Low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, having a 4-enopyranosuronate sodium structure at the non-reducing end of the chain. It is prepared by depolymerization of the benzylic ester of porcine mucosal heparin. Therapeutically, it is used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Agents that prevent clotting.
A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.
Activated form of factor X that participates in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. It catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in conjunction with other cofactors.
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to FIBRINOLYSIN.
Heparin fractions with a molecular weight usually between 4000 and 6000 kD. These low-molecular-weight fractions are effective antithrombotic agents. Their administration reduces the risk of hemorrhage, they have a longer half-life, and their platelet interactions are reduced in comparison to unfractionated heparin. They also provide an effective prophylaxis against postoperative major pulmonary embolism.
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.
Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.
A heparin fraction with a mean molecular weight of 4500 daltons. It is isolated from porcine mucosal heparin and used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
The time required for the appearance of FIBRIN strands following the mixing of PLASMA with phospholipid platelet substitute (e.g., crude cephalins, soybean phosphatides). It is a test of the intrinsic pathway (factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII) and the common pathway (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V and X) of BLOOD COAGULATION. It is used as a screening test and to monitor HEPARIN therapy.
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
Thiophenes are aromatic heterocyclic organic compounds containing a five-membered ring with four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom, which are found in various natural substances and synthesized for use in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.
A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Platelet membrane glycoprotein complex important for platelet adhesion and aggregation. It is an integrin complex containing INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB and INTEGRIN BETA3 which recognizes the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence present on several adhesive proteins. As such, it is a receptor for FIBRINOGEN; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR; FIBRONECTIN; VITRONECTIN; and THROMBOSPONDINS. A deficiency of GPIIb-IIIa results in GLANZMANN THROMBASTHENIA.
The process of the interaction of BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS that results in an insoluble FIBRIN clot.
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.
Pyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.
Endogenous factors and drugs that directly inhibit the action of THROMBIN, usually by blocking its enzymatic activity. They are distinguished from INDIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS, such as HEPARIN, which act by enhancing the inhibitory effects of antithrombins.
Bleeding within the SKULL induced by penetrating and nonpenetrating traumatic injuries, including hemorrhages into the tissues of CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM; as well as into the epidural, subdural and subarachnoid spaces of the MENINGES.
Dilation of an occluded coronary artery (or arteries) by means of a balloon catheter to restore myocardial blood supply.
The veins and arteries of the HEART.
Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (STREPTODORNASE AND STREPTOKINASE). EC 3.4.-.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.

Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) medication that is used as an anticoagulant to prevent and treat blood clots. It works by binding to and inhibiting the activity of factor Xa, a clotting factor in the blood. This helps to reduce the risk of clot formation and can help to prevent conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Enoxaparin is typically given by injection under the skin (subcutaneously) and is available under the brand names Lovenox and Clexane, among others. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare professional when using enoxaparin, as it can increase the risk of bleeding.

Anticoagulants are a class of medications that work to prevent the formation of blood clots in the body. They do this by inhibiting the coagulation cascade, which is a series of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of a clot. Anticoagulants can be given orally, intravenously, or subcutaneously, depending on the specific drug and the individual patient's needs.

There are several different types of anticoagulants, including:

1. Heparin: This is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that is often used in hospitalized patients who require immediate anticoagulation. It works by activating an enzyme called antithrombin III, which inhibits the formation of clots.
2. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH): LMWH is a form of heparin that has been broken down into smaller molecules. It has a longer half-life than standard heparin and can be given once or twice daily by subcutaneous injection.
3. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): These are newer oral anticoagulants that work by directly inhibiting specific clotting factors in the coagulation cascade. Examples include apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran.
4. Vitamin K antagonists: These are older oral anticoagulants that work by inhibiting the action of vitamin K, which is necessary for the formation of clotting factors. Warfarin is an example of a vitamin K antagonist.

Anticoagulants are used to prevent and treat a variety of conditions, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), atrial fibrillation, and prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. It is important to note that anticoagulants can increase the risk of bleeding, so they must be used with caution and regular monitoring of blood clotting times may be required.

Heparin is defined as a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (a type of polysaccharide) that is widely present in many tissues, but is most commonly derived from the mucosal tissues of mammalian lungs or intestinal mucosa. It is an anticoagulant that acts as an inhibitor of several enzymes involved in the blood coagulation cascade, primarily by activating antithrombin III which then neutralizes thrombin and other clotting factors.

Heparin is used medically to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and certain types of heart attacks. It can also be used during hemodialysis, cardiac bypass surgery, and other medical procedures to prevent the formation of blood clots.

It's important to note that while heparin is a powerful anticoagulant, it does not have any fibrinolytic activity, meaning it cannot dissolve existing blood clots. Instead, it prevents new clots from forming and stops existing clots from growing larger.

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a medical condition that includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT is a blood clot that forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs, while PE occurs when a clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking a pulmonary artery or one of its branches. This condition can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

The medical definition of Venous Thromboembolism is:

"The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs, which can then dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially life-threatening blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches (pulmonary embolism). VTE is a complex disorder resulting from an interplay of genetic and environmental factors that affect the balance between thrombosis and fibrinolysis."

Some common risk factors for VTE include immobility, surgery, trauma, cancer, hormonal therapy, pregnancy, advanced age, and inherited or acquired thrombophilia. Symptoms of DVT may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected limb, while symptoms of PE can range from shortness of breath and chest pain to coughing up blood or even sudden death. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical assessment, imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), and laboratory tests (such as D-dimer). Treatment usually includes anticoagulation therapy to prevent further clot formation and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Factor Xa is a serine protease that plays a crucial role in the coagulation cascade, which is a series of reactions that lead to the formation of a blood clot. It is one of the activated forms of Factor X, a pro-protein that is converted to Factor Xa through the action of other enzymes in the coagulation cascade.

Factor Xa functions as a key component of the prothrombinase complex, which also includes calcium ions, phospholipids, and activated Factor V (also known as Activated Protein C or APC). This complex is responsible for converting prothrombin to thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a stable clot.

Inhibitors of Factor Xa are used as anticoagulants in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. These drugs work by selectively inhibiting Factor Xa, thereby preventing the formation of the prothrombinase complex and reducing the risk of clot formation.

Hemorrhage is defined in the medical context as an excessive loss of blood from the circulatory system, which can occur due to various reasons such as injury, surgery, or underlying health conditions that affect blood clotting or the integrity of blood vessels. The bleeding may be internal, external, visible, or concealed, and it can vary in severity from minor to life-threatening, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment to prevent further blood loss, organ damage, and potential death.

Fibrinolytic agents are medications that dissolve or break down blood clots by activating plasminogen, which is converted into plasmin. Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that degrades fibrin, the structural protein in blood clots. Fibrinolytic agents are used medically to treat conditions such as acute ischemic stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction (heart attack) by restoring blood flow in occluded vessels. Examples of fibrinolytic agents include alteplase, reteplase, and tenecteplase. It is important to note that these medications carry a risk of bleeding complications and should be administered with caution.

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is a type of heparin used as an anticoagulant, which refers to a group of medications that prevent the formation of blood clots. Heparin is a naturally occurring substance in the body, and low-molecular-weight heparins are obtained through the depolymerization of standard heparin.

LMWH has a lower molecular weight than standard heparin, which results in several pharmacological differences. LMWHs have a more predictable dose response, longer half-life, and higher bioavailability when administered subcutaneously compared to standard heparin. They also exhibit greater anti-factor Xa activity relative to their antithrombin (anti-IIa) activity, which contributes to their anticoagulant effects.

LMWHs are used for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and other thromboembolic disorders. Common LMWHs include enoxaparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin, and nadroparin.

