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Electron TransportElectron Transport Chain Complex ProteinsMicroscopy, ElectronElectronsBiological TransportBiological Transport, ActiveElectron Transport Complex IMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningPhotosynthesisElectron Transport Complex IIIElectron Transport Complex IVOxidation-ReductionMitochondriaAntimycin ADiuronCytochromesElectron Transport Complex IIKineticsAxonal TransportChlorophyllUbiquinoneMembrane Transport ProteinsHydroxyquinolinesRotenoneOxidative PhosphorylationIon TransportOxidoreductasesProtein TransportOxygen ConsumptionUncoupling AgentsMicroscopy, Electron, TransmissionPlastoquinoneElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyLightCyanidesNADH DehydrogenasePhotosystem II Protein ComplexCell MembraneChloroplastsSuccinatesSuccinate DehydrogenaseOxygenPhotosystem I Protein ComplexThylakoidsCytochrome b6f ComplexCell RespirationNADPhotosynthetic Reaction Center Complex ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataMutationAdenosine TriphosphateReactive Oxygen SpeciesFerricyanidesAmobarbitalModels, BiologicalCytochrome c GroupHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationNADH, NADPH OxidoreductasesMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceFerredoxinsCytochrome b GroupPotassium CyanideSuccinic AcidPlant LeavesMitochondria, HeartCarrier ProteinsSpectrophotometryDibromothymoquinoneBacterial ProteinsHydrogenPlastocyaninProtonsPhotophosphorylationWolinellaMycobacterium phleiAnaerobiosisCyanobacteriaMitochondria, LiverEscherichia coliMembrane ProteinsGlucoseSodiumNADPTransport VesiclesPlantsDicumarolCytochromes fShewanellaIron-Sulfur ProteinsLight-Harvesting Protein ComplexesCarbonyl Cyanide p-TrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazoneIntracellular MembranesSynechocystisFumaratesTemperatureFluorescenceDinitrophenolsCytochrome ReductasesMitochondria, MusclePlant ProteinsCarbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl HydrazoneEnergy MetabolismAerobiosisFerredoxin-NADP ReductaseCarbon DioxideQuinonesQuinone ReductasesMitochondrial ProteinsProton-Motive ForceAzidesHydrogen PeroxideGolgi ApparatusTime FactorsSpinacia oleraceaOligomycinsCells, CulturedIronCell LineModels, MolecularVitamin KOxidative StressPhenazinesMicroscopy, Electron, Scanning TransmissionBase Sequence2,6-DichloroindophenolMalatesAtovaquoneAnion Transport ProteinsSuperoxidesOnium CompoundsCation Transport ProteinsGeobacterDiffusionValinomycinMultienzyme ComplexesAdenosine TriphosphatasesWaterCattleBacterial ChromatophoresVesicular Transport ProteinsHemeFlavoproteinsAmino AcidsFerrocyanidesDicyclohexylcarbodiimideBinding SitesPolarographyElectron Probe MicroanalysisProtein BindingMembrane Potential, MitochondrialArabidopsisMembrane PotentialsRabbitsNAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)DarknessPhosphatesRibulose-Bisphosphate CarboxylaseThenoyltrifluoroacetoneSaccharomyces cerevisiaeElectrochemistryProtein ConformationCulture MediaRhodobacter sphaeroidesAmino Acid Transport SystemsChlamydomonas reinhardtiiChloridesTobaccoCytochromes cPotassiumCytoplasmFerric CompoundsSequence Homology, Amino AcidTiliaAscorbic AcidCalciumEthylmaleimideLactatesFlavinsAnionsSubmitochondrial ParticlesCardiolipinsDNA, MitochondrialMethanosarcinaMethacrylatesNitratesATP-Binding Cassette TransportersFlavin-Adenine DinucleotideAzotobacterMembranesBioelectric Energy SourcesFree RadicalsSuccinate Cytochrome c OxidoreductaseHydrogenaseCytochromes c2TetramethylphenylenediamineCell Membrane PermeabilityCitric Acid CycleFluorometrySpectrum AnalysisGenes, Bacterial
Electron Transport: The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins: A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. The protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Biological Transport, Active: The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.Electron Transport Complex I: A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.Microscopy, Electron, Scanning: Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.Photosynthesis: The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)Electron Transport Complex III: A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.Electron Transport Complex IV: A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Mitochondria: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.Cytochromes: Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.Electron Transport Complex II: A flavoprotein oxidase complex that contains iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of SUCCINATE to fumarate and couples the reaction to the reduction of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Axonal Transport: The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.Membrane Transport Proteins: Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport.Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.Oxidoreductases: The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Oxygen Consumption: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)Uncoupling Agents: Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.Microscopy, Electron, Transmission: Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.Plastoquinone: Polyunsaturated side-chain quinone derivative which is an important link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.Light: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.NADH Dehydrogenase: A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.Photosystem II Protein Complex: A large multisubunit protein complex found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to catalyze the splitting of WATER into DIOXYGEN and of reducing equivalents of HYDROGEN.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.Succinates: Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.Succinate Dehydrogenase: A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Photosystem I Protein Complex: A large multisubunit protein complex that is found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to drive electron transfer reactions that result in either the reduction of NADP to NADPH or the transport of PROTONS across the membrane.Thylakoids: Membranous cisternae of the CHLOROPLAST containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants.Cytochrome b6f Complex: A protein complex that includes CYTOCHROME B6 and CYTOCHROME F. It is found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE and plays an important role in process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS by transferring electrons from PLASTOQUINONE to PLASTOCYANIN or CYTOCHROME C6. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the membrane.Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell.NAD: A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins: Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Reactive Oxygen Species: Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.Ferricyanides: Inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid, H3Fe(CN)6.Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Cytochrome c Group: A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases: A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.Monosaccharide Transport Proteins: A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Ferredoxins: Iron-containing proteins that transfer electrons, usually at a low potential, to flavoproteins; the iron is not present as in heme. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Cytochrome b Group: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme (HEME B) as the prosthetic group.Potassium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes.Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Mitochondria, Heart: The mitochondria of the myocardium.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.Dibromothymoquinone: At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.Plastocyanin: A copper-containing plant protein that is a fundamental link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.Photophosphorylation: The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occurs during OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION in MITOCHONDRIA.Wolinella: A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the bovine RUMEN, the human gingival sulcus, and dental PULPITIS infections.Mycobacterium phlei: A saprophytic bacterium widely distributed in soil and dust and on plants.Anaerobiosis: The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Cyanobacteria: A phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing CHLOROPHYLL a and carrying out oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both CARBON DIOXIDE (in the presence of light) and NITROGEN. Cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as ALGAE.Mitochondria, Liver: Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Sodium: A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.NADP: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)Transport Vesicles: Vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations.Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.Cytochromes f: Cytochromes f are found as components of the CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX. They play important role in the transfer of electrons from PHOTOSYSTEM I to PHOTOSYSTEM II.Shewanella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rods. It is a saprophytic, marine organism which is often isolated from spoiling fish.Iron-Sulfur Proteins: A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation.Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: Complexes containing CHLOROPHYLL and other photosensitive molecules. They serve to capture energy in the form of PHOTONS and are generally found as components of the PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX or the PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX.Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.Intracellular Membranes: Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.Synechocystis: A form-genus of unicellular CYANOBACTERIA in the order Chroococcales. None of the strains fix NITROGEN, there are no gas vacuoles, and sheath layers are never produced.Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.Dinitrophenols: Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.Cytochrome ReductasesMitochondria, Muscle: Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.Energy Metabolism: The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.Aerobiosis: Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.Ferredoxin-NADP Reductase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation and reduction of FERREDOXIN or ADRENODOXIN in the presence of NADP. EC 1.18.1.2 was formerly listed as EC 1.6.7.1 and EC 1.6.99.4.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.Quinone Reductases: NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductases. A family that includes three enzymes which are distinguished by their sensitivity to various inhibitors. EC 1.6.99.2 (NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE);) is a flavoprotein which reduces various quinones in the presence of NADH or NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol. EC 1.6.99.5 (NADH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADH, is inhibited by AMP and 2,4-dinitrophenol but not by dicoumarol or folic acid derivatives. EC 1.6.99.6 (NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol and folic acid derivatives but not by 2,4-dinitrophenol.Mitochondrial Proteins: Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.Proton-Motive Force: Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.Golgi Apparatus: A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Spinacia oleracea: A widely cultivated plant, native to Asia, having succulent, edible leaves eaten as a vegetable. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Iron: A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Vitamin K: A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).PhenazinesMicroscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission: A type of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY in which the object is examined directly by an extremely narrow electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point and using the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen to create the image. It should not be confused with SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.MalatesAtovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.Anion Transport Proteins: Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.Superoxides: Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.Onium Compounds: Ions with the suffix -onium, indicating cations with coordination number 4 of the type RxA+ which are analogous to QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (H4N+). Ions include phosphonium R4P+, oxonium R3O+, sulfonium R3S+, chloronium R2Cl+Cation Transport Proteins: Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.Geobacter: A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, metal-reducing bacteria in the family Geobacteraceae. They have the ability to oxidize a variety of organic compounds, including AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.Multienzyme Complexes: Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.Adenosine Triphosphatases: A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Bacterial Chromatophores: Organelles of phototrophic bacteria which contain photosynthetic pigments and which are formed from an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane.Vesicular Transport Proteins: A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.FlavoproteinsAmino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Ferrocyanides: Inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid ferrocyanic acid (H4Fe(CN)6).Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide: A carbodiimide that is used as a chemical intermediate and coupling agent in peptide synthesis. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Polarography: An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.Electron Probe Microanalysis: Identification and measurement of ELEMENTS and their location based on the fact that X-RAYS emitted by an element excited by an electron beam have a wavelength characteristic of that element and an intensity related to its concentration. It is performed with an electron microscope fitted with an x-ray spectrometer, in scanning or transmission mode.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial: The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone): A flavoprotein that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of NADH or NADPH by various quinones and oxidation-reduction dyes. The enzyme is inhibited by dicoumarol, capsaicin, and caffeine.Darkness: The absence of light.Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase: A carboxy-lyase that plays a key role in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE by catalyzing the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate and CARBON DIOXIDE. It can also utilize OXYGEN as a substrate to catalyze the synthesis of 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate in a process referred to as photorespiration.Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Electrochemistry: The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Rhodobacter sphaeroides: Spherical phototrophic bacteria found in mud and stagnant water exposed to light.Amino Acid Transport Systems: Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A species of GREEN ALGAE. Delicate, hairlike appendages arise from the flagellar surface in these organisms.Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.Tobacco: A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.Potassium: An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.Cytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Ferric Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds containing trivalent iron.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Tilia: A plant genus of the family TILIACEAE. Some species in this genus are called Limetree which is nearly the same as the common name for lime (CITRUS AURANTIIFOLIA). Some people are allergic to the POLLEN.Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.Lactates: Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.Flavins: Derivatives of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton. Flavin derivatives serve an electron transfer function as ENZYME COFACTORS in FLAVOPROTEINS.Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.Submitochondrial Particles: The various filaments, granules, tubules or other inclusions within mitochondria.Cardiolipins: Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS.DNA, Mitochondrial: Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.Methanosarcina: A genus of anaerobic, irregular spheroid-shaped METHANOSARCINALES whose organisms are nonmotile. Endospores are not formed. These archaea derive energy via formation of methane from acetate, methanol, mono-, di-, and trimethylamine, and possibly, carbon monoxide. Organisms are isolated from freshwater and marine environments.Methacrylates: Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)Azotobacter: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in soil and water. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs or irregular clumps, and sometimes in chains of varying lengths.Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.Bioelectric Energy Sources: Electric power supply devices which convert biological energy, such as chemical energy of metabolism or mechanical energy of periodic movements, into electrical energy.Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.Succinate Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase: An electron transport chain complex that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from SUCCINATE to CYTOCHROME C. It includes ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX II and ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III.Hydrogenase: An enzyme found in bacteria. It catalyzes the reduction of FERREDOXIN and other substances in the presence of molecular hydrogen and is involved in the electron transport of bacterial photosynthesis.Cytochromes c2: Type C cytochromes that are small (12-14 kD) single-heme proteins. They function as mobile electron carriers between membrane-bound enzymes in photosynthetic BACTERIA.Tetramethylphenylenediamine: Used in the form of the hydrochloride as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES.Cell Membrane Permeability: A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.Citric Acid Cycle: A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.Fluorometry: An analytical method for detecting and measuring FLUORESCENCE in compounds or targets such as cells, proteins, or nucleotides, or targets previously labeled with FLUORESCENCE AGENTS.Spectrum Analysis: The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Long-range oxidative damage to DNA: effects of distance and sequence. (1/5429)

