Oxyphenbutazone
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27)
Vascular Capacitance
Electric Organ
In about 250 species of electric fishes, modified muscle fibers forming disklike multinucleate plates arranged in stacks like batteries in series and embedded in a gelatinous matrix. A large torpedo ray may have half a million plates. Muscles in different parts of the body may be modified, i.e., the trunk and tail in the electric eel, the hyobranchial apparatus in the electric ray, and extrinsic eye muscles in the stargazers. Powerful electric organs emit pulses in brief bursts several times a second. They serve to stun prey and ward off predators. A large torpedo ray can produce of shock of more than 200 volts, capable of stunning a human. (Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p672)
Exocytosis
Gymnotiformes
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Electric Injuries
Chick cochlear hair cell exocytosis mediated by dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels. (1/313)
1. A semi-intact preparation of the chick basilar papilla was developed to study calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release by tall hair cells (avian equivalent of cochlear inner hair cells). 2. Tall hair cell depolarization resulted in changes in cell membrane capacitance (DeltaC(m)) that reflected cell surface area increases following synaptic vesicle exocytosis and provided a surrogate measure of neurotransmitter release. Both calcium current (I(Ca)) and DeltaC(m) were reversibly blocked by cobalt, and exhibited a similar bell-shaped dependency on voltage with a peak response around -10 mV. 3. Pharmacological agents selective for L-type calcium channels were employed to assess the role of this channel type in neurotransmitter exocytosis. Nimodipine, a dihydropyridine (DHP) antagonist, suppressed I(Ca) and blocked DeltaC(m). Conversely, the DHP agonist Bay K 8644 increased both I(Ca) and DeltaC(m) amplitude nearly 3-fold. These findings suggest that chick tall hair cell neurotransmitter release is mediated by calcium influx through L-type calcium channels. (+info)The actions of barium and strontium on exocytosis and endocytosis in the synaptic terminal of goldfish bipolar cells. (2/313)
1. We investigated the properties of Ca2+-sensitive steps in the cycling of synaptic vesicles by comparing the actions of Ca2+, Ba2+ and Sr2+ in the synaptic terminal of depolarizing bipolar cells isolated from the retina of goldfish. FM1-43 fluorescence and capacitance measurements demonstrated that exocytosis, endocytosis and vesicle mobilization were maintained when external Ca2+ was replaced by either Ba2+ or Sr2+. 2. The rapidly releasable pool of vesicles (RRP) was equivalent to 1.5 % of the membrane surface area when measured in the presence of 2.5 mM Ca2+, but only 0.4 % in 2.5 mM Sr2+. The relative sizes of the RRP in Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ were 1.0, 0.28 and 0.1, respectively. We conclude that a smaller proportion of docked vesicles are available for fast exocytosis triggered by the influx of Sr2+ or Ba2+ compared to Ca2+. 3. The slow phase of exocytosis was not altered when Ca2+ was replaced by Ba2+, but it was accelerated 1.6-fold in Sr2+. The peak concentrations of Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ (measured using Mag-fura-5) were approximately 4, approximately 14 and approximately 60 microM, respectively. The order of efficiency for the stimulation of slow exocytosis was Ca2+ approximately Sr2+ > Ba2+. 4. Exocytosis was prolonged after the influx of Sr2+ and Ba2+. Sr2+ was cleared from the synaptic terminal with the same time constant as Ca2+ (1.3 s), but Ba2+ was cleared 10-100 times more slowly. Although Ba(2+) stimulates the slow release of a large number of vesicles, it did so less efficiently than Ca2+ or Sr2+. 5. The recovery of the membrane capacitance was equally rapid in Sr2+ and Ca2+, demonstrating that the fast mode of endocytosis could be triggered by either cation. (+info)T-type Ca(2+) channels mediate neurotransmitter release in retinal bipolar cells. (3/313)
Transmitter release in neurons is thought to be mediated exclusively by high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca(2+) channels. However, we now report that, in retinal bipolar cells, low-voltage-activated (LVA) Ca(2+) channels also mediate neurotransmitter release. Bipolar cells are specialized neurons that release neurotransmitter in response to graded depolarizations. Here we show that these cells express T-type Ca(2+) channel subunits and functional LVA Ca(2+) currents sensitive to mibefradil. Activation of these currents results in Ca(2+) influx into presynaptic terminals and exocytosis, which we detected as a capacitance increase in isolated terminals and the appearance of reciprocal currents in retinal slices. The involvement of T-type Ca(2+) channels in bipolar cell transmitter release may contribute to retinal information processing. (+info)Clinical evaluation of defibrillation efficacy with a new single-capacitor biphasic waveform in patients undergoing implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. (4/313)
