal caps of these collected embryos were obtained and submitted to ... resulting in embryos lacking of mesoderm development. This model was confirmed by the finding that ectodermin-/- embryos were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoderm_specification

"Derivation of pluripotent epiblast stem cells from mammalian embryos". Nature. 448 (7150): 191-195. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..191B ... These induced cells exhibit similar traits to those of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but do not require the use of embryos. Some ... Lawson KA, Meneses JJ, Pedersen RA (1991). "Clonal analysis of epiblast fate during germ layer formation in the mouse embryo". ... Stem cells resembling totipotent blastomeres from 2-cell stage embryos can arise spontaneously in mouse embryonic stem cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_potency

Cryopreservation of Mammalian Gametes and Embryos: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press. 2017. ... ISBN 978-1-4939-1411-1 Cryopreservation of Mammalian Gametes and Embryos: Methods and Protocols. Editors: Zsolt Peter Nagy, ... "Supplementation of L Carnitine in the Culture Media Causes a Significant Decrease in DNA Damage and Improves Embryo Quality - A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Agarwal

... correlates with early mammalian embryo development-bovine and murine models". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 9 (1): 63 ... "Preimplantation factor negates embryo toxicity and promotes embryo development in culture". Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 23 ... Human embryos begin to express PIF at the 4-cell stage, with expression increasing by the morula stage and continuing to do so ... Consequently, the embryo may be rejected and attacked if it is not recognised, an event that normally causes spontaneous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation_factor

Nicholas, J. S. (1925). "Notes on the application of experimental methods upon mammalian embryos". The Anatomical Record. 31 (4 ... He later developed experimental methods to grow rat embryos in chicken chorioallantois. Nicholas married Helen Benton Brown in ... the early stage development of teleost and mammalian zygotes. Nicholas was born in Kintnersville, Pennsylvania, the only child ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spangler_Nicholas

"Parental genome unification is highly error-prone in mammalian embryos". Cell. 184 (11): 2860-2877.e22. doi:10.1016/j.cell. ... Shortly after the sperm fuse with the egg, the two sperm centrioles form the embryo first centrosome and microtubule aster. The ... In 1827, von Baer observed a therian mammalian egg for the first time. Oscar Hertwig (1876), in Germany, described the fusion ... Therefore, maternal contribution to the genetic constitution of the triploid endosperm is double that of the embryo. One ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation

Clarke HJ (1992). "Nuclear and chromatin composition of mammalian gametes and early embryos". Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 70 ... "Proximity of H2A.Z containing nucleosome to the transcription start site influences gene expression levels in the mammalian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosome

Clarke HJ (1992). "Nuclear and chromatin composition of mammalian gametes and early embryos". Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 70 ... Stewart GS, Wang B, Bignell CR, Taylor AM, Elledge SJ (February 2003). "MDC1 is a mediator of the mammalian DNA damage ... Bekker-Jensen S, Mailand N (December 2010). "Assembly and function of DNA double-strand break repair foci in mammalian cells". ... May 2003). "Apoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase". Cell. 113 (4): 507-17. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone

"Human embryo research, stem cell-derived embryo models and in vitro gametogenesis: Considerations leading to the revised ISSCR ... mammalian conceptus, called the blastocyst. The first blastoids were created by the Nicolas Rivron laboratory by combining ... As compared to other stem cell-based embryo models (e.g., Gastruloids), blastoids model the preimplantation stage and the ... A blastoid is an embryoid, a stem cell-based embryo model which, morphologically and transcriptionally resembles the early, pre ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastoid_(embryoid)

... were first thought to arise from extraembryonic tissues because blood vessels were observed in the avian and mammalian embryos ... Avian embryos, Xenopus laevis embryos, are both fair models. However, zebrafish and mouse embryos have widespread use for ... Embryos lacking Tal1 fail to develop past embryonic day 9.5. However, the study found that Tal1 is actually required for ... In 1917, Florence Sabin first observed that blood vessels and red blood cells in the yolk sac of chick embryos occur in close ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_stem_cell

Ben-Zur, T.; Feige, E.; Motro, B.; Wides, R. (2000). "The Mammalian Odz Gene Family: Homologs of a Drosophila Pair-Rule Gene ... However, they named this gene odd Oz (Odz) after the oddless pair-rule phenotype displayed in Odz mutant embryos, where every ... m3 regulates eye-specific patterning in the mammalian visual pathway and is required for binocular vision". PLOS Biology. 5 (9 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TENM3

... an extraembryonic structure that nourishes the embryo in a manner analogous to the mammalian placenta. Unlike the embryo, the ... At the same time as the generation of the gynogenetic and androgenetic embryos discussed above, mouse embryos were also being ... In embryos destined to become males, one haploid set of chromosomes becomes heterochromatinised after the sixth cleavage ... Parthenogenetic/gynogenetic embryos have twice the normal expression level of maternally derived genes, and lack expression of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_imprinting

"Structure and Function of Mammalian DNA Ligases." Mutation Research/DNA Repair 407.1 (1998): 1-9. Print. Hung, Mien-Chie, and ... also a negative association between the percentage of sperm that contain fragmented DNA and the fertilization rate and embryo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmentation_(cell_biology)

US patent 6207146, Tan YH, Hong WJ, "Gene expression in mammalian cells.", issued 2001 Cantell K (1998). The story of ... and Lindenmann were working with a system that involved the inhibition of the growth of live influenza virus in chicken embryo ... Interferon can also be produced by recombinant mammalian cells. Before the early 1970s, large scale production of human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

Although many of these cases involve cloned embryos or subsequent rejection of the paternal mitochondria, others document in ... In sexual reproduction, mitochondria are normally inherited exclusively from the mother; the mitochondria in mammalian sperm ... Falkenberg M, Larsson NG, Gustafsson CM (19 June 2007). "DNA replication and transcription in mammalian mitochondria". Annual ... Lehmann G, Muradian KK, Fraifeld VE (2013). "Telomere length and body temperature-independent determinants of mammalian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

