Electron Transport
Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins
Microscopy, Electron
Electrons
Biological Transport
Biological Transport, Active
Electron Transport Complex I
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Photosynthesis
Electron Transport Complex III
Electron Transport Complex IV
Oxidation-Reduction
Mitochondria
Antimycin A
Cytochromes
Electron Transport Complex II
Axonal Transport
Chlorophyll
Ubiquinone
Membrane Transport Proteins
Hydroxyquinolines
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Ion Transport
Oxidoreductases
Protein Transport
Oxygen Consumption
Uncoupling Agents
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Plastoquinone
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Cyanides
NADH Dehydrogenase
Photosystem II Protein Complex
Cell Membrane
Chloroplasts
Succinates
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Oxygen
Photosystem I Protein Complex
Thylakoids
Cytochrome b6f Complex
Cell Respiration
NAD
Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins
Molecular Sequence Data
Mutation
Adenosine Triphosphate
Reactive Oxygen Species
Amobarbital
Models, Biological
Cytochrome c Group
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases
Monosaccharide Transport Proteins
Amino Acid Sequence
Ferredoxins
Cytochrome b Group
Potassium Cyanide
Succinic Acid
Plant Leaves
Carrier Proteins
Spectrophotometry
Dibromothymoquinone
Hydrogen
Plastocyanin
Protons
Photophosphorylation
Wolinella
Anaerobiosis
Cyanobacteria
Mitochondria, Liver
Escherichia coli
Membrane Proteins
Glucose
Sodium
NADP
Transport Vesicles
Plants
Dicumarol
Cytochromes f
Shewanella
Iron-Sulfur Proteins
Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Intracellular Membranes
Synechocystis
Temperature
Fluorescence
Mitochondria, Muscle
Plant Proteins
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone
Energy Metabolism
Ferredoxin-NADP Reductase
Carbon Dioxide
Quinones
Quinone Reductases
Mitochondrial Proteins
Proton-Motive Force
Hydrogen Peroxide
Golgi Apparatus
Spinacia oleracea
Oligomycins
Cells, Cultured
Iron
Models, Molecular
Vitamin K
Oxidative Stress
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission
Base Sequence
Atovaquone
Anion Transport Proteins
Superoxides
Onium Compounds
Cation Transport Proteins
Geobacter
Diffusion
Valinomycin
Multienzyme Complexes
Adenosine Triphosphatases
Water
Cattle
Bacterial Chromatophores
Vesicular Transport Proteins
Heme
Amino Acids
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
Binding Sites
Polarography
Electron Probe Microanalysis
Protein Binding
Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial
Arabidopsis
Membrane Potentials
Rabbits
NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)
Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Electrochemistry
Protein Conformation
Culture Media
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Amino Acid Transport Systems
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Tobacco
Cytochromes c
Potassium
Cytoplasm
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Tilia
Ascorbic Acid
Calcium
Flavins
Anions
Submitochondrial Particles
Cardiolipins
DNA, Mitochondrial
Methanosarcina
Methacrylates
Nitrates
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide
Azotobacter
Membranes
Bioelectric Energy Sources
Free Radicals
Succinate Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase
Hydrogenase
Cytochromes c2
Tetramethylphenylenediamine
Cell Membrane Permeability
Citric Acid Cycle
Fluorometry
Spectrum Analysis
Symporters
Long-range oxidative damage to DNA: effects of distance and sequence. (1/5429)
INTRODUCTION: Oxidative damage to DNA in vivo can lead to mutations and cancer. DNA damage and repair studies have not yet revealed whether permanent oxidative lesions are generated by charges migrating over long distances. Both photoexcited *Rh(III) and ground-state Ru(III) intercalators were previously shown to oxidize guanine bases from a remote site in oligonucleotide duplexes by DNA-mediated electron transfer. Here we examine much longer charge-transport distances and explore the sensitivity of the reaction to intervening sequences. RESULTS: Oxidative damage was examined in a series of DNA duplexes containing a pendant intercalating photooxidant. These studies revealed a shallow dependence on distance and no dependence on the phasing orientation of the oxidant relative to the site of damage, 5'-GG-3'. The intervening DNA sequence has a significant effect on the yield of guanine oxidation, however. Oxidation through multiple 5'-TA-3' steps is substantially diminished compared to through other base steps. We observed intraduplex guanine oxidation by tethered *Rh(III) and Ru(III) over a distance of 200 A. The distribution of oxidized guanine varied as a function of temperature between 5 and 35 degrees C, with an increase in the proportion of long-range damage (> 100 A) occurring at higher temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: Guanines are oxidized as a result of DNA-mediated charge transport over significant distances (e.g. 200 A). Although long-range charge transfer is dependent on distance, it appears to be modulated by intervening sequence and sequence-dependent dynamics. These discoveries hold important implications with respect to DNA damage in vivo. (+info)Internal electron transfer between hemes and Cu(II) bound at cysteine beta93 promotes methemoglobin reduction by carbon monoxide. (2/5429)
