Electron transport. Medical search

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. The protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

A pre-emergent herbicide.

Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.

A flavoprotein oxidase complex that contains iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of SUCCINATE to fumarate and couples the reaction to the reduction of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.

A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.

A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport.

Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

Polyunsaturated side-chain quinone derivative which is an important link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.

A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.

A large multisubunit protein complex found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to catalyze the splitting of WATER into DIOXYGEN and of reducing equivalents of HYDROGEN.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

A large multisubunit protein complex that is found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to drive electron transfer reactions that result in either the reduction of NADP to NADPH or the transport of PROTONS across the membrane.

Membranous cisternae of the CHLOROPLAST containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants.

A protein complex that includes CYTOCHROME B6 and CYTOCHROME F. It is found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE and plays an important role in process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS by transferring electrons from PLASTOQUINONE to PLASTOCYANIN or CYTOCHROME C6. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the membrane.

The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell.

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

Inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid, H3Fe(CN)6.

A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.

A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Iron-containing proteins that transfer electrons, usually at a low potential, to flavoproteins; the iron is not present as in heme. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme (HEME B) as the prosthetic group.

A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

The mitochondria of the myocardium.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

A copper-containing plant protein that is a fundamental link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occurs during OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION in MITOCHONDRIA.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the bovine RUMEN, the human gingival sulcus, and dental PULPITIS infections.

A saprophytic bacterium widely distributed in soil and dust and on plants.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing CHLOROPHYLL a and carrying out oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both CARBON DIOXIDE (in the presence of light) and NITROGEN. Cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as ALGAE.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.

Cytochromes f are found as components of the CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX. They play important role in the transfer of electrons from PHOTOSYSTEM I to PHOTOSYSTEM II.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rods. It is a saprophytic, marine organism which is often isolated from spoiling fish.

A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation.

Complexes containing CHLOROPHYLL and other photosensitive molecules. They serve to capture energy in the form of PHOTONS and are generally found as components of the PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX or the PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX.

A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

A form-genus of unicellular CYANOBACTERIA in the order Chroococcales. None of the strains fix NITROGEN, there are no gas vacuoles, and sheath layers are never produced.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.

Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.

Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation and reduction of FERREDOXIN or ADRENODOXIN in the presence of NADP. EC 1.18.1.2 was formerly listed as EC 1.6.7.1 and EC 1.6.99.4.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.

NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductases. A family that includes three enzymes which are distinguished by their sensitivity to various inhibitors. EC 1.6.99.2 (NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE);) is a flavoprotein which reduces various quinones in the presence of NADH or NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol. EC 1.6.99.5 (NADH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADH, is inhibited by AMP and 2,4-dinitrophenol but not by dicoumarol or folic acid derivatives. EC 1.6.99.6 (NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol and folic acid derivatives but not by 2,4-dinitrophenol.

Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.

Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)

Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.

A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A widely cultivated plant, native to Asia, having succulent, edible leaves eaten as a vegetable. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)

A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

A type of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY in which the object is examined directly by an extremely narrow electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point and using the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen to create the image. It should not be confused with SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.

A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.

Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.

Ions with the suffix -onium, indicating cations with coordination number 4 of the type RxA+ which are analogous to QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (H4N+). Ions include phosphonium R4P+, oxonium R3O+, sulfonium R3S+, chloronium R2Cl+

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, metal-reducing bacteria in the family Geobacteraceae. They have the ability to oxidize a variety of organic compounds, including AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Organelles of phototrophic bacteria which contain photosynthetic pigments and which are formed from an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane.

A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.

The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid ferrocyanic acid (H4Fe(CN)6).

A carbodiimide that is used as a chemical intermediate and coupling agent in peptide synthesis. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.

Identification and measurement of ELEMENTS and their location based on the fact that X-RAYS emitted by an element excited by an electron beam have a wavelength characteristic of that element and an intensity related to its concentration. It is performed with an electron microscope fitted with an x-ray spectrometer, in scanning or transmission mode.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A flavoprotein that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of NADH or NADPH by various quinones and oxidation-reduction dyes. The enzyme is inhibited by dicoumarol, capsaicin, and caffeine.

The absence of light.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

A carboxy-lyase that plays a key role in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE by catalyzing the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate and CARBON DIOXIDE. It can also utilize OXYGEN as a substrate to catalyze the synthesis of 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate in a process referred to as photorespiration.

Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Spherical phototrophic bacteria found in mud and stagnant water exposed to light.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

A species of GREEN ALGAE. Delicate, hairlike appendages arise from the flagellar surface in these organisms.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.

Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Inorganic or organic compounds containing trivalent iron.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A plant genus of the family TILIACEAE. Some species in this genus are called Limetree which is nearly the same as the common name for lime (CITRUS AURANTIIFOLIA). Some people are allergic to the POLLEN.

A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

Derivatives of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton. Flavin derivatives serve an electron transfer function as ENZYME COFACTORS in FLAVOPROTEINS.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

The various filaments, granules, tubules or other inclusions within mitochondria.

Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS.

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

A genus of anaerobic, irregular spheroid-shaped METHANOSARCINALES whose organisms are nonmotile. Endospores are not formed. These archaea derive energy via formation of methane from acetate, methanol, mono-, di-, and trimethylamine, and possibly, carbon monoxide. Organisms are isolated from freshwater and marine environments.

Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in soil and water. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs or irregular clumps, and sometimes in chains of varying lengths.

Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.

Electric power supply devices which convert biological energy, such as chemical energy of metabolism or mechanical energy of periodic movements, into electrical energy.

Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.

An electron transport chain complex that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from SUCCINATE to CYTOCHROME C. It includes ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX II and ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III.

An enzyme found in bacteria. It catalyzes the reduction of FERREDOXIN and other substances in the presence of molecular hydrogen and is involved in the electron transport of bacterial photosynthesis.

Type C cytochromes that are small (12-14 kD) single-heme proteins. They function as mobile electron carriers between membrane-bound enzymes in photosynthetic BACTERIA.

Used in the form of the hydrochloride as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

An analytical method for detecting and measuring FLUORESCENCE in compounds or targets such as cells, proteins, or nucleotides, or targets previously labeled with FLUORESCENCE AGENTS.

The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

Long-range oxidative damage to DNA: effects of distance and sequence. (1/5429)

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative damage to DNA in vivo can lead to mutations and cancer. DNA damage and repair studies have not yet revealed whether permanent oxidative lesions are generated by charges migrating over long distances. Both photoexcited *Rh(III) and ground-state Ru(III) intercalators were previously shown to oxidize guanine bases from a remote site in oligonucleotide duplexes by DNA-mediated electron transfer. Here we examine much longer charge-transport distances and explore the sensitivity of the reaction to intervening sequences. RESULTS: Oxidative damage was examined in a series of DNA duplexes containing a pendant intercalating photooxidant. These studies revealed a shallow dependence on distance and no dependence on the phasing orientation of the oxidant relative to the site of damage, 5'-GG-3'. The intervening DNA sequence has a significant effect on the yield of guanine oxidation, however. Oxidation through multiple 5'-TA-3' steps is substantially diminished compared to through other base steps. We observed intraduplex guanine oxidation by tethered *Rh(III) and Ru(III) over a distance of 200 A. The distribution of oxidized guanine varied as a function of temperature between 5 and 35 degrees C, with an increase in the proportion of long-range damage (> 100 A) occurring at higher temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: Guanines are oxidized as a result of DNA-mediated charge transport over significant distances (e.g. 200 A). Although long-range charge transfer is dependent on distance, it appears to be modulated by intervening sequence and sequence-dependent dynamics. These discoveries hold important implications with respect to DNA damage in vivo. (+info)

Internal electron transfer between hemes and Cu(II) bound at cysteine beta93 promotes methemoglobin reduction by carbon monoxide. (2/5429)

Previous studies showed that CO/H2O oxidation provides electrons to drive the reduction of oxidized hemoglobin (metHb). We report here that Cu(II) addition accelerates the rate of metHb beta chain reduction by CO by a factor of about 1000. A mechanism whereby electron transfer occurs via an internal pathway coupling CO/H2O oxidation to Fe(III) and Cu(II) reduction is suggested by the observation that the copper-induced rate enhancement is inhibited by blocking Cys-beta93 with N-ethylmaleimide. Furthermore, this internal electron-transfer pathway is more readily established at low Cu(II) concentrations in Hb Deer Lodge (beta2His --> Arg) and other species lacking His-beta2 than in Hb A0. This difference is consistent with preferential binding of Cu(II) in Hb A0 to a high affinity site involving His-beta2, which is ineffective in promoting electron exchange between Cu(II) and the beta heme iron. Effective electron transfer is thus affected by Hb type but is not governed by the R left arrow over right arrow T conformational equilibrium. The beta hemes in Cu(II)-metHb are reduced under CO at rates close to those observed for cytochrome c oxidase, where heme and copper are present together in the oxygen-binding site and where internal electron transfer also occurs. (+info)

Role of a novel photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (3/5429)