Embryos that survived for a longer period of time have more severe phenotypes such as spinal malformations with brain oedema, ... Mammalian Genome. 4 (6): 338-342. doi:10.1007/bf00357094. ISSN 0938-8990. PMID 8318737. S2CID 19770065. Livyatan, Ilana; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTTK_syndrome

Seed dormancy is referred to as embryo dormancy or internal dormancy and is caused by endogenous characteristics of the embryo ... Bert B. Boyer, Brian M. Barnes (1999). "Molecular and metabolic Aspects of Mammalian Hibernation" (PDF). www.colby.edu. ... Quinlivan, B. J.; Nicol, H. I. (1971). "Embryo dormancy in subterranean clover seeds. I. Environmental control". Australian ... in which a delay in attachment of the embryo to the uterine lining ensures that offspring are born in spring, when conditions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormancy

The fastest cycling mammalian cells in culture, crypt cells in the intestinal epithelium, have a cycle time as short as 9 to 10 ... There are some situations where many cells need to all replicate simultaneously (for example, a growing embryo should have a ... Henley SA, Dick FA (March 2012). "The retinoblastoma family of proteins and their regulatory functions in the mammalian cell ... a mechanism of meiotic nondisjunction in mammalian females". The Journal of Cell Biology. 139 (7): 1611-9. doi:10.1083/jcb. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

His work is known as GIFT (in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer) and TET (Tubal Embryo Transfer). Beauchamp returned to ... "Limited proteolysis of gap junction protein is intrinsic in mammalian lens fiber-cell plasma membranes". Biochemical and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors

General Trsp gene deletion is lethal to the embryo. The results of this research was used as a model for Kashin-Beck disease. ... Alexander Friedenstein and his colleagues first identified osteoprogenitor cells in multiple mammalian tissues, before any ... It is thought that through a combination of biochemical and biophysical stimuli, the uncommitted stem cells of the embryo will ... Osteoblastic and chondrogenic condensations differ in their biophysical parameters within the embryo. Their distance in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteochondroprogenitor_cell

Before the production of the pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone (LH) by the embryo starting at about weeks 11-12, human ... During mammalian development, the gonads are at first capable of becoming either ovaries or testes. In humans, starting at ... the embryonic Müllerian ducts from developing into fallopian tubes and other female reproductive tract tissues in male embryos ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

Sormunen R (Sep 1993). "Alpha-spectrin in detergent-extracted whole-mount cytoskeletons of chicken embryo heart fibroblasts". ... Baines AJ, Pinder JC (1 September 2005). "The spectrin-associated cytoskeleton in mammalian heart". Frontiers in Bioscience. 10 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTAN1

Instead of being coiled like a mammalian intestine, in an earthworm's intestine a large mid-dorsal, tongue-like fold is present ... Several common earthworm species are mostly parthenogenetic, meaning that growth and development of embryos happens without ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm

The embryo develops an egg tooth during incubation, which it uses to tear open the egg; the tooth disappears soon after ... The echidna's optical system is an uncommon hybrid of both mammalian and reptilian characteristics. The cartilaginous layer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-beaked_echidna

It is widely thought that human embryos do not employ XCI prior to implantation. Female embryos have an accumulation of Xist ... This is the case in many mammalian organisms, including humans and mice. The evidence for this mechanism of dosage compensation ... XX C. elegans embryos have much lower xol-1 expression than their XO counterparts, resulting from overall increases in the ... Grützner, F; Graves, JA (December 2004). "A platypus' eye view of the mammalian genome". Current Opinion in Genetics & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-chromosome_dosage_compensation

These trophoblast lineages are crucial for the survival of the mammalian embryo in utero. Rossant's work on mice lung tissue is ... The lab specifically focuses on how cells in the early mouse embryos decide their fate and how this information can be applied ... She then earned her PhD in mammalian development from Darwin College, University of Cambridge, England, in 1976. Rossant's lab ... Rossant has discovered information on embryo development, how multiple types of stem cells are established, and the mechanisms ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Rossant

As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the ... In non-mammalian vertebrates, the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called ... ISBN 978-0-262-54185-5. Tonegawa, S; Nakazawa, K; Wilson, MA (2003). "Genetic neuroscience of mammalian learning and memory". ... Puelles, L (2001). "Thoughts on the development, structure and evolution of the mammalian and avian telencephalic pallium". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

... whole plant embryos). A typical data set covers hundreds of fully genotyped individuals and may also include technical and ... Mammalian Genome. 5 (6): 372-5. doi:10.1007/bf00356557. PMID 8043953. S2CID 655396. Chesler, EJ; Lu, L; Wang, J; Williams, RW; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeneNetwork

2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome ... "Methylation of DNA in mouse early embryos, teratocarcinoma cells and adult tissues of mouse and rabbit". Nucleic Acids Res. 7 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSM4

Snake embryos achieve this by accelerating their system for creating somites (body segments), which relies on an oscillator. ... This number appears to be constrained by the use of neck somites to form the mammalian diaphragm muscle; the result is that the ... It is contrasted with heterotopy, a change in spatial positioning of some process in the embryo, which can also create ... The oscillator clock runs some four times faster in snake than in mouse embryos, initially creating very thin somites. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochrony

Cheung CY, Webb SE, Meng A, Miller AL (2006). "Transient expression of apoaequorin in zebrafish embryos: extending the ability ... and mammalian cells. Aequorin has a number of advantages over other Ca2+ indicators. Because the protein is large, it has a low ... and does not disrupt cell functions or embryo development. Moreover, the light emitted by the oxidation of coelenterazine does ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequorin

He soon passed on to the vertebrates, and studied the amphibians and mammalian embryos. He was among the first, if not the very ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_von_Kölliker

This means the cells at the yolk's edge have cytoplasm continuous with that of the egg, allowing the yolk and embryo to ... The time when the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an ... It is thought to be an ancient mammalian characteristic, as many non-monotreme archaic mammal groups also possess venomous ... Monotremes' metabolic rate is remarkably low by mammalian standards. The platypus has an average body temperature of about 31 ° ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme

... is found in the developing embryo and is produced in even greater amounts in adult muscle. Aldolase A expression is ... Though ALDOA localizes to the nucleus, it lacks any known nuclear localization signals (NLS). In mammalian aldolase, the key ... ALDOA is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues, though it is predominantly expressed in developing embryo and adult muscle. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldolase_A

Lim, B. K. (1987). "Lepus townsendii". Mammalian Species Archive. 288: 1-6. Best, T. L. (1996). "Lepus californicus". Mammalian ... including one abnormally large egg with twin embryos". J. Raptor Res. 23: 113-115. Glutz von Blotzheim, U., Bauer, K. & Bezzel ... The smallest mammalian prey species known to be attacked by goshawks was the 3.65 g (0.129 oz) masked shrew (Sorex cinereus). ... Among mammalian prey, indisputably the most significant by number are the squirrels. All told, 44 members of the Sciuridae have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_goshawk

Disruption of both PIKFYVE alleles in the mouse is lethal at the stage of pre-implantation embryo. PIKfyve's role in pathogen ... December 2004). "A mammalian ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Vac14 that associates with and up-regulates PIKfyve ... PtdIns5P, made by PIKfyve kinase activity in mammalian cells, is not detected in budding yeast. Yeast Fab1p associates with ... October 2006). "The mammalian phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase (PIKfyve) regulates endosome-to-TGN retrograde ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIKFYVE

Cervantes, F. A. (1993). "Lepus flavigularis". Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammalogists (423): 1-3. doi:10.2307/ ... The litter size is one to four embryos, but the number of litters produced per female per year remains to be investigated. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuantepec_jackrabbit

In mice embryos mutant for Numb, early neurons emerge in the expected spatial and temporal pattern but fail to maintain a ... The mammalian brain has accounted for this by producing isoforms of Numb that maintain progenitor populations in addition to ... These embryos display precocious neuron production in the forebrain and defects in neural tube closure, dying around embryonic ... Thus, mammalian cortical progenitors must first need to undergo symmetric divisions to expand the progenitor pool before they ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUMB_(gene)

"Xerus inauris", Mammalian Species 781:1-4. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human glans penis. (Articles with short ... The glans develops from a phallic structure, called the genital tubercle, which forms in the embryo regardless of sex during ... ISBN 978-0-323-26623-9. Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986). "Cryptoprocta ferox" (PDF). Mammalian Species (254): 1-5. doi: ... Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. 30 June 2012. ISBN 978-1-107- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis

Through this work it was found that, in mammalian cells, Kinesin-5 is required for the initial assembly of the mitotic spindle ... homotetrameric kinesin-related motor protein purified from Drosophila embryos". J Biol Chem. 269 (37): 22913-6. doi:10.1016/ ... Ma N, Titus J, Gable A, Ross JL, Wadsworth P (2011). "TPX2 regulates the localization and activity of Eg5 in the mammalian ... The motor may also play a role in the proper development of mammalian neuronal processes, including growth cone navigation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesin-like_protein_KIF11

Embryo transfer and related technologies in sheep reproduction Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 38, 615-628 (1998). ... Effect of rabbit line on a program of cryopreserved embryos by vitrification Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 43, 137-143 (2003). ... The costs of breed reconstruction from cryopreserved material in mammalian livestock species Genet. Sel. Evol. 39, 465-479 ( ... Reproductive biotechnologies for endangered mammalian species Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 40, 493-504 (2000). ...

https://www.gse-journal.org/articles/gse/ref/2005/07/g0511/g0511.html

Text; Format: print ; Literary form: Not fiction Language: English Publication details: The Hague : Boston : Cambridge, MA : M. Nijhoff ; Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Law International, c1996Availability: Items available for loan: WHO HQ (1)Call number: WP 570 96CR. ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BEmbryo%2C%20Mammalian%7D

Mammalian" by people in this website by year, and whether "Embryo, Mammalian" was a major or minor topic of these publications ... "Embryo, Mammalian" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Embryo, Mammalian" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Embryo, Mammalian". ...

https://profiles.musc.edu/display/84633/

EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Cell transform.-RLV F344 rat embryo. EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Cell transform.- ... SA7/SHE; Mammalian micronucleus. EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Histidine reversion-Ames test. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/CY100590.html

Embryo, Mammalian PubMed MeSh Term *Overview. Overview. subject area of * A microscopic and biochemical study of fragmentation ... EXTRAGENOMIC REGULATION AND AUTONOMOUS EXPRESSION OF A DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAM IN THE EARLY MAMMALIAN EMBRYO Journal Article ... Mitochondria in early mammalian development Journal Article * Peripheral nervous system defects in a mouse model for ... Toxic Role of K+ Channel Oxidation in Mammalian Brain Journal Article * Ubiquitous expression of mRFP1 in transgenic mice ...

https://experts.colorado.edu/display/meshid_A16.254

Comparative Analysis of Aneuploidy and Cellular Fragmentation Dynamics in Mammalian Embryos. *Carbone, Lucia (PI) ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/projects/comparative-analysis-of-aneuploidy-and-cellular-fragmentation-dyn

Embryo. Embryo, Mammalian. Limb Bud. Limb Buds. Wolffian Duct. Wolffian Ducts. B - Organisms. Changed terms. Replaced-by. ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/rep_i2008.htm

Embryo, Mammalian * Imaging, Three-Dimensional * In Vitro Techniques * Luminescent Proteins / genetics * Luminescent Proteins ... Pervasive synaptic branch removal in the mammalian neuromuscular system at birth Neuron. 2012 Jun 7;74(5):816-29. doi: 10.1016/ ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22681687/

Embryo Images Normal and Abnormal Mammalian Development is a tutorial that uses scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) as the ... his web site presents domestic mammalian brain neuroanatomy from a gross anatomical perspective. Per brain region, neural ... primary resource to teach mammalian embryology. The 3-D like quality of the .... Ver más detalles ...

https://bvsalud.org/portal-lis/es/lis-search/?q=source_type%3Aimage_bank&filter=descriptor%3A%22Medicina+Veterin%C3%A1ria%22&pg=3

