Electrophoresis. Medical search

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and CARBOHYDRATES. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.

Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A highly miniaturized version of ELECTROPHORESIS performed in a microfluidic device.

Electrophoresis in which discontinuities in both the voltage and pH gradients are introduced by using buffers of different composition and pH in the different parts of the gel column. The term 'disc' was originally used as an abbreviation for 'discontinuous' referring to the buffers employed, and does not have anything to do with the shape of the separated zones.

Electrophoresis in which a starch gel (a mixture of amylose and amylopectin) is used as the diffusion medium.

Electrophoresis applied to BLOOD PROTEINS.

Electrophoresis in which cellulose acetate is the diffusion medium.

Electrophoresis in which various denaturant gradients are used to induce nucleic acids to melt at various stages resulting in separation of molecules based on small sequence differences including SNPs. The denaturants used include heat, formamide, and urea.

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

Electrophoresis in which paper is used as the diffusion medium. This technique is confined almost entirely to separations of small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, and relatively high voltages are nearly always used.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid where it contacts a solid is elevated or depressed, because of the relative attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Methods of comparing two or more samples on the same two-dimensional gel electrophoresis gel.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

Enzyme systems containing a single subunit and requiring only magnesium for endonucleolytic activity. The corresponding modification methylases are separate enzymes. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave either within, or at a short specific distance from, the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.4.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

The measurement of the density of a material by measuring the amount of light or radiation passing through (or absorbed by) the material.

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Immunoelectrophoresis in which a second electrophoretic transport is performed on the initially separated antigen fragments into an antibody-containing medium in a direction perpendicular to the first electrophoresis.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Techniques for removal by adsorption and subsequent elution of a specific antibody or antigen using an immunosorbent containing the homologous antigen or antibody.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies.

The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.

Technique that utilizes low-stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments. RAPD technique may be used to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyze mixed genome samples, and create specific probes.

A group of compounds with the general formula M10(PO4)6(OH)2, where M is barium, strontium, or calcium. The compounds are the principal mineral in phosphorite deposits, biological tissue, human bones, and teeth. They are also used as an anticaking agent and polymer catalysts. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains.

A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

Unstable isotopes of sulfur that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. S 29-31, 35, 37, and 38 are radioactive sulfur isotopes.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.

Separation of a mixture in successive stages, each stage removing from the mixture some proportion of one of the substances, for example by differential solubility in water-solvent mixtures. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.

Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

Techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, normally albumin and globulin present in the ratio of 8 to 1. Increases in protein levels are of diagnostic value in neurological diseases. (Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p221)

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).

Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.

Abnormal immunoglobulins synthesized by atypical cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. Paraproteins containing only light chains lead to Bence Jones paraproteinemia, while the presence of only atypical heavy chains leads to heavy chain disease. Most of the paraproteins show themselves as an M-component (monoclonal gammopathy) in electrophoresis. Diclonal and polyclonal paraproteins are much less frequently encountered.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

A method of gel filtration chromatography using agarose, the non-ionic component of agar, for the separation of compounds with molecular weights up to several million.

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.

Direct nucleotide sequencing of gene fragments from multiple housekeeping genes for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, organism identification, and typing of species, strain, serovar, or other distinguishable phylogenetic level.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A nitrocellulose solution in ether and alcohol. Collodion has a wide range of uses in industry including applications in the manufacture of photographic film, in fibers, in lacquers, and in engraving and lithography. In medicine it is used as a drug solvent and a wound sealant.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

Compounds containing the -SH radical.

Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Chemical agents that react with SH groups. This is a chemically diverse group that is used for a variety of purposes. Among these are enzyme inhibition, enzyme reactivation or protection, and labelling.

The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.

Hidden genetic variability within electromorphs in finite populations. (1/3912)

The amount of hidden genetic variability within electromorphs in finite populations is studied by using the infinite site model and stepwise mutation model simultaneously. A formula is developed for the bivariate probability generating function for the number of codon differences and the number of electromorph state differences between two randomly chosen cistrons. Using this formula, the distribution as well as the mean and variance of the number of codon differences between two identical or nonidentical electromorphs are studied. The distribution of the number of codon differences between two randomly chosen identical electromorphs is similar to the geometric distribution but more leptokurtic. Studies are also made on the number of codon differences between two electromorphs chosen at random one from each of two populations which have been separated for an arbitrary number of generations. It is shown that the amount of hidden genetic variability is very large if the product of effective population size and mutation rate is large. (+info)

Application of temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis in taxonomy of coryneform bacteria. (2/3912)

Strains belonging to the Gram-positive coryneform soil bacteria were screened genotypically by temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). This method allows the sequence-specific separation of amplified fragments of 16S rRNA genes. A total of 115 reference strains representing the majority of the species of the genera Aeromicrobium, Agromyces, Arthrobacter, Aureobacterium, Cellulomonas, Curtobacterium, Nocardioides and Terrabacter were characterized. Depending on the genus investigated, the resolution limit of the technique appeared to be at the species or genus level or intermediate between the two. Aberrant TGGE profiles of strains within particular taxa revealed genomic heterogeneity and generic misclassification of nine strains studied. Beyond that, indications of 16S rRNA gene heterogeneity were found within the genomes of three Curtobacterium strains. The misclassifications revealed by TGGE were confirmed using whole-cell fatty acid methyl ester analysis and subsequent comparison with a database. TGGE has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in bacterial taxonomy. (+info)