Intracellular carbonic anhydrases (CA) in aquatic photosynthetic organisms are involved in the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which helps to overcome CO2 limitation in the environment. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, this CCM is initiated and maintained by the pH gradient created across the chloroplast thylakoid membranes by photosystem (PS) II-mediated electron transport. We show here that photosynthesis is stimulated by a novel, intracellular alpha-CA bound to the chloroplast thylakoids. It is associated with PSII on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membranes. We demonstrate that PSII in association with this lumenal CA operates to provide an ample flux of CO2 for carboxylation. (+info)

Pathways of electron transfer in Escherichia coli DNA photolyase: Trp306 to FADH. (4/5429)

We describe the results of a series of theoretical calculations of electron transfer pathways between Trp306 and *FADH. in the Escherichia coli DNA photolyase molecule, using the method of interatomic tunneling currents. It is found that there are two conformationally orthogonal tryptophans, Trp359 and Trp382, between donor and acceptor that play a crucial role in the pathways of the electron transfer process. The pathways depend vitally on the aromaticity of tryptophans and the flavin molecule. The results of this calculation suggest that the major pathway of the electron transfer is due to a set of overlapping orthogonal pi-rings, which starts from the donor Trp306, runs through Trp359 and Trp382, and finally reaches the flavin group of the acceptor complex, FADH. (+info)

Nitrate-dependent regulation of acetate biosynthesis and nitrate respiration by Clostridium thermoaceticum. (5/5429)

Nitrate has been shown to shunt the electron flow in Clostridium thermoaceticum from CO2 to nitrate, but it did not influence the levels of enzymes involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (J. M. Frostl, C. Seifritz, and H. L. Drake, J. Bacteriol. 178:4597-4603, 1996). Here we show that under some growth conditions, nitrate does in fact repress proteins involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. The CO oxidation activity in crude extracts of nitrate (30 mM)-supplemented cultures was fivefold less than that of nitrate-free cultures, while the H2 oxidation activity was six- to sevenfold lower. The decrease in CO oxidation activity paralleled a decrease in CO dehydrogenase (CODH) protein level, as confirmed by Western blot analysis. Protein levels of CODH in nitrate-supplemented cultures were 50% lower than those in nitrate-free cultures. Western blots analyses showed that nitrate also decreased the levels of the corrinoid iron-sulfur protein (60%) and methyltransferase (70%). Surprisingly, the decrease in activity and protein levels upon nitrate supplementation was observed only when cultures were continuously sparged. Northern blot analysis indicates that the regulation of the proteins involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway by nitrate is at the transcriptional level. At least a 10-fold decrease in levels of cytochrome b was observed with nitrate supplementation whether the cultures were sparged or stoppered. We also detected nitrate-inducible nitrate reductase activity (2 to 39 nmol min-1 mg-1) in crude extracts of C. thermoaceticum. Our results indicate that nitrate coordinately represses genes encoding enzymes and electron transport proteins in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and activates transcription of nitrate respiratory proteins. CO2 also appears to induce expression of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway genes and repress nitrate reductase activity. (+info)

Structure of a cytochrome P450-redox partner electron-transfer complex. (6/5429)

The crystal structure of the complex between the heme- and FMN-binding domains of bacterial cytochrome P450BM-3, a prototype for the complex between eukaryotic microsomal P450s and P450 reductase, has been determined at 2.03 A resolution. The flavodoxin-like flavin domain is positioned at the proximal face of the heme domain with the FMN 4.0 and 18.4 A from the peptide that precedes the heme-binding loop and the heme iron, respectively. The heme-binding peptide represents the most efficient and coupled through-bond electron pathway to the heme iron. Substantial differences between the FMN-binding domains of P450BM-3 and microsomal P450 reductase, observed around the flavin-binding sites, are responsible for different redox properties of the FMN, which, in turn, control electron flow to the P450. (+info)

Multiple pathways for ultrafast transduction of light energy in the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. (7/5429)

A pathway of electron transfer is described that operates in the wild-type reaction center (RC) of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The pathway does not involve the excited state of the special pair dimer of bacteriochlorophylls (P*), but instead is driven by the excited state of the monomeric bacteriochlorophyll (BA*) present in the active branch of pigments along which electron transfer occurs. Pump-probe experiments were performed at 77 K on membrane-bound RCs by using different excitation wavelengths, to investigate the formation of the charge separated state P+HA-. In experiments in which P or BA was selectively excited at 880 nm or 796 nm, respectively, the formation of P+HA- was associated with similar time constants of 1.5 ps and 1. 7 ps. However, the spectral changes associated with the two time constants are very different. Global analysis of the transient spectra shows that a mixture of P+BA- and P* is formed in parallel from BA* on a subpicosecond time scale. In contrast, excitation of the inactive branch monomeric bacteriochlorophyll (BB) and the high exciton component of P (P+) resulted in electron transfer only after relaxation to P*. The multiple pathways for primary electron transfer in the bacterial RC are discussed with regard to the mechanism of charge separation in the RC of photosystem II from higher plants. (+info)

Purified fusion enzyme between rat cytochrome P4501A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. (8/5429)

A genetically engineered fusion enzyme between rat P4501A1 and yeast P450 reductase in the microsomal fraction of the recombinant yeast AH22/pAFCR1 was purified. The purified enzyme showed a typical CO-difference spectrum of P4501A1 and a single band with an apparent molecular weight of 125,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This agreed with the molecular weight of 131,202 calculated from the amino acid sequence. The purified enzyme showed both 7-ethoxycoumarin o-deethylase activity and horse heart cytochrome c reductase activity in the presence of NADPH. The 7-ethoxycoumarin o-deethylase activity depended on the species of lipid used for the reconstitution of the purified fusion enzyme although the purified enzyme showed the activity without reconstitution. The purified fusion enzyme had the Km value of 26 microM for 7-ethoxycoumarin and the maximal turnover rate of 29 mol product/min/mol enzyme at 30 degrees C. (+info)

Mitochondrial diseases can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender, and they can be caused by mutations in either the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or the nuclear DNA (nDNA). These mutations can be inherited from one's parents or acquired during embryonic development.

Some of the most common symptoms of mitochondrial diseases include:

1. Muscle weakness and wasting
2. Seizures
3. Cognitive impairment
4. Vision loss
5. Hearing loss
6. Heart problems
7. Neurological disorders
8. Gastrointestinal issues
9. Liver and kidney dysfunction

Some examples of mitochondrial diseases include:

1. MELAS syndrome (Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes)
2. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (a rare progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and other organs)
3. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), which is characterized by weakness of the extraocular muscles and vision loss
4. Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, which can cause a wide range of symptoms including seizures, developmental delays, and muscle weakness.
5. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
6. Leigh syndrome, which is a rare genetic disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord.
7. LHON (Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy), which is a rare form of vision loss that can lead to blindness in one or both eyes.
8. Mitochondrial DNA mutation, which can cause a wide range of symptoms including seizures, developmental delays, and muscle weakness.
9. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
10. Kearns-Sayre syndrome, which is a rare progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and other organs.

It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there are many more mitochondrial diseases and disorders that can affect individuals. Additionally, while these diseases are rare, they can have a significant impact on the quality of life of those affected and their families.

There are different types of anoxia, including:

1. Cerebral anoxia: This occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cognitive impairment, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
2. Pulmonary anoxia: This occurs when the lungs do not receive enough oxygen, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.
3. Cardiac anoxia: This occurs when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cardiac arrest and potentially death.
4. Global anoxia: This is a complete lack of oxygen to the entire body, leading to widespread tissue damage and death.

Treatment for anoxia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, pain management, and other supportive care. In severe cases, anoxia can lead to long-term disability or death.

Prevention of anoxia is important, and this includes managing underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. It also involves avoiding activities that can lead to oxygen deprivation, such as scuba diving or high-altitude climbing, without proper training and equipment.