Previous studies showed that CO/H2O oxidation provides electrons to drive the reduction of oxidized hemoglobin (metHb). We report here that Cu(II) addition accelerates the rate of metHb beta chain reduction by CO by a factor of about 1000. A mechanism whereby electron transfer occurs via an internal pathway coupling CO/H2O oxidation to Fe(III) and Cu(II) reduction is suggested by the observation that the copper-induced rate enhancement is inhibited by blocking Cys-beta93 with N-ethylmaleimide. Furthermore, this internal electron-transfer pathway is more readily established at low Cu(II) concentrations in Hb Deer Lodge (beta2His --> Arg) and other species lacking His-beta2 than in Hb A0. This difference is consistent with preferential binding of Cu(II) in Hb A0 to a high affinity site involving His-beta2, which is ineffective in promoting electron exchange between Cu(II) and the beta heme iron. Effective electron transfer is thus affected by Hb type but is not governed by the R left arrow over right arrow T conformational equilibrium. The beta hemes in Cu(II)-metHb are reduced under CO at rates close to those observed for cytochrome c oxidase, where heme and copper are present together in the oxygen-binding site and where internal electron transfer also occurs. (+info)Role of a novel photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (3/5429)
Intracellular carbonic anhydrases (CA) in aquatic photosynthetic organisms are involved in the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which helps to overcome CO2 limitation in the environment. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, this CCM is initiated and maintained by the pH gradient created across the chloroplast thylakoid membranes by photosystem (PS) II-mediated electron transport. We show here that photosynthesis is stimulated by a novel, intracellular alpha-CA bound to the chloroplast thylakoids. It is associated with PSII on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membranes. We demonstrate that PSII in association with this lumenal CA operates to provide an ample flux of CO2 for carboxylation. (+info)Pathways of electron transfer in Escherichia coli DNA photolyase: Trp306 to FADH. (4/5429)
We describe the results of a series of theoretical calculations of electron transfer pathways between Trp306 and *FADH. in the Escherichia coli DNA photolyase molecule, using the method of interatomic tunneling currents. It is found that there are two conformationally orthogonal tryptophans, Trp359 and Trp382, between donor and acceptor that play a crucial role in the pathways of the electron transfer process. The pathways depend vitally on the aromaticity of tryptophans and the flavin molecule. The results of this calculation suggest that the major pathway of the electron transfer is due to a set of overlapping orthogonal pi-rings, which starts from the donor Trp306, runs through Trp359 and Trp382, and finally reaches the flavin group of the acceptor complex, FADH. (+info)Nitrate-dependent regulation of acetate biosynthesis and nitrate respiration by Clostridium thermoaceticum. (5/5429)
Nitrate has been shown to shunt the electron flow in Clostridium thermoaceticum from CO2 to nitrate, but it did not influence the levels of enzymes involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (J. M. Frostl, C. Seifritz, and H. L. Drake, J. Bacteriol. 178:4597-4603, 1996). Here we show that under some growth conditions, nitrate does in fact repress proteins involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. The CO oxidation activity in crude extracts of nitrate (30 mM)-supplemented cultures was fivefold less than that of nitrate-free cultures, while the H2 oxidation activity was six- to sevenfold lower. The decrease in CO oxidation activity paralleled a decrease in CO dehydrogenase (CODH) protein level, as confirmed by Western blot analysis. Protein levels of CODH in nitrate-supplemented cultures were 50% lower than those in nitrate-free cultures. Western blots analyses showed that nitrate also decreased the levels of the corrinoid iron-sulfur protein (60%) and methyltransferase (70%). Surprisingly, the decrease in activity and protein levels upon nitrate supplementation was observed only when cultures were continuously sparged. Northern blot analysis indicates that the regulation of the proteins involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway by nitrate is at the transcriptional level. At least a 10-fold decrease in levels of cytochrome b was observed with nitrate supplementation whether the cultures were sparged or stoppered. We also detected nitrate-inducible nitrate reductase activity (2 to 39 nmol min-1 mg-1) in crude extracts of C. thermoaceticum. Our results indicate that nitrate coordinately represses genes encoding enzymes and electron transport proteins in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and activates transcription of nitrate respiratory proteins. CO2 also appears to induce expression of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway genes and repress nitrate reductase activity. (+info)Structure of a cytochrome P450-redox partner electron-transfer complex. (6/5429)