Evidence for suppressed activity of the transcription factor NFAT1 at its proximal binding element P0 in the IL-4 promoter associated with enhanced IL-4 gene transcription in T cells of atopic patients. (3/3912)

Allergen-specific T cells in atopic patients are polarized IL-4-producing Th2 cells, promoting IgE synthesis by B cells. The molecular basis for increased IL-4 gene expression in atopy is not fully understood. IL-4 gene regulation in general involves the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors, of which NFAT1 and NFAT2 are most prominent in peripheral T cells. Recently, a unique inhibitory role of NFAT1 in IL-4 gene control was shown in the mouse. In a series of electrophoretic mobility shift assays with protein extracts of highly polarized Th2 clones from atopics and Th1 clones from controls we compared DNA-binding activities at the two NFAT-binding elements P0 and P1 of the crucial proximal human IL-4 promoter. At the most proximal P0 site, NFAT-containing complexes devoid of NFAT2 were readily inducible in the Th1 clones, but hardly or not in the Th2 clones. In contrast, both in Th1 and Th2 clones NFAT-containing complexes were strongly inducible at the P1 site, consisting of NFAT2 and a P0-compatible NFAT activity, without apparent differences between Th1 and Th2 clones. Like in Th2 clones, suppressed NFAT-P0 complex formation was observed also at the polyclonal level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of three of five severe atopic dermatitis patients with strongly elevated serum IgE levels, but not in control PBMC. These findings suggest that high-level IL-4 production in atopic Th2 cells is associated with selective reduction of suppressive NFAT1 activity at the IL-4 P0 element and that some patients with this multifactorial disease may have a putative systemic disorder at this level. (+info)

Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 regulates intestinal expression of the guanylin/heat-stable toxin receptor. (4/3912)

We have investigated the regulation of gene transcription in the intestine using the guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) gene as a model. GCC is expressed in crypts and villi in the small intestine and in crypts and surface epithelium of the colon. DNase I footprint, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), transient transfection assays, and mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that GCC transcription is regulated by a critical hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (HNF-4) binding site between bp -46 and -29 and that bp -38 to -36 were essential for binding. Binding of HNF-4 to the GCC promoter was confirmed by competition EMSA and by supershift EMSA. In Caco-2 and T84 cells, which express both GCC and HNF-4, the activity of GCC promoter and/or luciferase reporter plasmids containing 128 or 1973 bp of 5'-flanking sequence was dependent on the HNF-4 binding site in the proximal promoter. In COLO-DM cells, which express neither GCC nor HNF-4, cotransfection of GCC promoter/luciferase reporter plasmids with an HNF-4 expression vector resulted in 23-fold stimulation of the GCC promoter. Mutation of the HNF-4 binding site abolished this transactivation. Transfection of COLO-DM cells with the HNF-4 expression vector stimulated transcription of the endogenous GCC gene as well. These results indicate that HNF-4 is a key regulator of GCC expression in the intestine. (+info)

Nuclear factor-kappa B activity in T cells from patients with rheumatic diseases: a preliminary report. (5/3912)

OBJECTIVE: The NF-kappa B/Rel family of transcription factors regulates the expression of many genes involved in the immune or inflammatory response at the transcriptional level. The aim of this study was to determine whether distinctive patterns of NF-kappa B activation are seen in different forms of joint disease. METHODS: The DNA binding activity of these nucleoproteins was examined in purified synovial and peripheral T cells from patients with various chronic rheumatic diseases (12: four with rheumatoid arthritis; five with spondyloarthropathies; and three with osteoarthritis). RESULTS: Electrophoretic mobility shift assays disclosed two specific complexes bound to a NF-kappa B specific 32P-labelled oligonucleotide in nucleoproteins extracted from purified T cells isolated from synovial fluid and peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The complexes consisted of p50/p50 homodimers and p50/p65 heterodimers. Increased NF-kappa B binding to DNA in synovial T cells was observed relative to peripheral T cells. In non-rheumatoid arthritis, binding of NF-kappa B in synovial T cells was exclusively mediated by p50/p50 homodimers. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that NF-kappa B may play a central part in the activation of infiltrating T cells in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. The activation of this nuclear factor is qualitatively different in rheumatoid synovial T cells to that in other forms of non-rheumatoid arthritis (for example, osteoarthritis, spondyloarthropathies). (+info)

"The FSGS factor:" enrichment and in vivo effect of activity from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis plasma. (6/3912)