In summary, anoxia is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or specific tissues or organs. It can cause cell death and tissue damage, leading to serious health complications and even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term disability or death.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

... electrons from inorganic electron donors (nitrite, ferrous iron, electron transport chain) enter the electron transport chain ... Many of the enzymes in the electron transport chain are membrane-bound. The flow of electrons through the electron transport ... An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron ... The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. Each electron donor will pass ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain

The Monte Carlo method for electron transport is a semiclassical Monte Carlo (MC) approach of modeling semiconductor transport ... Carrier-Carrier: (electron-electron, hole-hole and electron-hole interactions). When carrier concentration is high, this type ... The Boltzmann transport equation model has been the main tool used in the analysis of transport in semiconductors. The BTE ... Electrons reside, at least when close to equilibrium, close to the minima of the E(k) relation. Then the E(k) relation can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_methods_for_electron_transport

It is part of the electron transport chain. The enzyme is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and contains a flavin and FE ... Oxidative phosphorylation Electron transport chain Microbial metabolism Metabolism Ghisla S, Thorpe C (Feb 2004). "Acyl-CoA ... One electron is transferred from the reduced FAD to the iron cluster, resulting in a two electron reduced state with one ... The first pathway is the transferral of electrons from one electron reduced ETF one at a time to the lower potential FAD center ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-transferring-flavoprotein_dehydrogenase

Mii, Takashi; Tikhodeev, Sergei; Ueba, Hiromu (2003). "Spectral features of inelastic electron transport via a localized state ... Since the incident electron should have enough energy to excite this vibration, there is a minimum energy that is the onset of ... Since the energy of the electron is not changed by this process, it is an elastic process. This is shown in the left figure. ... Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) is an experimental tool for studying the vibrations of molecular adsorbates on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inelastic_electron_tunneling_spectroscopy

These include ultra-efficient electron clocking in microchannel CCD devices, controlled single electron transport measurements ... "Many-electron transport in strongly correlated nondegenerate two-dimensional electron systems". Physical Review B. 55 (24): ... Since the 1970's, electrons on helium have been used to study the properties of 2D electron liquids and solids, as well as the ... The electron motion parallel to the helium surface is free and, as the surface is free of impurities, the electron can move ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-on-helium_qubit

Mesoscopic electron transport. Springer. pp. cond-mat/9610037. arXiv:cond-mat/9610037. Bibcode:1996cond.mat.10037F. ISBN 978-0- ... Daniel C. Mattis [de] and Elliot H. Lieb proved in 1965 that electrons could be modeled as bosonic interactions. The response ... The Luttinger liquid model, proposed by Tomonaga and reformulated by J.M. Luttinger, describes electrons in one-dimensional ... online Sénéchal, David (1999). "An Introduction to Bosonization". Theoretical Methods for Strongly Correlated Electrons. CRM ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonization

DiVincenzo, David (16 December 1996). "TOPICS IN QUANTUM COMPUTERS". Mesoscopic Electron Transport. arXiv:cond-mat/9612126. " ... which would use electron spins in quantum dots as qubits. In 1996, during his research at IBM, he published a paper "Topics in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_DiVincenzo

... (also known as reverse electron transport) is a mechanism in microbial metabolism. Chemolithotrophs using ... drive electrons in a reverse direction through an electron transport chain and is thus the reverse process as forward electron ... In some cases, the energy consumed in reverse electron transport is five times greater than energy gained from the forward ... Reverse electron transfer (RET) is the process that can occur in respiring mitochondria, when a small fraction of electrons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_electron_flow

See electron transport chain. 3.D.1 The H+ or Na+-translocating NADH Dehydrogenase ("complex I") family 3.D.2 The Proton- ... family 1.B.78 DUF3374 electron transport-associated porin (ETPorin) family 1.C.3 α-Hemolysin (αHL) family 1.C.4 Aerolysin ... Family 3.B.1 The Na+-transporting Carboxylic Acid Decarboxylase (NaT-DC) Family 3.C.1 The Na+ Transporting ... Family 1.D.58 The Anion Transporting Prodigiosene (Prodigiosene) Family 1.D.59 The Anion Transporting Perenosin (Perenosin) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_Classification_Database

See electron transport chain. Cytochrome c oxidases from bacteria and mitochondria Proton or sodium translocating F-type and V- ... Many transmembrane proteins function as gateways to permit the transport of specific substances across the membrane. They ... Membrane protein structures can be determined by X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy or NMR spectroscopy. The most ... FadL outer membrane protein transport family, including Fatty acid transporter FadL (n=14,S=14) General bacterial porin family ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein

Ascorbic acid and electron transport". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 258: 190-200. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_E._Little

Electron transport in redox enzymes. bodleian.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 557413704. EThOS uk.bl.ethos. ... Oxford for research supervised by Fraser Armstrong on the electron transport in redox enzymes in 1997. Following her D.Phil., ... and for solving its structure by electron cryomicroscopy'. Publications http://www.mrc-mbu.cam.ac.uk/people/judy-hirst/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Hirst

2003). Electron Transport in Quantum Dots. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0437-5. ISBN 978-1-4020-7459-2. Chen, Shaowen; Han, Zheng; ... Weiss, D.; Roukes, M. L.; Menschig, A.; Grambow, P.; von Klitzing, K.; Weimann, G. (1991-05-27). "Electron pinball and ... Datseris, George; Geisel, Theo; Fleischmann, Ragnar (2019-04-30). "Robustness of ballistic transport in antidot superlattices ... particles like electrons, or light rays, is very much similar to the movement of the point-particles in billiards. In addition ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_billiards

2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry Barker Award Hirst, Judy (1997). Electron transport in redox enzymes. bodleian.ox.ac.uk ( ... in particular the application of dynamic electrochemical techniques in studies of complex electron-transfer and catalytic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Armstrong_(professor)

He contributed to the development of electron transport theory related to semiconductors and developed a Monte Carlo method for ... 5-. ISBN 978-3-642-10571-5. Nag, B.R (2017). Electron Transport in Compound Semiconductors. Table of Contents. Springer Series ... He authored three monographs, Theory of electrical transport in semiconductors, Physics of Quantum Well Devices and Electron ... ISBN 978-0-306-47127-8. B.R. Nag (6 December 2012). Electron Transport in Compound Semiconductors. Springer Science & Business ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biswa_Ranjan_Nag

In 1995 she earned her PhD with her thesis titled "Electron transport in polymer composites" at École Polytechnique Fédérale de ... "Electron transport in polymer composites". EPFL. Retrieved March 15, 2020. "Movers - Silke Bühler-Paschen, professor, Technical ... "Switching electron properties on and off individually". August 22, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2020. "Switching electron ... She realized the individual toggling of different electronic degrees of freedom in correlated electron systems. Bühler-Paschen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silke_Bühler-Paschen

Gergely, G. (2002). "Elastic backscattering of electrons: determination of physical parameters of electron transport processes ... Transmission electron microscopy Scanning transmission electron microscopy Egerton, R. F. (2009). "Electron energy-loss ... In electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) a material is exposed to a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic ... Egerton, R. F. (1996). Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum. ISBN 978-0-306 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy

"Electron Transport in Fluorinated Copper-Phthalocyanine". Advanced Materials. 12 (20): 1539-1542. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200010) ... J. H. Schön; C. Kloc (2001). "Charge transport through a single tetracene grain boundary". Applied Physics Letters. 78 (24): ... Kloc; A. Dodabalapur; B. Crone (2001). "Grain boundary transport and vapor sensing in α-sexithiophene". Applied Physics Letters ... Kloc; D. Fichou; B. Batlogg (2001). "Conjugation length dependence of the charge transport in oligothiophene single crystals". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schön_scandal

Mechanism of electron transport by adrenodoxin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 255 (7): 3057-61. PMID 6766943. Hanukoglu ... electron transfer for steroid biosynthesis". Journal of Molecular Biology. 289 (4): 981-90. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.2807. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenodoxin-NADP _reductase

Siloles are efficient in electron transport. They owe their low lying LUMO to a favorable interaction between the antibonding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosilicon_compound

Mechanism of electron transport by adrenodoxin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 255 (7): 3057-3061. doi:10.1016/S0021- ... The initial source of the electrons is NADPH. The electrons are transferred from NADPH to P450scc via two electron transfer ... The process of electron transfer from NADPH to P450scc is not tightly coupled; that is, during electron transfer from ... Hanukoglu I, Rapoport R, Weiner L, Sklan D (September 1993). "Electron leakage from the mitochondrial NADPH-adrenodoxin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme

For example, one other way of transporting electrons is via a quinone-mediated electron shuttle, which is observed in Geobacter ... Bond, Daniel R.; Strycharz-Glaven, Sarah M.; Tender, Leonard M.; Torres, César I. (21 May 2012). "On Electron Transport through ... suggesting that there is a great variety of extracellular electron transport mechanisms among the Geobacter species. ... "Thermally activated long range electron transport in living biofilms". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 17 (48): 32564- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobacter

Mechanism of electron transport by adrenodoxin" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 255 (7): 3057-61. doi:10.1016/S0021 ... FAD can be reduced by two electrons donated from coenzyme NADPH. These two electrons are transferred one a time to adrenodoxin ... Adrenodoxin is a small iron-sulfur protein that can accept and carry a single electron. Adrenodoxin functions as an electron ... 2000). "Adrenodoxin: structure, stability, and electron transfer properties". Proteins. 40 (4): 590-612. doi:10.1002/1097-0134( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_ferredoxin

Mechanism of electron transport by adrenodoxin" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 255 (7): 3057-61. doi:10.1016/S0021 ... of Psychology). His Ph.D. thesis research on the "Mechanism of electron transport to cytochrome P-450 in adrenal cortex ... The first step of steroidogenesis is dependent on the transfer of electrons from NADPH to a P450 type enzyme (P450scc) via an ... His lab was the first to clone the cDNAs and the gene coding for adrenodoxin reductase - the first enzyme in the electron ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Hanukoglu

Rode, D. L. (1971). "Electron Transport in InSb, InAs, and InP". Physical Review B. 3 (10): 3287-3299. Bibcode:1971PhRvB... ... He noted how InSb appeared to have a small direct band gap and a very high electron mobility. InSb crystals have been grown by ... electron drift velocity, and ballistic length (up to 0.7 μm at 300 K) of any known semiconductor, except for carbon nanotubes. ... "High-current breakdown of the quantum Hall effect and electron heating in InSb/AlInSb". Physical Review B. American Physical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_antimonide