It is essential to monitor the patient's kidney function when using LMWH since they are primarily cleared by the kidneys. In patients with renal impairment, dose adjustments or alternative anticoagulants may be necessary to reduce the risk of bleeding complications.

Thromboembolism is a medical condition that refers to the obstruction of a blood vessel by a thrombus (blood clot) that has formed elsewhere in the body and then been transported by the bloodstream to a narrower vessel, where it becomes lodged. This process can occur in various parts of the body, leading to different types of thromboembolisms:

1. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A thrombus forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs or pelvis, and then breaks off and travels to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.
2. Pulmonary Embolism (PE): A thrombus formed elsewhere, often in the deep veins of the legs, dislodges and travels to the lungs, blocking one or more pulmonary arteries. This can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and potentially life-threatening complications if not treated promptly.
3. Cerebral Embolism: A thrombus formed in another part of the body, such as the heart or carotid artery, dislodges and travels to the brain, causing a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
4. Arterial Thromboembolism: A thrombus forms in an artery and breaks off, traveling to another part of the body and blocking blood flow to an organ or tissue, leading to potential damage or loss of function. Examples include mesenteric ischemia (intestinal damage due to blocked blood flow) and retinal artery occlusion (vision loss due to blocked blood flow in the eye).

Prevention, early detection, and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing thromboembolism and reducing the risk of severe complications.

Venous thrombosis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the deep veins, often in the legs (deep vein thrombosis or DVT), but it can also occur in other parts of the body such as the arms, pelvis, or lungs (pulmonary embolism).

The formation of a venous thrombus can be caused by various factors, including injury to the blood vessel wall, changes in blood flow, and alterations in the composition of the blood. These factors can lead to the activation of clotting factors and platelets, which can result in the formation of a clot that blocks the vein.

Symptoms of venous thrombosis may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected area. In some cases, the clot can dislodge and travel to other parts of the body, causing potentially life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolism.

Risk factors for venous thrombosis include advanced age, obesity, smoking, pregnancy, use of hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, cancer, recent surgery or trauma, prolonged immobility, and a history of previous venous thromboembolism. Treatment typically involves the use of anticoagulant medications to prevent further clotting and dissolve existing clots.

Subcutaneous injection is a route of administration where a medication or vaccine is delivered into the subcutaneous tissue, which lies between the skin and the muscle. This layer contains small blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues that help to absorb the medication slowly and steadily over a period of time. Subcutaneous injections are typically administered using a short needle, at an angle of 45-90 degrees, and the dose is injected slowly to minimize discomfort and ensure proper absorption. Common sites for subcutaneous injections include the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. Examples of medications that may be given via subcutaneous injection include insulin, heparin, and some vaccines.

Nadroparin is defined as a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) drug, which is used as an anticoagulant. It is derived from unfractionated heparin and works by inhibiting the activity of coagulation factor Xa and to a lesser extent, thrombin. Nadroparin is commonly used for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), as well as for the management of unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction.

The drug is administered subcutaneously, and its anticoagulant effect is monitored by measuring the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) or anti-Xa activity. The half-life of nadroparin is approximately 4 hours, and it has a lower risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) compared to unfractionated heparin.

It's important to note that the use of nadroparin or any other anticoagulant medication should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional, and patients should be closely monitored for bleeding risks and other potential adverse effects.

Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) is a medical laboratory test that measures the time it takes for blood to clot. It's more specifically a measure of the intrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade, which are the series of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of a clot.

The test involves adding a partial thromboplastin reagent (an activator of the intrinsic pathway) and calcium to plasma, and then measuring the time it takes for a fibrin clot to form. This is compared to a control sample, and the ratio of the two times is calculated.

The PTT test is often used to help diagnose bleeding disorders or abnormal blood clotting, such as hemophilia or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of anticoagulant therapy, such as heparin. Prolonged PTT results may indicate a bleeding disorder or an increased risk of bleeding, while shortened PTT results may indicate a hypercoagulable state and an increased risk of thrombosis.

Unstable angina is a term used in cardiology to describe chest pain or discomfort that occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, often at rest or with minimal physical exertion. It is caused by an insufficient supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle due to reduced blood flow, typically as a result of partial or complete blockage of the coronary arteries.

Unlike stable angina, which tends to occur predictably during physical activity and can be relieved with rest or nitroglycerin, unstable angina is more severe, unpredictable, and may not respond to traditional treatments. It is considered a medical emergency because it can be a sign of an impending heart attack or other serious cardiac event.

Unstable angina is often treated in the hospital with medications such as nitroglycerin, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and antiplatelet agents to improve blood flow to the heart and prevent further complications. In some cases, more invasive treatments such as coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow to the affected areas of the heart.

Thiophenes are organic compounds that contain a heterocyclic ring made up of four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom. The structure of thiophene is similar to benzene, with the benzene ring being replaced by a thiophene ring. Thiophenes are aromatic compounds, which means they have a stable, planar ring structure and delocalized electrons.

Thiophenes can be found in various natural sources such as coal tar, crude oil, and some foods like onions and garlic. They also occur in certain medications, dyes, and pesticides. Some thiophene derivatives have been synthesized and studied for their potential therapeutic uses, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor activities.

In the medical field, thiophenes are used in some pharmaceuticals as building blocks to create drugs with various therapeutic effects. For example, tipepidine, a cough suppressant, contains a thiophene ring. Additionally, some anesthetics and antipsychotic medications also contain thiophene moieties.

It is important to note that while thiophenes themselves are not typically considered medical terms, they play a role in the chemistry of various pharmaceuticals and other medical-related compounds.

Myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, is a medical condition characterized by the death of a segment of heart muscle (myocardium) due to the interruption of its blood supply. This interruption is most commonly caused by the blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot formed on the top of an atherosclerotic plaque, which is a buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the inner lining of the artery.

The lack of oxygen and nutrients supply to the heart muscle tissue results in damage or death of the cardiac cells, causing the affected area to become necrotic. The extent and severity of the MI depend on the size of the affected area, the duration of the occlusion, and the presence of collateral circulation.

Symptoms of a myocardial infarction may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and sweating. Immediate medical attention is necessary to restore blood flow to the affected area and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. Treatment options for MI include medications, such as thrombolytics, antiplatelet agents, and pain relievers, as well as procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot, often formed in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis), breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking one or more pulmonary arteries. This blockage can lead to various symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heart rate, and coughing up blood. In severe cases, it can cause life-threatening complications like low oxygen levels, hypotension, and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated with anticoagulant medications or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve the clot.

Dalteparin is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) medication that is used as an anticoagulant to prevent and treat blood clots. It works by binding to an enzyme called antithrombin III and enhancing its ability to inhibit clotting factors in the blood.

Dalteparin is available under the brand name Fragmin and is administered subcutaneously (under the skin) once or twice a day, depending on the indication and dosage prescribed by a healthcare professional. Common side effects of dalteparin include bleeding, bruising, pain at the injection site, and elevated liver enzymes.

As with all medications, it is important to use dalteparin only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

The platelet glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa complex, also known as integrin αIIbβ3 or CD41/CD61, is a heterodimeric transmembrane receptor found on the surface of platelets and megakaryocytes. It plays a crucial role in platelet aggregation and thrombus formation during hemostasis and pathological conditions such as arterial thrombosis.

The GPIIb-IIIa complex is composed of two non-covalently associated subunits, GPIIb (αIIb or CD41) and IIIa (β3 or CD61). Upon platelet activation by various agonists like ADP, thrombin, or collagen, the GPIIb-IIIa complex undergoes a conformational change that allows it to bind fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive proteins. This binding event leads to platelet aggregation and the formation of a hemostatic plug or pathological thrombus.