The crystal structure of the complex between the heme- and FMN-binding domains of bacterial cytochrome P450BM-3, a prototype for the complex between eukaryotic microsomal P450s and P450 reductase, has been determined at 2.03 A resolution. The flavodoxin-like flavin domain is positioned at the proximal face of the heme domain with the FMN 4.0 and 18.4 A from the peptide that precedes the heme-binding loop and the heme iron, respectively. The heme-binding peptide represents the most efficient and coupled through-bond electron pathway to the heme iron. Substantial differences between the FMN-binding domains of P450BM-3 and microsomal P450 reductase, observed around the flavin-binding sites, are responsible for different redox properties of the FMN, which, in turn, control electron flow to the P450. (+info)Multiple pathways for ultrafast transduction of light energy in the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. (7/5429)
A pathway of electron transfer is described that operates in the wild-type reaction center (RC) of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The pathway does not involve the excited state of the special pair dimer of bacteriochlorophylls (P*), but instead is driven by the excited state of the monomeric bacteriochlorophyll (BA*) present in the active branch of pigments along which electron transfer occurs. Pump-probe experiments were performed at 77 K on membrane-bound RCs by using different excitation wavelengths, to investigate the formation of the charge separated state P+HA-. In experiments in which P or BA was selectively excited at 880 nm or 796 nm, respectively, the formation of P+HA- was associated with similar time constants of 1.5 ps and 1. 7 ps. However, the spectral changes associated with the two time constants are very different. Global analysis of the transient spectra shows that a mixture of P+BA- and P* is formed in parallel from BA* on a subpicosecond time scale. In contrast, excitation of the inactive branch monomeric bacteriochlorophyll (BB) and the high exciton component of P (P+) resulted in electron transfer only after relaxation to P*. The multiple pathways for primary electron transfer in the bacterial RC are discussed with regard to the mechanism of charge separation in the RC of photosystem II from higher plants. (+info)Purified fusion enzyme between rat cytochrome P4501A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. (8/5429)
A genetically engineered fusion enzyme between rat P4501A1 and yeast P450 reductase in the microsomal fraction of the recombinant yeast AH22/pAFCR1 was purified. The purified enzyme showed a typical CO-difference spectrum of P4501A1 and a single band with an apparent molecular weight of 125,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This agreed with the molecular weight of 131,202 calculated from the amino acid sequence. The purified enzyme showed both 7-ethoxycoumarin o-deethylase activity and horse heart cytochrome c reductase activity in the presence of NADPH. The 7-ethoxycoumarin o-deethylase activity depended on the species of lipid used for the reconstitution of the purified fusion enzyme although the purified enzyme showed the activity without reconstitution. The purified fusion enzyme had the Km value of 26 microM for 7-ethoxycoumarin and the maximal turnover rate of 29 mol product/min/mol enzyme at 30 degrees C. (+info)Mitochondrial diseases can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender, and they can be caused by mutations in either the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or the nuclear DNA (nDNA). These mutations can be inherited from one's parents or acquired during embryonic development.
Some of the most common symptoms of mitochondrial diseases include:
1. Muscle weakness and wasting
2. Seizures
3. Cognitive impairment
4. Vision loss
5. Hearing loss
6. Heart problems
7. Neurological disorders
8. Gastrointestinal issues
9. Liver and kidney dysfunction
Some examples of mitochondrial diseases include:
1. MELAS syndrome (Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes)
2. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (a rare progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and other organs)
3. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), which is characterized by weakness of the extraocular muscles and vision loss
4. Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, which can cause a wide range of symptoms including seizures, developmental delays, and muscle weakness.
5. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
6. Leigh syndrome, which is a rare genetic disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord.
7. LHON (Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy), which is a rare form of vision loss that can lead to blindness in one or both eyes.
8. Mitochondrial DNA mutation, which can cause a wide range of symptoms including seizures, developmental delays, and muscle weakness.
9. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
10. Kearns-Sayre syndrome, which is a rare progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and other organs.
It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there are many more mitochondrial diseases and disorders that can affect individuals. Additionally, while these diseases are rare, they can have a significant impact on the quality of life of those affected and their families.