You are at:Home»Embj»MITOCHONDRIA IN MAMMALIAN OOCYTES AND EARLY EMBRYOS. A REVIEW ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES ... MITOCHONDRIA IN MAMMALIAN OOCYTES AND EARLY EMBRYOS. A REVIEW ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES 0 ... Mitochondria are the most abundant organelles in mammalian oocytes and early embryos. The central role of mitochondria in the ... such as in vitro fertilization and embryo culture. We here review major concerns about mitochondrial bioenergetic function and ...

http://www.embj.org/embj/mitochondria-in-mammalian-oocytes-and-early-embryos-a-review-on-morphological-and-functional-studies/

Femtosecond laser is effective tool for zona pellucida engraving and tagging of preimplantation mammalian embryos *Inna V. ... Therefore it was proposed that Cco is the primary photo-acceptor for the red-NIR range in mammalian cells16,17. Photonic ... Influence of visible light and ultraviolet irradiation on motility and fertility of mammalian and fish sperm. Photomed. Laser ... Evenson, D. P., Darzynkiewicz, Z. & Melamed, M. R. Relation of mammalian sperm chromatin heterogeneity to fertility. Science ( ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep46480?error=cookies_not_supported

newborn mice, weaning mice, guinea pigs, chick embryos, and mammalian cell cultures ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/ArboCAT/VirusDetails.aspx?ID=457&SID=6

... viral multiplication was detected in all mammalian cell types by immunohistochemical tests. Chicken embryo fibroblast cells and ... Therefore, the finding that both the chicken embryo fibroblast monolayers and the chicken embryos are apparently resistant to ... chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF), and goose embryo fibroblast (GEF) cell cultures were tested. Cells were propagated in Earles ... and chicken embryos. Vero, PK-15, and goose embryo fibroblast cells developed cytopathic effects; however, ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/2/04-1016

Robert Geoffrey Edwardss Study of in vitro Mammalian Oocyte Maturation, 1960 to 1965. In a series of experiments between 1960 ... The Embryo Project Encyclopedia Recording and contextualizing the science of embryos, development, and reproduction.. User menu ... This was also the first court decision to borrow the word pre-embryo from bioethics to describe the in vitro embryo. This ... These black-and-white photographs portray skeletal structures and intact bodies of chicken embryos and human embryos and ...

https://embryo.asu.edu/search?text=evolutionary%20developmental%20biology&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B0%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A143&%3Bf%5B0%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A92&f%5B0%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A2988&page=1

Application of mechanical stimuli using a microfluidic air actuating system to cultured mammalian embryos. ... Application of mechanical stimuli using a microfluidic air actuating system to cultured mammalian embryos. Together they form ...

https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/application-of-mechanical-stimuli-using-a-microfluidic-air-actuat/fingerprints/?sortBy=alphabetically

Lecture: Mammalian EGA/cleavage stage embryo development. 11 AM. Miler Lee. University of Pittsburgh ...

https://www.mbl.edu/education/advanced-research-training-courses/course-offerings/frontiers-reproduction/fir-schedule

Embryo, Mammalian. 1. 2021. 1774. 0.030. Why? Amyloid beta-Peptides. 2. 2022. 3159. 0.030. Why? ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/154084/Network/ResearchAreas/details

Our results demonstrate that mammalian embryo development strongly depends on the fulfilment of the oocyte translational ... SO3.B: chromatin and epigenetic remodelers are translated during oocyte maturation in the mouse for future use by the embryo. ... Final Report Summary - MATERNA (Somatic cells regulation of maternal mRNA translation in mammalian oocytes). 1.1 SUMMARY ... regulation of maternal mRNA translation is required for oocyte maturation and embryo development in monovulatory mammalian ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/624874/reporting/de

Development of isolated mammalian embryo techniques for toxic substance screening /. 1979. 13. Development of Surrogate Lung ...

https://cfpub.epa.gov/ols/catalog/advanced_records_found.cfm?&FIELD1=SUBJECT&INPUT1=Sodium%20Chloride&TYPE1=EXACT&LOGIC1=AND

DEGs in two successive developmental stages of porcine early embryos. Mammalian embryo pre-implantation development undergoes a ... Embryos used for sequencing included 1-cell embryos, 2-cell embryos, 4-cell embryos, 8-cell embryos, morulae and blastocysts ( ... 1-cell embryos, 2-cell embryos, 4-cell embryos, 8-cell embryos, morulae and blastocysts which were derived from artificial ... 1-cell embryos, 2-cell embryos, 4-cell embryos, 8-cell embryos, morulae and blastocysts which were derived from artificial ...

https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/8/4/bio039917/1911/Characterization-and-comparative-analyses-of

Examining the State of the Science of Mammalian Embryo Model Systems: Proceedings of a Workshop (2020) Proceedings ... embryonic stem escro committee escro committees ethical issues hematopoietic stem howard hughes hughes medical human embryo ...

https://search.nap.edu/search/?term=%22stem+cell%22&restric=

... the invention can shorten the cycle period of the embryo frame and improve the production efficiency and the energy utilization ... wherein a manipulator for carrying an embryo frame is arranged on the transfer platform, a heat transfer box capable of being ... 210000001161 Embryo, Mammalian Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 18 * 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 claims ... 2) a lot of waste heat is left in the drying device and on the embryo rack just dried, and the part of heat is directly ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN111716607A/en

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):. - Type and identity of media: Hamster embryo cells were collected after ... Hamster embryo cells were collected after trypsinization of the embryos minus the liver and plated (density of 10e7 cells/100 ... Hamster embryo cells were collected after trypsinization of the embryos minus the liver and plated (density of 10e7 cells/100 ... NiSO4 increased the frequency of SCEs in hamster embryo cells in a dose dependent manner: Hamster embryo cells [frequency of ...

https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14415/7/7/1

Mammalian Embryo 75% * Chemical Agent 63% * Developmental 61% * Marker 44% * S/SHIP - Ms Christina Aguilar. Bailey, M. ...