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative damage to DNA in vivo can lead to mutations and cancer. DNA damage and repair studies have not yet revealed whether permanent oxidative lesions are generated by charges migrating over long distances. Both photoexcited *Rh(III) and ground-state Ru(III) intercalators were previously shown to oxidize guanine bases from a remote site in oligonucleotide duplexes by DNA-mediated electron transfer. Here we examine much longer charge-transport distances and explore the sensitivity of the reaction to intervening sequences. RESULTS: Oxidative damage was examined in a series of DNA duplexes containing a pendant intercalating photooxidant. These studies revealed a shallow dependence on distance and no dependence on the phasing orientation of the oxidant relative to the site of damage, 5'-GG-3'. The intervening DNA sequence has a significant effect on the yield of guanine oxidation, however. Oxidation through multiple 5'-TA-3' steps is substantially diminished compared to through other base steps. We observed intraduplex guanine oxidation by tethered *Rh(III) and Ru(III) over a distance of 200 A. The distribution of oxidized guanine varied as a function of temperature between 5 and 35 degrees C, with an increase in the proportion of long-range damage (> 100 A) occurring at higher temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: Guanines are oxidized as a result of DNA-mediated charge transport over significant distances (e.g. 200 A). Although long-range charge transfer is dependent on distance, it appears to be modulated by intervening sequence and sequence-dependent dynamics. These discoveries hold important implications with respect to DNA damage in vivo.  (+info)

Internal electron transfer between hemes and Cu(II) bound at cysteine beta93 promotes methemoglobin reduction by carbon monoxide. (2/5429)

Previous studies showed that CO/H2O oxidation provides electrons to drive the reduction of oxidized hemoglobin (metHb). We report here that Cu(II) addition accelerates the rate of metHb beta chain reduction by CO by a factor of about 1000. A mechanism whereby electron transfer occurs via an internal pathway coupling CO/H2O oxidation to Fe(III) and Cu(II) reduction is suggested by the observation that the copper-induced rate enhancement is inhibited by blocking Cys-beta93 with N-ethylmaleimide. Furthermore, this internal electron-transfer pathway is more readily established at low Cu(II) concentrations in Hb Deer Lodge (beta2His --> Arg) and other species lacking His-beta2 than in Hb A0. This difference is consistent with preferential binding of Cu(II) in Hb A0 to a high affinity site involving His-beta2, which is ineffective in promoting electron exchange between Cu(II) and the beta heme iron. Effective electron transfer is thus affected by Hb type but is not governed by the R left arrow over right arrow T conformational equilibrium. The beta hemes in Cu(II)-metHb are reduced under CO at rates close to those observed for cytochrome c oxidase, where heme and copper are present together in the oxygen-binding site and where internal electron transfer also occurs.  (+info)

Role of a novel photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (3/5429)

Intracellular carbonic anhydrases (CA) in aquatic photosynthetic organisms are involved in the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which helps to overcome CO2 limitation in the environment. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, this CCM is initiated and maintained by the pH gradient created across the chloroplast thylakoid membranes by photosystem (PS) II-mediated electron transport. We show here that photosynthesis is stimulated by a novel, intracellular alpha-CA bound to the chloroplast thylakoids. It is associated with PSII on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membranes. We demonstrate that PSII in association with this lumenal CA operates to provide an ample flux of CO2 for carboxylation.  (+info)

Pathways of electron transfer in Escherichia coli DNA photolyase: Trp306 to FADH. (4/5429)

We describe the results of a series of theoretical calculations of electron transfer pathways between Trp306 and *FADH. in the Escherichia coli DNA photolyase molecule, using the method of interatomic tunneling currents. It is found that there are two conformationally orthogonal tryptophans, Trp359 and Trp382, between donor and acceptor that play a crucial role in the pathways of the electron transfer process. The pathways depend vitally on the aromaticity of tryptophans and the flavin molecule. The results of this calculation suggest that the major pathway of the electron transfer is due to a set of overlapping orthogonal pi-rings, which starts from the donor Trp306, runs through Trp359 and Trp382, and finally reaches the flavin group of the acceptor complex, FADH.  (+info)

Nitrate-dependent regulation of acetate biosynthesis and nitrate respiration by Clostridium thermoaceticum. (5/5429)

Nitrate has been shown to shunt the electron flow in Clostridium thermoaceticum from CO2 to nitrate, but it did not influence the levels of enzymes involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (J. M. Frostl, C. Seifritz, and H. L. Drake, J. Bacteriol. 178:4597-4603, 1996). Here we show that under some growth conditions, nitrate does in fact repress proteins involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. The CO oxidation activity in crude extracts of nitrate (30 mM)-supplemented cultures was fivefold less than that of nitrate-free cultures, while the H2 oxidation activity was six- to sevenfold lower. The decrease in CO oxidation activity paralleled a decrease in CO dehydrogenase (CODH) protein level, as confirmed by Western blot analysis. Protein levels of CODH in nitrate-supplemented cultures were 50% lower than those in nitrate-free cultures. Western blots analyses showed that nitrate also decreased the levels of the corrinoid iron-sulfur protein (60%) and methyltransferase (70%). Surprisingly, the decrease in activity and protein levels upon nitrate supplementation was observed only when cultures were continuously sparged. Northern blot analysis indicates that the regulation of the proteins involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway by nitrate is at the transcriptional level. At least a 10-fold decrease in levels of cytochrome b was observed with nitrate supplementation whether the cultures were sparged or stoppered. We also detected nitrate-inducible nitrate reductase activity (2 to 39 nmol min-1 mg-1) in crude extracts of C. thermoaceticum. Our results indicate that nitrate coordinately represses genes encoding enzymes and electron transport proteins in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and activates transcription of nitrate respiratory proteins. CO2 also appears to induce expression of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway genes and repress nitrate reductase activity.  (+info)

Structure of a cytochrome P450-redox partner electron-transfer complex. (6/5429)

The crystal structure of the complex between the heme- and FMN-binding domains of bacterial cytochrome P450BM-3, a prototype for the complex between eukaryotic microsomal P450s and P450 reductase, has been determined at 2.03 A resolution. The flavodoxin-like flavin domain is positioned at the proximal face of the heme domain with the FMN 4.0 and 18.4 A from the peptide that precedes the heme-binding loop and the heme iron, respectively. The heme-binding peptide represents the most efficient and coupled through-bond electron pathway to the heme iron. Substantial differences between the FMN-binding domains of P450BM-3 and microsomal P450 reductase, observed around the flavin-binding sites, are responsible for different redox properties of the FMN, which, in turn, control electron flow to the P450.  (+info)

Multiple pathways for ultrafast transduction of light energy in the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. (7/5429)

A pathway of electron transfer is described that operates in the wild-type reaction center (RC) of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The pathway does not involve the excited state of the special pair dimer of bacteriochlorophylls (P*), but instead is driven by the excited state of the monomeric bacteriochlorophyll (BA*) present in the active branch of pigments along which electron transfer occurs. Pump-probe experiments were performed at 77 K on membrane-bound RCs by using different excitation wavelengths, to investigate the formation of the charge separated state P+HA-. In experiments in which P or BA was selectively excited at 880 nm or 796 nm, respectively, the formation of P+HA- was associated with similar time constants of 1.5 ps and 1. 7 ps. However, the spectral changes associated with the two time constants are very different. Global analysis of the transient spectra shows that a mixture of P+BA- and P* is formed in parallel from BA* on a subpicosecond time scale. In contrast, excitation of the inactive branch monomeric bacteriochlorophyll (BB) and the high exciton component of P (P+) resulted in electron transfer only after relaxation to P*. The multiple pathways for primary electron transfer in the bacterial RC are discussed with regard to the mechanism of charge separation in the RC of photosystem II from higher plants.  (+info)