There are different types of anoxia, including:
1. Cerebral anoxia: This occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cognitive impairment, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
2. Pulmonary anoxia: This occurs when the lungs do not receive enough oxygen, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.
3. Cardiac anoxia: This occurs when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cardiac arrest and potentially death.
4. Global anoxia: This is a complete lack of oxygen to the entire body, leading to widespread tissue damage and death.
Treatment for anoxia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, pain management, and other supportive care. In severe cases, anoxia can lead to long-term disability or death.
Prevention of anoxia is important, and this includes managing underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. It also involves avoiding activities that can lead to oxygen deprivation, such as scuba diving or high-altitude climbing, without proper training and equipment.
In summary, anoxia is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or specific tissues or organs. It can cause cell death and tissue damage, leading to serious health complications and even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term disability or death.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
Electron transport chain
Monte Carlo methods for electron transport
Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
Electron-on-helium qubit
Bosonization
David DiVincenzo
Reverse electron flow
Transporter Classification Database
Transmembrane protein
Laura E. Little
Judy Hirst
Dynamical billiards
Fraser Armstrong (professor)
Biswa Ranjan Nag
Silke Bühler-Paschen
Electron energy loss spectroscopy
Schön scandal
Adrenodoxin-NADP+ reductase
Organosilicon compound
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
Geobacter
Adrenal ferredoxin
Israel Hanukoglu
Indium antimonide
Atomistix
Atomistix Virtual NanoLab
Atomistix ToolKit
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Marion Asche
Alison Harcourt
Cervical cancer
Muon tomography
Steam car
Neodymium
Metabolism
Sodium azide
NE
Bacillus virus phi29
Anterograde tracing
Arma 3
Phototroph
List of Old Bedford Modernians
Mitochondrial DNA
Optical lattice
Band-gap engineering
LISE++
Vampirococcus
Dormancy
Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East
Halbach array
Water vapor
Organic photorefractive materials
Ranid herpesvirus 1
Trimeric autotransporter adhesin
Southern Belle (video game)
S-Nitrosothiol
Plasma modeling
Kamacite
Michael A. Sutton
Long-distance transport of electron spins for spin-based logic devices
Behind the Science: Electron Transport in Solar Cells - ChemistryViews
Solar electron beam transport in the inner heliosphere - Enlighten Theses
Magnetic-field-driven electron transport in ferromagnetic/ insulator/ semiconductor hybrid structures - Русский
A Investigation of Particle Transport Through the Measurement of the Electron Source in the Texas Experimental Tokamak - NASA...
Constructive solid geometry freeware download - MCNelectron freeware download - Open-source code for Monte Carlo simulation of...
Using Cathodic Poised Potential Experiments to Investigate Extracellular Electron Transport in the Crustal Deep Biosphere of...
2304.06771] Combining Electron-Phonon and Dynamical Mean-Field Theory Calculations of Correlated Materials: Transport in the...
electron transport chain ppt
Electron transport in argon in crossed electric and magnetic fields - Fingerprint - Keio University
Electron Transport Properties of Carbon Nanotubes ePrints@IISc
Nonconjugated Polymer Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as an Efficient Interlayer Promoting Electron Transport for Perovskite Solar Cells...
5 Ways to Make Electron Transport Chain a More Approachable Topic
Coherent Electron Transport in a Si Quantum Dot Dimer - Fingerprint
- Princeton University
Generalized design principles for hydrodynamic electron transport in anisotropic metals | Biolelectronics at MIT
MCQ ON ELECTRON AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION class 11 for NEET - Biologysir
Mitochondrial matrix
Critical Spin Fluctuation Mechanism for the Spin Hall Effect (Journal Article) | DOE PAGES
High efficiency perovskite solar cells using DC sputtered compact TiO2 electron transport layer | EPJ Photovoltaics
Mitochondrial ROS Produced via Reverse Electron Transport Extend Animal Lifespan | Dokumente - Universidad Pablo de Olavide
Uncompetitive substrate inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition by 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole (UHDBT) and 2...
Changes in Electron Temperature Fluctuations and Transport with Isotropic Mass in L-mode Plasmas at ASDEX-Upgrade :: MPG.PuRe
Enhanced thermal stability of electron transport layer-free perovskite solar cells via interface strain releasing - Fingerprint...
The Arabidopsis thaliana RNA editing factor SLO2, which affects the mitochondrial electron transport chain, participates in...