AIMS: Improvements in the size and shape of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) might be obtained by using one capacitor instead of the series connection of two capacitors traditionally used in ICDs. The aim of this study was to determine whether a biphasic waveform delivered from a single 336 microF capacitor had the same defibrillation efficacy as a standard biphasic waveform. METHODS AND RESULTS: Randomized, paired defibrillation threshold testing was acutely performed in 54 patients undergoing ICD implantation. A standard 140 microF 80% tilt biphasic waveform (two 280 microF capacitors connected in series) was compared with an experimental biphasic waveform delivered from a single 336 microF capacitor at either 60% tilt (33 patients) or 80% tilt (21 patients). All waveforms had a 60/40 phase1/phase2 duration ratio. Compared with the standard waveform, the 60% tilt experimental waveform had a lower delivered energy (6.7 +/- 2.8 vs 7.9 +/- 3.3 joules, P<0.02), lower peak voltage (218 +/- 43 vs 333 +/- 68 V, P<0.01), and a slightly longer pulse duration (13.4 +/- 1.4 vs 10.7 +/- 1.1 ms, P<0.01). Conversely, the 80% tilt experimental waveform had a higher delivered energy (9.1 +/- 3.5 vs 6.3 +/- 2.4 joules, P<0.01), a lower peak voltage (234 +/- 44 vs 302 +/- 51 V, P<0.01) and a much longer pulse duration (25.7 +/- 2.5 vs 1.13 +/- 1 ms, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Waveforms delivered from a large capacitance are feasible but require a lower tilt. This technique may allow smaller, thinner ICDs without jeopardizing defibrillation success. (+info)Glucose sensing based on interdigitated array microelectrode. (5/313)
A micro glucose sensor consisting of an interdigitated array gold microelectrode was developed. The interdigitated array structure, which has 10 microns band width and 10 microns band gap, was fabricated in a small region (2.5 x 5 mm2) on a quartz substrate. Glucose oxidase was chemically fixed onto the electrode surface through self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid; ferroceneacetic acid was used as electron mediator. Electrochemical properties of the glucose oxidase-immobilized microelectrode were investigated by cyclic voltammogram measurements. Results confirmed that the reductive ferroceneacetic acid generated at counter electrode diffuses through a narrow band gap (10 microns) and can reach the working electrode surface. (+info)Low threshold T-type calcium current in rat embryonic chromaffin cells. (6/313)
1. The gating kinetics and functions of low threshold T-type current in cultured chromaffin cells from rats of 19-20 days gestation (E19-E20) were studied using the patch clamp technique. Exocytosis induced by calcium currents was monitored by the measurement of membrane capacitance and amperometry with a carbon fibre sensor. 2. In cells cultured for 1-4 days, the embryonic chromaffin cells were immunohistochemically identified by using polyclonal antibodies against dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and syntaxin. The immuno-positive cells could be separated into three types, based on the recorded calcium current properties. Type I cells showed exclusively large low threshold T-type current, Type II cells showed only high voltage activated (HVA) calcium channel current and Type III cells showed both T-type and HVA currents. These cells represented 44 %, 46 % and 10 % of the total, respectively. 3. T-type current recorded in Type I cells became detectable at -50 mV, reached its maximum amplitude of 6.8 +/- 1.2 pA pF(-1) (n = 5) at -10 mV and reversed around +50 mV. The current was characterized by criss-crossing kinetics within the -50 to -30 mV voltage range and a slow deactivation (deactivation time constant, tau(d) = 2 ms at -80 mV). The channel closing and inactivation process included both voltage-dependent and voltage-independent steps. The antihypertensive drug mibefradil (200 nM) reduced the current amplitude to about 65 % of control values. Ni(2+) also blocked the current in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) of 25 microM. 4. T-type current in Type I cells did not induce exocytosis, while catecholamine secretion by exocytosis could be induced by HVA calcium current in both Type II and Type III cells. The failure to induce exocytosis by T-type current in Type I cells was not due to insufficient Ca(2+) influx through the T-type calcium channel. 5. We suggest that T-type current is expressed in developing immature chromaffin cells. The T-type current is replaced progressively by HVA calcium current during pre- and post-natal development accompanying the functional maturation of the exocytosis mechanism. (+info)Effect of basal lamina of ovarian follicle on T- and L-type Ca(2+) currents in differentiated granulosa cells. (7/313)