Taylor are co-authors on the article [1] introducing the electron transport method and program TranSIESTA (based on the SIESTA ... "Density-functional method for nonequilibrium electron transport". Physical Review B. American Physical Society (APS). 65 (16): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomistix

"Density-functional method for nonequilibrium electron transport". Physical Review B. American Physical Society (APS). 65 (16): ... One can for example plot Bloch functions of nanotubes and crystals, molecular orbitals, electron densities, and effective ... Taylor, Jeremy; Guo, Hong; Wang, Jian (2001-06-01). "Ab initiomodeling of quantum transport properties of molecular electronic ... which combines density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's functions to ab initio electronic-structure and transport ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomistix_Virtual_NanoLab

"Density-functional method for nonequilibrium electron transport". Physical Review B. 65 (16): 165401. arXiv:cond-mat/0110650. ... Taylor, Jeremy; Guo, Hong; Wang, Jian (2001). "Ab initiomodeling of quantum transport properties of molecular electronic ... The key features are Calculation of transport properties of two-probe systems under an applied bias voltage Calculation of ... density functional theory with non-equilibrium Green's functions for first principles electronic structure and transport ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomistix_ToolKit

FADH2 then reverts to FAD, sending its two high-energy electrons through the electron transport chain; the energy in FADH2 is ... The two electrons on reduced FAD (FADH2) are transferred one at a time to FMN and then a single electron is passed from FMN to ... Mechanism of electron transport by adrenodoxin" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 255 (7): 3057-61. doi:10.1016/S0021 ... The two electrons in reduced FAD are transferred one a time to adrenodoxin which in turn donates the single electron to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide

Asche, M. (1985). Multivalued distributions of hot electrons between equivalent valleys. Hot-Electron Transport in ... Asche, M. (1991). Hot electrons-Electron-phonon interaction. In Festkörperprobleme 31 (pp. 279-295). Springer, Berlin, ... and from December 1990 to 1992 she was head of the department for semiconductor transport at the Central Institute for Electron ... Hot-electron transport in semiconductors (Vol. 58). Springer Science & Business Media. Thiessen, Klaus; Schöll, Eckehard (2014 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Asche

The algorithm has applications in many fields, including transport logistics and beam angle optimisation in radiation therapy ... doi:10.1016/0301-0104(73)85018-9. Harcourt, Richard D.; Harcourt, Alison (1974). "Wavefunctions for "4-electron, 3-centre" ... "Wavefunctions for 4-electron 3-centre bonding"-with her husband, the chemist Richard Harcourt. In 1975, following the dismissal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Harcourt

A description of human papillomavirus (HPV) by electron microscopy was given in 1949, and HPV-DNA was identified in 1963. It ... Difficulty in accessing screening services (for example, transport difficulties) and a lack of female GPs, trained Pap test ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer

The apparatus was transported in components and then reassembled inside a small tunnel leading to an underground chamber ... Real-time muography requires muon sensors to convert the muon's kinetic energy into a number of electrons in order to process ... Muon tomography imagers are under development for the purposes of detecting nuclear material in road transport vehicles and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_tomography

... to have seating for one to eight people and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods. Fowler ... Dallas and Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts. General Motors introduced two experimental steam-powered cars ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_car

... neodymium usually only uses three electrons as valence electrons, as afterwards the remaining 4f electrons are strongly bound: ... Kang, L., Shen, Z. & Jin, C. Neodymium cations Nd3+ were transported to the interior of Euglena gracilis 277. Chin.Sci.Bull. 45 ... J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 59:113-118 Sato S, Adachi A, Sasaki Y, Ghazizadeh M (2008) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for ... In the periodic table the vertical ordering of elements in groups is based on the presence of the same number of electrons in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium

This proton motive force then drives ATP synthesis The electrons needed to drive this electron transport chain come from light- ... Finally, the acetyl group on acetyl-CoA is oxidized to water and carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle and electron transport ... This is done in eukaryotes by a series of proteins in the membranes of mitochondria called the electron transport chain. In ... The electrons then flow through photosystem I and can then be used to reduce the coenzyme NADP+. This coenzyme can enter the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

Stevens E. D.; Hope H. (1977). "A Study of the Electron-Density Distribution in Sodium Azide, NaN 3". Acta Crystallographica A ... This should be considered for choosing a non-metallic transport container for sodium azide solutions in the laboratory. This ... Sodium easily dissolves in liquid ammonia to produce hydrated electrons responsible of the blue color of the resulting liquid. ... H2 It is a redox reaction in which metallic sodium gives an electron to a proton of ammonia which is reduced in hydrogen gas. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_azide

... an English public transport operator Natural England, an English government agency New England Patriots, a professional ... a computer file format Electron density ( n e {\displaystyle n_{e}} ) Ne, effective population size Ne, for Number English, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NE

employed cryo-electron microscopy to determine that, in vivo, only a pentamer or smaller polymer could spatially fit in the ... When pRNA is in this tetramer ring form, it works as a part of the DNA packaging motor to transport DNA molecules to their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_virus_phi29

... is taken into intracellular organelles and is transported by the endogenous neuronal transport system including kinesin-1, ... "Retrograde and anterograde tracing combined with transmitter identification and electron microscopy". Journal of Neuroscience ... Transport of the viral particles along the axon was shown to depend on the microtubular cytoskeleton. There is also a group of ... Norgren RB, McLean JH, Bubel HC, Wander A, Bernstein DI, Lehman MN (March 1992). "Anterograde transport of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_tracing

In 2039, NATO and the LDF engage in mock combat training, part of Exercise Electron-39, at a Livonian factory. U.S. Army drone ... a Facebook post claiming to show the Taliban shooting down an American military transport plane received millions of views; ... Electron-39 is promptly called off; two weeks later, amid heightened tensions, the Livonian government orders NATO's departure ... and informs Raider that he believes China transported the Eastwind Device to the South Pacific, deliberately causing the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_3

All phototrophs either use electron transport chains or direct proton pumping to establish an electrochemical gradient which is ... If their electron and hydrogen donors are inorganic compounds (e.g. Na 2S 2O 3, as in some purple sulfur bacteria, or H 2S, as ... They can be contrasted with chemotrophs that obtain their energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. ... This bacterium can use water as a source of electrons in order to perform CO2 reduction reactions. Evolutionarily, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototroph

C.E. F.S.I. (1875-1927), Senior Engineering Inspector at the Ministry of Transport, 1924 to 1927 Sir Ralph Endersby Harwood KCB ... pioneered the development of the scanning electron microscope Dr. G. C. Dunning D.Lit FSA (1905-1978), pioneering medieval ... 1960), National Education Officer, Rail, Maritime and Transport Union, since 2010". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ ... Commanded the transport to France of the BEF during World War I Brigadier W.C.V. Galwey OBE MC&bar (1897-1977), Senior Officer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Old_Bedford_Modernians

... mutant huntingtin protein causes mitochondrial dysfunction involving inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport, higher ... Mitochondrial DNA was discovered in the 1960s by Margit M. K. Nass and Sylvan Nass by electron microscopy as DNase-sensitive ... Nass MM, Nass S (December 1963). "INTRAMITOCHONDRIAL FIBERS WITH DNA CHARACTERISTICS: I. Fixation and Electron Staining ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

Because atoms can be imaged directly - something difficult to do with electrons in solids - they can be used to study effects ... transport and static properties". Optics Express. 13 (11): 4303-4313. arXiv:cond-mat/0505029. Bibcode:2005OExpr..13.4303F. doi: ... which is similar to the electrons in an insulator. In the case of Fermionic atoms, if the well depth is further increased the ... which is similar to the electrons in a conductor. However, a superfluid-Mott insulator transition may occur, if the interaction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_lattice

A band gap is the range in a solid where no electron state can exist. The band gap of insulators is much larger than in ... By correlating these two effects under experimentation the variation of transport properties as a function of band-gap can be ... Electrical measurements are obtained using scanning tunnelling microscope-transmission electron microscope probing system. When ... Strain can also induce change of transport properties and band-gap variation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-gap_engineering

Many physical phenomena are incorporated in this program, from reaction mechanism models, cross section systematics, electron ... MOCADI Beam TRANSPORT code COSY INFINITY "LISE++: Radioactive beam production with in-flight separators", O. B. Tarasov and D. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LISE

Esteve, I.; Guerrero, R.; Montesinos, E.; Abellà, C. (1983-04-01). "Electron microscope study of the interaction of epibiontic ... The nutrients are directly transported into the predator cell. According to observations, Vampirococcus appears to "suck" out ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampirococcus

Non-shivering thermogenesis is a regulated process in which the proton gradient generated by electron transport in mitochondria ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormancy

The storage ring accelerates electrons to 2.5 GeV, and keeps them circulating for as long as two hours. As the electrons go ... However, the German government stipulated that the cost of dismantling, including documentation, packing and transport, had to ... The microtron accelerates electrons to the energy of 22.5 MeV, and injects them into the booster. It was fully operational in ... The booster synchrotron receives electrons from the microtron, and accelerates them to 800 MeV, for injection into the storage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron-Light_for_Experimental_Science_and_Applications_in_the_Middle_East