Inhibition of the GPIIb-IIIa complex has been a target for antiplatelet therapy in the prevention and treatment of arterial thrombosis, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Several pharmacological agents, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule antagonists, have been developed to block this complex and reduce platelet aggregation.

Blood coagulation, also known as blood clotting, is a complex process that occurs in the body to prevent excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. This process involves several different proteins and chemical reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of a clot.

The coagulation cascade is initiated when blood comes into contact with tissue factor, which is exposed after damage to the blood vessel wall. This triggers a series of enzymatic reactions that activate clotting factors, leading to the formation of a fibrin clot. Fibrin is a protein that forms a mesh-like structure that traps platelets and red blood cells to form a stable clot.

Once the bleeding has stopped, the coagulation process is regulated and inhibited to prevent excessive clotting. The fibrinolytic system degrades the clot over time, allowing for the restoration of normal blood flow.

Abnormalities in the blood coagulation process can lead to bleeding disorders or thrombotic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Thrombophlebitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and clotting of blood in a vein, usually in the legs. The term thrombophlebitis comes from two words: "thrombo" which means blood clot, and "phlebitis" which refers to inflammation of the vein.

The condition can occur in superficial or deep veins. Superficial thrombophlebitis affects the veins just below the skin's surface, while deep vein thrombophlebitis (DVT) occurs in the deeper veins. DVT is a more serious condition as it can lead to complications such as pulmonary embolism if the blood clot breaks off and travels to the lungs.

Symptoms of thrombophlebitis may include redness, warmth, pain, swelling, or discomfort in the affected area. In some cases, there may be visible surface veins that are hard, tender, or ropy to touch. If left untreated, thrombophlebitis can lead to chronic venous insufficiency and other long-term complications. Treatment typically involves medications such as anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, or thrombolytics, along with compression stockings and other supportive measures.

Tolmetin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that cause pain and inflammation in the body. Tolmetin is available in immediate-release and sustained-release forms, and it is typically prescribed to treat conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

The medical definition of Tolmetin can be found in various pharmaceutical and medical references, including the Merck Manual, the American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS) Drug Information, and the National Library of Medicine's MedlinePlus. According to these sources, the chemical name for Tolmetin is (3R,5S)-3-(4-methylbenzoyl)-5-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-indole-2-one, and its molecular formula is C19H16NO3.

Tolmetin has a number of potential side effects, including stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gas, dizziness, and headache. It can also increase the risk of serious gastrointestinal side effects, such as bleeding, ulcers, and perforations in the stomach or intestines, especially in people who are over the age of 65 or have a history of stomach ulcers or other gastrointestinal problems. Tolmetin can also increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular events, particularly in people who take it for a long time or at high doses.

Tolmetin is available only by prescription, and it should be taken exactly as directed by a healthcare provider. It is important to follow the instructions on the label carefully and to talk to a doctor or pharmacist if there are any questions about how to take Tolmetin or what the potential side effects may be.

Pyridones are a class of organic compounds that contain a pyridone ring, which is a heterocyclic ring consisting of a six-membered ring with five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, with one oxygen atom attached to the nitrogen atom by a double bond. Pyridones can be found in various natural sources, including plants and microorganisms, and they also have important applications in the pharmaceutical industry as building blocks for drug design and synthesis. Some drugs that contain pyridone rings include antihistamines, anti-inflammatory agents, and antiviral agents.

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are a class of medications that prevent platelets (small blood cells involved in clotting) from sticking together and forming a clot. These drugs work by interfering with the ability of platelets to adhere to each other and to the damaged vessel wall, thereby reducing the risk of thrombosis (blood clot formation).

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are often prescribed for people who have an increased risk of developing blood clots due to various medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, or a history of heart attack. They may also be used in patients undergoing certain medical procedures, such as angioplasty and stenting, to prevent blood clot formation in the stents.

Examples of platelet aggregation inhibitors include:

1. Aspirin: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that irreversibly inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in platelet activation and aggregation.
2. Clopidogrel (Plavix): A P2Y12 receptor antagonist that selectively blocks ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation.
3. Prasugrel (Effient): A third-generation thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor antagonist, similar to clopidogrel but with faster onset and greater potency.
4. Ticagrelor (Brilinta): A direct-acting P2Y12 receptor antagonist that does not require metabolic activation and has a reversible binding profile.
5. Dipyridamole (Persantine): An antiplatelet agent that inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in platelets, which leads to decreased platelet reactivity.
6. Iloprost (Ventavis): A prostacyclin analogue that inhibits platelet aggregation and causes vasodilation, often used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
7. Cilostazol (Pletal): A phosphodiesterase III inhibitor that increases cAMP levels in platelets, leading to decreased platelet activation and aggregation, as well as vasodilation.
8. Ticlopidine (Ticlid): An older P2Y12 receptor antagonist with a slower onset of action and more frequent side effects compared to clopidogrel or prasugrel.

Antithrombins are substances that prevent the formation or promote the dissolution of blood clots (thrombi). They include:

1. Anticoagulants: These are medications that reduce the ability of the blood to clot. Examples include heparin, warfarin, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) such as apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran.
2. Thrombolytic agents: These are medications that break down existing blood clots. Examples include alteplase, reteplase, and tenecteplase.
3. Fibrinolytics: These are a type of thrombolytic agent that specifically target fibrin, a protein involved in the formation of blood clots.
4. Natural anticoagulants: These are substances produced by the body to regulate blood clotting. Examples include antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S.

Antithrombins are used in the prevention and treatment of various thromboembolic disorders, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), stroke, and myocardial infarction (heart attack). It is important to note that while antithrombins can help prevent or dissolve blood clots, they also increase the risk of bleeding, so their use must be carefully monitored.

Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage (TIH) is a type of bleeding that occurs within the skull or inside the brain parenchyma as a result of traumatic injury. It can be further classified based on the location and type of bleeding, which includes:

1. Epidural hematoma (EDH): Bleeding between the dura mater and the inner table of the skull, usually caused by arterial bleeding from the middle meningeal artery after a temporal bone fracture.
2. Subdural hematoma (SDH): Bleeding in the potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane, often due to venous sinus or bridging vein injury. SDHs can be acute, subacute, or chronic based on their age and clinical presentation.
3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH): Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). SAH is commonly caused by trauma but can also be secondary to aneurysmal rupture or arteriovenous malformations.
4. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH): Bleeding directly into the brain parenchyma, which can result from contusions, lacerations, or shearing forces during traumatic events.
5. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH): Bleeding into the cerebral ventricles, often as a complication of IPH, SAH, or EDH. IVH can lead to obstructive hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure (ICP).

TIHs are medical emergencies requiring prompt diagnosis and management to prevent secondary brain injury and reduce morbidity and mortality. Imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used for the detection and characterization of TIHs, while neurosurgical intervention may be necessary in specific cases.

Coronary balloon angioplasty is a minimally invasive medical procedure used to widen narrowed or obstructed coronary arteries (the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle) and improve blood flow to the heart. This procedure is typically performed in conjunction with the insertion of a stent, a small mesh tube that helps keep the artery open.

During coronary balloon angioplasty, a thin, flexible catheter with a deflated balloon at its tip is inserted into a blood vessel, usually through a small incision in the groin or arm. The catheter is then guided to the narrowed or obstructed section of the coronary artery. Once in position, the balloon is inflated to compress the plaque against the artery wall and widen the lumen (the inner space) of the artery. This helps restore blood flow to the heart muscle.

The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia and conscious sedation to minimize discomfort. Coronary balloon angioplasty is a relatively safe and effective treatment for many people with coronary artery disease, although complications such as bleeding, infection, or re-narrowing of the artery (restenosis) can occur in some cases.

Coronary vessels refer to the network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the heart muscle, also known as the myocardium. The two main coronary arteries are the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery.