Patch clamp experiments were conducted to study the effects of basal lamina (basement membrane) of chicken ovarian follicle on membrane Ca(2+) currents in differentiated chicken granulosa cells in a homologous system. The whole cell patch clamp technique was used to simultaneously monitor membrane capacitance (an indirect measure of total cell surface area) and currents flowing through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (using Ba(2+) as the charge carrier). Membrane capacitance was smaller in cells incubated on intact basal lamina than in control cells (incubated on tissue culture-treated plastic substratum). Granulosa cells expressed both T- and L-type Ca(2+) currents, and the amplitudes of the currents in cells incubated on intact basal lamina were significantly lower than those of control cells. Also, granulosa cells incubated on intact basal lamina were found to have significantly lower T- or L-type Ca(2+) current densities than control cells. Intact basal lamina that had been stored for 12 mo produced effects on T- and L-type Ca(2+) currents similar to those caused by freshly isolated basal lamina. The basal lamina was solubilized completely in one step and used to coat glass coverslips (uncoated glass coverslips served as controls). Granulosa cells incubated on coverslips precoated with solubilized basal lamina assumed spherical shape similar to those incubated on intact basal lamina. Similar to the observations made for intact basal lamina, the solubilized basal lamina suppressed T- and L-type Ca(2+) currents in the differentiated granulosa cells. Moreover, fibronectin, laminin, and type IV collagen, obtained from commercial sources, attenuated T- and L-type Ca(2+) currents in the differentiated granulosa cells. This interplay between basal lamina and Ca(2+) currents may be one mechanism that subserves the effects of the matrix material on metabolic functions of granulosa cells. (+info)Retardation of cochlear maturation and impaired hair cell function caused by deletion of all known thyroid hormone receptors. (8/313)
The deafness caused by early onset hypothyroidism indicates that thyroid hormone is essential for the development of hearing. We investigated the underlying roles of the TRalpha1 and TRbeta thyroid hormone receptors in the auditory system using receptor-deficient mice. TRalpha1 and TRbeta, which act as hormone-activated transcription factors, are encoded by the Thra and Thrb genes, respectively, and both are expressed in the developing cochlea. TRbeta is required for hearing because TRbeta-deficient (Thrb(tm1/tm1)) mice have a defective auditory-evoked brainstem response and retarded expression of a potassium current (I(K,f)) in the cochlear inner hair cells. Here, we show that although TRalpha1 is individually dispensable, TRalpha1 and TRbeta synergistically control an extended array of functions in postnatal cochlear development. Compared with Thrb(tm1/tm1) mice, the deletion of all TRs in Thra(tm1/tm1)Thrb(tm1/tm1) mice produces exacerbated and novel phenotypes, including delayed differentiation of the sensory epithelium, malformation of the tectorial membrane, impairment of electromechanical transduction in outer hair cells, and a low endocochlear potential. The induction of I(K,f) in inner hair cells was not markedly more retarded than in Thrb(tm1/tm1) mice, suggesting that this feature of hair cell maturation is primarily TRbeta-dependent. These results indicate that distinct pathways mediated by TRbeta alone or by TRbeta and TRalpha1 together facilitate control over an extended range of functions during the maturation of the cochlea. (+info)Oxyphenbutazone is a non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), used primarily for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, which works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), but has been largely replaced by other NSAIDs due to its higher risk of serious adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal ulcers, bleeding, and kidney damage.