Wiggler magnets wiggle, or oscillate, an electron beam perpendicular to the magnetic field. As the electrons are undergoing ... Richard F. Post (10 October 2005). "Toward More Efficient Transport: The Inductrack Maglev System" (PDF). Lawrence Livermore ... Scaling up this design and adding a top sheet gives a wiggler magnet, used in synchrotrons and free-electron lasers. ... Klaus Halbach (1985). "Applications of Permanent Magnets in Accelerators and Electron Storage Rings" (PDF). Journal of Applied ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halbach_array

Use of water vapor, as steam, has been important for cooking, and as a major component in energy production and transport ... Sublimation is important in the preparation of certain classes of biological specimens for scanning electron microscopy. ... which transports heat from the ground into the upper atmosphere, where the water molecules can radiate it to outer space. Due ... which transport the water evaporated over the oceans into the interior of the continents, enabling vegetation to grow. Water in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor

... electron charge, ND and N+ D are the densities of total photoactive centers and ionized empty electron acceptor states, ... In polymers, charge is transported through the HOMO and the mobility is influenced by the nature of the dopant mixed into the ... As the electrons move around energy levels, some energy is released as an electromagnetic wave at the same frequency but with a ... The densities of free electrons n in the conduction band and free holes h in the valence band can be found through equations: n ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_photorefractive_materials

The virus is transported to the Golgi apparatus and subsequently released from the cell's membrane The effects infection has ... Tumor growth can be identified through the use of light and electron microscopy. Lethargy, ascites, emaciation, and death are ... These late proteins are transported back into the nucleus. The virus is then assembled in the nucleus, which at this point has ... The newly formed early viral mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. The early viral mRNA is translated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranid_herpesvirus_1

Since it can transport things across the outer membrane without the need to generate a new form of energy, it earned the name ... When observed with electron microscopy, the structure has been described as a "lollipop" shape consisting of an N-terminal head ... However, the outer membrane is a barrier for the secretion of proteins, and it requires energy to transport proteins across the ... autotransporter, since it transports proteins autonomously, in other words, by itself. The Sec-dependent system is divided into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeric_autotransporter_adhesin

Electron User reviewed Southern Belle in May 1986, giving an overall score of 7 out of 10. The reviewer praised the title's ... The game's demo mode was a high speed run, in homage to British Transport Films's classic London to Brighton in 4 Minutes. The ... Electron User. 3 (8). May 1986. "Southern Belle review". Zzap!64. July 1986. Southern Belle at MobyGames Southern Belle at ... BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games, Commodore 64 games, Hewson Consultants games, Single-player video games, Train simulation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Belle_(video_game)

The S-N-O angle is near 114°, reflecting the influence of the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen. S-Nitrosothiols may arise ... cellular formation and transport". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 38 (7): 831-838. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.12.016 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Nitrosothiol

To determine the transport coefficients, the velocity distribution function must be assumed/chosen. But this assumption can ... The single particle model describes the plasma as individual electrons and ions moving in imposed (rather than self-consistent ... The fluid equations are not closed without the determination of transport coefficients such as mobility, diffusion coefficient ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_modeling

... to tochilinite alteration can be seen in petrologic microscopes, scanning electron microscope, and electron microprobe ... Asteroid mining for space uses could be more practical, as transporting materials from Earth is costly. Similar to current ... neutron activation analysis and analytical electron microscopy". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. 36 (1): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamacite

After noting high noise levels in AFM systems Sutton, Ning Li and Xiaodong Li focused on scanning electron microscope systems. ... the system was transported to the West Coast and used to complete a week of field experimentation on a full-scale airplane in ... Discussions with Intel scientists led to the choice of scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope imaging systems ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_A._Sutton

Scientists have demonstrated long-distance spin transport by electrical means in a semiconductor quantum well, which is ... Long-distance transport of electron spins for spin-based logic devices. (Nanowerk News) Almost all electronic devices operate ... An electron spin itself is a quantum spin angular momentum. Electrical transport and the manipulation of spin polarization are ... As shown in the figure, electron spins were transported directly over 100?m in a quantum well with in-plane electric field. In ...

https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news/newsid=43060.php

... metal oxides as the electron-transport layer, and organic materials as the hole-transport layer. While this type of solar cells ... Azaacenes can be processed in solution, in contrast to the metal oxides that are conventionally used for electron transport in ... Behind the Science: Electron Transport in Solar Cells. Author: Theresa Kueckmann, Qichun Zhang ... An Azaacene Derivative as Promising Electron-Transport Layer for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells,. Pei-Yang Gu, Ning Wang, ...

https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/9574701/Behind_the_Science_Electron_Transport_in_Solar_Cells/

Using these datasets and numerical simulations of the electron beam transport in the corona plasma, we were able to infer not ... Reid, Hamish Andrew Sinclair (2011) Solar electron beam transport in the inner heliosphere. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. ... Solar flare accelerated electron beams propagating away from the Sun can interact with the turbulent interplanetary media, ... In this thesis, we simulate electron beam propagation from the Sun to the Earth in the weak turbulent regime taking into ...

https://theses.gla.ac.uk/2370/

Magnetic-field-driven electron transport in ferromagnetic/ insulator/ semiconductor hybrid structures. Volkov, N. V.; Tarasov, ... Magnetic-field-driven electron transport in ferromagnetic/ insulator/ semiconductor hybrid structures Volkov, N. V.; Tarasov, A ... kirensky.ru/ru/publikacii/2017/magnetic-field-driven-electron-transport-in-ferromagnetic-insulator-semiconductor-hybrid- ... First, the trajectory of the electron is deflected by a magnetic field, which suppresses acquisition of kinetic energy and ...

http://kirensky.ru/ru/publikacii/2017/magnetic-field-driven-electron-transport-in-ferromagnetic-insulator-semiconductor-hybrid-structures

Using electron density profiles obtained by means of far-infrared interferometry, and integrating the electron sources, the ... Modelling of the corresponding atomic transitions provides a relation between the emissivities and the electron source from the ... the electron density (1 x 10(-13)cm(-3) (LESSTHEQ) n(,e) (LESSTHEQ) 9 x 10(13)cm(-3)), and the plasma position (-3cm ( ... The spatial distribution of the electron source has been measured spectroscopically in the Texas Experimental Tokamak. The ...

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PhDT.......117K/abstract

Open-source code for Monte Carlo simulation of coupled electron-photon transport - Freeware downloads - best freeware - Best ... Monte Carlo simulation, electron-photon transport. Users rating. (21 rating). MCNelectronScienceWin2000, Windows XP, Windows 7 ... MCNelectron is an open-source code for single-event Monte Carlo simulation of coupled electron-photon transport. MCNelectron ... Open-source code for Monte Carlo simulation of coupled electron-photon transport - Best Freeware Download. ...

https://www.bestfreewaredownload.com/freeware/k-constructive-solid-geometry-t-free-mcnelectron-freeware-furxkusu.html

Using Cathodic Poised Potential Experiments to Investigate Extracellular Electron Transport in the Crustal Deep Biosphere of ... as a source of electrons for redox reactions via extracellular electron transfer (EET). Subsurface crustal fluids and mineral ... 200 mV versus a standard hydrogen electrode to mimic the delivery of electrons in an energy range equivalent to iron oxidation ... and potential identification by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and DNA sequencing. The results document that there are ...

https://www.darkenergybiosphere.org/publication/using-cathodic-poised-potential-experiments-to-investigate-extracellular-electron-transport-in-the-crustal-deep-biosphere-of-north-pond-mid-atlantic-ridge/

Abstract: Electron-electron ($e$-$e$) and electron-phonon ($e$-ph) interactions are challenging to describe in correlated ... Title:Combining Electron-Phonon and Dynamical Mean-Field Theory Calculations of Correlated Materials: Transport in the ... We compute the $e$-ph self-energy using the DMFT electron Greens function, and combine it with the $e$-$e$ self-energy from ... Download a PDF of the paper titled Combining Electron-Phonon and Dynamical Mean-Field Theory Calculations of Correlated ...

https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.06771

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron ... Electron Transport Chain is a series of compounds where it makes use of electrons from electron carrier to develop a chemical ... 3. Electron Transport chain This electron transport chain is made up of 4 complexes which are groups of proteins that work ... Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), which create an H+ gradient across the membrane ...

http://www.tdsurplus.com/the-eret-mxu/f32eed-electron-transport-chain-ppt

Dive into the research topics of Electron transport in argon in crossed electric and magnetic fields. Together they form a ...