A circulating causative factor has been postulated in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). It has been shown that serum or plasma from some FSGS increases glomerular albumin permeability (Palb) in vitro. Palb greater than 0.5 (i.e., FS activity) is associated with recurrence after transplantation. Specimens from 15 FSGS patients were studied to document the presence of a permeability factor, to isolate this factor, to characterize its biochemical properties, and to show its effect in vivo. Total lipids were extracted by chloroform/methanol (2: 1); FS activity was absent from total lipid extract. Chylomicrons and lipoproteins were removed from the plasma with dextran sulfate, followed by sequential precipitation of proteins at 50 and 70% ammonium sulfate saturation. FS activity was retained in the 70% ammonium sulfate supernatant and exhibited a 100-fold purification. FS activity was lost after heating at 100 degrees C for 10 min or after protease digestion. Under nondenaturing conditions, electrophoresis of the FSGS 70% supernatant showed a prominent low molecular weight band that was not evident in the 70% supernatant from normal plasma. Dialysis and centrifugation-based membrane ultrafiltration of the FSGS factor indicated a molecular size between 30 and 50 kD. Injection of the 70% FSGS supernatant into rats caused a threefold increase in urine protein in collections from 6 to 24 h after injection. No increase in proteinuria occurred in rats injected with 70% supernatant from normal individuals. It is concluded that the FSGS factor is a low molecular weight protein with the potential to increase Palb in vitro and to cause proteinuria in vivo. (+info)

Isolation of DNA fragments associated with methylated CpG islands in human adenocarcinomas of the lung using a methylated DNA binding column and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. (7/3912)

We have constructed a library of DNA fragments heavily methylated in human adenocarcinomas of the lung to permit the comprehensive isolation of methylated CpG islands in cancer. Heavily methylated genomic DNA fragments from tumors of nine male patients were enriched using a methylated DNA binding column and used for construction of the library. From this library, DNA fragments having properties of CpG islands were isolated on the basis of their reduced rate of strand dissociation during denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Approximately 1,000 clones, corresponding to 0.3% of the library were analyzed, and nine DNA fragments were identified as being associated with CpG islands that were methylated in tumor DNA. One CpG island was methylated specifically in tumor DNA, whereas the remaining eight CpG islands were methylated both in normal and tumor DNA derived from the same patients. Our results suggest that the number of CpG islands methylated specifically in tumors is not large. The library, which contains DNA fragments from methylated CpG islands comprehensively, is expected to be valuable when elucidating epigenetic processes involved in carcinogenesis. (+info)

An electrophoretic study of the reversible binding of phosphate to ovalbumin. (8/3912)

An electrophoretic method is described for the measurement of relatively weak interaction of ions with proteins, and illustrated with the ovalbumin-phosphate system in 0.1I buffers, pH6.1. Results indicate that under these conditions the interaction of a single dibasic phosphate ion with ovalbumin is described by an association constant of approx. 250M-1. (+info)

Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 960-969. doi:10.1002/elps.11501301199. PMID 1286667. S2CID 41855774. Ghetti A, Piñol-Roma S, Michael ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTBP1

Electrophoresis. 16 (7): 1160-9. doi:10.1002/elps.11501601192. PMID 7498159. S2CID 32209361. Nielsen SU, Spener F (Aug 1993). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart-type_fatty_acid_binding_protein

Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 960-9. doi:10.1002/elps.11501301199. PMID 1286667. S2CID 41855774. Kristensen P, Johnsen AH, Uerkvitz ...

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Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 960-9. doi:10.1002/elps.11501301199. PMID 1286667. S2CID 41855774. Hattori H, Liu YC, Tohnai I, Ueda ...

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Bamman, MM; Clarke, MS; Talmadge, RJ; Feeback, DL (March 1999). "Enhanced protein electrophoresis technique for separating ... human skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms". Electrophoresis. 20 (3): 466-8. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19990301)20:3. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_effects_in_space

Electrophoresis. 20 (8): 1786-1789. doi:10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:8. 3.0.co;2-5. PMID 10435450. S2CID 21965899. " ... Electrophoresis. 20 (8): 1786-1789. doi:10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:8. 3.0.co;2-5. PMID 10435450. S2CID 21965899. " ...

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Electrophoresis. 26 (1): 91-98. doi:10.1002/elps.200406129. PMID 15624129. S2CID 44989190. Fuku, Noriyuki; Soo Park, Kyong; ...

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Electrophoresis. 15 (3-4): 529-539. doi:10.1002/elps.1150150171. PMID 8055880. S2CID 25560231. Brendel V, Bucher P, Nourbakhsh ...

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Electrophoresis. 20 (2): 241-8. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19990201)20:2. 3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 10197429. S2CID 24089641. "Entrez ...

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Electrophoresis. 22 (10): 2103-2109. doi:10.1002/1522-2683(200106)22:10. 3.0.co;2-w. PMID 11465512. S2CID 38878805. Xi J, Wang ... gel electrophoresis with polyethylene glycol, affinity chromatography, and aggregation using DTT, though these methods are more ... "Polyethylene glycol fractionation improved detection of low-abundant proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis of ...

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Electrophoresis. 34 (12): 1720-1728. doi:10.1002/elps.201300100. hdl:11343/44126. PMID 23592267. S2CID 36906333. Conlan JV, ...

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Electrophoresis. 41 (7-8): 615-620. doi:10.1002/elps.201900356. ISSN 0173-0835. PMID 31891191. S2CID 209520081. Mandal, Pratiti ...