Site du DCM - Université Grenoble Alpes - Thin films of Prussian blue: sequential assembly, patterning and electron transport...
Mubritinib Targets the Electron Transport Chain Complex I and Reveals the Landscape of OXPHOS Dependency in Acute Myeloid...
talks.cam : Sackler Lecture Theatre (Level 7) Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Site
Jose Lado | Aalto-universitetet
Enhancing the Electron Transport, Quantum Yield, and Catalytic Performance of Carbonized Polymer Dots via MnO Bridges. |...
Mitochondrial elect1
- Cerebral mitochondrial electron transport chain dysfunction in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. (cdc.gov)
Cytochromes2
- In the human body, iron is present in all cells and has several vital functions -- as a carrier of oxygen to the tissues from the lungs in the form of hemoglobin (Hb), as a facilitator of oxygen use and storage in the muscles as myoglobin, as a transport medium for electrons within the cells in the form of cytochromes, and as an integral part of enzyme reactions in various tissues. (cdc.gov)
- Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with a tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron as a prosthetic group in which the degree of conjugation of double bonds is less than in porphyrin. (bvsalud.org)
Redox reactions2
- In the present study, we used electrochemical techniques to investigate the possibility that crustal subsurface microbial groups can use the solid rock matrix (basalts, etc.) as a source of electrons for redox reactions via extracellular electron transfer (EET). (darkenergybiosphere.org)
- In total, it loses 2 CO 2 molecules and 4 electrons, of which 3 are accepted by NAD+ to reduce it to NADH , and the last electron accepted by FAD+ to reduce to FADH 2 in redox reactions. (bionity.com)
ETCS1
- And both of them have their individual Electron Transport Chains (ETCs). (labster.com)
Cytochrome oxidase2
- It blocks the electron flow between the cytochrome oxidase complex and oxygen. (tdsurplus.com)
- Cyanide binds to the ferric ion on cytochrome oxidase and abruptly halts the electron transport chain and aerobic respiration, producing profound toxic effects. (medscape.com)
Acceptor1
- In biologic systems, the cells use electron transport chain to transfer electrons stepwise Then the electron is transferred to an acceptor. (tdsurplus.com)
Metabolism2
- Recently, we reported that the novel mitochondrial RNA editing factor SLO2 is essential for mitochondrial electron transport, and vital for plant growth through regulation of carbon and energy metabolism. (rothamsted.ac.uk)
- A number of endogenous systems, such as the aerobic metabolism and electron transport chains, generate highly reactive molecules with important biological functions known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). (bvsalud.org)
Oxidative phosphorylation1
- MCQ on ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION class 11 Biology with answers were prepared based on the latest pattern.We have provided class 11 Biology MCQs question with Answers to help students understand the concept very well. (biologysir.com)
Semiconductor6
- The reason is that spin polarization in a semiconductor is easily randomized, and consequently, it is difficult to transport spin polarization over a long distance. (nanowerk.com)
- Spatial distribution of electron spins in a specially designed semiconductor quantum well. (nanowerk.com)
- The spatial distribution of electron spins in a semiconductor quantum well are measured by the magneto-optic Kerr effect. (nanowerk.com)
- The research team has demonstrated long-distance spin transport by electrical means in a semiconductor quantum well, which is designed to increase spin lifetime. (nanowerk.com)
- Furthermore, the research team has demonstrated that the spin precession speed of drifting electrons in semiconductor quantum wells can be controlled by applying an external gate voltage ( Nature Communications , 'Drift transport of helical spin coherence with tailored spin-orbit interactions' ). (nanowerk.com)
- We strongly believe that this type of material should find application as active layers in organic field-effect transistors or as electron-transport layers for semiconductor devices. (chemistryviews.org)
NADH5
- Electron Transport Chain Mechanism Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase Complex-I also called "NADH: Ubiquinine oxidoreductase" is a large enzyme composed of 42 different polypeptide chains, including as FMN-containing flavoprotein and at least six iron-sulfur centers. (tdsurplus.com)
- ETC is the transfer of electrons from NADH Through ETC, the E needed for the cellular activities is released in the form of ATP. (tdsurplus.com)
- The electrons derieved from NADH and FADH2 Electron Transport Chain series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane along cristae transport proteins & enzymes transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H + to create H + gradient yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose! (tdsurplus.com)