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/electron-transport-in-argon-in-crossed-electric-and-magnetic-fiel/fingerprints/

ELECTRON_TRANSPORT-99.pdf Restricted to Registered users only Download (385kB) , Request a copy ... Seshadri, Ram and Alyer, Hemantkumar N and Govindaraj, A and Rao, CNR (1994) Electron Transport Properties of Carbon Nanotubes. ...

https://eprints.iisc.ac.in/7705/

keywords = "dipole layer, electron transport layer, interface engineering, perovskite solar cells, poly(vinylpyrrolidone)", ... Nonconjugated Polymer Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as an Efficient Interlayer Promoting Electron Transport for Perovskite Solar Cells ... Nonconjugated Polymer Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as an Efficient Interlayer Promoting Electron Transport for Perovskite Solar Cells ... Nonconjugated Polymer Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as an Efficient Interlayer Promoting Electron Transport for Perovskite Solar Cells ...

https://experts.syr.edu/en/publications/nonconjugated-polymer-polyvinylpyrrolidone-as-an-efficient-interl

Teaching about the electron transport chain can be challenging. Check out these 5 ways to make the topic more approachable to ... 3 reasons why Electron Transport Chain can be tricky to teach or learn. There are 3 reasons why students are overwhelmed by the ... "electron transport chain". Emphasize the importance of each of these membrane proteins and electron carriers. Take it very ... you can explain why chloroplasts are important for the electron transport chain. You can use the Photosynthesis: Electron ...

https://www.labster.com/blog/make-electron-transport-chain-approachable

Coherent Electron Transport in a Si Quantum Dot Dimer. L. P. Rokhinson, L. J. Guo, S. Y. Chou, D. C. Tsui, E. Eisenberg, R. ... Dive into the research topics of Coherent Electron Transport in a Si Quantum Dot Dimer. Together they form a unique ...

https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/coherent-electron-transport-in-a-si-quantum-dot-dimer-2/fingerprints/

... termed electron hydrodynamics, present new opportunities in the search for strong electron-electron interactions in high ... and suppressed phonon-phonon scattering at temperatures of interest are likely to feature hydrodynamic electron transport. We ... We study electronic transport, using ab initio calculations, in finite-size channels of semimetallic ZrSiS and TaAs2 with and ... Here we present the general transport signatures of such a second-order scattering mechanism, along with analytical limits at ...

https://bioelectronics.mit.edu/publication/wang-2022-generalized/

MCQ ON ELECTRON AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION class 11 for NEET:- The final hydrogen acceptor is (a) NADH ... MCQ ON ELECTRON AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION class 11 for NEET , ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND OXIDATIVE ... When the electrons pass from one carrier to another via complex I to IVin the electron transport chain, they are couple to ATP ... The metabolic pathways through which the electron passes from one carrier to another, is called the electron transport system ...

https://biologysir.com/mcq-on-electron-and-transport-system-and-oxidative-phosphorylation-class-11-for-neet/

Electron transport chain The electron transport chain is located in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The NADH ... The proton is pulled into the intermembrane space by the energy of the electrons going through the electron transport chain. ... In total, it loses 2 CO2 molecules and 4 electrons, of which 3 are accepted by NAD+ to reduce it to NADH, and the last electron ... The electron is finally accepted by oxygen in the matrix. The protons return to the mitochondrial matrix through the process of ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Mitochondrial_matrix.html

The electron transport properties of pure liquid metals journal, October 1967 * Ziman, J. M. ... Spin Transport and Accumulation in a 2D Weyl Fermion System journal, August 2018 * Ong, T. Tzen; Nagaosa, Naoto ... Spin Transport and Accumulation in 2D Weyl Fermion System text, January 2017 * Ong, T. Tzen; Nagaosa, Naoto ... Left-Right Asymmetry in the Scattering of Electrons by Magnetic Impurities, and a Hall Effect journal, January 1972 * Fert, A ...

https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1607128-critical-spin-fluctuation-mechanism-spin-hall-effect

M.C. Wu et al., Enhanced short-circuit current density of perovskite solar cells using Zn-doped TiO2 as electron transport ... Perovskite solar cell with SnO2 mesoporous thin films as electron transport layer: facile fabrication, investigation of the ... Efficient planar n-i-p type heterojunction flexible perovskite solar cells with sputtered TiO2 electron transporting layers, ... D. Bi et al., Facile synthesized organic hole transporting material for perovskite solar cell with efficiency of 19.8%, Nano ...

https://www.epj-pv.org/articles/epjpv/ref/2021/01/pv210008/pv210008.html

Mitochondrial ROS Produced via Reverse Electron Transport Extend Animal Lifespan * Scialò, F. ...

https://investiga.upo.es/documentos/5e96e0042999522706a8f0d6?lang=de

Electron Transport * Energy Metabolism * Escherichia coli / metabolism * Escherichia coli Proteins * Hydroxyquinolines / ... Although these data do not rule out the possibility that a strongly bound UQ molecule functions to facilitate electron transfer ... to remain strongly bound to the enzyme during enzyme turnover and to act as a cofactor facilitating the transfer of electrons ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9020789/?dopt=Abstract

Changes in Electron Temperature Fluctuations and Transport with Isotropic Mass in L-mode Plasmas at ASDEX-Upgrade ... Changes in Electron Temperature Fluctuations and Transport with Isotropic Mass in L-mode Plasmas at ASDEX-Upgrade Cabrera, P. M ... 2020). Changes in Electron Temperature Fluctuations and Transport with Isotropic Mass in L-mode Plasmas at ASDEX-Upgrade. ...

https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_3270584

Dive into the research topics of Enhanced thermal stability of electron transport layer-free perovskite solar cells via ... Enhanced thermal stability of electron transport layer-free perovskite solar cells via interface strain releasing. ...

https://scholars.uky.edu/en/publications/enhanced-thermal-stability-of-electron-transport-layer-free-perov/fingerprints/

Recently, we reported that the novel mitochondrial RNA editing factor SLO2 is essential for mitochondrial electron transport, ... The Arabidopsis thaliana RNA editing factor SLO2, which affects the mitochondrial electron transport chain, participates in ... The Arabidopsis thaliana RNA editing factor SLO2, which affects the mitochondrial electron transport chain, participates in ... ac.uk/item/8qy52/the-arabidopsis-thaliana-rna-editing-factor-slo2-which-affects-the-mitochondrial-electron-transport-chain- ...

https://repository.rothamsted.ac.uk/item/8qy52/the-arabidopsis-thaliana-rna-editing-factor-slo2-which-affects-the-mitochondrial-electron-transport-chain-participates-in-multiple-stress-and-hormone-responses

Vous êtes iciTHIN FILMS OF PRUSSIAN BLUE: SEQUENTIAL ASSEMBLY, PATTERNING AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROPERTIES AT THE NANOMETRIC ... Thin films of Prussian blue: sequential assembly, patterning and electron transport properties at the nanometric scale. We ... Thin films of Prussian blue: sequential assembly, patterning and electron transport properties at the nanometric scale. ... or electron beam lithog. The Prussian blue with idealized formula of KFeIII[FeII(CN)6] was deposited through the sequential ...

https://dcm.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/publications/thin-films-prussian-blue-sequential-assembly-patterning-and-electron-transport-properties-nanometric

Mubritinib Targets the Electron Transport Chain Complex I and Reveals the Landscape of OXPHOS Dependency in Acute Myeloid ...

https://www.lemieux.iric.ca/en/publication/2019_baccelli_mubritinib/

Supercomplex assembly determines electron flux in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Professor José Antonio Enriquez, ... ROS produced via Reverse Electron Transport at respiratory complex I regulates mitochondrial turnover and lifespan. ... Three-dimensional electron microscopy of cells and viruses at molecular resolution: From structure to mechanism. ... Analysis of Parkinsons disease genes using Drosophila: mitophagy and axonal transport. Professor Alex Whitworth, University of ...

https://talks.cam.ac.uk/show/archive/32127

Electron and Cooper-pair transport across a single magnetic molecule explored with a scanning tunneling microscope J. Brand, S ... Exchange mechanism for electron paramagnetic resonance of individual adatoms J. L. Lado, A. Ferrón, J. Fernández-Rossier 2017 ... Electronic transport in gadolinium atomic-size contacts B. Olivera, C. Salgado, J. L. Lado, A. Karimi, V. Henkel, E. Scheer, J ... Probing magnetism in 2D van der Waals crystalline insulators via electron tunneling D. R. Klein, D. MacNeill, J. L. Lado, D. ...

https://www.aalto.fi/sv/personer/jose-lado

O bonds accelerate the electron flow between adjacent sp2 domains and enhances the electron transport in the Mn-CPDs. Thus, the ... Enhancing the Electron Transport, Quantum Yield, and Catalytic Performance of Carbonized Polymer Dots via Mnï£¿O Bridges.. ... Doping CPDs with transition metal atoms accelerates the local electron flow in CPDs and improves the fluorescent properties and ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/odontologia/resource/pt/mdl-35076167

Electron transport * Electroweak Symmetry Breaking * Energy materials * Experimental Bio-Photonics, Imaging * Experimental ...

http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/department/PH

Cerebral mitochondrial electron transport chain dysfunction in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. (cdc.gov)

In the human body, iron is present in all cells and has several vital functions -- as a carrier of oxygen to the tissues from the lungs in the form of hemoglobin (Hb), as a facilitator of oxygen use and storage in the muscles as myoglobin, as a transport medium for electrons within the cells in the form of cytochromes, and as an integral part of enzyme reactions in various tissues. (cdc.gov)
Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with a tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron as a prosthetic group in which the degree of conjugation of double bonds is less than in porphyrin. (bvsalud.org)