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Electrophoresis. 23 (14): 2247-2251. doi:10.1002/1522-2683(200207)23:14. 3.0.co;2-m. PMID 12210229. S2CID 29462550. Fraser, M.P ...

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Electrophoresis. 14 (10): 1023-31. doi:10.1002/elps.11501401163. PMID 8125050. S2CID 38041111. Berglund L, Björling E, Oksvold ...

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Guttman, András (2004). "Obituary: Professor Csaba Horváth (1930-2004)". Electrophoresis. 25 (1819): 3067-3068. doi:10.1002/ ...

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... electrophoresis ... more than one hundred papers have been published during the past five years." Coulson's group consisted of ...

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Electrophoresis. 26 (1): 91-98. doi:10.1002/elps.200406129. PMID 15624129. S2CID 44989190. Asari, M; et al. (2007). "Utility of ... Electrophoresis. 27 (22): 4408-18. doi:10.1002/elps.200600151. PMID 17058303. S2CID 28252456. Yao, Hongbin; Wang, Mengge; Zou, ...

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Shafer GE, Price MA, Tullius TD (1989). "Use of the hydroxyl radical and gel electrophoresis to study DNA structure". ... Electrophoresis. 10 (5-6): 397-404. doi:10.1002/elps.1150100518. PMID 2504579. S2CID 38355953. Galas DJ (November 2001). "The ...

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Electrophoresis. 20 (4-5): 928-34. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19990101)20:4/5. 3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 10344268. S2CID 22531212. ...

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"Denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of DNA & RNA". Electrophoresis. National Diagnostics. Retrieved 13 October 2016. ... These denaturants have been employed to make Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis gel (DGGE), which promotes denaturation of ...

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"Comparison of RNA, single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA behavior during capillary electrophoresis in semidilute polymer ... solutions". Electrophoresis. nih.gov. 23 (7-8): 1033-44. doi:10.1002/1522-2683(200204)23:7/8. 3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 11981850. S2CID ...

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In gel electrophoresis analysis, significant differences were found in the migration of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial HSP60. ... Electrophoresis. 11 (10): 883-91. doi:10.1002/elps.1150111019. PMID 2079031. S2CID 21541503. Jindal S, Dudani AK, Singh B, ... Electrophoresis. 15 (11): 1459-65. doi:10.1002/elps.11501501209. PMID 7895732. S2CID 33359306. Baca-Estrada ME, Gupta RS, Stead ... Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 992-1001. doi:10.1002/elps.11501301201. PMID 1286669. S2CID 23518983. Ikawa S, Weinberg RA (1992). " ...

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Capillary electrophoresis coupled with ESI-MS is another technique; however, it works best when analyzing small amounts of ... Wang W, Sun J, Nimtz M, Deckwer WD, Zeng AP (2003). "Protein identification from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis ... Whitmore, Colin D.; Gennaro, Lynn A. (2012-06-01). "Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry methods for tryptic peptide ... the typical PMF samples are isolated proteins from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D gels) or isolated SDS-PAGE bands. ...

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Barnes et al., Electrophoresis in Practice: A Guide to theory and Practice. Page 44. VCH Publishers Inc, 1993 (USA) Görg, ... IPG increased reproducibility of Isoelectric focusing and 2D-Gel Electrophoresis. Other advantages are increased resolution, ... Görg, Angelika; Weiss, Walter; Dunn, Michael J. (2004-12-01). "Current two-dimensional electrophoresis technology for ... Electrophoresis. 15 (8-9): 1205-1211. doi:10.1002/elps.11501501182. ISSN 0173-0835. PMID 7532129. Blomberg, A.; Blomberg, L.; ...

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Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 960-9. doi:10.1002/elps.11501301199. PMID 1286667. S2CID 41855774. Lee SW, Tomasetto C, Swisshelm K, ...

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developed a DMF system with a capillary electrophoresis (CE) module with the purpose of automating the process of next ... Electrophoresis. 33 (23): 3506-3513. doi:10.1002/elps.201200441. PMID 23135807. S2CID 205802837. Baker M (2016-05-01). "1,500 ...

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Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 960-9. doi:10.1002/elps.11501301199. PMID 1286667. S2CID 41855774. Prasad GL, Valverius EM, McDuffie ...

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Electrophoresis. 14 (11): 1216-22. doi:10.1002/elps.11501401181. PMID 8313870. S2CID 33424554. Ji H, Reid GE, Moritz RL, Eddes ... Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 992-1001. doi:10.1002/elps.11501301201. PMID 1286669. S2CID 23518983. Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Matsuda Y, ... JS, Burgess AW, Simpson RJ (1997). "A two-dimensional gel database of human colon carcinoma proteins". Electrophoresis. 18 (3-4 ...

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Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 960-9. doi:10.1002/elps.11501301199. PMID 1286667. S2CID 41855774. Peddada LB, McPherson JD, Law R, ...

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Electrophoresis. 21 (17): 3785-96. doi:10.1002/1522-2683(200011)21:17. 3.0.CO;2-2. PMID 11271497. S2CID 42538820. Yin ZL, ...