Purified fusion enzyme between rat cytochrome P4501A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. (8/5429)

A genetically engineered fusion enzyme between rat P4501A1 and yeast P450 reductase in the microsomal fraction of the recombinant yeast AH22/pAFCR1 was purified. The purified enzyme showed a typical CO-difference spectrum of P4501A1 and a single band with an apparent molecular weight of 125,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This agreed with the molecular weight of 131,202 calculated from the amino acid sequence. The purified enzyme showed both 7-ethoxycoumarin o-deethylase activity and horse heart cytochrome c reductase activity in the presence of NADPH. The 7-ethoxycoumarin o-deethylase activity depended on the species of lipid used for the reconstitution of the purified fusion enzyme although the purified enzyme showed the activity without reconstitution. The purified fusion enzyme had the Km value of 26 microM for 7-ethoxycoumarin and the maximal turnover rate of 29 mol product/min/mol enzyme at 30 degrees C.  (+info)

Photoinhibition and Light-Induced Cyclic Electron Transport in ndhB- and psaE- Mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 : Plant...Photoinhibition and Light-Induced Cyclic Electron Transport in ndhB- and psaE- Mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 : Plant...
The ndhB- and psaE- mutants of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 are partly deficient in PSI-driven cyclic electron transport. We compared photoinhibition in these mutants to the wild type to test the hypothesis that PSI cyclic electron transport protects against photoinhibition. Photoinhibitory treatment greatly accelerated PSI cyclic electron transport in the wild type and also in both the mutants. The psaE- mutant showed rates of PSI cyclic electron transport similar to the wild type under all conditions tested. The ndhB- mutant showed much lower rates of PSI cyclic electron transport than the wild type following brief dark adaptation but exceeded wild type rates after exposure to photoinhibitory light. The wild type and both mutants showed similar rates of photoinhibition damage and photoinhibition repair at PSII. Photoinhibition at PSI was much slower than at PSII and was also similar between the wild type and both mutants, despite the known instability of PSI in the psaE- ...
Essays: Research Proposals: Electron Transport Chain and Energy ProductionEssays: Research Proposals: Electron Transport Chain and Energy Production
Electron Transport Chain and Energy Production In cellular biology, the electron transport chain is one of the steps in your cells processes that make energy from the foods you eat.à It is the third step of aerobic cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the term for how your bodys cells make energy from food consumed. The electron transport chain is where most of the energy cells need to operate is generated. This chain is actually a series of protein complexes and electron carrier molecules within the inner membrane of cell mitochondria, also known as the cells powerhouse. Oxygen is required forà aerobic respirationà as the chain terminates with the donation of electrons to oxygen.à Key Takeaways: Electron Transport Chain The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and electron carrier molecules within the inner membrane of mitochondria that generate ATP for energy.Electrons are passed along the chain from protein complex to protein complex until they are donated to ...
Fast electron transfer through a single molecule natively structured redox protein - Danish National Research Database-Den...Fast electron transfer through a single molecule natively structured redox protein - Danish National Research Database-Den...
The electron transfer properties of proteins are normally measured as molecularly averaged ensembles. Through these and related measurements, proteins are widely regarded as macroscopically insulating materials. Using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), we present new measurements of the conductance through single-molecules of the electron transfer protein cytochrome b562 in its native conformation, under pseudo-physiological conditions. This is achieved by thiol (SH) linker pairs at opposite ends of the molecule through protein engineering, resulting in defined covalent contact between a gold surface and a platinum-iridium STM tip. Two different orientations of the linkers were examined: a long-axis configuration (SH-LA) and a short-axis configuration (SH-SA). In each case, the molecular conductance could be gated through electrochemical control of the heme redox state. Reproducible and remarkably high conductance was observed in this relatively complex electron transfer system, with ...
Electron Transfer through U-Shaped Donor-Bridge-Acceptor Molecules and Fluorescence Quenching of Conjugated Polyelectrolyte -...Electron Transfer through U-Shaped Donor-Bridge-Acceptor Molecules and Fluorescence Quenching of Conjugated Polyelectrolyte -...
Electron transfer reactions constitute a fundamental chemical process and are of intrinsic importance in biology, chemistry, and the emerging field of nanotechnology. Electron transfer reactions proceed generally in a few limiting regimes: nonadiabatic electron transfer, adiabatic electron transfer and solvent controlled electron transfer. Behavior between some of these regimes was examined by varying the solvents in which the reaction occurs i.e., the different polarization relaxation. In a fast solvent, such as acetonitrile, the electron transfer occurs in the nonadiabatic regime over a broad temperature range; in a slow solvent, such as N-methylacetamide (NMA) and N-methylpropionamide (NMP), the electron transfer reaction occurs in the nonadiabatic regime of high temperature but occurs in the solvent controlled regime as the temperature decreases. The semiclassical model was compared to the electron transfer rate data in the nonadiabatic regime and the Zusman model was compared to the ...
Hydrogen-bond effects on Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer from PhenolsHydrogen-bond effects on Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer from Phenols
Amino acid radicals are key redox intermediates in several natural enzymes including Cytochrome c peroxidase, DNA photolyase, ribonucletide reductase, cytochrome c oxidase and photosystem II. Electron transfer from amino acids is often coupled to deprotonation and this thesis concerns the coupling of electron transfer from tyrosine and tryptophan to trisbipyridineruthenium(III) with deprotonation in model complexes. Specifically the mechanisms for these proton coupled electron transfer reactions have been studied and the controlling parameters have been identified, the possible mechanisms being stepwise electron transfer followed by deprotonation and deprotonation followed by electron transfer or concerted electron transfer/deprotonation.. Proton coupled electron transfer reactions have been studied using nano-second flash photolysis in water solution and the effect of pH, temperature, reaction driving force, deuteration and nature of the amino acid has been determined. I have shown that the ...
Mutagenetix > Incidental...Mutagenetix > Incidental...
FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] The protein encoded by this gene is involved in plasma membrane electron transport pathways. The encoded protein has both a hydroquinone (NADH) oxidase activity and a protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity. The two activities cycle with a periodicity of 24 minutes, with one activity being at its peak when the other is at its lowest. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016 ...
Energetic mechanism of cytochrome c-cytochrome c oxidase electron transfer complex formation under turnover conditions revealed...Energetic mechanism of cytochrome c-cytochrome c oxidase electron transfer complex formation under turnover conditions revealed...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Energetic mechanism of cytochrome c-cytochrome c oxidase electron transfer complex formation under turnover conditions revealed by mutational effects and docking simulation. AU - Sato, Wataru. AU - Hitaoka, Seiji. AU - Inoue, Kaoru. AU - Imai, Mizue. AU - Saio, Tomohide. AU - Uchida, Takeshi. AU - Shinzawa-Itoh, Kyoko. AU - Yoshikawa, Shinya. AU - Yoshizawa, Kazunari. AU - Ishimori, Koichiro. PY - 2016/7/15. Y1 - 2016/7/15. N2 - Based on the mutational effects on the steady-state kinetics of the electron transfer reaction and our NMR analysis of the interaction site (Sakamoto, K., Kamiya, M., Imai, M., Shinzawa-Itoh, K., Uchida, T., Kawano, K., Yoshikawa, S., and Ishimori, K. (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 12271-12276), we determined the structure of the electron transfer complex between cytochrome c (Cyt c) and cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) under turnover conditions and energetically characterized the interactions essential for complex formation. The complex structures ...
Electron transport chain | LAMPElectron transport chain | LAMP
A continuous supply of energy in the form of ATP is essential to the maintenance of life. In most eukaryotes, it is achieved by oxygen-dependent energy production and the mitochondrial electron transport chain plays a central role in ATP production. In higher eukaryotes, the electron transport chain comprises four integral membrane protein complexes namely, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II), ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase/ cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III) and cytochrome oxidase (complex IV). The electrons are transferred from NADH and succinate to oxygen through these series of enzymatic complexes of the inner mitochondrial membrane and oxygen is reduced to water. This releases energy and generates a proton gradient across mitochondrial membrane by pumping protons into the intermembrane space. The energy of oxidation of hydrogen is used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP. This ATP generation is catalysed by ATP synthase complex ...
Tunneling time for electron transfer reactions<...Tunneling time for electron transfer reactions<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Tunneling time for electron transfer reactions. AU - Nitzan, Abraham. AU - Jortner, Joshua. AU - Wilkie, Joshua. AU - Burin, Alexander L.. AU - Ratner, Mark A.. PY - 2000/6/22. Y1 - 2000/6/22. N2 - The tunneling time for nonadiabatic electron transfer reactions described within the superexchange model is estimated using a Biittiker type internal clock: the electron is taken to possess two internal spin states that are weakly coupled on the bridge. By studying the transition probability between these channels during the tunneling process the traversal time through the bridge can be estimated. Like the Büttiker-Landauer result it is linear in the bridge length, but its dependence on the barrier energy UB approaches the Büttiker-Landauer form only in the limit of strong interstate coupling (broad band). In the "normal" superexchange (weak coupling) limit it is inversely proportional to the barrier energy.. AB - The tunneling time for nonadiabatic electron transfer reactions ...
Oxygen Isotope Effects on Electron Transfer to O 2 Probed Using Chemically Modified Flavins Bound to Glucose OxidaseOxygen Isotope Effects on Electron Transfer to O 2 Probed Using Chemically Modified Flavins Bound to Glucose Oxidase
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A Helical Peptide can Mediate Electron over 120 Å by Hopping MechanismA Helical Peptide can Mediate Electron over 120 Å by Hopping Mechanism