https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/dna-methylation-as-a-genomic-marker-of-exposure-to-chemical-and-e/projects/?status=FINISHED

The mammalian post-implantation embryo has been extensively investigated at the tissue level. However, to unravel the molecular ... During mammalian palatogenesis, cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells undergo osteogenic differentiation and form the ... Here, we report gene expression patterns in single cells freshly isolated from mouse embryos on days 5.5 and 6.5. Initial ... Endochondral ossification initiates the growth of the majority of the mammalian skeleton and is tightly controlled through gene ...

https://www.jbc.org/Developmental-Biology?startPage=&KeywordRaw=gene%20regulation

Building the Mammalian Embryo In Vivo and In Vitro 8:10 pm - 8:20 pm. Discussion ... Regulation of Gametes and Preimplantation Embryos by Oviduct Environment: What Can We Learn from In Vivo Imaging ... Functional Investigation of Long Noncoding RNAs on Porcine Oocyte Maturation and Early Embryo Development ... Human Primordial Germ Cells Recapitulate X Chromosome Dynamics of Human Pre-Implantation Embryos ...

https://www.grc.org/germinal-stem-cell-biology-conference/2019/

Understanding how mammalian embryos develop after implantation reveals key interactions between various structures.. ... Upon implantation, mammalian embryos undergo major morphogenesis and key developmental processes, such as body axis ... An image of an H2B-GFP;mT embryo developing in a 3D ex vivo culture acquired by InVi SPIM (left) and its automatic cell ... This ex-vivo investigation ultimately will lead to a finer mechanistic understanding of the crucial period of mammalian ...

https://www.bruker.com/en/news-and-events/webinars/2022/imaging-mouse-peri-implantation-development-in-a-3d-ex-vivo-culture-with-light-sheet-microscopy.html

Interspecies Chimerism with Mammalian Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell. 168 (3): 473-486 (Jan 26, 2017) ... Transplantation of these human cells into the macaque embryo produces what is known as "chimera embryos." That is, embryos in ... PreviousPrevious post:Ethical problems in the production of chimera human-monkey embryos in the Izpisuas researchNextNext post ... The human cells thus obtained are then transplanted into embryos of the macaque Macaca fascicularis in the blastocyst stage. ...

https://oneofus.eu/the-new-man-macaque-chimera-embryo-creation-experiments-raise-ethical-objections/

Suitable for mammalian cell culture; Use in cell culture applications to study sterol regulation of cell signaling and gene ... It is essential for embryo formation, development and survival in almost all mammals. This hormone exhibits its action via ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/SE/en/product/sigma/p8783

PRMT5 Protects Genomic Integrity during Global DNA Demethylation in Primordial Germ Cells and Preimplantation Embryos. (uni-goettingen.de)
DNAmethylation in porcine preimplantation embryos developed in vivo and produced by in vitro fertilization, parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer. (sciendo.com)
It is reported to be expressed in many kinds of totipotent cells including oocytes, archaeocytes, preimplantation embryos, primitive ectoderm, inner cell mass, and embryonic stem cells [ 15 - 18 ] and rarely expressed in differentiated cells [ 13 , 14 , 19 ]. (hindawi.com)

Mitochondria are the most abundant organelles in mammalian oocytes and early embryos. (embj.org)
The central role of mitochondria in the establishment of developmental competence of oocytes and early embryos come out from basic research in experimental models and clinical studies, including those from Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) such as in vitro fertilization and embryo culture. (embj.org)

Hypothesis: Temporal regulation of maternal mRNA translation is required for oocyte maturation and embryo development in monovulatory mammalian species. (europa.eu)

SO3: investigate whether the mechanisms of regulation of maternal mRNAs are conserved in non-murine mammalian species. (europa.eu)
That is, embryos in whose development tissues and organs with cells of two species appear. (oneofus.eu)
Additionally, following in the steps of German naturalist Karl Ernst von Baer (1792 - 1876) researchers verified his observation that the earlier in embryo development, the more similar each species is. (visembryo.com)
In this large-scale study, researchers were now able to genetically confirm with high-level gene pattern differentiation, how each embryo of a species appears molecularly more similar to another the earlier in development it is. (visembryo.com)
Figure 3: Spatially restricted expression in chick embryos, using region-specific enhancers from different species. (nature.com)
A symmetrical belt of unpigmented skin circling the midsection has been observed in several mammalian species. (plos.org)
Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)
Spread from such wild birds to domestic poultry and various mammalian species occurs intermittently. (cdc.gov)
The relatively new techniques of molecular phylogenetics have also shed light on some aspects of mammalian evolution by estimating the timing of important divergence points for modern species. (privacytools.io)
Pigs are one of four known mammalian species which possess mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect against snake venom. (wiki2.org)

This ex-vivo investigation ultimately will lead to a finer mechanistic understanding of the crucial period of mammalian development. (bruker.com)
An image of an H2B-GFP;mT embryo developing in a 3D ex vivo culture acquired by InVi SPIM (left) and its automatic cell membrane segmentation of the epiblast cells (right). (bruker.com)
The compound is also teratogenic in in-vivo mammalian systems. (cdc.gov)

Our research focuses on understanding the development of mammalian primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursors of sperm or egg. (uni-goettingen.de)
The nocturnal lifestyle may have contributed greatly to the development of mammalian traits such as endothermy and hair . (privacytools.io)

Cryopreservation is a method used to scale back cell harm that happens throughout freezing and storage of organic supplies akin to tissues, micro organism, fungi, viruses, and mammalian cells. (comnaviaomori.com)

Why "gill slits" in mammalian embryos make the case for evolution from a common ancestor. (marksdailyapple.com)
A common example is the brief appearance of gill slits in early human embryos, reflecting the fact we can trace our evolution back to fish. (sciencealert.com)

This contrasts with findings in mammalian primordial germ cells, which undergo a second 'sweep cleaning' of their DNA methylation tags. (uncommondescent.com)