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Hemoglobin electrophoresis measures the levels of the different types of this protein in the blood. ... Hb electrophoresis; Hgb electrophoresis; Electrophoresis - hemoglobin; Thalassemia - electrophoresis; Sickle cell - ... Hemoglobin electrophoresis measures the levels of the different types of this protein in the blood. ...

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Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a laboratory technique used by scientists to produce a DNA fingerprint for a ... PFGE is different from conventional DNA electrophoresis because PFGE can separate very large fragments to generate a ... generic subtyping method for many different bacteria with only the choice of the restriction enzyme and electrophoresis ...

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Electrophoresis is popular in the field of forensics, particularly in the analysis of unknown samples containing proteins and ... Using electrophoresis to separate proteins in blood. Electrophoresis can be used to analyze proteins, including those found in ... Capillary electrophoresis. This method is also known as high-performance capillary electrophoresis and can be used to separate ... Electrophoresis. Image Credit: Martinek Jan/Shutterstock.com. What are the basic principles of electrophoresis?. In ...

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... Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002 ... and produce a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) map of soluble crystallins in young rat lens. ...

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Dendrogram of unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of Salmonella Newport. The 58 patterns represent all patterns ... Automated Ribotyping and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis for Rapid Identification of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Serotype ... Automated Ribotyping and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis for Rapid Identification of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Serotype ...

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The electrophoresis chamber is a double-gel unit that features state-of-the-art design and safety features to prevent shocks. ... The electrophoresis lab station contains all the basic equipment you will need to run your first experiment. ... 1 double-gel electrophoresis chamber • 1 variable voltage power supply • 1 agarose Gel Electrophoresis Lab Investigation ... The electrophoresis chamber is a double-gel unit that features state-of-the-art design and safety features to prevent shocks. ...

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Hemoglobin Electrophoresis in Sickle Cell Disease: A Primer for the Clinician ... Figure 1. The different zones on an alkaline gel electrophoresis.. 2. Capillary electrophoresis: An electric current is applied ... Figure 2. Normal hemoglobin electrophoresis in an adult by capillary electrophoresis. The 15 different zones can be seen in the ... These include gel electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, and isoelectric ...

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Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and its applications in forensic toxicology are demonstrated by the investigation of ... The method is based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with a phosphate running buffer (pH 2.2). The drugs were dissolved ... "Analysis of Ecstasy by capillary electrophoresis" Int J Legal Med. 1996;109(2):53-7. ... by capillary electrophoresis Int J Legal Med 1996 109(2):53-7 ... "Analysis of Ecstasy by capillary electrophoresis". Int J ...

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The CAPEL Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) instruments can be used in the fields of Biopharma, Environmental Analysis, Chemical ... Capillary Electrophoresis Applications. The CAPEL Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) instruments are robust, compact, and well ... The method is based on Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and executed according to the USP129 and CH.P 3127. It is also possible to ... The method is based on capillary zone electrophoresis and executed according to EPA 6500 and ASTM D6508-10. The method can be ...

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Electrophoresis equipment includes horizontal and vertical gel electrophoresis chambers, isoelectric focusing systems, 2D ... Electrophoresis equipment is used to separate mixtures of protein, DNA or RNA, based on their electric charge, size and other ... Find the best electrophoresis equipment in our peer-reviewed product directory: compare products, check customer reviews and ... electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis instruments. Precast gels with a gradient can be used or gels can be hand cast. ...