We have studied long-range electron transfer through various lengths of helical peptides from 8 mer (24 Å) up to 80 mer (120 Å) in self-assembled monolayers prepared on a gold surface. Helical peptides carrying a redox-active ferrocene unit and a disulfide group at the respective terminals were synthesized and immobilized on gold via a gold-sulfur linkage to form a well-defined monolayer with vertical helix orientation, and the electron transfer from the ferrocene unit to gold through the helical peptides was studied by electrochemistry. The electron transfer showed a very shallow distance dependence and high activation energies, both of which are characteristic of a hopping mechanism. Detailed theoretical calculations successfully demonstrated that a hopping mechanism with the amide groups as hopping sites is responsible for the long-range electron transfer, which enables ultralong-range electron transfer over 120 Å with the 80 mer helical peptide.
Electron Transfer in Biology and the Solid State: Inorganic Compounds With Unusual Properties {Volume 226 of the Advances in...Electron Transfer in Biology and the Solid State: Inorganic Compounds With Unusual Properties {Volume 226 of the Advances in...
Disponible ahora en Iberlibro.com - ISBN: 9780841216754 - Hard Cover - American Chemical Society - 1990 - Condición del libro: Fine - Not Given - No Jacket - Electron transfer has become a unifying concept for widely disparate groups of researchers. It serves as the bridge between scientists studying electron-transfer processes in solids and those studying the same processes between metal centers in proteins and other biologically significant molecules. This broad and fundamental subject matter is in a state of intellectual ferment, as electron transfer is investigated in such unusual materials as proteins and peptides. Semiconductor and tunneling models, which have often been used to explain conducting properties in solids, also apply to many aspects of long-range biological electron transfer. This book has 470 pages and is illustrated throughout.
Role of Inertial Effects in Electron Transfer Kinetics - Acta Physica Polonica A - Volume 89, Issue 5-6 (1996) - PSJD - YaddaRole of Inertial Effects in Electron Transfer Kinetics - Acta Physica Polonica A - Volume 89, Issue 5-6 (1996) - PSJD - Yadda
The electron transfer rates at the steady state are evaluated in terms of the Gaussian wave packet motion on free energy curves in the two- and three-surface models in the presence of inertial effects. The autocorrelation functions of the solvent polarization coordinate are fitted to the results of recent molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the inertial effects are particularly important for the electron transfer processes in acetonitrile and water. They constitute an impeding factor in the wave packet motion. The neglect of the inertial part of the solvent autocorrelation function gives underestimation of the electron transfer rate coefficient ...
Genetic and epigenetic factors are associated with expression of respiratory chain component NDUFB6 in human skeletal muscle. ...Genetic and epigenetic factors are associated with expression of respiratory chain component NDUFB6 in human skeletal muscle. ...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
Glycolysis | Boundless MicrobiologyGlycolysis | Boundless Microbiology
Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains, often simultaneously. Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors, a number of different dehydrogenases, a number of different oxidases and reductases, and a number of different electron acceptors. For example, E. coli (when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases, for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously.. A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient. Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps, like mitochondria, or they may contain only one or two. They always contain at least one proton pump.. In the present day biosphere, the most common electron donors are organic molecules. Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs. Organotrophs (animals, ...
Recent insights into the double role of hydrogen peroxide in plants | Frontiers Research TopicRecent insights into the double role of hydrogen peroxide in plants | Frontiers Research Topic
Normal aerobic metabolism (via processes such as photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains) in plants yields varied reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2.¬), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the hydroxyl radical (OH¬). Among the major ROS, H2O2 is an important, relatively stable (under physiological conditions), water-soluble and a longer half-life exhibiting, non-radical w-electron reduction product of oxygen. It has ability to readily cross biological membranes. Literature clearly reflects a double role of H2O2 in normal and (biotic/abiotic)stressed plants. On one hand, H2O2 can be considered essential to plant life because of the involvement of its optimum concentrations in the regulation of specific biological/physiological processes such as photosynthetic functions, cell cycle, growth and development, and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. On the other hand, severe damage to biomolecules such as cellular lipids and proteins and
Biological Electron Microscopy: Theory, Techniques, and Troubleshooting 1st Edition | Rent 9780306442773 | 0306442779Biological Electron Microscopy: Theory, Techniques, and Troubleshooting 1st Edition | Rent 9780306442773 | 0306442779
In this practical text, the author covers the fundamentals of biological electron microscopy - including fixation, instrumentation, and darkroom work - to provide an excellent introduction to the subject for the advanced undergraduate or graduate student.Michael J. Dykstra is the author of Biological Electron Microscopy: Theory, Techniques, and Troubleshooting, published 1992 under ISBN 9780306442773 and ISBN 0306442779. [read more] ...
Biological Electron Microscopy: Theory, Techniques, and Troubleshooting | Download online ebookBiological Electron Microscopy: Theory, Techniques, and Troubleshooting | Download online ebook
Biological Electron Microscopy: Theory, Techniques, and Troubleshooting By Michael J. Dykstra, Laura E. Reuss2013 | 534 Pages | ISBN: 1461348560 | PDF | 16
Electron Transport - Progress - GO WikiElectron Transport - Progress - GO Wiki
Participants: Pascale Gaudet, Michelle Gwinn-Giglio, Jennifer Deegan, Jim Hu, Debby Siegele, Ingrid Keseler. Since last meeting we discussed on email the problem the electron transport to some of the proteins in the photosynthetic electron transport chain are processes and some are really just functions. It seemed like we could waste a lot of time essentially splitting hairs trying to work out which were functions and which were processes, when currently so many are missing altogether. It is hoped that very soon the GO will include links between the function and process ontologies, and this change would make it much easier to make a correct representation of this area of biology as the full set of terms would be linked together and visible as a group in a single window of the user interface. This change to MF-BP links has not happened yet but is taking place as a pilot project. Therefore we discussed the idea of initially making a flat list of the functions and smaller processes that should come ...
Contrasting photoinduced electron-transfer properties of two closely related, rigidly linked porphyrin-quinone dyads<...Contrasting photoinduced electron-transfer properties of two closely related, rigidly linked porphyrin-quinone dyads<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Contrasting photoinduced electron-transfer properties of two closely related, rigidly linked porphyrin-quinone dyads. AU - Sumida, John P.. AU - Liddell, Paul A.. AU - Lin, Su. AU - Macpherson, Alisdair N.. AU - Seely, Gilbert R.. AU - Moore, Ana L. AU - Moore, Thomas A. AU - Gust, John Devens. PY - 1998/7/9. Y1 - 1998/7/9. N2 - Two closely related, rigidly linked porphyrin-naphthoquinone dyads have been prepared and studied using time-resolved fluorescence and absorption methods. Dyad 1, whose quinone carbonyl groups are relatively close to the porphyrin macrocycle, exhibits photoinduced electron-transfer rate constants that are virtually independent of solvent dielectric constant and temperature within the range 77-295 K. Dyad 2, which has a similar donor-acceptor linkage but whose quinone carbonyl groups are ∼2 Å farther from the porphyrin, features photoinduced electron-transfer rate constants that decrease with decreasing solvent dielectric constant. Electron transfer in ...
Electron Transport System - final electron acceptor is an oxygen atom In their energy-depleted condition the electrons unite...Electron Transport System - final electron acceptor is an oxygen atom In their energy-depleted condition the electrons unite...
View Notes - Electron Transport System from BIO 101 at Texas State. final electron acceptor is an oxygen atom. In their energy-depleted condition, the electrons unite with an oxygen atom. The
Visible light induced electron transfer processes in amine deprotectio by Haihong Jin"Visible light induced electron transfer processes in amine deprotectio" by Haihong Jin
During a multistep synthesis, protecting groups are often employed for the amino group to reduce its basicity and nucleophilicity. The benzyl group is a common protecting group for amines. However, its deprotection involves harsh chemical conditions. ^ The purpose of this research is (1) seek a mild debenzylation method by a visible light induced electron transfer reaction, and (2) develop a novel visible light removable quinoline type protecting group for amines which offers some advantages over the benzyl group. ^ Photochemical debenzylation of benzylated tertiary amines was carried out using an inexpensive spotlight, a dye as a photosensitizer and acetonitrile-water as solvent. Illumination under nitrogen led to the cleanest reaction, though under oxygen the reaction was faster. The reaction was about ten times faster in the presence of a cupric salt. The presumed mechanism of reaction involves a photoinduced electron transfer, and a coordination involving cupric ion seems to improve the quantum
Many-body effects in the spin-polarized electron transport through graphene nanoislands (Journal Article) | SciTech ConnectMany-body effects in the spin-polarized electron transport through graphene nanoislands (Journal Article) | SciTech Connect
Spin-polarized electron transport through zigzag-edged graphene nanoislands is studied within the framework of the Pariser-Parr-Pople Hamiltonian. By including both short- and long-range electron-electron interactions, the electron conductance is calculated self-consistently for the hexagonal model on various substrates from which we are able to identify the effects of the many-body interactions in the electron transport. For the system in its lowest antiferromagnetic (AFM) state, the long-range interactions are shown to have negligible effect on the electron transport in the low-energy region in which the conductance is found quenched mainly by the short-range interactions. As the system is excited to its second AFM state, the short- and long-range interactions are found to have opposite effects on the electron transmission, i.e., the electron transmission is found to increase with either the suppression of the long-range interactions or the enhancement of the short-range interactions. When the ...