Incomplete reactivation of Oct4-related genes in mouse embryos cloned from somatic nuclei. (sciendo.com)
Figure 1: Electroporation-mediated gene expression in cultured chick and mouse embryos. (nature.com)

After the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs ( birds being the only surviving dinosaurs) and several mammalian groups, placental and marsupial mammals diversified into many new forms and ecological niches throughout the Paleogene and Neogene , by the end of which all modern orders had appeared. (privacytools.io)

A variety of primary cells and established cell lines support the replication of flaviviruses: Green monkey (Vero), hamster (BHK-21), human (SW-13, HeLa), porcine (PS), and mosquito cell lines, as well as primary chicken and duck embryo cells have been used for flavivirus isolation and propagation in routine diagnostic applications. (cdc.gov)
Human cells survived and integrated with better relative efficiency than previous experiments in porcine embryos. (oneofus.eu)

Understanding how mammalian embryos develop after implantation reveals key interactions between various structures. (bruker.com)
Upon implantation, mammalian embryos undergo major morphogenesis and key developmental processes, such as body axis specification. (bruker.com)
He aims to understand the design principle of tissue patterning and morphogenesis, particularly during mammalian peri-implantation development. (bruker.com)
Presence of uterine pinopodes at the embryo-endometrial interface during human implantation in vitro . (ehd.org)
Embryo implantation in the mouse is a highly orchestrated process, a key aspect of which is the invasion of trophoblast cells of the blastocyst into the maternal uterine endometrium. (uea.ac.uk)
These results support the hypothesis that MMP-9 is an important mediator of cellular invasiveness during embryo implantation, and that TIMP-3 serves as a regulator within the uterus to restrict invasion to the site of implantation. (uea.ac.uk)
Successful implantation requires good embryo quality, appropriately timed and arranged endometrial receptivity, and the efficient crosstalk between the embryo and the receptive endometrium. (elsevier.com)
Maruyama, T 2009, ' Therapeutic strategies for implantation failure due to endometrial dysfunction ', Journal of Mammalian Ova Research , vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 129-133. (elsevier.com)

Transplantation of these human cells into the macaque embryo produces what is known as "chimera embryos. (oneofus.eu)
Development of the macaque embryo. (ehd.org)

In vitro fertilization and embryo culture were used to investigate developmental competence. (europa.eu)

1988. Antagonistic effect of zinc in lead treated developing chick embryos. (cdc.gov)
Styrene -oxide is embryotoxic and teratogenic in chick embryo. (cdc.gov)
6. W.M. of 30 Hours of 8-10 Pairs of Somites Chick Embryo: 1. (pfeiffertheface.com)
It is W.M. of 30 hours of chick embryo or 8-10 pairs of somite stage of chick embryo. (pfeiffertheface.com)
How many somites can you expect to see in the 24 hour chick embryo? (pfeiffertheface.com)
In which hour of age of chick embryo heart is found? (pfeiffertheface.com)
What is the identifying feature of an 24 hour chick embryo? (pfeiffertheface.com)
incubation period the chick embryo is oval in shape. (pfeiffertheface.com)
How many somites are present in 48 hours old chick embryo? (pfeiffertheface.com)
The\r development of chick embryos has been studied since\r Aristotle. (pfeiffertheface.com)
What is the development stage of chick embryo? (pfeiffertheface.com)
In this article we will discuss about the development stage of chick embryo, fertilized eggs are procured from recognised poultry farm and incubated in the laboratory. (pfeiffertheface.com)
Efficient gene transfer by electroporation of chick embryos in ovo has allowed the development of new approaches to the analysis of gene regulation, function and expression, creating an exciting opportunity to build upon the classical manipulative advantages of the chick embryonic system. (nature.com)
Fraser, S., Keynes, R. & Lumsden, A. Segmentation in the chick embryo hindbrain is defined by cell lineage restrictions. (nature.com)

In humans, these DNA methylation tags are mostly 'swept clean' when a sperm fertilises an egg, and then gradually methylated again, to ensure the embryo can develop correctly. (uncommondescent.com)
Correlation of developmental differences of nuclear transfer embryos cells to the methylation profiles of nuclear transfer donor cells in swine. (sciendo.com)

Epigenetic alteration of donor cells with histone deacetylase inhibitor m-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxymide improves the in vitro developmental competence of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) cloned embryos. (sciendo.com)

Each differentiated cell employs specific parts of its genome, namely those genes and regulatory regions that are necessary to construct each specific cell type required by the developing embryo. (creation.com)
The results of our analysis so far have identified a subset of genes regulated by SWI/SNF-Brg1 that are critical for preimplantation embryo development and ES cell pluripotency. (msu.edu)

Embryo Images Normal and Abnormal Mammalian Development is a tutorial that uses scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) as the primary resource to teach mammalian embryology. (bvsalud.org)
One reason for this is that there are great\r similarities between avian and mammalian embryology. (pfeiffertheface.com)

Stage 33 hours Information: At about 33 hours after fertilization, the embryo is about 4 mm long and the first flexion of the originally straight embryo starts in the head region and the cranial flexure will be visible a few hours later. (pfeiffertheface.com)

have highlighted that stemness, in the context of pluripotency, can be imposed upon mammalian genomes by a relatively modest handful of transcriptional regulators. (silverchair.com)