The left main coronary artery branches off into the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the left circumflex artery (LCx). The LAD supplies blood to the front of the heart, while the LCx supplies blood to the side and back of the heart.

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right lower part of the heart, including the right atrium and ventricle, as well as the back of the heart.

Coronary vessel disease (CVD) occurs when these vessels become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. This can result in chest pain, shortness of breath, or a heart attack.

Streptokinase is a thrombolytic or clot-busting enzyme produced by certain strains of streptococcus bacteria. It functions by converting plasminogen to plasmin, which then degrades fibrin, a protein that forms the structural framework of blood clots. This activity helps in dissolving blood clots and restoring blood flow in areas obstructed by them. In a medical context, streptokinase is often used as a medication to treat conditions associated with abnormal blood clotting, such as heart attacks, pulmonary embolisms, and deep vein thromboses. However, its use carries the risk of bleeding complications due to excessive fibrinolysis or clot dissolution.

Coronary angiography is a medical procedure that uses X-ray imaging to visualize the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. During the procedure, a thin, flexible catheter is inserted into an artery in the arm or groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. A contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken as the dye flows through the coronary arteries. These images can help doctors diagnose and treat various heart conditions, such as blockages or narrowing of the arteries, that can lead to chest pain or heart attacks. It is also known as coronary arteriography or cardiac catheterization.

Myocardial reperfusion is the restoration of blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium), usually after a period of ischemia or reduced oxygen supply, such as during a myocardial infarction (heart attack). This can be achieved through various medical interventions, including thrombolytic therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). The goal of myocardial reperfusion is to salvage the jeopardized myocardium, preserve cardiac function, and reduce the risk of complications like heart failure or arrhythmias. However, it's important to note that while reperfusion is crucial for treating ischemic heart disease, it can also lead to additional injury to the heart muscle, known as reperfusion injury.

Coronary circulation refers to the circulation of blood in the coronary vessels, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) and drain deoxygenated blood from it. The coronary circulation system includes two main coronary arteries - the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery - that branch off from the aorta just above the aortic valve. These arteries further divide into smaller branches, which supply blood to different regions of the heart muscle.

The left main coronary artery divides into two branches: the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the left circumflex (LCx) artery. The LAD supplies blood to the front and sides of the heart, while the LCx supplies blood to the back and sides of the heart. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the lower part of the heart, including the right ventricle and the bottom portion of the left ventricle.

The veins that drain the heart muscle include the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein, which merge to form the coronary sinus. The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium, allowing deoxygenated blood to enter the right side of the heart and be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.

Coronary circulation is essential for maintaining the health and function of the heart muscle, as it provides the necessary oxygen and nutrients required for proper contraction and relaxation of the myocardium. Any disruption or blockage in the coronary circulation system can lead to serious consequences, such as angina, heart attack, or even death.