- Electron from NADH produced in the mitochondrial matrix during Citric acid cycle are oxidised by an NADH dehydrogenase (complex I), and then electron are transferred to ubiquinone located within the inner membrane. (biologysir.com)
- The NADH and FADH2 produced by the citric acid cycle in the matrix release a proton and electron to regenerate NAD+ and FAD+. (bionity.com)
Oxidation2
- Electrodes in oxic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were poised at −200 mV versus a standard hydrogen electrode to mimic the delivery of electrons in an energy range equivalent to iron oxidation. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
- This transfer of electrons is done by multiple Biological Energy Oxidation. (tdsurplus.com)
Substrate2
- The UQ molecule in this site has been proposed to remain strongly bound to the enzyme during enzyme turnover and to act as a cofactor facilitating the transfer of electrons from the substrate ubiquinol to heme b [Sato-Watanabe et al. (nih.gov)
- The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (bvsalud.org)
Solar12
- Dr. Theresa Kueckmann, Editor-in-Chief of Chemistry - An Asian Journal , talks to Professor Qichun Zhang, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, about his article on electron-transport layer materials for perovskite solar cells, which was recently published. (chemistryviews.org)
- Professor Zhang, you developed an azaacene derivative for electron transport in solar cells. (chemistryviews.org)
- Despite the advantages of metal-oxide-free inverted perovskite solar cells, it is still very challenging to find suitable organic electron transport layer (ETL) candidates, which are easily synthesized at low cost and which can be easily solution-processed to achieve high-performance devices. (chemistryviews.org)
- Azaacenes can be processed in solution, in contrast to the metal oxides that are conventionally used for electron transport in perovskite solar cells. (chemistryviews.org)
- Impulsive solar electron beams have an attractive diagnostic potential for poorly understood particle acceleration processes in solar flares. (gla.ac.uk)
- Solar flare accelerated electron beams propagating away from the Sun can interact with the turbulent interplanetary media, producing Langmuir waves and type III radio emission. (gla.ac.uk)
- Solar flares are believed to accelerate both upward and downward propagating electron beams which can radiate emission at radio and X-ray wavelengths correspondingly. (gla.ac.uk)
- The correlation between X-ray and radio emissions in a well observed solar flare allowed us detailed study of the electron acceleration region properties. (gla.ac.uk)
- The interfaces between perovskite layer and electrodes play a crucial role on efficient charge transport and extraction in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). (syr.edu)
- Herein, for the first time we applied a low-cost nonconjugated polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a new interlayer between PCBM electron transport layer (ETL) and Ag cathode for high-performance inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (iPSCs), leading to a dramatic efficiency enhancement. (syr.edu)
- Enhanced short-circuit current density of perovskite solar cells using Zn-doped TiO 2 as electron transport layer, Sol. (epj-pv.org)
- Efficient planar n-i-p type heterojunction flexible perovskite solar cells with sputtered TiO 2 electron transporting layers, Nanoscale. (epj-pv.org)
Molecule2
- The energy from each electron being passed down the chain is used to pump a proton (H+) through each carrier molecule, from one side of the membrane to the other. (tdsurplus.com)
- Although these data do not rule out the possibility that a strongly bound UQ molecule functions to facilitate electron transfer to heme b, they are more consistent with the behavior expected if the two UQ(H2) binding sites were to function in a Q(H2)-loop mechanism (similar to that of the cytochrome bc1 complex) as originally proposed by Musser and co-workers [(1993) FEBS Lett. (nih.gov)
Synthase2
- Students often feel the heat when the names of different protein systems (photosystem I and photosystem II), electron carriers (plastoquinone, plastocyanin, ferredoxin), several other components like oxygen-evolving complex, cytochrome, Fe-S complex, ATP synthase, etc involved in electron transport chain are taught to students. (labster.com)
- When the electrons pass from one carrier to another via complex I to IVin the electron transport chain, they are couple to ATP synthase ( complex V) for the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. (biologysir.com)
Reactive2
- A significant fraction (2-3%) of molecular oxygen consumed by mitochondria may be reduced in a one-electron fashion to yield a series of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide , and hydroxyl radical. (cdc.gov)
- Metronidazole, being electron-affinic, can accept an electron from neutral free radical centres to generate a reactive cation that binds to an anion such as hydroxyl (OH-), causing a permanent lesion. (who.int)
Fluctuations1
- We further extend these results by investigating the Langmuir wave interaction with background electron density fluctuations from low frequency MHD turbulence. (gla.ac.uk)