Molecular wire-nanotube interfacial effects on electron transport - Publikationsserver der Universität RegensburgMolecular wire-nanotube interfacial effects on electron transport - Publikationsserver der Universität Regensburg
We discuss the conductance of a molecular bridge between mesoscopic electrodes supporting low-dimensional transport and bearing an internal structure. As an example for such nanoelectrodes we assume semi-infinite (carbon) nanotubes. In the Landauer scattering matrix approach, we show that the conductance of this hybrid is very sensitive to the geometry of the contact, unlike the usual behavior in the presence of bulk electrodes. ...
Where does the electron transport chain take place? | Reference.comWhere does the electron transport chain take place? | Reference.com
The electron transport chain takes place in the membranes of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. Electron transport is the last stage of cell respiration. The chain passes high-energy electrons...
All Faculty and Research Staff Publications | UW-Madison Department of ChemistryAll Faculty and Research Staff Publications | UW-Madison Department of Chemistry
Frey BL, Ladror DT, Sondalle SB, Krusemark CJ, Jue AL, Coon JJ, Smith LM. Chemical Derivatization of Peptide Carboxyl Groups for Highly Efficient Electron Transfer Dissociation. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 2013 ;24:1710-1721. ...
Publications | Smith Research GroupPublications | Smith Research Group
Frey B.L, Ladror D.T, Sondalle S.B, Krusemark C.J, Jue A.L, Coon J.J, Smith L.M. 2013. Chemical Derivatization of Peptide Carboxyl Groups for Highly Efficient Electron Transfer Dissociation. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 24:1710-1721. ...
What is Electron Transport System? Definition, Components & Location - Biology ReaderWhat is Electron Transport System? Definition, Components & Location - Biology Reader
Electron transport system can define as a mechanism of cellular respiration that occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria, which produces ATP by the transfer of electron from one carrier to another.
Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain InhibitorsMitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Inhibitors
BioVision develops and offers a wide variety of products including assay kits, antibodies, recombinant proteins & enzymes, and other innovative research tools for studying Apoptosis, Metabolism, Cell Proliferation, Cellular Stress, Cell Damage and Repair, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome, Stem Cell Biology, Gene Regulation, Signal Transduction, etc. BioVisions products are currently being sold in more than 60 countries worldwide.
Electron Transport on Helium Films in Confined GeometryElectron Transport on Helium Films in Confined Geometry
In this work, investigations on the transport of electrons on liquid helium films through narrow channels using suitable substrate structures, microfabricated on a silicon wafer which resembles Field E ect Transistors (we call it He-FET) have been presented. The sample has Source and Drain,br /,regions, separated by a Gate structure, which consists of 2 gold electrodes with a narrow gap (channel) through which the electron transport takes place. The electron densities on the source and drain are determined directly by electrical method. For time-resolved measurements, a pulse of electrons from a small lament is rst collected on the source area, and then the passage of this pulse through the channel of the split gate towards the drain is monitored. This allows determining the electron transport of surface state electrons in channels of various dimensions and for a wide range of electron densities. The study of the potential distribution across the He-FET sample results,br /,in a new model of ...
Highly (001)-textured p-type WSe 2 Thin Films as Efficient Large-Area Photocathodes for Solar Hydrogen Evolution | Scientific...Highly (001)-textured p-type WSe 2 Thin Films as Efficient Large-Area Photocathodes for Solar Hydrogen Evolution | Scientific...
Highly (001)-textured, photoactive WSe2 thin films have been prepared by an amorphous solid-liquid-crystalline solid process promoted by palladium. By increasing the thickness of the Pd promoter film (≥10 nm) the structure and texture of the WSe2 films can be improved significantly. However, these as-crystallized WSe2 films are only weakly photoactive in a 0.5 М H2SO4 electrolyte under AM 1.5 solar irradiation which we attribute to an inefficient photogenerated charge transfer across the WSe2/electrolyte interface via the prevailing van der Waals planes of the WSe2 crystallites. In this work photochemically deposited platinum on the p-type WSe2 photocathode is used for an efficient electron transfer thus inducing the hydrogen evolution reaction. Upon illuminating the WSe2 photocathodes in a Pt-ion containing electrolyte, the photogenerated electrons reduce Pt+ to Pt leading to the precipitation of Pt islands, preferentially at edge steps of the WSe2, i.e. at the grain boundaries of the WSe2
Sandwalk: April 2016Sandwalk: April 2016
In photosynthesis , 26 protein complexes and enzymes are required to go through the light and light independent reactions, a chemical process that transforms sunlight into chemical energy, to get glucose as end product , a metabolic intermediate for cell respiration. A good part of the protein complexes are uniquely used in photosynthesis. The pathway must go all the way through, and all steps are required, otherwise glucose is not produced. Also, in the oxygen evolving complex, which splits water into electrons, protons, and CO2, if the light-induced electron transfer reactions do not go all the five steps through, no oxygen, no protons and electrons are produced, no advanced life would be possible on earth. So, photosynthesis is a interdependent system, that could not have evolved, since all parts had to be in place right from the beginning. It contains many interdependent systems composed of parts that would be useless without the presence of all the other necessary parts. In these systems, ...
VCAC: Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain: Advanced Look: ATP SynthaseVCAC: Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain: Advanced Look: ATP Synthase
ETC: Advanced Look --, 4.) ATP Synthase ATP synthase is considered a part of the electron transport chain, but it is not involved in the transport of electrons. ATP synthase uses the proton gradient created by the ETC to synthesize ATP. Clicking on each of the thumbnail images will bring up a larger, labeled version of the described scene.. To see the Flash movie for the following sequence of images, click here.. ...
Electron Transport Chain, PhosphorylationElectron Transport Chain, Phosphorylation
After the Krebs cycle is completed, oxygen enters the respiration pathway as the electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.
cytochromep450 - Projects - Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdamcytochromep450 - Projects - Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Genome mapping of Mtb revealed that the genome contains genes encoding for a high number of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs or P450s) that are involved in very specific and physiologically relevant pathways for the bacteria. Therefore, cytochrome P450 enzymes are investigated as targets for novel therapeutic agents. Sandra Ortega Ugalde and her AIMMS colleagues identified the reaction catalyzed by one of these CYPs, CYP130A1, shedding light into its physiological role. Furthermore, catalytic activity of mycobacterial CYPs is dependent on electron transfer from a NAD (P)H-ferredoxin-reductase and a ferredoxin. Ortega and her colleagues have improved the basic understanding of the selectivity, biochemical properties, and function of the iron-sulfur cluster-containing ferredoxin proteins in Mtb essential for the reconstitution of the cognate CYP catalytic system to aid in the development of new antibiotics. Finally, they are also conducting collaborative studies to synthetize specific and potent ...
Ferroelastic modulation and the Bloch formalism | Science AdvancesFerroelastic modulation and the Bloch formalism | Science Advances
in an adjacent domain corresponds to a change in the description of the state from one little group k to another little group k′. Although this change of momentum is forbidden in a bulk wurtzite crystal, it becomes allowed in the OSL because of the wedge interface boundaries that give rise to the lossless refraction phenomenon (15). The interdomain electron transfer can be described as a transition from one Pmn21 symmetry BZ (see fig. S6) to another rotated by π/3, just as in Fig. 6. The intradomain transport obeys the translation symmetry of the space group Pmn21. However, this translation group is not an invariant subgroup of the P63cm supergroup corresponding to the OSL because Pmn21 does not have a sixfold symmetry axis. Thus, k changes can occur during interdomain propagation because k is not a constant of motion of the OSL. The inter- and intradomain propagation outlined above describes all propagation in the OSL. It is therefore not necessary to invoke the Bloch formalism for the ...
Lecture10 11 - Main Points The electron transport chain The ETC game Respiration without oxygen Metabolic poisons Fig 9-17...Lecture10 11 - Main Points The electron transport chain The ETC game Respiration without oxygen Metabolic poisons Fig 9-17...
View Notes - Lecture10_11 from BIO 311C at University of Texas. Main Points The electron transport chain The ETC game Respiration without oxygen Metabolic poisons 2/3/11 Fig. 9-17 Summary of
Explain the operation of the electron transport chain in the development ATP | eNotesExplain the operation of the electron transport chain in the development ATP | eNotes
Get an answer for Explain the operation of the electron transport chain in the development ATP and find homework help for other Science questions at eNotes
Download Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy by John H. Luft (auth.), James K. Koehler Ph. D. (eds.) PDF -...Download Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy by John H. Luft (auth.), James K. Koehler Ph. D. (eds.) PDF -...
By John H. Luft (auth.), James K. Koehler Ph. D. (eds.). The earlier decade has noticeable a outstanding raise within the use of electron microscopy as a researm software in biology and drugs. hence, such a lot institu- tions of upper studying now boast a number of electron optical laboratories having a number of degrees of class. education within the regimen use of elec- tron optical apparatus and interpretation of effects isnt any longer limited to a couple prestigious facilities. nevertheless, temniques used by researm employees within the ultrastructural area became super varied and complicated. even supposing lots of relatively very good volumes of electron microscopic temnique at the moment are devoted to the fundamental parts on hand whim enable the beginner to obtain a cheap creation to the sector, particularly few books were dedicated to a dialogue of extra advert- vanced temnical facets of the artwork. It was once with this view that the current quantity was once conceived as a ...
Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy | J.K. Koehler | SpringerAdvanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy | J.K. Koehler | Springer
The past decade has seen a remarkable increase in the use of electron microscopy as a researm tool in biology and medicine. Thus, most institu- tions of higher learning now boast several electron optical laboratories having various levels of sophistication. Training in the routine use of elec- tron