... with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Bridging treatment for those with INR below therapeutic range ... Enoxaparin is a FDA pregnancy category B drug which means enoxaparin is not expected to cause harm to an unborn baby when used ... Enoxaparin is sold under several brand names and is available as a generic medication. Enoxaparin is made from heparin. In 2020 ... Enoxaparin is in the low molecular weight heparin family of medications. Enoxaparin was first made in 1981 and approved for ...
ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), or unstable angina. STEMI is ... The heparin-like drug known as fondaparinux appears to be better than enoxaparin. If there is no evidence of ST segment ... If the ECG confirms changes suggestive of myocardial infarction (ST elevation in specific leads, a new left bundle branch block ... Grech ED, Ramsdale DR (June 2003). "Acute coronary syndrome: unstable angina and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction ...
Less commonly, it is used following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and orthopedic surgery. It is usually taken by ... Usually, warfarin is avoided in the first trimester, and a low-molecular-weight heparin such as enoxaparin is substituted. With ... It has been used occasionally after heart attacks (myocardial infarctions), but is far less effective at preventing new ...
... bleeding and myocardial infarction with the incidence and timing of mortality in patients presenting with non-ST-elevation ... efficacy of switching from either unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin to bivalirudin in patients with non-ST-segment elevation ... of timing of clopidogrel treatment on the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute ...
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH, such as enoxaparin) is generally used as an alternative. Warfarin and LMWH may safely be ... Two years later, the same group described a common mutation in the prothrombin gene that caused elevation of prothrombin levels ... the arterial disease that underlies myocardial infarction and other forms of cardiovascular disease. Tests for thrombophilia ...
Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin as antithrombin therapy in patients receiving fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial ... Fibrinolysis or primary PCI in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. Apr 2013. 368(15):1379-87. [QxMD ... Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolysis therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. ... 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of ...
Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin as antithrombin therapy in patients receiving fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial ... Fibrinolysis or primary PCI in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. Apr 2013. 368(15):1379-87. [QxMD ... Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolysis therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. ... 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of ...
... with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Bridging treatment for those with INR below therapeutic range ... Enoxaparin is a FDA pregnancy category B drug which means enoxaparin is not expected to cause harm to an unborn baby when used ... Enoxaparin is sold under several brand names and is available as a generic medication. Enoxaparin is made from heparin. In 2020 ... Enoxaparin is in the low molecular weight heparin family of medications. Enoxaparin was first made in 1981 and approved for ...
Intravenous enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial ... Genes expressed in coronary thrombi are associated with ischemic time in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Helseth R, ... Activated protein C levels and outcome in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Fellner B, ... management and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation. Vogel B, Farhan S, Hahne S, ...
Subcutaneous enoxaparin following thrombolysis and intravenous unfractionated heparin in ST-elevation acute myocardial ...
... to test the efficacy of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in patients with unstable angina/non-ST elevation myocardial ... Keywords: Odds Ratio, Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Infarction, Follow-Up Studies, Enoxaparin, Myocardial ... Assessment of the Treatment Effect of Enoxaparin for Unstable Angina/Non-Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction - TIMI 11B-ESSENCE Meta- ... Assessment of the treatment effect of enoxaparin for unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. TIMI 11B-ESSENCE meta- ...
The use of enoxaparin in addition to a fibrinolytic and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor was examined in another study which ... ST elevation myocardial infarction facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention. (Redirected from ST Elevation Myocardial ... The goal of facilitated PCI is to improve coronary patency before the procedure for the treatment of ST elevation myocardial ... 2009, 2007 and 2004 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and ACC/AHA/SCAI ...
Enoxaparin sodium - Acquire medications at pharmacies and stores authorized - Dont self-medicate. ... NSTEMI-type heart attack (non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction):. *The usual dose is 100 IU (1 mg) per kilogram of ... STEMI-type heart attack (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) if you are younger than 75:. *You will be given an initial ... Treatment of unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), in combination with oral aspirin. ...
Sub-Investigator-Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes in Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Patients (VIRGO) 2008 ... unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin) in patients under going early invasive management for acute coronary syndromes without ST ... elevation 2006. Primary Investigator - APEX - A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel- Group, Placebo-Controlled ... Study of Pexelizumab in patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction undergoing Primary Percutaneious Coronary Intervention 2000. ...
Study Selection: All 6 randomized controlled trials comparing enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin in non-ST-segment elevation ... Objective: To systematically evaluate the end points of all-cause death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), transfusion, ... Study Selection: All 6 randomized controlled trials comparing enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin in non-ST-segment elevation ... Study Selection: All 6 randomized controlled trials comparing enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin in non-ST-segment elevation ...
Enoxaparin versus Unfractionated Heparin with Fibrinolysis for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. The New England Journal of ... ST-segment elevation in conditions other than acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. , 1 November 2003 14645641.pdf. ... ST-Segment Elevation in Conditions Other Than Acute Myocardial Infarction The New England Journal of Medicine, 27 November 2003 ... Protecting the pump: controlling myocardial inflammatory responses. Annu Rev Physiol., 1 January 2006 16460267.pdf. Category: ...
... during treatment with enoxaparin sodium 30 mg every 12 hours or 40 mg once daily enoxaparin sodium. These elevations are ... Since aminotransferase determinations are important in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction, liver disease, and ... c P value versus enoxaparin sodium: NS.. d P value versus enoxaparin sodium in study 1: ,0.05.. e P value versus enoxaparin ... Enoxaparin Sodium 30 mg S Cevery 12 hr. ARIXTRA 2.5 mg S Conce daily. Enoxaparin Sodium 40 mg S Conce daily. ...
Time course of infarct healing and left ventricular remodelling in patients with reperfused ST segment elevation myocardial ... of Effectiveness of Enoxaparin Versus Unfractionated Heparin to Reduce Silent and Clinically Apparent Acute Myocardial ... Limitation of myocardial infarction by early infusion of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Academic Article ... Infarction in Patients Presenting With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Academic Article ...
Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin as antithrombin therapy in patients receiving fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial ... Fibrinolysis or primary PCI in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. Apr 2013. 368(15):1379-87. [QxMD ... Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolysis therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. ... 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of ...
... may be added in patients with unstable non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction periprocedurally. P2Y12 inhibitors (often ... Enoxaparin and bivalirudin are alternatives. Bivalirudin or argatroban should be used in place of unfractionated heparin in ... STEMI Infarct extent Acute myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis resulting from acute obstruction of a coronary artery. ... Acute myocardial infarction Overview of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) Acute coronary syndromes result from acute obstruction ...
Effects of Fondaparinux on Mortality & Reinfarction in patients with Acute ST segment elevation Myocardial Infarction. JAMA ... Comparison of Fondaparinux & Enoxaparin in Acute Coronary Syndrome, NEJM, 2006, 354. *The Oasis-6 Trial Group Investigator. ... Reinfarction and Strokes in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation. JAMA 2005; 293: 427 ...
Myocardial ischaemia, Nitrates, Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, Platelet inhibition, Prasugrel, Recommendations, ... Enoxaparin, European Society of Cardiology, Fondaparinux, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, Guidelines, Heparin, High- ... Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the ... Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the ...
Enoxaparin versus Unfractionated Heparin with Fibrinolysis for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1477- ... Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force on the Management of ... Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force on the ... 2007 Focused update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Man agement of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial In farction. A ...
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction PCI:percutaneous coronary intervention Clinical Application of Enoxaparin ... Approved Indications of Enoxaparin in China. Prophylaxis of VTE diseases:. · Prophylaxis of VTE in total hip arthroplasty (THA) ... Enoxaparin can significantly reduce the incidence of DVT and PTE without increasing the risk of excessive bleeding in patients ... All of Hepalinks enoxaparin sodium preparations are made of the companys own heparin APIs, and are completely traceable ...
Unstable angina and non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: by subcutaneous injection, 1 mg/kg (100 units/kg) every 12 ... During haemodialysis, Enoxaparin should be introduced into the arterial line of the circuit at the beginning of the dialysis ... Treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: adult under 75 years, by intravenous injection, 30 mg (3000 ... Each box contains 1 pre-filled syringe containing 4000 anti-Xa IU equivalent to Enoxaparin Sodium BP 40 mg (0.4 ml) in a ...
... and myocardial infarction with (STEMI) or without ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI). Prior efficacy and safety evidence are mainly ... enoxaparin) had a 98 % likelihood of being cost effective. Dabigatran is cost-saving compared to enoxaparin for VTE prophylaxis ... Enoxaparin was associated with a lower risk of ischemic complications and death among NSTEMI, but not in UA or STEMI patients, ... RESULTS: Betrixaban dominated enoxaparin, with savings of US$784 and increased QALYs of 0.017 per patient. In addition, ...