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This method is also known as high-performance capillary electrophoresis and can be used to separate different kinds of molecules, including inorganic molecules and biopolymers. (news-medical.net)
The components of capillary electrophoresis include an injection system, capillary and high voltage source, electrode, and a detector. (news-medical.net)
However, it also has a wider variety of column lengths, while capillary electrophoresis is restricted to thin capillaries. (news-medical.net)
These include gel electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing. (hematology.org)
Normal hemoglobin electrophoresis in an adult by capillary electrophoresis. (hematology.org)
Abnormal hemoglobin capillary electrophoresis showing sickle cell disease with a significant peak seen in the HbS zone. (hematology.org)
At our institution, HPLC is often employed as the second method of electrophoresis to confirm a finding seen by capillary electrophoresis. (hematology.org)
Frost M, Kohler H, Blaschke G. "Analysis of 'Ecstasy' by capillary electrophoresis" Int J Legal Med . (erowid.org)
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and it's applications in forensic toxicology are demonstrated by the investigation of amphetamine derivatives in 'Ecstasy' tablets. (erowid.org)
The method is based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with a phosphate running buffer (pH 2.2). (erowid.org)
The CAPEL Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) instruments are robust, compact, and well design to be used as Dedicated Analysers for several dedicated solutions in the fields of Biopharma, Environmental Analysis, Chemical Industry, Food Testing, Animal feeding and Veterinary. (isogen-lifescience.com)
The CAPEL CE instruments can be used use a versatile Analytical Tool for developing assays in BioPharma that are based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and CE-SDS. (isogen-lifescience.com)
The method is based on Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and executed according to the USP129 and CH.P 3127. (isogen-lifescience.com)
The method is based on Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and executed according to the EP monographs 0579 and 0580. (isogen-lifescience.com)
The method is based on capillary zone electrophoresis and executed according to EPA 6500 and ASTM D6508-10. (isogen-lifescience.com)
Electrophoresis equipment is used to separate mixtures of protein, DNA or RNA, based on their electric charge, size and other physical characteristics, by passing them through a medium such as a polyacrylamide gel, an agarose gel or a capillary tube. (selectscience.net)
Electrophoresis equipment includes horizontal and vertical gel electrophoresis chambers, isoelectric focusing systems, 2D electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis instruments. (selectscience.net)
Sebia UK is pleased to announce the launch of Minicap, a new fully automated capillary electrophoresis system specifically developed to meet the needs of smaller clinical diagnostic laboratories. (labmate-online.com)
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is used in the ATF Forensic Science Laboratories for the analysis of inorganic ions commonly encountered in post-blast residues including monomethylamine (MMA) and benzoate ions. (astm.org)
Capillary electrophoresis provides a simple, rapid method for the analysis of protein samples. (eurekamag.com)
The book details the instrumentation, detection, and application of nano chromatography (that is, any chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic method dealing with the detection of a sample at nano gram per liter or lower) and capillary electrophoresis in the analyses of biological and environmental samples. (ellibs.com)
Methods discussed include: Nano Gas Chromatography, Nano Capillary Electrophoresis, Nano Chiral Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, and Nano High Performance Liquid Chromatography. (ellibs.com)
In our studies, capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used for the analysis of water-soluble fountain pen inks. (unboundmedicine.com)
When more than one complexation additive is used in capillary electrophoresis (CE), the migration behavior of an analyte can be described using contour plots and profile plots of the multivariate binding isotherms, At a certain concentration of one additive, the net electrophoretic mobility of the analyte is not affected by the concentration of the second additive, even though the second additive does alter the mobility of the analyte when used alone. (ubc.ca)
Carbohydrate Composition of Endotoxins from R-type Isogenic Mutants of Shigella sonnei Studied by Capillary Electrophoresis and GC-MS. Croatica Chemica Acta, 84 (3), 393-398. (srce.hr)
The carbohydrate composition of the rough-type endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPSs) from Shigella sonnei mutant strains (Shigella sonnei phase II - 4303, 562H, R41 and 4350) was investigated by capillary electrophoresis and GC-MS. The monosaccharides obtained by hydrolysis were determined by capillary electrophoresis combined with laser induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) after labeling with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) and by GC-MS as alditol-acetate derivatives. (srce.hr)
Albalat A, Franke J, Gonzalez J, Mischak H & Zurbig P (2013) Urinary proteomics based on capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry in kidney disease. (stir.ac.uk)
This technique is capillary electrophoresis coupled online to an electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CE-MS). This technology has proven to be highly reproducible, sensitive with a quick analysis time, important features when analytical platforms have to be used in a clinical setting. (stir.ac.uk)
Microchip capillary electrophoresis with solid-state electrochemiluminescence detector. (duke.edu)
We report microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupling to a solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detector. (duke.edu)
This is a natural progression as a technology, in this case capillary electrophoresis, gets steadily better through higher volumes and lower costs. (pharmtech.com)
Sex determination of forensic samples by polymerase chain reaction of the amelogenin gene and analysis by capillary electrophoresis with polymer matrix. (bvsalud.org)

Agarose or polyacrylamide gel is the most commonly used reagents in gel electrophoresis. (news-medical.net)

High throughput Serum Protein Electrophoresis, with high resolution results. (sebia.com)
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) is an easy, inexpensive method of separating proteins based on their net charge, size, and shape. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Globulins make up a much smaller fraction of the total serum protein but represent the primary focus of interpretation of serum protein electrophoresis. (medscape.com)
Monoclonal pattern serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP). (medscape.com)
Conduct serum protein electrophoresis, immunofixation analyses, and kappa and lambda free light chain (FLC) assays in serum, to determine the age-adjusted prevalence and monoclonal protein size distribution of MGUS by ethnic/racial group. (cdc.gov)
For those individuals where an abnormal protein band or equivocal pattern with conventional agarose-gel electrophoresis was found, an additional 250 microliter serum was used to perform immunofixation for validation purposes (see below). (cdc.gov)
First, serum samples were analyzed for all identified subjects (described above) by using conventional agarose-gel electrophoresis, which has been described in detail previously. (cdc.gov)

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a laboratory technique used by scientists to produce a DNA fingerprint for a bacterial isolate. (cdc.gov)
PFGE is different from conventional DNA electrophoresis because PFGE can separate very large fragments to generate a fingerprint by constantly changing the direction of the electric field. (cdc.gov)
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, or PFGE, is a DNA-based typing technique that is highly discriminatory and has been used in epidemiological investigations of S. zooepidemicus outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
All six of these cases yielded a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern indistinguishable from those associated with an ongoing cluster summarized in 2) below. (cdc.gov)
Any isolated pathogens are sent for pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) testing and the resulting genetic pattern is uploaded to the Centers for Disease Control PulseNet database so that it can be matched against human isolates or outbreak patterns. (foodsafetynews.com)