In the present study, we used electrochemical techniques to investigate the possibility that crustal subsurface microbial groups can use the solid rock matrix (basalts, etc.) as a source of electrons for redox reactions via extracellular electron transfer (EET). (darkenergybiosphere.org)
In total, it loses 2 CO 2 molecules and 4 electrons, of which 3 are accepted by NAD+ to reduce it to NADH , and the last electron accepted by FAD+ to reduce to FADH 2 in redox reactions. (bionity.com)

And both of them have their individual Electron Transport Chains (ETCs). (labster.com)

It blocks the electron flow between the cytochrome oxidase complex and oxygen. (tdsurplus.com)
Cyanide binds to the ferric ion on cytochrome oxidase and abruptly halts the electron transport chain and aerobic respiration, producing profound toxic effects. (medscape.com)

In biologic systems, the cells use electron transport chain to transfer electrons stepwise Then the electron is transferred to an acceptor. (tdsurplus.com)

Recently, we reported that the novel mitochondrial RNA editing factor SLO2 is essential for mitochondrial electron transport, and vital for plant growth through regulation of carbon and energy metabolism. (rothamsted.ac.uk)
A number of endogenous systems, such as the aerobic metabolism and electron transport chains, generate highly reactive molecules with important biological functions known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). (bvsalud.org)

MCQ on ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION class 11 Biology with answers were prepared based on the latest pattern.We have provided class 11 Biology MCQs question with Answers to help students understand the concept very well. (biologysir.com)

The reason is that spin polarization in a semiconductor is easily randomized, and consequently, it is difficult to transport spin polarization over a long distance. (nanowerk.com)
Spatial distribution of electron spins in a specially designed semiconductor quantum well. (nanowerk.com)
The spatial distribution of electron spins in a semiconductor quantum well are measured by the magneto-optic Kerr effect. (nanowerk.com)
The research team has demonstrated long-distance spin transport by electrical means in a semiconductor quantum well, which is designed to increase spin lifetime. (nanowerk.com)
Furthermore, the research team has demonstrated that the spin precession speed of drifting electrons in semiconductor quantum wells can be controlled by applying an external gate voltage ( Nature Communications , 'Drift transport of helical spin coherence with tailored spin-orbit interactions' ). (nanowerk.com)
We strongly believe that this type of material should find application as active layers in organic field-effect transistors or as electron-transport layers for semiconductor devices. (chemistryviews.org)

Electron Transport Chain Mechanism Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase Complex-I also called "NADH: Ubiquinine oxidoreductase" is a large enzyme composed of 42 different polypeptide chains, including as FMN-containing flavoprotein and at least six iron-sulfur centers. (tdsurplus.com)
ETC is the transfer of electrons from NADH Through ETC, the E needed for the cellular activities is released in the form of ATP. (tdsurplus.com)
The electrons derieved from NADH and FADH2 Electron Transport Chain series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane along cristae transport proteins & enzymes transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H + to create H + gradient yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose! (tdsurplus.com)
Electron from NADH produced in the mitochondrial matrix during Citric acid cycle are oxidised by an NADH dehydrogenase (complex I), and then electron are transferred to ubiquinone located within the inner membrane. (biologysir.com)
The NADH and FADH2 produced by the citric acid cycle in the matrix release a proton and electron to regenerate NAD+ and FAD+. (bionity.com)

Electrodes in oxic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were poised at −200 mV versus a standard hydrogen electrode to mimic the delivery of electrons in an energy range equivalent to iron oxidation. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
This transfer of electrons is done by multiple Biological Energy Oxidation. (tdsurplus.com)

The UQ molecule in this site has been proposed to remain strongly bound to the enzyme during enzyme turnover and to act as a cofactor facilitating the transfer of electrons from the substrate ubiquinol to heme b [Sato-Watanabe et al. (nih.gov)
The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (bvsalud.org)

Dr. Theresa Kueckmann, Editor-in-Chief of Chemistry - An Asian Journal , talks to Professor Qichun Zhang, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, about his article on electron-transport layer materials for perovskite solar cells, which was recently published. (chemistryviews.org)
Professor Zhang, you developed an azaacene derivative for electron transport in solar cells. (chemistryviews.org)
Despite the advantages of metal-oxide-free inverted perovskite solar cells, it is still very challenging to find suitable organic electron transport layer (ETL) candidates, which are easily synthesized at low cost and which can be easily solution-processed to achieve high-performance devices. (chemistryviews.org)
Azaacenes can be processed in solution, in contrast to the metal oxides that are conventionally used for electron transport in perovskite solar cells. (chemistryviews.org)
Impulsive solar electron beams have an attractive diagnostic potential for poorly understood particle acceleration processes in solar flares. (gla.ac.uk)
Solar flare accelerated electron beams propagating away from the Sun can interact with the turbulent interplanetary media, producing Langmuir waves and type III radio emission. (gla.ac.uk)
Solar flares are believed to accelerate both upward and downward propagating electron beams which can radiate emission at radio and X-ray wavelengths correspondingly. (gla.ac.uk)
The correlation between X-ray and radio emissions in a well observed solar flare allowed us detailed study of the electron acceleration region properties. (gla.ac.uk)
The interfaces between perovskite layer and electrodes play a crucial role on efficient charge transport and extraction in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). (syr.edu)
Herein, for the first time we applied a low-cost nonconjugated polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a new interlayer between PCBM electron transport layer (ETL) and Ag cathode for high-performance inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (iPSCs), leading to a dramatic efficiency enhancement. (syr.edu)
Enhanced short-circuit current density of perovskite solar cells using Zn-doped TiO 2 as electron transport layer, Sol. (epj-pv.org)
Efficient planar n-i-p type heterojunction flexible perovskite solar cells with sputtered TiO 2 electron transporting layers, Nanoscale. (epj-pv.org)

The energy from each electron being passed down the chain is used to pump a proton (H+) through each carrier molecule, from one side of the membrane to the other. (tdsurplus.com)
Although these data do not rule out the possibility that a strongly bound UQ molecule functions to facilitate electron transfer to heme b, they are more consistent with the behavior expected if the two UQ(H2) binding sites were to function in a Q(H2)-loop mechanism (similar to that of the cytochrome bc1 complex) as originally proposed by Musser and co-workers [(1993) FEBS Lett. (nih.gov)

Students often feel the heat when the names of different protein systems (photosystem I and photosystem II), electron carriers (plastoquinone, plastocyanin, ferredoxin), several other components like oxygen-evolving complex, cytochrome, Fe-S complex, ATP synthase, etc involved in electron transport chain are taught to students. (labster.com)
When the electrons pass from one carrier to another via complex I to IVin the electron transport chain, they are couple to ATP synthase ( complex V) for the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. (biologysir.com)

A significant fraction (2-3%) of molecular oxygen consumed by mitochondria may be reduced in a one-electron fashion to yield a series of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide , and hydroxyl radical. (cdc.gov)
Metronidazole, being electron-affinic, can accept an electron from neutral free radical centres to generate a reactive cation that binds to an anion such as hydroxyl (OH-), causing a permanent lesion. (who.int)

We further extend these results by investigating the Langmuir wave interaction with background electron density fluctuations from low frequency MHD turbulence. (gla.ac.uk)

Recent observations of phonon-mediated collective electron flow in bulk semimetals, termed electron hydrodynamics, present new opportunities in the search for strong electron-electron interactions in high carrier density materials. (mit.edu)
The metabolic pathways through which the electron passes from one carrier to another, is called the electron transport system and it is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (biologysir.com)
Cytochrome c is a small protein attached to the outer surface of the inner membrane and acts as a mobile carrier for transfer of electron between complex III and IV. (biologysir.com)

Using electron density profiles obtained by means of far-infrared interferometry, and integrating the electron sources, the global particle confinement time ((tau)(,p)) was computed. (harvard.edu)
Parameter scans were performed in ohmically heated plasmas, varying the toroidal field (1.5T (LESSTHEQ) B(,t) (LESSTHEQ) 2.8T), the plasma current (100kA (LESSTHEQ) I(,p) (LESSTHEQ) 400kA), the electron density (1 x 10('-13)cm('-3) (LESSTHEQ) n(,e) (LESSTHEQ) 9 x 10('13)cm('-3)), and the plasma position (-3cm (LESSTHEQ) (DELTA)R (LESSTHEQ) +3cm) with respect to the center of the poloidal ring limiter. (harvard.edu)

Metronidazole is heterocyclic nitro derivative in which the nitro group of metronidazole is reduced by an electron transport protein such as NADPH in an anaerobic micro-organism [6,7,12,13]. (who.int)

Electrons are passed along the chain from protein complex to protein complex until they are donated to oxygen. (tdsurplus.com)
The electron is finally accepted by oxygen in the matrix. (bionity.com)
Exposure to MWCNT tended to favor those pathways involved in immune responses, specifically T-cell responses, whereas exposure to asbestos tended to favor pathways involved in oxygen species production, electron transport, and cancer. (cdc.gov)