Lovenox (Enoxaparin) is also used to treat a particular type of heart attack called ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction ... For acute-ST-segment elevation heart attacks, you will receive a single dose of 30 mg of Lovenox (Enoxaparin) injected into a ... Enoxaparin), speak to your doctor. Do not stop using Lovenox (Enoxaparin) without consulting your doctor. ... Do not give Lovenox (Enoxaparin) to anyone else, even if they have the same symptoms as you do. It can be harmful for people to ...
Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) is also used to treat a particular type of heart attack called ST-segment elevation myocardial ... For acute-ST-segment elevation heart attacks, you will receive a single dose of 30 mg of Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) injected into ... Enoxaparin), speak to your doctor. Do not stop using Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) without consulting your doctor. ... Do not give Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) to anyone else, even if they have the same symptoms as you do. It can be harmful for people ...
... myocardial infarction; NSTEMI =non-ST-segment elevation MI; PCI =percutaneous intervention; STEMI =ST-segment elevation MI. ... Of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), enoxaparin is preferred.. ACS = acute coronary syndromes; CABG = coronary artery ... It is usually brought on by exertion and associated with a disturbance in myocardial function, but without myocardial necrosis ... Myocardial ischemia can result from. *A reduction of blood flow to the heart that can be caused by stenosis, spasm, or acute ...
heparin in patients with unstable angina pectoris or non-STsegment elevation acute myocardial infarction (the ARMADA ... MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN PATIENTS WITH SUCCESSFUL OR UNSUCCESSFUL STREPTOKINASE THROMBOLYSIS FOLLOWING ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL ... and non-ST segment elevated Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), both of whichmay end up in death or a fatal/non-fatal Myocardial ... COMPARISON OF ENOXAPARIN AND DALTEPARIN WITH UNFRACTIONATED HEPARIN IN THE TREATMENT OF NON-ST ELEVATED ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME ...
Treatment of unstable angina and non ST elevation myocardial infarction In a large multicenter study, 3,171 patients enrolled ... Switch between enoxaparin sodium and direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) For patients currently receiving enoxaparin sodium, ... Treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction In a large multicenter study, 20,479 patients with STEMI eligible ... Treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) including patients to be managed medically or with ...
Treatment benefit of enoxaparin in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction is maintained at one year followup in TIMI ... only enoxaparin sodium has been shown to reduce the risk of coronary events in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute ... Treatment benefit of enoxaparin in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction is maintained at one year followup in TIMI ... Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the ...
Ramesh, R (2014) Echocardiographic evaluation of mitral E/e as a prognostic indicator in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. ... Leena, Thomas (2009) Comparison of Fondaparinux and Enoxaparin in Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. Masters thesis, ... Brajesh Kumar, Kunwar (2011) Recent trends in reperfusion in STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) in a South Indian tier- ... Ashok Kumar, P (2011) Assessment of longitudinal strain in acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Masters thesis, Madurai ...
There was no ST elevation suggesting myocardial infarction or dysrhythmia on his electrocardiogram. ... daily treatment with 6 mg dexamethasone and 40 mg enoxaparin was initiated. Remdesivir was not administered because of a ...
Supplemental oxygen in patients without hypoxia in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction increases myocardial injury and ... Elucidating the use of enoxaparin in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) Martin Mayer ...
  • [ 2 ] In 1958, streptokinase was first used in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and this changed the focus of treatment. (medscape.com)
  • TIMI 11B and ESSENCE were Phase III trials designed to test the efficacy of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in patients with unstable angina/non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI). (acc.org)
  • The goal of facilitated PCI is to improve coronary patency before the procedure for the treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction . (wikidoc.org)
  • Fibrinolysis has been the main stay of treatment for patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction over 30 years. (wikidoc.org)
  • Objective: To systematically evaluate the end points of all-cause death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), transfusion, and major bleeding observed in the 6 randomized controlled trials comparing enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin in treatment of ACS. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Infarct extent Acute myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis resulting from acute obstruction of a coronary artery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Elective PCI may be appropriate for post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients who have recurrent or inducible angina before hospital discharge and for patients who have angina and remain symptomatic despite medical treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Stents are used frequently for acute myocardial infarction, ostial or left main disease, chronic total occlusions, and bifurcation lesions. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Biodegradable polymer sirolimus -eluting stents versus durable polymer everolimus -eluting stents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (BIOSTEMI): a single-blind, prospective, randomised superiority trial. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Effects of Reviparin, a Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin, on Mortality, Reinfarction and Strokes in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation. (indiandoctorsguide.com)
  • Effects of Fondaparinux on Mortality & Reinfarction in patients with Acute ST segment elevation Myocardial Infarction. (indiandoctorsguide.com)
  • ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) is caused by thrombotic occlusion of a major coronary artery. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of patients with acute myocardial infarction). (tci-thaijo.org)
  • Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force on the management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • Times to treatment in transfer patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the United States: National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI)-3/4 analysis. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • Streptokinase antibodies inhibit reperfusion during thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • 9. Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • Ten-year follow-up of the first megatrial testing thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction:results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto-1 study. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • 11. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • 12. GISSI-2: a factorial randomised trial of alteplase versus streptokinase and heparin versus no heparin among 12,490 patients with acute myocardial infarction. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • 13. ISIS-3: a randomised comparison of streptokinase vs tissue plasminogen activator vs anistreplase and of aspirin plus heparin vs aspirin alone among 41,299 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • 14. An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • Treatment of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, administered concurrently with aspirin. (ktzcompany.com)
  • Treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: adult under 75 years, by intravenous injection, 30 mg (3000 units) followed by subcutaneous injection, 1 mg/kg (100 units/kg), then by subcutaneous injection, 1 mg/kg every 12 hours for up to 8 days, max. (ktzcompany.com)
  • Unstable angina and non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: by subcutaneous injection, 1 mg/kg (100 units/kg) every 12 hours usually for 2-8 days (minimum 2 days). (ktzcompany.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) are guideline-recommended anticoagulants for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including unstable angina (UA) and myocardial infarction with (STEMI) or without ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI). (bvsalud.org)
  • Outcomes included 30-day risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), recurrent angina, in-hospital mortality, composite ischemic complication (having MI/recurrent angina/death), major bleeding, and costs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) is also used to treat a particular type of heart attack called ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) to open up the coronary arteries after a heart attack. (pocketpills.com)
  • Background: The term non-ST elevated Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses unstableAngina (USA) and non-ST segment elevated Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), both of whichmay end up in death or a fatal/non-fatal Myocardial Infarction (MI). (edu.pk)
  • Treatment of unstable angina and Non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), in combination with oral acetylsalicylic acid. (medicines.org.uk)
  • Treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) including patients to be managed medically or with subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). (medicines.org.uk)
  • Davies MJThomas AC Plaque fissuring: the cause of acute myocardial infarction, sudden ischemic death, and crescendo angina. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The TIMI IIIB Investigators, Effects of tissue plasminogen activator and a comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the TIMI IIIB trial. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Wallentin LCResearch Group on Instability in Coronary Artery Disease in Southeast Sweden, Aspirin (75 mg/day) after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease: long-term effects on the risk for myocardial infarction, occurrence of severe angina and the need for revascularization. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration, Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy I: prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Théroux PWaters DQiu SMcCans JDe Guise PJuneau M Aspirin versus heparin to prevent myocardial infarction during the acute phase of unstable angina. (jamanetwork.com)
  • This difference was mainly due to the reduction of myocardial infarction and bailout use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, with no significant effect on TVR or death. (jacc.org)
  • Due to the obstruction of coronary flow and the decrease in oxygen supply, the onset of unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction can be observed. (anejo.eu)
  • According to the electrocardiogram, ACS is divided into ACS with ST segment elevation (evolving into an infarction with Q wave) and ACS without ST segment elevation (corresponding to unstable angina and infarctions without Q wave). (anejo.eu)