Cyp2b19 - Cytochrome P450 2B19 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Cyp2b19 gene & proteinCyp2b19 - Cytochrome P450 2B19 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Cyp2b19 gene & protein
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
COX8 (YLR395C) Result Summary | BioGRIDCOX8 (YLR395C) Result Summary | BioGRID
Subunit VIII Of Cytochrome C Oxidase (Complex IV); Complex IV Is The Terminal Member Of The Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Electron Transport Chain
Aerobic Metabolism - BioSolutionsAerobic Metabolism - BioSolutions
The reducing potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).[2] However, this maximum yield is never quite reached due to losses (leaky membranes) as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose ...
电子转移反应 的翻译结果--cnki翻译助手电子转移反应 的翻译结果--cnki翻译助手
电子转移反应 的翻译结果：electron transfer reaction;electron transfer reactions;electron-transfer reaction||双语例句|英文例句|相关文摘
Electron Carrier Molecules | On the Shoulders of GiantsElectron Carrier Molecules | On the Shoulders of Giants
So, in Mitochondria Pt. 2 I threw a whole lot of information at you, some of it without much context. In this post, I will hopefully provide some of that context. Specifically, we will explore the the different types of electron carrier molecules that are present in the electron transport chain. Most electron carrier molecules…
IBM Tech Detects & Changes Spin of Single Electron - SlashdotIBM Tech Detects & Changes Spin of Single Electron - Slashdot
An anonymous reader writes Looks like we have another step forward in Quantum Computing - IBM has discovered how to detect and change the spin of a single electron. Wont be long before were all solving impossible encryption problems. ...
Category: Electron Transport Chain - Empirical CyclingCategory: Electron Transport Chain - Empirical Cycling
Oxygen is corrosive, but we need it for life and exercise. This episode looks at how free radicals are made in the body, their role in adaptation to endurance exercise, and the bodys natural defense mechanisms ...
Respiration - Biology-OnlineRespiration - Biology-Online
I want to ask how the electron transport system work in aerobic respiration. I dont know how the redox potential of the coenzymes affect the process ...
Micro Chapter 5Micro Chapter 5
Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2. Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycles operates under anaerobic conditions ...
Karin Busch | SFB1348Karin Busch | SFB1348
Our group aims to understand and monitor the dynamic formation of protein complexes in the context of membrane dynamics. For example, respiratory complexes of mitochondria that are arranged in a sequence of electron transfer reactions form rather stable supercomplexes (Rieger et al., 2017) in response to specific (energetic) states. On the other hand, membrane proteins transiently interact with soluble proteins, e.g. during membrane fission and fusion such as exocytosis. The interaction of membrane - membrane protein complexes or membrane - soluble protein complexes often is spatially and temporally restricted and thus difficult to survey. Yet, specific and spatially confined nano-organization mutually is prerequisite for local functionality (Beinlich et al., 2015). In our group, we use and implement diverse fluorescence-based microscopy techniques ranging from fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) (Söhnel et al., 2016; Rieger et al., 2017) to superresolution imaging (Appelhans and ...
Proton pumpProton pump
CristaCrista
Human mitochondrial geneticsHuman mitochondrial genetics
Transmembrane proteinTransmembrane protein
Green sulfur bacteriaGreen sulfur bacteria
Cellular respiration - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaCellular respiration - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
BosonizationBosonization
David DiVincenzoDavid DiVincenzo
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Adenosine diphosphateAdenosine diphosphate
Transporter Classification DatabaseTransporter Classification Database
Electrochemical gradientElectrochemical gradient
Lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylaseLanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase
ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis
BiohydrogenBiohydrogen
Purple bacteriaPurple bacteria
Coenzyme Q10Coenzyme Q10
RemineralisationRemineralisation
Glass transitionGlass transition
OrganosiliconOrganosilicon
Adrenodoxin-NADP+ reductaseAdrenodoxin-NADP+ reductase
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzymeCholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
GeobacterGeobacter
PhotophosphorylationPhotophosphorylation
Cell membraneCell membrane
Carver MeadCarver Mead
Israel HanukogluIsrael Hanukoglu
Indium antimonideIndium antimonide
Plasma cellPlasma cell
Cell membrane - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaCell membrane - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Positron emission tomographyPositron emission tomography
LeafLeaf
EbolaEbola
Chloroplast DNAChloroplast DNA
Endoplasmic reticulum - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaEndoplasmic reticulum - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
TechnologyTechnology
DiagenesisDiagenesis
NADH deshidroxenase, a enciclopedia libreNADH deshidroxenase, a enciclopedia libre
PicornavirusPicornavirus
Electron transport chain - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaElectron transport chain - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
ViroplasmViroplasm
HADHBHADHB
Cell biologyCell biology
فهرست یهودیان برنده جایزه نوبل - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزادفهرست یهودیان برنده جایزه نوبل - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
Superoxide dismutaseSuperoxide dismutase
پرتو کیهانی - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزادپرتو کیهانی - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
ClathrinClathrin
Vitamin CVitamin C
Bacterial nanowiresBacterial nanowires
Solar cellSolar cell
Princeton Plasma Physics LaboratoryPrinceton Plasma Physics Laboratory
Plant virusPlant virus
Electron beam-induced currentElectron beam-induced current
Electric batteryElectric battery
GlycosylationGlycosylation
نوبل انعام برائے کیمیا وصول کنندگان کی فہرست - آزاد دائرۃ المعارف، ویکیپیڈیانوبل انعام برائے کیمیا وصول کنندگان کی فہرست - آزاد دائرۃ المعارف، ویکیپیڈیا
AKR1B1AKR1B1
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Electron TransportElectron Transport Chain Complex ProteinsMicroscopy, ElectronElectronsBiological TransportBiological Transport, ActiveElectron Transport Complex IMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningPhotosynthesisElectron Transport Complex IIIElectron Transport Complex IVOxidation-ReductionMitochondriaAntimycin ADiuronCytochromesElectron Transport Complex IIKineticsAxonal TransportChlorophyllUbiquinoneMembrane Transport ProteinsHydroxyquinolinesRotenoneOxidative PhosphorylationIon TransportOxidoreductasesProtein TransportOxygen ConsumptionUncoupling AgentsMicroscopy, Electron, TransmissionPlastoquinoneElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyLightCyanidesNADH DehydrogenasePhotosystem II Protein ComplexCell MembraneChloroplastsSuccinatesSuccinate DehydrogenaseOxygenPhotosystem I Protein ComplexThylakoidsCytochrome b6f ComplexCell RespirationNADPhotosynthetic Reaction Center Complex ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataMutationAdenosine TriphosphateReactive Oxygen SpeciesFerricyanidesAmobarbitalModels, BiologicalCytochrome c GroupHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationNADH, NADPH OxidoreductasesMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceFerredoxinsCytochrome b GroupPotassium CyanideSuccinic AcidPlant LeavesMitochondria, HeartCarrier ProteinsSpectrophotometryDibromothymoquinoneBacterial ProteinsHydrogenPlastocyaninProtonsPhotophosphorylationWolinellaMycobacterium phleiAnaerobiosisCyanobacteriaMitochondria, LiverEscherichia coliMembrane ProteinsGlucoseSodiumNADPTransport VesiclesPlantsDicumarolCytochromes fShewanellaIron-Sulfur ProteinsLight-Harvesting Protein ComplexesCarbonyl Cyanide p-TrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazoneIntracellular MembranesSynechocystisFumaratesTemperatureFluorescenceDinitrophenolsCytochrome ReductasesMitochondria, MusclePlant ProteinsCarbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl HydrazoneEnergy MetabolismAerobiosisFerredoxin-NADP ReductaseCarbon DioxideQuinonesQuinone ReductasesMitochondrial ProteinsProton-Motive ForceAzidesHydrogen PeroxideGolgi ApparatusTime FactorsSpinacia oleraceaOligomycinsCells, CulturedIronCell LineModels, MolecularVitamin KOxidative StressPhenazinesMicroscopy, Electron, Scanning TransmissionBase Sequence2,6-DichloroindophenolMalatesAtovaquoneAnion Transport ProteinsSuperoxidesOnium CompoundsCation Transport ProteinsGeobacterDiffusionValinomycinMultienzyme ComplexesAdenosine TriphosphatasesWaterCattleBacterial ChromatophoresVesicular Transport ProteinsHemeFlavoproteinsAmino AcidsFerrocyanidesDicyclohexylcarbodiimideBinding SitesPolarographyElectron Probe MicroanalysisProtein BindingMembrane Potential, MitochondrialArabidopsisMembrane PotentialsRabbitsNAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)DarknessPhosphatesRibulose-Bisphosphate CarboxylaseThenoyltrifluoroacetoneSaccharomyces cerevisiaeElectrochemistryProtein ConformationCulture MediaRhodobacter sphaeroidesAmino Acid Transport SystemsChlamydomonas reinhardtiiChloridesTobaccoCytochromes cPotassiumCytoplasmFerric CompoundsSequence Homology, Amino AcidTiliaAscorbic AcidCalciumEthylmaleimideLactatesFlavinsAnionsSubmitochondrial ParticlesCardiolipinsDNA, MitochondrialMethanosarcinaMethacrylatesNitratesATP-Binding Cassette TransportersFlavin-Adenine DinucleotideAzotobacterMembranesBioelectric Energy SourcesFree RadicalsSuccinate Cytochrome c OxidoreductaseHydrogenaseCytochromes c2TetramethylphenylenediamineCell Membrane PermeabilityCitric Acid CycleFluorometrySpectrum AnalysisGenes, Bacterial
Where does the electron transport chain take place? | Reference.comWhere does the electron transport chain take place? | Reference.com
Electron Transport Chain, PhosphorylationElectron Transport Chain, Phosphorylation
Explain the operation of the electron transport chain in the development ATP | eNotesExplain the operation of the electron transport chain in the development ATP | eNotes
Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain InhibitorsMitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Inhibitors
VCAC: Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain: Advanced Look: ATP SynthaseVCAC: Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain: Advanced Look: ATP Synthase
Lecture10 11 - Main Points The electron transport chain The ETC game Respiration without oxygen Metabolic poisons Fig 9-17...Lecture10 11 - Main Points The electron transport chain The ETC game Respiration without oxygen Metabolic poisons Fig 9-17...
Molecular wire-nanotube interfacial effects on electron transport - Publikationsserver der Universität RegensburgMolecular wire-nanotube interfacial effects on electron transport - Publikationsserver der Universität Regensburg
Electron Transport - Progress - GO WikiElectron Transport - Progress - GO Wiki
Electron transport chain | LAMPElectron transport chain | LAMP
Electron Transport in Facultative Anaerobes | SpringerLinkElectron Transport in Facultative Anaerobes | SpringerLink
What is the Electron Transport Chain?What is the Electron Transport Chain?
SparkNotes: Oxidative Phosphorylation and Electron Transport: IntroductionSparkNotes: Oxidative Phosphorylation and Electron Transport: Introduction