The Comet assay, or single cell gel electrophoresis assay, provides a simple and effective method for evaluating DNA damage in cells. (rndsystems.com)
Single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) for evaluating manoparticles-induced DNA damage in cells. (cdc.gov)

Electrophoresis;43(3): 464-471, 2022 02. (bvsalud.org)

The ability to separate proteins and other biological components mean that electrophoresis is popular in the field of forensics, particularly in the analysis of unknown samples. (news-medical.net)
Electrophoresis can be used to analyze proteins, including those found in human blood. (news-medical.net)
Protein gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins for purification, characterization, and detection. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Gel Electrophoresis may be a strategy utilized to partitioned DNA, RNA and proteins, based on their atomic size. (alliedacademies.org)
Besides using the laser scanner to capture the 2D gel electrophoresis image, researchers can also use a UV light box to visualize separated proteins on their 2D gels. (abnova.com)
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, (2-DE or 2D electrophoresis), is a form of gel electrophoresis commonly used to isolate the proteins in a sample for further characterization by mass spectroscopy. (abnova.com)
We conducted that method of electrophoresis used to separate proteins or nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) across a temperature at 4°C for 10-15 minutes. (who.int)
Various disease states or conditions alter the pattern of proteins in electrophoresis (see Table 1 below). (medscape.com)

Pre-stained and unstained molecular weight markers for protein gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting applications. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and SDS-PAGE are common techniques used for protein separation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human whole saliva. (bvsalud.org)

The report aims to provide an overview of global Electrophoresis Buffers with detailed market segmentation by component, wearable, type, application and geography. (emailwire.com)
EMAILWIRE.COM , September 27, 2018 ) The report Electrophoresis Buffers Market by Manufacturers highlights the essential market dynamics of Electrophoresis Buffers sector. (emailwire.com)
This report focuses on the Global Electrophoresis Buffers Market by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, exclusively in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East and Africa. (emailwire.com)

Hemoglobin electrophoresis measures the levels of the different types of this protein in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)

The ABI Model 230A HPECTM micropreparative electrophoresis system was used to separate carbonic anhydrase and fractions were analyzed for purity using the ABI Model 270A CE system an compared to silver stained slab gels. (eurekamag.com)
Cleaver Scientific manufactured us 10 x custom made electrophoresis tanks for running our Gene Read gels. (cleaverscientific.com)

AU - Rohde,E, AU - Vogt,C, AU - Heineman,W R, PY - 1998/3/25/pubmed PY - 1998/3/25/medline PY - 1998/3/25/entrez SP - 31 EP - 41 JF - Electrophoresis JO - Electrophoresis VL - 19 IS - 1 N2 - Information on the identity of inks adds to the circumstantial evidence in legal cases involving fraudulent documents. (unboundmedicine.com)

The isolates were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing and sequencing of the szP gene. (cdc.gov)

The Electrophoresis Chambers market research report is proficient and top to bottom research by specialists on the current state of the industry. (openpr.com)
The Electrophoresis Chambers research report offers significant bits of information into the business focus from the early stage including some steady techniques chalked out by perceptible market pioneers to develop a strong foothold and development in the business. (openpr.com)
Moreover, the important areas of the Electrophoresis Chambers market are also assessed on the basis of their performance. (openpr.com)

Genome sequencing is now poised to transform PulseNet , the major foodborne outbreak detection system, which until recently relied on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. (cdc.gov)

In the field of processing suspensions innovative methods like electrophoresis, gel casting and freeze casting are developed. (fraunhofer.de)

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method used for a variety of protocols including sequencing, RFLP analysis, marker analysis, DNA fingerprinting and DNA purification. (who.int)

We also provide important insight into how RRM2B mutations cause disease by demonstrating impaired assembly of the p53R2 protein using the technique of Blue native gel electrophoresis. (bmj.com)

CometAssay Electrophoresis Starter Kit offers a complete standardized system for the comet assay which includes a 50 test sample Reagent Kit (25 x 2 well slides), Alkaline Control Cells, and the CometAssay Electrophoresis System II for consistent and reproducible results. (rndsystems.com)

A number of proprietary plasmids are digested to completion with appropriate restriction enzymes to yield 10 bands suitable for use as molecular weight standards for agarose gel electrophoresis. (selectscience.net)

Isozyme electrophoresis as applied to Sphagnum: an analysis of methodology. (lu.se)
article{fc887fab-a53c-4a85-8abc-c4e18112c8b5, author = {{Cronberg, Nils}}, issn = {{0105-0761}}, language = {{eng}}, pages = {{40--48}}, publisher = {{Nordic Bryological Society}}, series = {{Lindbergia}}, title = {{Isozyme electrophoresis as applied to Sphagnum: an analysis of methodology. (lu.se)
Thus DNA can be separated based on the length (size) of the DNA segment In this study we worked in Desert laboratory in semnan university for analysis effect of temperature on gle electrophoresis. (who.int)

MES and MOPS SDS buffer powders are available for fast and easy preparation of running buffer for protein gel electrophoresis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
New page: {{Team:Newcastle/mainbanner}} ===Gel electrophoresis=== *Transfer harden gel into the gel tank *add TAE buffer until the gel is completely submerged *Depending on the nature of the samp. (igem.org)
Cover the buffer reservoirs during electrophoresis. (umbc.edu)