  • Unstable Angina Unstable angina results from acute obstruction of a coronary artery without myocardial infarction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The mean age was 82 years, 51% were women, 38% had diabetes, mean Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score was 4.3, and 64% had elevated troponin levels. (acc.org)
  • Copeptin has been proposed for a rapid and accurate rule out of acute myocardial infarction, but some doubts exist about its use out of the first hours from admission. (hindawi.com)
  • found that the diagnostic performance of sensitivity cardiac Tn assays is excellent within the context of the myocardial infarction, and these assays can substantially improve the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, particularly in patients with a recent onset of chest pain [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Pain suggestive of myocardial infarction is prolonged, persisting for over 20 minutes, and usually has constant intensity. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Survival of the Fittest: Evolution of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction after Acute Myocardial Infarction. (wustl.edu)
  • Temporal trends in all-cause mortality of smokers versus non-smokers hospitalized with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. (wustl.edu)
  • The presence of the cardiospecific cardiac troponins (cTns) I (cTnI) and T (cTnT) alongside signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI) are indicative of an acute MI. (ecrjournal.com)
  • According to the new definition of myocardial infarction (MI) issued by the European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology (ESC/ACC) Committee for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction, acute MI has occurred when cardiac troponin (cTn) is present in the blood of a patient who also exhibits signs or symptoms of MI. (ecrjournal.com)
  • Association Between Health Insurance Status and In-Hospital Outcomes After ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. (trico.guru)
  • ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) for the lysis of thrombi in coronary arteries. (medicine.com)
  • Limitations of use: The risk of stroke may outweigh the benefit produced by thrombolytic therapy in patients whose acute myocardial infarction (MI) puts them at low risk for death or heart failure. (medicine.com)
  • CAS: Coronary Artery Spasm, ECG: Electrocardiogram, ICU: Intensive Care Unit, NSR: Normal Sinus Rhythm, O2: Oxygen, STEMI: ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. (acquaintpublications.com)
  • CAS plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease, including stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. (acquaintpublications.com)
  • Arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and sudden death are the most frequent complications. (acquaintpublications.com)
  • Kounis syndrome (KS) is defined as the coincidental occurrence of cardiac symptomatology, such as acute coronary syndrome or myocardial infarction, during an anaphylactic or anaphylactoid episode [ 1 ]. (scholars.direct)
  • Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly called heart attack, remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, raising an urgent need for novel therapies. (debuglies.com)
  • This study investigated whether continuative use of antidepressants (ADs), considered as a proxy of a state of depression, prior to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with a higher mortality afterwards. (debuglies.com)
  • In high-income countries, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the CHD carrying the highest mortality and morbidity rates [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (debuglies.com)
  • Detailed data have shown a drop in the hospitalization rates for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and a rise in the proportion of hospital admissions for other forms (NSTEMI) in the past decade in both Europe and the United States [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. (debuglies.com)
  • Fibrinolytic therapy is recommended for the treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and remains a suitable alternative reperfusion strategy for those unable to undergo timely primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). (emergencycarebc.ca)
  • Diagnosis can be made based on patient history, symptoms, electrocardiography findings, and cardiac biomarkers, which delineate between ST elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome. (aafp.org)
  • Coupled with appropriate medical management, percutaneous coronary intervention can improve short- and long-term outcomes following myocardial infarction. (aafp.org)
  • If percutaneous coronary intervention cannot be performed rapidly, patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction can be treated with fibrinolytic therapy. (aafp.org)
  • Post-myocardial infarction care should be closely coordinated with the patient's cardiologist and based on a comprehensive secondary prevention strategy to prevent recurrence, morbidity, and mortality. (aafp.org)
  • 1 It is important for primary care physicians to be able to diagnose and manage acute coronary syndrome (ACS), which comprises two clinical presentations: ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). (aafp.org)
  • The term non-ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is no longer used in the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines as a broad category with separate treatment guidelines. (aafp.org)
  • Do not test for myoglobin or creatine kinase-MB in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. (aafp.org)
  • 3 The average age at first myocardial infarction (MI) is 65 years in men and 72 years in women. (aafp.org)
  • Primary PCI is defined as the performance of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (either conventional balloon angioplasty or coronary stent placement) in the setting of ST elevation MI (STEMI) without antecedent treatment with a fibrinolytic agent. (wikidoc.org)
  • Enoxaparin was associated with a lower risk of ischemic complications and death among NSTEMI, but not in UA or STEMI patients, and with a lower risk of major bleeding in all patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cost savings per patient during index admission and 30-day follow-up for enoxaparin over UFH was $2972 for UA, $2475 for NSTEMI, and $3050 for STEMI. (bvsalud.org)
  • STEMI ECG definition: New ST-segment elevation at the J point in at least 2 contiguous leads of ≥2 mm (0.2 mV) in men or ≥1.5 mm (0.15 mV) in women in leads V 2 -V 3 and/or of ≥1 mm (0.1 mV) in other contiguous precordial leads or limb leads. (medicine.com)
  • Enoxaparin is in the low molecular weight heparin family of medications. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enoxaparin is made from heparin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protamine sulfate is less effective at reversing enoxaparin compared to heparin, with a maximum neutralization of approximately 60% of the anti-factor Xa effect. (wikipedia.org)
  • Compared to unfractionated heparin, treatment with enoxaparin would be associated with lower odds of death and nonfatal MI in a pooled analysis from both trials. (acc.org)
  • The incidence of death/nonfatal MI was approximately 20% lower in patients receiving enoxaparin at all time points, with statistical significance observed after eight days and persisting through later follow-up (at eight days, odds ratio [OR] 0.77, p=0.02, for enoxaparin compared to unfractionated heparin). (acc.org)
  • The absolute difference between groups was 1.2% at eight days (5.3% unfractionated heparin vs. 4.1% enoxaparin), and 1.8% at 43 days (8.6% unfractionated heparin vs. 7.1% enoxaparin). (acc.org)
  • In a pooled analysis of TIMI 11B and ESSENCE, treatment with enoxaparin was associated with an approximately 20% reduction in death/nonfatal MI and no difference in major hemorrhage compared with treatment with unfractionated heparin in patients with unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI, with a significant increase in minor hemorrhage. (acc.org)
  • The ongoing SYNERGY trial will evaluate treatment with enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin in patients treated with an early invasive strategy. (acc.org)
  • Context: Antithrombin therapy has become a guidelines-recommended standard of care in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), but recent trials comparing use of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin in ACS have yielded less robust efficacy and safety results than have earlier trials of these antithrombin therapies. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Study Selection: All 6 randomized controlled trials comparing enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin in non-ST-segment elevation ACS were selected for analysis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Conclusion: In a systematic overview of approximately 22000 patients across the spectrum of ACS, enoxaparin is more effective than unfractionated heparin in preventing the combined end point of death or MI. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) is a type of low molecular weight Heparin and belongs to the group of medications known as anticoagulants or antithrombotic agents. (pocketpills.com)
  • Enoxaparin sodium is a biological substance obtained by alkaline depolymerization of heparin benzyl ester derived from porcine intestinal mucosa. (medicines.org.uk)
  • At the time of randomization, 73% of patients were receiving aspirin, 46% clopidogrel (or ticlopidine), 8% unfractionated heparin, and 28% enoxaparin. (acc.org)
  • In both trials, rates of revascularization were low (approximately 30% in ESSENCE, and planned revascularization within 24 hours was an exclusion criterion in TIMI 11B), making it somewhat difficult to apply these results directly to patients treated with an early invasive strategy for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI. (acc.org)
  • Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) is also used in combination with Asa to treat people who have unstable Angina and non-Q-wave heart attacks (a type of Heart Attack that does not involve the full thickness of the heart wall). (pocketpills.com)
  • Several randomized, controlled trials have assessed the efficacy of the upstream administration of tirofiban (Platelet Receptor Inhibition for ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited to very Unstable Signs and symptoms [PRISM-PLUS] regimen) in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS) (1,2) . (jacc.org)
  • Consequences depend on degree and location of obstruction and range from unstable angina to non-ST-segment elevation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In lieu of this, ACS presentations not resulting in ST elevation are grouped together as NSTE-ACS, including NSTEMI and unstable angina. (aafp.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Enoxaparin was associated with a lower risk of ischemic complications (including death), lower costs, and better safety than UFH among NSTEMI patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rapid restoration of coronary blood flow is essential in preventing myocardial necrosis. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • It is usually brought on by exertion and associated with a disturbance in myocardial function, but without myocardial necrosis. (rxharun.com)
  • Cardiac troponins are components of the contractile apparatus of cardiomyocytes and are released during myocardial necrosis in patients with ACS [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Serum troponin (Tn) elevation is a specific and well-established necrosis biomarker in ACS, being the only biomarker currently used for risk stratification and guided invasive management decision in non-STEACS [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • As these proteins are not typically found in the sera of healthy individuals, any concentration of cTns exceeding the 99th percentile is interpreted as myocardial necrosis. (ecrjournal.com)