We investigated the susceptibility to Usutu virus ( Flavivirus ) of 13 permanent cell lines, 3 primary cell cultures, and chicken embryos. (cdc.gov)
however, viral multiplication was detected in all mammalian cell types by immunohistochemical tests. (cdc.gov)
In vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells: A suspension of nickel fluoride tetrahydrate (N111) is considered to be mutagenic in the mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase locus using the cell line L5178Y (Kraft, 2008, K1, OECD 476). (europa.eu)
This conference will bring together leading scientists at the forefront of international research in the germ cell field in a range of vertebrate (primarily mammalian) systems. (grc.org)
A work has just been published in the journal Cell [1] in which the group led by the Spanish researcher Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, in California, collaborates on obtaining chimera man-macaque embryos. (oneofus.eu)
Four end-organ types reside in mammalian glabrous skin: Meissner corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel-cell neurite complexes and Ruffini endings. (scholarpedia.org)
Precisely when and how the cells of the mammalian embryo become committed to a specific cell type is of intense interest to stem cell researchers with evidence that it occurs as early as the 2 or 4 cell stage. (creation.com)
In mammals, the developing embryo forms the postimplantation epiblast, the founder cell population of all embryonic cell types. (uni-goettingen.de)
Mammalian cell lines were subjected to extensive safety testing to establish a cell line that is human pathogens free, while maintaining sufficient vaccine yield. (cdc.gov)
An important example is the mammalian inner cell mass, in which the primitive endoderm (PrE, founder of the yolk sac) physically segregates from the epiblast (EPI, founder of the fetus). (bvsalud.org)
This method is applicable to other vertebrate embryos and is an important tool with which to address cell and developmental biology questions. (nature.com)
The concept of the stem cell niche was initially proposed by Schofield in the context of the mammalian blood system( Schofield, 1978 ). (silverchair.com)

With the MateRNA project we showed that in presence of more subtle disturbances of translation, the oocytes undergo apparently normal maturation but, once fertilized, fail to develop into an embryo. (europa.eu)

Chicken embryo fibroblast cells and chicken embryos were resistant. (cdc.gov)
Why are chicken embryos typically the go-to for flu vaccine cultivation? (cdc.gov)
Comparison of three non-viral transfection methods for foreign gene expression in early chicken embryos in ovo . (nature.com)

We here review major concerns about mitochondrial bioenergetic function and morphology as well as their involvement in oocyte and early embryo development. (embj.org)
Mitochondrial function in oocytes and embryos has been associated with viability and reproductive outcomes, and is increasingly becoming a focus as a target for assisted reproduction technology. (bl.uk)
Exposure to mitochondrial modulator CoQ10 during in vitro maturation has previously been shown to alter metabolic function in oocytes, and we expanded this finding to show that metabolic changes were observed in embryos. (bl.uk)

Two distinct circulatory systems are established, an embryonic system for the embryo and a vitelline system extending into the egg. (pfeiffertheface.com)

Development of the human heart from its first appearance to the stage found in embryos of twenty somites. (ehd.org)

Intense research centers on the origin of these cells, how can they be recognized, how they are regulated at the genetic and epigenetic levels, and how their properties and behavior affect resulting embryos. (grc.org)
It also uncovers significant differences between how the epigenome 'resets itself' in zebrafish and human embryos, which may guide future studies on epigenetic inheritance. (uncommondescent.com)
Epigenetic reprogramming in early mammalian development and following somatic nuclear transfer. (sciendo.com)
Research conducted in my laboratory is aimed at understanding the genetic and epigenetic basis for cellular differentiation in the mammalian embryo. (msu.edu)

Within the first few days after treatment, they detected the activation of known molecular pathways that are normally used in a developing embryo to help the body take shape. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Activation of these pathways could allow the burden of growth and organization of tissue to be handled by the limb itself, similar to how it occurs in an embryo, rather than require ongoing therapeutic intervention over the many months it takes to grow the limb. (regenerativemedicine.net)
The 5-HT neurotransmitter regulates important pathways of mammalian metabolism and is synthesized from the phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan amino acids 5 . (bvsalud.org)

Data on Nickel Sulphate is used in the endpoint coverage for the in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria and in vitro cytogenicity study in mammalian cells. (europa.eu)
A reliable study conducted with Nickel Difluoride is available to cover the endpoint on in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells, although this endpoint was not mandatory to cover given the positive results obtained in other in vitro studies. (europa.eu)
In vitro cytogenicity study in mammalian cells: Nickel Sulphate was positive for chromosomal aberrations in Syrian hamster embryo cells when tested at concentrations up to 5 µg/mL (Larramendy et al. (europa.eu)
The human cells thus obtained are then transplanted into embryos of the macaque Macaca fascicularis in the blastocyst stage. (oneofus.eu)
Interspecies Chimerism with Mammalian Pluripotent Stem Cells. (oneofus.eu)
In a series of experiments between 1960 and 1965, Robert Geoffrey Edwards discovered how to make mammalian egg cells, or oocytes, mature outside of a female's body. (asu.edu)
Styrene -oxide is mutagenic in a series of in-vitro tests utilizing bacterial, yeast, and mammalian cells in culture. (cdc.gov)
Initial animal embryo cells are genetically identical and pre-packaged by the mother with maternal RNA, ribosomes, and proteins, which control the establishment of the body plan in the offspring embryo. (creation.com)
gelatinase B). Using in situ hybridization, transcripts for MMP-9 were detected in trophoblast cells of the embryo from the earliest stage of decidual formation (day 6.0) examined. (uea.ac.uk)
MMP-9 transcripts were localized to trophoblast giant cells at the periphery of the embryo at the egg cylinder stage (day 7.0). (uea.ac.uk)
Maternal TIMP-3 expression also occurred in the absence of embryonic MMP-9 expression in decidual reactions induced by parthenogenetic embryos (where MMP-9 positive cells were not detected) or in oil-induced deciduomas. (uea.ac.uk)
The model systems we are implementing include the mouse preimplantation embryo and embryonic stem (ES) cells. (msu.edu)
Previous studies have shown that lipid metabolism in granulosa cells (GCs) plays a vital role during mammalian ovarian follicular development. (portlandpress.com)
A) Replication kinetics of rH5N1 and pH5N1 in Madin-Darby canine kidney (mammalian) cells. (cdc.gov)

The evolution of gene expression in mammalian organ development remains largely uncharacterized. (visembryo.com)

Aware of the difficulties not only biological but also ethical, Belmonte and his collaborators propose this type of experiment solely on an experimental basis, The chimeric embryos of macaque and man have been monitored in the laboratory to follow their development for 19 days before being destroyed. (oneofus.eu)
When nonhuman mammalian development is compared with human development, the study subjects must be compared at the same developmental stage (fetal, perinatal, postnatal) When collected appropriately, data from experimental studies of nonhuman mammalian embryos elucidate important aspects of human facial development. (medscape.com)