Carrier3
- Recent observations of phonon-mediated collective electron flow in bulk semimetals, termed electron hydrodynamics, present new opportunities in the search for strong electron-electron interactions in high carrier density materials. (mit.edu)
- The metabolic pathways through which the electron passes from one carrier to another, is called the electron transport system and it is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (biologysir.com)
- Cytochrome c is a small protein attached to the outer surface of the inner membrane and acts as a mobile carrier for transfer of electron between complex III and IV. (biologysir.com)
Density2
- Using electron density profiles obtained by means of far-infrared interferometry, and integrating the electron sources, the global particle confinement time ((tau)(,p)) was computed. (harvard.edu)
- Parameter scans were performed in ohmically heated plasmas, varying the toroidal field (1.5T (LESSTHEQ) B(,t) (LESSTHEQ) 2.8T), the plasma current (100kA (LESSTHEQ) I(,p) (LESSTHEQ) 400kA), the electron density (1 x 10('-13)cm('-3) (LESSTHEQ) n(,e) (LESSTHEQ) 9 x 10('13)cm('-3)), and the plasma position (-3cm (LESSTHEQ) (DELTA)R (LESSTHEQ) +3cm) with respect to the center of the poloidal ring limiter. (harvard.edu)
Nitro group1
- Metronidazole is heterocyclic nitro derivative in which the nitro group of metronidazole is reduced by an electron transport protein such as NADPH in an anaerobic micro-organism [6,7,12,13]. (who.int)
Oxygen3
- Electrons are passed along the chain from protein complex to protein complex until they are donated to oxygen. (tdsurplus.com)
- The electron is finally accepted by oxygen in the matrix. (bionity.com)
- Exposure to MWCNT tended to favor those pathways involved in immune responses, specifically T-cell responses, whereas exposure to asbestos tended to favor pathways involved in oxygen species production, electron transport, and cancer. (cdc.gov)
Photovoltaics1
- The traditional-architecture perovskite photovoltaics (n-i-p type) have a sandwich-like structure with metal halide perovskites as active elements, metal oxides as the electron-transport layer, and organic materials as the hole-transport layer. (chemistryviews.org)
Semiconductors3
- A groundbreaking concept for information processing based on electron spins is proposed using electron spins in semiconductors. (nanowerk.com)
- These technological achievements combining spin transport and spin rotation will provide a way to manipulate spin polarization more stably in semiconductors and contribute to the realization of spin-based logic devices and computation. (nanowerk.com)
- Our group has been working on azaacene materials for more than six years and we know that these materials are excellent air-stable semiconductors with good electron mobility. (chemistryviews.org)
Protein1
- Several electron carriers and protein systems cumulatively give rise to this magnificent electron chain assembly that eventually ensures the establishment of a proton gradient. (labster.com)
Propagate2
- In addition, in this quantum well, we found that electron spins propagate with (without) spin precession in the x(y) direction, reflecting the crystal orientation dependence of effective magnetic field. (nanowerk.com)
- ROS-induced disruption of electron transport can perpetuate production of deleterious ROS and propagate mitochondrial damage. (cdc.gov)
Demonstrates1
- Our work demonstrates a first-principles approach to combine electron dynamical correlations from DMFT with $e$-ph interactions in a consistent way, advancing quantitative studies of correlated materials. (arxiv.org)
Proton1
- The proton is pulled into the intermembrane space by the energy of the electrons going through the electron transport chain. (bionity.com)
Krebs1
- Ploidy .Unlike in the human host, the parasite exists with the lack of a functional Krebs cycle and in nature in the haploid state throughout its life electron transport chain in malaria parasites. (who.int)
Cristae1
- The electron transport chain is located in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane. (bionity.com)
Processes1
- Many students also don't understand 'why' and 'how' the electron flow is exploited in these processes. (labster.com)
Beam3
- In this thesis, we simulate electron beam propagation from the Sun to the Earth in the weak turbulent regime taking into account the self-consistent generation of Langmuir waves. (gla.ac.uk)
- Using these datasets and numerical simulations of the electron beam transport in the corona plasma, we were able to infer not only the location (the height in the corona), but to estimate the spatial length of the electron acceleration site. (gla.ac.uk)
- or electron beam lithog. (univ-grenoble-alpes.fr)
Carriers1
- Interactions of charge carriers with lattice vibrations, or phonons, play a critical role in unconventional electronic transport of metals and semimetals. (mit.edu)
Spatial1
- The spatial distribution of the electron source has been measured spectroscopically in the Texas Experimental Tokamak. (harvard.edu)