  • 1 As cTn is not present or is at only very low concentrations in the serum of healthy individuals, a serum concentration above the 99th percentile in a healthy reference population has been accepted as abnormal and, therefore, indicative of myocardial necrosis. (ecrjournal.com)
  • There was a similar effect seen with death/nonfatal MI/urgent revascularization, and pooled overall mortality trended lower in the enoxaparin group, but did not reach statistical significance. (acc.org)
  • Current stratification of the risk in patients presenting with ACS without ST-segment elevation (non-STEACS) is based on the identification of those patients with higher risk of suffering adverse events (death, recurrent MI or urgent revascularization), estimated in a 15-30% of non-STEACS patients. (hindawi.com)
  • 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Mean total hospital costs were significantly lower in patients receiving enoxaparin prophylaxis than in those given UFH. (bvsalud.org)
  • It has been shown that even very small elevation in the troponin concentration is associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes in patients with ACS [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 1 Another description of angina states that it is a "discomfort in the chest or adjacent areas caused by myocardial ischemia. (rxharun.com)
  • Radionuclide studies can sometimes document asymptomatic myocardial ischemia during physical or mental stress. (rxharun.com)
  • Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a clinical entity that is characterized by the rupture of a vulnerable atheromatous plaque existing in a coronary vessel, accompanied by the formation of an intracoronary thrombus triggered by the processes of platelet aggregation, activation of the coagulation cascade, and thrombosis, all of which result in different degrees of myocardial ischemia. (anejo.eu)
  • Patients randomized to conservative management only underwent coronary angiography if they demonstrated persistent myocardial ischemia, heart failure, or ventricular arrhythmias. (acc.org)
  • Enoxaparin sodium, sold under the brand name Lovenox among others, is an anticoagulant medication (blood thinner). (wikipedia.org)
  • Each pre-filled syringe (0.4ml) contains 4000 anti-Xa IU equivalent to Enoxaparin Sodium BP 40 mg. (ktzcompany.com)
  • Each prefilled syringe contains enoxaparin sodium 4,000 IU anti-Xa activity (equivalent to 40 mg) in 0.4 mL water for injections. (medicines.org.uk)
  • In patients at moderate risk of thromboembolism, the recommended dose of enoxaparin sodium is 2,000 IU (20 mg) once daily by subcutaneous (SC) injection. (medicines.org.uk)
  • Preoperative initiation (2 hours before surgery) of enoxaparin sodium 2,000 IU (20 mg) was proven effective and safe in moderate risk surgery. (medicines.org.uk)
  • In moderate risk patients, enoxaparin sodium treatment should be maintained for a minimal period of 7-10 days whatever the recovery status (e.g. mobility). (medicines.org.uk)
  • In patients at high risk of thromboembolism, the recommended dose of enoxaparin sodium is 4,000 IU (40 mg) once daily given by SC injection preferably started 12 hours before surgery. (medicines.org.uk)
  • If there is a need for earlier than 12 hours enoxaparin sodium preoperative prophylactic initiation (e.g. high risk patient waiting for a deferred orthopaedic surgery), the last injection should be administered no later than 12 hours prior to surgery and resumed 12 hours after surgery. (medicines.org.uk)
  • The recommended dose of enoxaparin sodium is 4,000 IU (40 mg) once daily by SC injection. (medicines.org.uk)
  • Treatment with enoxaparin sodium is prescribed for at least 6 to 14 days whatever the recovery status (e.g. mobility). (medicines.org.uk)
  • Oral anticoagulant therapy should be initiated when appropriate and Enoxaparin Sodium treatment should be continued until a therapeutic anticoaqulant effect has been achieved. (lifesaverpharma.com)
  • Treatment with Enoxaparin Sodium in these patients should be prescribed fora minimum of 2 days and continued until clinical stabilization. (lifesaverpharma.com)
  • During hemodialysis, Enoxaparin Sodium should be introduced into the arterial line of the circuit at the beqinninq of the dialysis session. (lifesaverpharma.com)
  • Pregnancy category B. In humans, there is no evidence that Enoxaparin Sodium crosses the placental barrier. (lifesaverpharma.com)
  • As there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women, Enoxaparin Sodium should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. (lifesaverpharma.com)
  • Enoxaparin Sodium should be injected by deep subcutaneous route in prophylactic and curative treatment and by intravascular route during hemodialysis. (lifesaverpharma.com)
  • The goal of the trial was to evaluate early invasive therapy versus conservative management among elderly patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). (acc.org)
  • Imbalance between the myocardial oxygen need and the availability of oxygen, and consequently myocardial ischaemia may also be caused, in the absence of an acute coronary stenosis (plaque rupture), by tachycardia and bradycardia, coronary spasm, hypotension, anaemia, respiratory insufficiency or other severe disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Acute myocardial ischaemia causes chest pain. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Other clinical manifestations of myocardial ischaemia include acute pulmonary oedema, loss of consciousness and sudden death. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Enoxaparin: 30 mg intravenous (IV) bolus followed by 1.0 mg/kg sc every 12 hours while in-hospital and then reduced during outpatient phase with median duration of treatment 4.6 days. (acc.org)
  • Enoxaparin binds to and potentiates antithrombin (a circulating anticoagulant) to form a complex that irreversibly inactivates clotting factor Xa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Link between the angiographic substudy and mortality outcomes in a large randomized trial of myocardial reperfusion. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • If angina is not relieved, unmet myocardial oxygen demand increases further, making MI more likely. (rxharun.com)
  • Según el electrocardiograma, el SCA se divide en SCA con elevación del ST (evolucionando a infarto con onda Q) y SCA sin elevación del ST (correspondiendo a angina inestable y a infartos sin onda Q). (anejo.eu)
  • Transient ST-segment elevation on electrocardiography (ECG) is a characteristic finding in patients with variant angina, However, in more severe cases, ST elevation may be followed by T-wave inversions for hours to days. (acquaintpublications.com)
  • Combined ST-segment coronary artery spasms of ST-segment elevations and ST-depressions was the most probable diagnosis. (acquaintpublications.com)
  • A combined ST-segment coronary artery spasms including ST-segment elevation and ST-depression may be present the same ECG. (acquaintpublications.com)
  • Most CAS is accompanying with ST-segment depression rather than ST-segment elevation on ECG. (acquaintpublications.com)
  • Within minutes, the ECG first showed ST-segment elevations in leads II and III, and then, tachycardia (Figure 1). (scholars.direct)
  • ST-segment depression or transient elevation indicates increased risk. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • 50% ST-segment resolution in the ECG lead with maximal ST elevation, and/or persistent chest pain/hemodynamic/electrical instability). (emergencycarebc.ca)
  • Length of stay and economic consequences with rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin/vitamin K antagonist in patients with DVT and PE: findings from the North American EINSTEIN clinical trial program. (wustl.edu)
  • The detection of elevated cTn levels alone is not sufficient for a diagnosis of acute MI, and requires an in-depth assessment of clinical presentation to determine the source and severity of myocardial damage. (ecrjournal.com)
  • Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) is also used to treat DVT with or without pulmonary embolism. (pocketpills.com)
  • This is a case of saddle pulmonary embolism in a healthy 20 years old COVID-19 patient who had significant elevation of 50 % complement hemolytic Assay with negative COVID-19 testing by PCR and positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody. (acquaintpublications.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: This study compared clinical and economic outcomes between enoxaparin and UFH thromboprophylaxis in medically ill inpatients. (bvsalud.org)
  • The revision recommends exercising caution regarding when spinal catheters are placed and removed in persons taking enoxaparin for spinal puncture or neuroaxial anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cases of neuraxial hematomas with the concurrent use of Enoxaparin and spinal/epidural anesthesia or spinal puncture have resulted in varying degrees of neurologic injuries. (lifesaverpharma.com)
  • Enoxaparin: no IV bolus, 1.0 mg/kg sc every 12 hours with median duration of treatment 2.6 days. (acc.org)
  • The multiple-dose vials of the brand name enoxaparin (Lovenox) contain 15 mg benzyl alcohol per 1 mL as a preservative. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) is used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is a condition that leads to the formation of blood clots in the blood vessels in the leg. (pocketpills.com)
  • Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) may be available under multiple brand names and/or in several different forms. (pocketpills.com)
  • Any specific brand name of Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) may not be available in all of the forms or approved for all of the conditions discussed here. (pocketpills.com)
  • As well, some forms of Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) may not be used for all of the conditions discussed here. (pocketpills.com)
  • Your doctor may have suggested Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) for conditions other than those listed in these drug information articles. (pocketpills.com)
  • If you have not discussed this with your doctor or are not sure why you are being given Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin), speak to your doctor. (pocketpills.com)
  • Do not stop using Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) without consulting your doctor. (pocketpills.com)
  • Do not give Lovenox HP (Enoxaparin) to anyone else, even if they have the same symptoms as you do. (pocketpills.com)
  • Haemorrhage (bleeding), Thrombocytopenia, elevations of serum aminotransferase. (lifesaverpharma.com)
  • Note: When administered in conjunction with a thrombolytic, enoxaparin should be given between 15 minutes before and 30 minutes after the start of thrombolytic therapy. (ktzcompany.com)
  • Anequal number of patients were randomly assigned to one of the three arms for 5 days each: GroupA received enoxaparin, group B received dalteparin and group C received UFH. (edu.pk)
  • Absorption: Bioavailability (subcutaneous injection) ~ 100% Distribution: Volume of distribution (anti-Factor Xa activity) = 4.3 liters Metabolism: Enoxaparin is metabolized in the liver into low molecular weight species by either or both desulfation and depolymerization. (wikipedia.org)
  • This prospectively planned meta-analysis was designed to provide more statistically robust estimates of the treatment effects of enoxaparin with regard to efficacy and safety. (acc.org)
  • In patients showing negative Tn elevation, stratification is more complicated and the elective treatment is usually under the criterium of the cardiologist, although there are established recommendations [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Multivariable regression was used to compare outcomes between enoxaparin and UFH monotherapy. (bvsalud.org)