For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS. (musc.edu)
In my opinion, if the embryos are from animals, the development derived from them would be an animal, with some human biological components. (oneofus.eu)
Some of these signs come from atavistic muscles, which are ancient and usually obsolete but sometimes reappear in embryos or adults as variations and anomalies, and have recently been discovered in human embryos by a team of evolutionary biologists at Howard University. (syfy.com)
Synapsid reptiles are human ancestors that lived during the Permian and Triassic periods and displayed mammalian characteristics. (syfy.com)
It might freak you out even more that, out of the 30 muscles that form in a human embryo by seven weeks, a third will either fuse or just vanish after 13 weeks. (syfy.com)
See the hand of a 10-week-old human embryo right here . (syfy.com)
British scientists will soon begin testing gene editing in human embryos. (marksdailyapple.com)
Sewell, W & Kusumi, K 2007, ' Genetic analysis of molecular oscillators in mammalian somitogenesis: Clues for studies of human vertebral disorders ', Birth Defects Research Part C - Embryo Today: Reviews , vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 111-120. (elsevier.com)
Atlas of Human Embryos. (ehd.org)
Tight junctions and cavitation in the human pre-embryo. (ehd.org)
Expression of intercellular junctions during preimplantation development of the human embryo. (ehd.org)
Two human embryos showing early stages of the definitive yolk sac. (ehd.org)
An atlas of human embryos and fetuses. (ehd.org)
The moment the human embryo is fertilized to the week of the baby's birth is an important period for human appearance in the normally developing embryo. (medscape.com)
Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)
In the human embryo, however, this symmetrical arrangement has not hitherto been observed. (co.ma)

These issues are also of intense interest to assisted reproductive research and the assessment of embryo quality. (creation.com)

We developed a genetically engineered mouse model, where AKT was constitutively activated in the oocyte to ask whether AKT activation in the oocyte induced increased translation and higher embryo rate. (europa.eu)

It is essential for embryo formation, development and survival in almost all mammals. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Mammals and fish have very different strategies when it comes to developing an embryo," says Dr Bogdanovic. (uncommondescent.com)

Further, the researchers screened how DNA is methylated in zebrafish embryos, at four stages of development. (uncommondescent.com)
The anatomical parts that make up a mammalian organism in the early stages of development. (bvsalud.org)

Such activation of the somatic follicular compartment promotes the translation of a subset of transcripts in the oocyte together with an increase in embryo development. (europa.eu)

Six embryos were taken every 24 hrs from 3-16 days of incubation. (vetmedmosul.com)

Embryo, Mammalian" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (musc.edu)

his web site presents domestic mammalian brain neuroanatomy from a gross anatomical perspective. (bvsalud.org)
A high-resolution anatomical atlas of the transcriptome in the mouse embryo. (nih.gov)

During embryonic development melanocytes are formed from melanoblasts, which originate in the neural crest and migrate through the developing embryo in order to reach their final position on the body [ 2 ]. (plos.org)

Later these HSCs continue their migration toward the kidney serving, like the mammalian BM, as the definitive site of hematopoiesis for the adult life (Murayama et al. (stembook.org)

Folate is required for the development of healthy embryo and plays vital role in the fetus spinal cord and brain development. (intechopen.com)

Our imaging modality accommodates multi-samples for 48 hours of imaging without compromising the development of the embryos, and offers sufficient spatiotemporal resolution for quantitative image analysis, including membrane segmentation. (bruker.com)

Anatomy54

Organisms30

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs47

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment42

Phenomena and Processes78

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care1

Differences in benzo(a)pyrene metabolism between rodent liver microsomes and embryonic cells. (1/12641)

A molecular pathway revealing a genetic basis for human cardiac and craniofacial defects. (2/12641)

Regulation of neurotrophin-3 expression by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: the role of Wnt factors. (3/12641)

Low resting potential and postnatal upregulation of NMDA receptors may cause Cajal-Retzius cell death. (4/12641)

The amyloid precursor protein interacts with Go heterotrimeric protein within a cell compartment specialized in signal transduction. (5/12641)

Identification of the Kv2.1 K+ channel as a major component of the delayed rectifier K+ current in rat hippocampal neurons. (6/12641)

Differential regulation of the human nidogen gene promoter region by a novel cell-type-specific silencer element. (7/12641)

Onset of nucleolar and extranucleolar transcription and expression of fibrillarin in macaque embryos developing in vitro. (8/12641)

Embryo, Mammalian

Embryo, Nonmammalian

Chick Embryo

Embryo Implantation

Blastocyst

Embryonic Development

Mammals

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Molecular Sequence Data

Embryonic and Fetal Development

Embryo Loss

Amino Acid Sequence

Fertilization in Vitro

Cleavage Stage, Ovum

Blastomeres

Pregnancy

Base Sequence

Zygote

Oocytes

In Situ Hybridization

Embryo Disposition

Morula

Cell Line

Body Patterning

Transcription Factors

Zebrafish

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

RNA, Messenger

Gastrula

Cryopreservation

Cloning, Molecular

Morphogenesis

Mutation

Culture Techniques

Signal Transduction

Mesoderm

Cloning, Organism

Zebrafish Proteins

Drosophila Proteins

Embryo Research

Drosophila

Single Embryo Transfer

Nuclear Transfer Techniques

DNA, Complementary

Ectoderm

Cattle

Homeodomain Proteins

DNA-Binding Proteins

Ectogenesis

Time Factors

Xenopus Proteins

Cricetinae

DNA

Pregnancy Rate

Gene Expression

Cell Nucleus

Transcription, Genetic

Animals, Genetically Modified

TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases

Models, Biological

Sequence Alignment

Phenotype

Fertilization

Xenopus laevis

Species Specificity

Xenopus

Endoderm

Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic

Microinjections

Proteins

Drosophila melanogaster

Seeds

Parthenogenesis

Protein Binding

Fetal Viability

Nuclear Proteins

Transfection

Gene Expression Regulation

Sea Urchins

Embryonic Induction