Macroscopic and microscopic fields in electron and atom transport | SpringerLinkMacroscopic and microscopic fields in electron and atom transport | SpringerLink
What Is the Electron Transport Chain? | Reference.comWhat Is the Electron Transport Chain? | Reference.com
Photosynthesis I : photosynthetic electron transport and phosphorylation (Book, 1977) [WorldCat.org]Photosynthesis I : photosynthetic electron transport and phosphorylation (Book, 1977) [WorldCat.org]
Electron thermal transport in tokamak plasmas (Thesis/Dissertation) | ETDEWEBElectron thermal transport in tokamak plasmas (Thesis/Dissertation) | ETDEWEB
Nonlinear Closure Relations for Electron Transport in Hydrodynamical ModelsNonlinear Closure Relations for Electron Transport in Hydrodynamical Models
Powering off TB: New electron transport gene is a potential drug targetPowering off TB: New electron transport gene is a potential drug target
electron transport | mBioelectron transport | mBio
electron-transport chain facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about electron-transport chainelectron-transport chain facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about electron-transport chain
Long-range electron transport in Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms is redox gradient-driven | PNASLong-range electron transport in Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms is redox gradient-driven | PNAS
Biological electron transport goes the extra mile (Journal Article) | DOE PAGESBiological electron transport goes the extra mile (Journal Article) | DOE PAGES
Transport of Energetic Electrons in Solids - Computer | Maurizio Dapor | SpringerTransport of Energetic Electrons in Solids - Computer | Maurizio Dapor | Springer
Short Wavelength Fluctuations and Electron Transport in TFTR - Digital LibraryShort Wavelength Fluctuations and Electron Transport in TFTR - Digital Library
Electron transport chain - The Full WikiElectron transport chain - The Full Wiki
Electron Transport Chain / Oxidative Phosphorylation | S-cool, the revision websiteElectron Transport Chain / Oxidative Phosphorylation | S-cool, the revision website
Electron Transport Chain, illustration - Stock Image C027/8502 - Science Photo LibraryElectron Transport Chain, illustration - Stock Image C027/8502 - Science Photo Library
Electron Transport Chain (Rattus norvegicus) - WikiPathwaysElectron Transport Chain (Rattus norvegicus) - WikiPathways
Cryo Electron Tomography of Herpes Simplex Virus during Axonal Transport and Secondary Envelopment in Primary NeuronsCryo Electron Tomography of Herpes Simplex Virus during Axonal Transport and Secondary Envelopment in Primary Neurons
Small-scale phase separation and electron transport in manganitesSmall-scale phase separation and electron transport in manganites
Supercomplex Assembly Determines Electron Flux in the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain | ScienceSupercomplex Assembly Determines Electron Flux in the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain | Science
IDEALS @ Illinois: Photosynthetic electron transport in cyanobacteriaIDEALS @ Illinois: Photosynthetic electron transport in cyanobacteria
Electron Transport System - Biology Video by BrightstormElectron Transport System - Biology Video by Brightstorm
Monte Carlo methods for electron transport - WikipediaMonte Carlo methods for electron transport - Wikipedia
Self-Consistent Calculation on the Time-Dependent Electrons Transport Properties of a Quantum WireSelf-Consistent Calculation on the Time-Dependent Electrons Transport Properties of a Quantum Wire
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Electron TransportElectron Transport Chain Complex ProteinsMicroscopy, ElectronElectronsBiological TransportBiological Transport, ActiveElectron Transport Complex IMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningPhotosynthesisElectron Transport Complex IIIElectron Transport Complex IVOxidation-ReductionMitochondriaAntimycin ADiuronCytochromesElectron Transport Complex IIKineticsAxonal TransportChlorophyllUbiquinoneMembrane Transport ProteinsHydroxyquinolinesRotenoneOxidative PhosphorylationIon TransportOxidoreductasesProtein TransportOxygen ConsumptionUncoupling AgentsMicroscopy, Electron, TransmissionPlastoquinoneElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyLightCyanidesNADH DehydrogenasePhotosystem II Protein ComplexCell MembraneChloroplastsSuccinatesSuccinate DehydrogenaseOxygenPhotosystem I Protein ComplexThylakoidsCytochrome b6f ComplexCell RespirationNADPhotosynthetic Reaction Center Complex ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataMutationAdenosine TriphosphateReactive Oxygen SpeciesFerricyanidesAmobarbitalModels, BiologicalCytochrome c GroupHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationNADH, NADPH OxidoreductasesMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceFerredoxinsCytochrome b GroupPotassium CyanideSuccinic AcidPlant LeavesMitochondria, HeartCarrier ProteinsSpectrophotometryDibromothymoquinoneBacterial ProteinsHydrogenPlastocyaninProtonsPhotophosphorylationWolinellaMycobacterium phleiAnaerobiosisCyanobacteriaMitochondria, LiverEscherichia coliMembrane ProteinsGlucoseSodiumNADPTransport VesiclesPlantsDicumarolCytochromes fShewanellaIron-Sulfur ProteinsLight-Harvesting Protein ComplexesCarbonyl Cyanide p-TrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazoneIntracellular MembranesSynechocystisFumaratesTemperatureFluorescenceDinitrophenolsCytochrome ReductasesMitochondria, MusclePlant ProteinsCarbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl HydrazoneEnergy MetabolismAerobiosisFerredoxin-NADP ReductaseCarbon DioxideQuinonesQuinone ReductasesMitochondrial ProteinsProton-Motive ForceAzidesHydrogen PeroxideGolgi ApparatusTime FactorsSpinacia oleraceaOligomycinsCells, CulturedIronCell LineModels, MolecularVitamin KOxidative StressPhenazinesMicroscopy, Electron, Scanning TransmissionBase Sequence2,6-DichloroindophenolMalatesAtovaquoneAnion Transport ProteinsSuperoxidesOnium CompoundsCation Transport ProteinsGeobacterDiffusionValinomycinMultienzyme ComplexesAdenosine TriphosphatasesWaterCattleBacterial ChromatophoresVesicular Transport ProteinsHemeFlavoproteinsAmino AcidsFerrocyanidesDicyclohexylcarbodiimideBinding SitesPolarographyElectron Probe MicroanalysisProtein BindingMembrane Potential, MitochondrialArabidopsisMembrane PotentialsRabbitsNAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)DarknessPhosphatesRibulose-Bisphosphate CarboxylaseThenoyltrifluoroacetoneSaccharomyces cerevisiaeElectrochemistryProtein ConformationCulture MediaRhodobacter sphaeroidesAmino Acid Transport SystemsChlamydomonas reinhardtiiChloridesTobaccoCytochromes cPotassiumCytoplasmFerric CompoundsSequence Homology, Amino AcidTiliaAscorbic AcidCalciumEthylmaleimideLactatesFlavinsAnionsSubmitochondrial ParticlesCardiolipinsDNA, MitochondrialMethanosarcinaMethacrylatesNitratesATP-Binding Cassette TransportersFlavin-Adenine DinucleotideAzotobacterMembranesBioelectric Energy SourcesFree RadicalsSuccinate Cytochrome c OxidoreductaseHydrogenaseCytochromes c2TetramethylphenylenediamineCell Membrane PermeabilityCitric Acid CycleFluorometrySpectrum AnalysisGenes, Bacterial
MoleculesCellular respirationMitochondriaOxygenChainUbiquinoneProtonsDonorRespirationAtomsSynthaseMoleculePathwayMembraneReactionsProteinsProtonSuccinateAcceptorCytochromeMoleculesOxidativeSynthesisCitric acidChloroplastsAtomsHydrogen ionsCarriersProton gradientAdenosinePhononsExtracellular electron transportProtein complexesLipophilic electronCarrierMolecularInhibitorsReactionChainsMeasurementsOccursTransfers electronsTransient Electron TransportCyclic electronLong-range electron transportSubstrateBeam lithographyReductionMicroscopyAffects the electron transportPathwaysMovesNADPHQuinone
Molecules6
Cellular respiration1
Mitochondria2
Oxygen9
Chain13
Ubiquinone2
Protons4
Donor1
Respiration1
Atoms2
Synthase1
Molecule2
Pathway1
Membrane1
Reactions1
Proteins1
Proton2
  • Each time electrons are passed, there is the creation of a proton gradient (H+) that is available to create a thermodynamic potential to do mechanical work. (enotes.com)
  • An electron transport system creates a chemiosmotic gradient which allows the diffusion of a proton into the matrix by the production of ATP. (biologyreader.com)
Succinate1
  • Succinate dehydrogenase plus FADH 2 combines and directly transfers the electron to the ETC, bypassing complex I. It does not energize the complex I and produces few ATPs. (biologyreader.com)
Acceptor21
Cytochrome11
Molecules6
Oxidative5
Synthesis2
Citric acid1
Chloroplasts5
  • The effect of dimethyl sulphoxide on electron transport in chloroplasts. (biomedsearch.com)
  • It has been found that concentrations of DMSO up to 20% (v/v) do not inhibit electron transport in freshly isolated chloroplasts, but that higher concentrations start to cause inhibition. (biomedsearch.com)
  • However, in chloroplasts that have been aged for 8 to 24 hours by storage at 4 degrees C, the addition of DMSO at concentrations up to 20% causes stimulation of electron transport. (biomedsearch.com)
  • Interference of electron transport inhibitors with desaturation of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol in intact chloroplasts. (biomedsearch.com)
  • Tikhonov, A. 2004-10-13 00:00:00 The electron paramagnetic resonance method was used to study the interactions of amaranthin with isolated class B chloroplasts from broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) during the light-driven electron and proton transport. (deepdyve.com)
Atoms5
Hydrogen ions2
Carriers6
Proton gradient2
Adenosine1
Phonons1
  • Calculations considering the interaction of electrons with acoustic phonons provide a reasonable description of our experimental findings. (aps.org)
Extracellular electron transport4
  • Outside the cell, both Shewanella and Geobacter secrete nanometer scale diameter, micrometer scale long proteinaceous filaments, referred to as pili and microbial nanowires ( 7 ), that extend from their outer surfaces into the extracellular matrix (ECM) thought to be involved in extracellular electron transport processes, including cell-to-cell electron transfer ( 8 ) and reduction of insoluble oxidants ( 9 ). (pnas.org)
  • An alanine was substituted for each of the five aromatic amino acids in the carboxyl terminus of PilA, the region in which G. sulfurreducens PilA differs most significantly from the PilAs of microorganisms incapable of long-range extracellular electron transport. (asm.org)
  • The finding that a strain of G. sulfurreducens that produces pili with low conductivity is limited in these extracellular electron transport functions provides further insight into these environmentally significant processes. (asm.org)
  • The mechanisms for long-range extracellular electron transport in Geobacter species are of interest because of the important role that Geobacter species play in the biogeochemistry of a diversity of anaerobic soils and sediments and in several bioenergy strategies. (asm.org)
Protein complexes1
Lipophilic electron1
  • Several compounds that prevent enzymatic reoxidation of plastoquinol in thylakoid membranes at the Qz site or withdraw electrons from this lipophilic electron carrier inhibited desaturation in the dark. (biomedsearch.com)
Carrier6
  • Now the electron transport system is this last step here, so we began with glycolsis breaking apart the glucose forming pyruvate and spitting off some high energy electrons in the form, are being carried on the electron carrier NADH. (brightstorm.com)
  • The donated electrons are then passed to the first mobile carrier protein (pink). (nodak.edu)