SCD genotype may be determined from the results of Hb electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), or similar testing. (who.int)

With gel tray options of 10 x 7cm and 10 x 10cm, the multiSUB Midi has been designed for routine horizontal gel electrophoresis. (biotechlab-bg.com)

Find the best electrophoresis equipment in our peer-reviewed product directory: compare products, check customer reviews and receive pricing direct from manufacturers. (selectscience.net)
We manufacture a large range of electrophoresis and laboratory products, for sale worldwide. (cleaverscientific.com)

Protein separation by electrophoresis of DNA and RNA. (alliedacademies.org)

Agarose gel Electrophoresis could be a method basically utilized to partitioned and distinguish DNA atoms. (alliedacademies.org)

DNA is then subjected to electrophoresis and stained with a fluorescent DNA intercalating dye. (rndsystems.com)
In addition to the fluorescent stain, the result of the 2D gel electrophoresis can also be visualized with visible stain. (abnova.com)

The electrophoresis lab station contains all the basic equipment you will need to run your first experiment. (flinnsci.com)
All common areas should be kept free of clutter and all dirty dishes, electrophoresis equipment, etc should be dealt with appropriately. (umbc.edu)

Analytical tube and slab gel electrophoresis has frequently been used to monitor protein purification procedures. (eurekamag.com)

To determine the sequence of four rat beta-crystallins, confirm the sequences by mass spectrometry, and produce a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) map of soluble crystallins in young rat lens. (nih.gov)

Des préparations d'antigènes bruts de Setaria equina ont été utilisées dans le cadre des méthodes ELISA et transfert Western afin d'étudier la réaction croisée avec des sérums humains en provenance de zones endémiques pour la filariose de Bancroft. (who.int)

The whole system was built by reversibly sealing the TBR-modified ITO electrode plate with a PDMS layer containing electrophoresis microchannels. (duke.edu)
Electrophoresis is often classified according to the presence or absence of a solid supporting medium or matrix through which the charged molecules move in the electrophoretic system. (who.int)
The fundamental driving force of electrophoresis is the voltage applied to the system. (who.int)

An interactive gel electrophoresis lab that includes links to DNA in forensic science, how to make your own electrophoresis chamber, and ways to make the DNA colorful. (merlot.org)
The electrophoresis chamber is a double-gel unit that features state-of-the-art design and safety features to prevent shocks. (flinnsci.com)

The different zones on an alkaline gel electrophoresis. (hematology.org)

This method has become increasingly popular since it can detect more types of hemoglobin than gel electrophoresis can. (hematology.org)

Dendrogram of unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of Salmonella Newport. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy13

Organisms12

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs98

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment78

Phenomena and Processes51

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science4

Health Care11

Hidden genetic variability within electromorphs in finite populations. (1/3912)

Application of temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis in taxonomy of coryneform bacteria. (2/3912)

Evidence for suppressed activity of the transcription factor NFAT1 at its proximal binding element P0 in the IL-4 promoter associated with enhanced IL-4 gene transcription in T cells of atopic patients. (3/3912)

Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 regulates intestinal expression of the guanylin/heat-stable toxin receptor. (4/3912)

Nuclear factor-kappa B activity in T cells from patients with rheumatic diseases: a preliminary report. (5/3912)

"The FSGS factor:" enrichment and in vivo effect of activity from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis plasma. (6/3912)

Isolation of DNA fragments associated with methylated CpG islands in human adenocarcinomas of the lung using a methylated DNA binding column and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. (7/3912)

An electrophoretic study of the reversible binding of phosphate to ovalbumin. (8/3912)

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Electrophoresis

Electrophoresis, Capillary

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel

Molecular Weight

Electrophoresis, Microchip

Electrophoresis, Disc

Electrophoresis, Starch Gel

Blood Protein Electrophoresis

Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

Isoelectric Focusing

Molecular Sequence Data

Chromatography, Gel

Amino Acids

DNA, Bacterial

Isoelectric Point

Kinetics

Chromatography, Affinity

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Amino Acid Sequence

Bacterial Typing Techniques

Electrophoresis, Paper

Base Sequence

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Bacterial Proteins

DNA Fingerprinting

Immunoelectrophoresis

Immunodiffusion

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Cattle

Macromolecular Substances

Proteomics

Proteome

Chromatography

Escherichia coli

Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose

Substrate Specificity

Capillary Action

Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis

Glycoproteins

Centrifugation, Density Gradient

Carbohydrates

DNA

Rabbits

Species Specificity

Chemistry

Trypsin

Proteins

Serotyping

Chemical Phenomena

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Ultracentrifugation

Mass Spectrometry

Chemical Precipitation

Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific

Peptide Fragments

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Isoenzymes

Peptides

Blood Proteins

Densitometry

Nucleic Acid Denaturation

Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

Liver

Plasmids

Temperature

Molecular Epidemiology

Cloning, Molecular

Cell Line

Microscopy, Electron

Immunoelectrophoresis, Two-Dimensional

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Genotype

Restriction Mapping

Immunosorbent Techniques