The traditional-architecture perovskite photovoltaics (n-i-p type) have a sandwich-like structure with metal halide perovskites as active elements, metal oxides as the electron-transport layer, and organic materials as the hole-transport layer. (chemistryviews.org)

A groundbreaking concept for information processing based on electron spins is proposed using electron spins in semiconductors. (nanowerk.com)
These technological achievements combining spin transport and spin rotation will provide a way to manipulate spin polarization more stably in semiconductors and contribute to the realization of spin-based logic devices and computation. (nanowerk.com)
Our group has been working on azaacene materials for more than six years and we know that these materials are excellent air-stable semiconductors with good electron mobility. (chemistryviews.org)

Several electron carriers and protein systems cumulatively give rise to this magnificent electron chain assembly that eventually ensures the establishment of a proton gradient. (labster.com)

In addition, in this quantum well, we found that electron spins propagate with (without) spin precession in the x(y) direction, reflecting the crystal orientation dependence of effective magnetic field. (nanowerk.com)
ROS-induced disruption of electron transport can perpetuate production of deleterious ROS and propagate mitochondrial damage. (cdc.gov)

Our work demonstrates a first-principles approach to combine electron dynamical correlations from DMFT with $e$-ph interactions in a consistent way, advancing quantitative studies of correlated materials. (arxiv.org)

The proton is pulled into the intermembrane space by the energy of the electrons going through the electron transport chain. (bionity.com)

Ploidy .Unlike in the human host, the parasite exists with the lack of a functional Krebs cycle and in nature in the haploid state throughout its life electron transport chain in malaria parasites. (who.int)

The electron transport chain is located in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane. (bionity.com)

Many students also don't understand 'why' and 'how' the electron flow is exploited in these processes. (labster.com)

In this thesis, we simulate electron beam propagation from the Sun to the Earth in the weak turbulent regime taking into account the self-consistent generation of Langmuir waves. (gla.ac.uk)
Using these datasets and numerical simulations of the electron beam transport in the corona plasma, we were able to infer not only the location (the height in the corona), but to estimate the spatial length of the electron acceleration site. (gla.ac.uk)
or electron beam lithog. (univ-grenoble-alpes.fr)

Interactions of charge carriers with lattice vibrations, or phonons, play a critical role in unconventional electronic transport of metals and semimetals. (mit.edu)

The spatial distribution of the electron source has been measured spectroscopically in the Texas Experimental Tokamak. (harvard.edu)

Furthermore, the Mnï£¿O bonds accelerate the electron flow between adjacent sp2 domains and enhances the electron transport in the Mn-CPDs. (bvsalud.org)

Students are rarely aware of why they are being educated about electron transport chains. (labster.com)

We study electronic transport, using ab initio calculations, in finite-size channels of semimetallic ZrSiS and TaAs2 with and without topological band crossings, respectively. (mit.edu)
More generally, our calculations suggest that the hydrodynamic transport regime does not, to first order, rely on the topological nature of the bands. (mit.edu)

First, the trajectory of the electron is deflected by a magnetic field, which suppresses acquisition of kinetic energy and therefore impact ionization. (kirensky.ru)

Electron-electron ($e$-$e$) and electron-phonon ($e$-ph) interactions are challenging to describe in correlated materials, where their joint effects govern unconventional transport, phase transitions, and superconductivity. (arxiv.org)
We compute the $e$-ph self-energy using the DMFT electron Green's function, and combine it with the $e$-$e$ self-energy from DMFT to obtain a Green's function including both interactions. (arxiv.org)
In this material, our results show that $e$-$e$ interactions dominate transport and spectral broadening in the temperature range we study (50$-$310 K), while $e$-ph interactions are relatively weak and account for only $\sim$10% of the experimental resistivity. (arxiv.org)
We find that systems with strong electron-phonon interactions, reduced electronic phase space, and suppressed phonon-phonon scattering at temperatures of interest are likely to feature hydrodynamic electron transport. (mit.edu)

An electron spin itself is a quantum spin angular momentum. (nanowerk.com)
As shown in the figure, electron spins were transported directly over 100?m in a quantum well with in-plane electric field. (nanowerk.com)
Enhancing the Electron Transport, Quantum Yield, and Catalytic Performance of Carbonized Polymer Dots via Mnï£¿O Bridges. (bvsalud.org)

It is worth mentioning that many of the electron-affinic radiosensitizers of hypoxic cells also have the property of preferential or selective toxicity directed against hypoxic cells even in the absence of radiation [1,2]. (who.int)
The radiosensitizing property of metro- tions in vitro (in the absence of ionizing nidazole may be related to its electron af- radiation). (who.int)

Doping CPDs with transition metal atoms accelerates the local electron flow in CPDs and improves the fluorescent properties and catalytic performance of the CPDs. (bvsalud.org)

In this way, microbes that use reduced iron in solid minerals for energy were selected for from the general community onto the electrode surface for interrogation of EET activity, and potential identification by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and DNA sequencing. (darkenergybiosphere.org)

Download cellular respiration stage 4 electron transport chain PPT for free. (tdsurplus.com)
ROS are capable of damaging components of the electron transport apparatus and can, in turn, disrupt mitochondrial functioning, limiting cellular ATP levels and ultimately resulting in cell death. (cdc.gov)

Modelling of the corresponding atomic transitions provides a relation between the emissivities and the electron source from the ionization of neutrals. (harvard.edu)

The order of magnitude separation between momentum-relaxing and momentum-conserving scattering length scales across a wide temperature range make both of them promising candidates for further experimental observation of electron hydrodynamics. (mit.edu)

However, in actual materials, electron spins are randomized by the multiple scattering of electrons, resulting in spin depolarization in finite time. (nanowerk.com)

Herein we propose mechanisms for the spin Hall effect in metallic systems arising from the coupling between conduction electrons and local magnetic moments that are dynamically fluctuating. (osti.gov)
article{osti_1607128, title = {Critical Spin Fluctuation Mechanism for the Spin Hall Effect}, author = {Okamoto, Satoshi and Egami, Takeshi and Nagaosa, Naoto}, abstractNote = {Herein we propose mechanisms for the spin Hall effect in metallic systems arising from the coupling between conduction electrons and local magnetic moments that are dynamically fluctuating. (osti.gov)

The electron transport chain forms the basis of photosynthesis. (labster.com)

In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II. (bvsalud.org)

Nanowerk News ) Almost all electronic devices operate by using an electron charge controlled by electrical means. (nanowerk.com)
In addition to a charge, an electron has a spin as a magnetic property. (nanowerk.com)

ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about the subject-matter and components of electron transport chain. (tdsurplus.com)

Anatomy21

Organisms27

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes47

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Long-range oxidative damage to DNA: effects of distance and sequence. (1/5429)

Internal electron transfer between hemes and Cu(II) bound at cysteine beta93 promotes methemoglobin reduction by carbon monoxide. (2/5429)

Role of a novel photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (3/5429)

Pathways of electron transfer in Escherichia coli DNA photolyase: Trp306 to FADH. (4/5429)

Nitrate-dependent regulation of acetate biosynthesis and nitrate respiration by Clostridium thermoaceticum. (5/5429)

Structure of a cytochrome P450-redox partner electron-transfer complex. (6/5429)

Multiple pathways for ultrafast transduction of light energy in the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. (7/5429)

Purified fusion enzyme between rat cytochrome P4501A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. (8/5429)

Electron Transport

Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins

Microscopy, Electron

Electrons

Biological Transport

Biological Transport, Active

Electron Transport Complex I

Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

Photosynthesis

Electron Transport Complex III

Electron Transport Complex IV

Oxidation-Reduction

Mitochondria

Antimycin A

Diuron

Cytochromes

Electron Transport Complex II

Kinetics

Axonal Transport

Chlorophyll

Ubiquinone

Membrane Transport Proteins

Hydroxyquinolines

Rotenone

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Ion Transport

Oxidoreductases

Protein Transport

Oxygen Consumption

Uncoupling Agents

Microscopy, Electron, Transmission

Plastoquinone

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

Light

Cyanides

NADH Dehydrogenase

Photosystem II Protein Complex

Cell Membrane

Chloroplasts

Succinates

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Oxygen

Photosystem I Protein Complex

Thylakoids

Cytochrome b6f Complex

Cell Respiration

NAD

Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins

Molecular Sequence Data

Mutation

Adenosine Triphosphate

Reactive Oxygen Species

Ferricyanides

Amobarbital

Models, Biological

Cytochrome c Group

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases

Monosaccharide Transport Proteins

Amino Acid Sequence

Ferredoxins

Cytochrome b Group

Potassium Cyanide

Succinic Acid

Plant Leaves

Mitochondria, Heart

Carrier Proteins

Spectrophotometry

Dibromothymoquinone

Bacterial Proteins

Hydrogen

Plastocyanin

Protons

Photophosphorylation

Wolinella

Mycobacterium phlei

Anaerobiosis

Cyanobacteria

Mitochondria, Liver

Escherichia coli