  • N- or B-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) uniformly dispersed in the active layer of P3HT/PCMB (poly (3-hexylthiophene/[6,phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester) bulk-heterojunction solar cells selectively enhance electron or hole transport and eventually help carrier collection. (wiley.com)
  • Despite its potential for adoption in these applications, an understanding of its carrier transport properties is still lacking. (aps.org)
  • 5. The cation requirement for equal inhibitory effect is parallel with the reciprocals of the transport affinities for the 'physiological K-carrier' (as taken from Conway & Duggan, 1958). (biochemj.org)
  • High-quality charge carrier transport materials are of key importance for stable and efficient perovskite-based photovoltaics. (bentham.co.uk)
Molecular9
  • It is widely accepted that electron transport can occur over molecular-scale distances in biological systems by electron hopping among a small number of immobilized redox cofactors ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)
  • The direct visualization of atomic and single molecular junctions is not possible for most of the experiments, therefore the identification of the precise atomic configuration is based on the transport data and its comparison to simulation. (europa.eu)
  • We present low-temperature electron transport measurements of individual phenyleneâ€"ethynylene molecular wires, connected to nanometer-spaced gold electrodes. (ebscohost.com)
  • As functional elements in opto-electronic devices approach the singlemolecule limit, conducting organic molecular wires are the appropriateinterconnects that enable transport of charges and charge-like particles such as excitons within the device. (diva-portal.org)
  • Here, we propose a simplified approach in which charge transport is modeled with Langevin molecular dynamics (LMD). (rsc.org)
  • This thesis addresses the electron transport in molecular junctions, focusing on the energy level alignment and correlation effects. (dtu.dk)
  • We study thermoelectric transport through a coherent molecular conductor connected to two electron and two phonon baths using the nonequilibrium Green's function method. (dtu.dk)
  • The relaxation of a nonequilibrium distribution of electrons in molecular gases, and the transient and steady electron transport properties are studied with the Boltzmann equation, which accurately accounts for elastic and inelastic electron-moderator collisions. (ubc.ca)
  • The phenomenon of DNA hole transport (HT) has attracted of scientists for several decades, mainly due to its potential application in molecular electronics. (springer.com)
Inhibitors2
Reaction2
Chains4
Measurements6
  • Here, we report measurements of electron transport in actively respiring Geobacter sulfurreducens wild type biofilms using interdigitated microelectrode arrays. (pnas.org)
  • Measurements when one electrode is used as an anode and the other electrode is used to monitor redox status of the biofilm 15 μm away indicate the presence of an intrabiofilm redox gradient, in which the concentration of electrons residing within the proposed redox cofactor network is higher farther from the anode surface. (pnas.org)
  • Ex situ conductivity measurements of individual filaments of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 confirm their lengthwise conductivity when isolated from cells under specific conditions ( 10 , 11 ), and subsequent modeling of their current-voltage characteristics is consistent with multistep electron hopping involving redox cofactors proposed to be associated with these filaments ( 12 ⇓ - 14 ). (pnas.org)
  • We report on nonlinear transport measurements in a two-dimensional electron gas hosted in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. (aps.org)
  • Readers can therefore obtain a balancedview of charge and exciton transport, covering characterization techniques such as spectroscopy and current measurements together with quantitative models. (diva-portal.org)
  • In this study, a combination of thermoluminescence (TL), chlorophyll fluorescence, and P700 absorbance measurements have been used to elucidate the effects of iron deficiency in the photosynthetic electron transport of the marine diatom P. tricornutum . (frontiersin.org)
Occurs3
  • misc{etde_475728, title = {Electron thermal transport in tokamak plasmas} author = {Konings, J A} abstractNote = {The process of fusion of small nuclei thereby releasing energy, as it occurs continuously in the sun, is essential for the existence of mankind. (osti.gov)
  • It has been proposed that long-range electron transport in such biofilms occurs through a network of bound redox cofactors, thought to involve extracellular matrix c -type cytochromes, as occurs for polymers containing discrete redox moieties. (pnas.org)
  • For all materials, we find that electron velocity overshoot only occurs when the electric field is increased to a value above a certain critical field, unique to each material. (scirp.org)
Transfers electrons1
Transient Electron Transport2
  • A. Guen-Bouazza, C. Sayah, B. Bouazza and N. Chabane-Sari, "Steady-State and Transient Electron Transport within Bulk InAs, InP and GaAs: An Updated Semiclassical Three-Valley Monte Carlo Simulation Analysis," Journal of Modern Physics , Vol. 4 No. 5, 2013, pp. 616-621. (scirp.org)
  • The transient electron transport properties are studied for an initial electron distribution function in terms of the eigenvalue spectrum of both the elastic and inelastic collision operators. (ubc.ca)
Cyclic electron1
  • Experiments were planed by focussing on 1) regulation in cyclic electron transport system, 2) regulation of photon cupturation by two photosystems, 3) balance between NADP photoreduction and photophosphorylation, 4) partitioning of electrons from reduced ferredoxin to electron requiring system, such as NADP reduction, reductive assimilation of nitrogen, sulfur and carbon, ferredoxin-dependent thioredoxin system. (nii.ac.jp)
Long-range electron transport2
  • It has been proposed that Geobacter sulfurreducens requires conductive pili for long-range electron transport to Fe(III) oxides and for high-density current production in microbial fuel cells. (asm.org)
  • These results demonstrate that the pili of G. sulfurreducens must be conductive in order for the cells to be effective in extracellular long-range electron transport. (asm.org)
Substrate1
  • The formation of ATP as a result of the activity of the electron transport system is termed substrate-level phosphorylation. (mhhe.com)
Beam lithography2
Reduction4
  • These features are consistent with the fact that the modulation of the intragap states results in reduction of interfacial recombination as well as the improved charge selectivity and electron transport properties of the ETLs. (diva-portal.org)
  • Clear evidence is reported for the first time of a rapid localized reduction of core electron energy diffusivity during the formation of an electron internal-transport barrier. (epfl.ch)
  • This crucial observation, and the correlation of the transition with the time and location of the magnetic shear reversal, lend support to models attributing the reduced transport to the local properties of a zero-shear region, in contrast to models predicting a gradual reduction due to a weak or negative shear. (epfl.ch)
  • Steenken S, Telo JP, Novais HM, Candeias LP (1992) One-electron-reduction potentials of pyrimidine bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides in aqueous solution. (springer.com)
Microscopy3
  • Zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS-NPs) were synthesized via a simple and facile co-precipitation method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Photocatalytic activity of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated in removal of double azo dye Direct Blue 14 (DB14) from aqueous media. (environmental-expert.com)
  • Quantitative measurement of contact area and electron transport across platinum nanocontacts for scanning probe microscopy and electrical nanodevices. (americanelements.com)
  • Here we performed 19 electromechanical tests of platinum nanocontacts with in situ transmission electron microscopy to measure contact size and conductance. (americanelements.com)
Affects the electron transport1
  • it also affects the electron transport near PS I. At the same time, amaranthin had no significant inhibitory effect on the light-dependent formation of the transmembrane pH gradient. (deepdyve.com)
Pathways1
Moves1
  • The E(k) relation describes how the particle moves inside the device, in addition to depicting useful information necessary for transport such as the density of states (DOS) and the particle velocity. (wikipedia.org)
NADPH2
Quinone1
  • Succinate dehydrogenase, also known as succinate-CoQ reductase, receives electrons into the quinone pool from succinate and transfers them to to Q. Complex II has four subunits. (news-medical.net)
Stimulatory Effect of Xenobiotics on Oxidative Electron Transport of Chemolithotrophic Nitrifying Bacteria Used as Biosensing...
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Nervous System - YouTube
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Plasma Membrane Oxidoreductases in Control of Animal and Plant Growth | SpringerLink
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Human mitochondrial genetics - Wikipedia
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The compound TB47 is highly bactericidal against Mycobacterium ulcerans in a Buruli ulcer mouse model | Nature Communications
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Tetratricopeptide repeat protein protects photosystem I from oxidative disruption during assembly | PNAS
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Primary Processes of Photosynthesis, Part 1 (RSC Publishing)
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Controllable unzipping for intramolecular junctions of graphene nanoribbons and single-walled carbon nanotubes | Nature...
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Biology, The Cell, Cellular Respiration, Regulation of Cellular Respiration | OER Commons
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What Are the Intermolecular Forces of Isopropyl Alcohol? | Reference.com
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Single-molecule resonance Raman effect in a plasmonic nanocavity | Nature Nanotechnology
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Genetic Dissociation of Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle Affects Neither Normal nor Neoplastic Proliferation | Cancer Research
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Deficiency of Subsarcolemmal Mitochondria in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes | Diabetes
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Macroscopic and microscopic fields in electron and atom transport | SpringerLink
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Cellular respiration - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Frontiers | Inducing the Alternative Oxidase Forms Part of the Molecular Strategy of Anoxic Survival in Freshwater Bivalves |...
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Physics of High-Temperature Superconductors : Sadamichi Maekawa : 9783540551072
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Advances In Bacterial Electron Transport Systems And Their Regulation, Book by Robert K. Poole (Hardcover) | chapters.indigo.ca
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Powering off TB: New electron transport gene is a potential drug target
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