Accelerate1
- Furthermore, the MnO bonds accelerate the electron flow between adjacent sp2 domains and enhances the electron transport in the Mn-CPDs. (bvsalud.org)
Chains1
- Students are rarely aware of why they are being educated about electron transport chains. (labster.com)
Calculations2
- We study electronic transport, using ab initio calculations, in finite-size channels of semimetallic ZrSiS and TaAs2 with and without topological band crossings, respectively. (mit.edu)
- More generally, our calculations suggest that the hydrodynamic transport regime does not, to first order, rely on the topological nature of the bands. (mit.edu)
Magnetic field1
- First, the trajectory of the electron is deflected by a magnetic field, which suppresses acquisition of kinetic energy and therefore impact ionization. (kirensky.ru)
Interactions4
- Electron-electron ($e$-$e$) and electron-phonon ($e$-ph) interactions are challenging to describe in correlated materials, where their joint effects govern unconventional transport, phase transitions, and superconductivity. (arxiv.org)
- We compute the $e$-ph self-energy using the DMFT electron Green's function, and combine it with the $e$-$e$ self-energy from DMFT to obtain a Green's function including both interactions. (arxiv.org)
- In this material, our results show that $e$-$e$ interactions dominate transport and spectral broadening in the temperature range we study (50$-$310 K), while $e$-ph interactions are relatively weak and account for only $\sim$10% of the experimental resistivity. (arxiv.org)
- We find that systems with strong electron-phonon interactions, reduced electronic phase space, and suppressed phonon-phonon scattering at temperatures of interest are likely to feature hydrodynamic electron transport. (mit.edu)
Quantum3
- An electron spin itself is a quantum spin angular momentum. (nanowerk.com)
- As shown in the figure, electron spins were transported directly over 100?m in a quantum well with in-plane electric field. (nanowerk.com)
- Enhancing the Electron Transport, Quantum Yield, and Catalytic Performance of Carbonized Polymer Dots via MnO Bridges. (bvsalud.org)
Radiation2
- It is worth mentioning that many of the electron-affinic radiosensitizers of hypoxic cells also have the property of preferential or selective toxicity directed against hypoxic cells even in the absence of radiation [1,2]. (who.int)
- The radiosensitizing property of metro- tions in vitro (in the absence of ionizing nidazole may be related to its electron af- radiation). (who.int)
Properties1
- Doping CPDs with transition metal atoms accelerates the local electron flow in CPDs and improves the fluorescent properties and catalytic performance of the CPDs. (bvsalud.org)
Energy1
- In this way, microbes that use reduced iron in solid minerals for energy were selected for from the general community onto the electrode surface for interrogation of EET activity, and potential identification by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and DNA sequencing. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
Cellular2
- Download cellular respiration stage 4 electron transport chain PPT for free. (tdsurplus.com)
- ROS are capable of damaging components of the electron transport apparatus and can, in turn, disrupt mitochondrial functioning, limiting cellular ATP levels and ultimately resulting in cell death. (cdc.gov)
Ionization1
- Modelling of the corresponding atomic transitions provides a relation between the emissivities and the electron source from the ionization of neutrals. (harvard.edu)
Candidates1
- The order of magnitude separation between momentum-relaxing and momentum-conserving scattering length scales across a wide temperature range make both of them promising candidates for further experimental observation of electron hydrodynamics. (mit.edu)
Multiple1
- However, in actual materials, electron spins are randomized by the multiple scattering of electrons, resulting in spin depolarization in finite time. (nanowerk.com)
Systems2
- Herein we propose mechanisms for the spin Hall effect in metallic systems arising from the coupling between conduction electrons and local magnetic moments that are dynamically fluctuating. (osti.gov)
- article{osti_1607128, title = {Critical Spin Fluctuation Mechanism for the Spin Hall Effect}, author = {Okamoto, Satoshi and Egami, Takeshi and Nagaosa, Naoto}, abstractNote = {Herein we propose mechanisms for the spin Hall effect in metallic systems arising from the coupling between conduction electrons and local magnetic moments that are dynamically fluctuating. (osti.gov)
Chain forms1
- The electron transport chain forms the basis of photosynthesis. (labster.com)
Complex1
- In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II. (bvsalud.org)
Charge2
- Nanowerk News ) Almost all electronic devices operate by using an electron charge controlled by electrical means. (nanowerk.com)
- In addition to a charge, an electron has a spin as a magnetic property. (nanowerk.com)
Components1
- ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about the subject-matter and components of electron transport chain. (tdsurplus.com)