Oxyphenbutazone is a non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been used in the past for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which is involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins, chemicals that mediate inflammation, pain, and fever.
However, due to its potential for serious side effects such as gastrointestinal ulcers, bleeding, and kidney damage, as well as interactions with other medications, oxyphenbutazone is no longer commonly used in many countries. It has been largely replaced by newer NSAIDs that have a more favorable safety profile.
It's important to note that the use of oxyphenbutazone should be under the strict supervision of a healthcare professional and should only be taken as directed, as it can cause potentially serious side effects even at therapeutic doses.
Electric capacitance is a measure of the ability of a conductor to store an electric charge, defined as the ratio of the magnitude of electric charge on each of two conductors separated by a dielectric material to the potential difference between them. (Please note that 'electric capacitance' itself is not a medical term, but it is a fundamental concept in physics and engineering that can be applied in various fields, including medical devices.)
Electric capacitance is a measure of the amount of electrical charge that a body or system can hold for a given electric potential. In other words, it is a measure of the capacity of a body or system to store an electric charge. The unit of electric capacitance is the farad (F), which is defined as the capacitance of a conductor that, when charged with one coulomb of electricity, has a potential difference of one volt between its surfaces.
In medical terms, electric capacitance may be relevant in the context of electrical stimulation therapies, such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) or functional electrical stimulation (FES). In these therapies, electrodes are placed on the skin and a controlled electric current is applied to stimulate nerves or muscles. The electric capacitance of the tissue and electrodes can affect the distribution and intensity of the electric field, which in turn can influence the therapeutic effect.
It is important to note that while electric capacitance is a fundamental concept in physics and engineering, it is not a commonly used term in medical practice or research. Instead, terms such as impedance or resistance are more commonly used to describe the electrical properties of biological tissues.
'Vascular capacitance' in a medical context refers to the ability of blood vessels, particularly veins, to expand and store blood, which affects overall circulatory volume and blood pressure.
Vascular capacitance is a term used in physiology to describe the ability of blood vessels, particularly veins, to expand and accommodate changes in blood volume. It is the measure of the volume of blood that a vessel can hold for each unit increase in pressure. A larger capacitance means that the blood vessels can store more blood at lower pressures.
In simpler terms, vascular capacitance refers to the compliance or distensibility of the blood vessels. When the heart pumps blood into the arteries, some of it is immediately used by the body's tissues for various functions, while the remaining blood is stored in the veins until needed. The more compliant or distensible the veins are, the greater their capacity to store blood and maintain a relatively stable blood pressure.
Therefore, vascular capacitance plays an essential role in regulating blood pressure and ensuring adequate blood flow to various organs and tissues in the body. Factors that can affect vascular capacitance include age, overall health status, and certain medical conditions such as heart failure or cirrhosis of the liver.
An electric organ is a specialized electrically excitable tissue found primarily in electric fishes, which generates and amplifies electric fields used for navigation, hunting, and defense purposes, consisting of electrocytes arranged in series or parallel to produce specific voltage and current patterns.
An Electric organ is a specialized electric tissue found in some groups of fish, most notably in the electric eels and electric rays. It consists of modified muscle or nerve cells called electrocytes, which are capable of generating and transmitting electrical signals. These organs are used for various purposes such as navigation, communication, and hunting. In electric eels, for example, the electric organ can generate powerful electric shocks to stun prey or defend against predators.
Electric conductivity in the context of medicine often refers to the measure of a material's ability to transmit electric current, particularly in biological tissues, which can provide valuable information in diagnosing and monitoring various physiological and pathological conditions.
Electric conductivity, also known as electrical conductance, is a measure of a material's ability to allow the flow of electric current through it. It is usually measured in units of Siemens per meter (S/m) or ohm-meters (Ω-m).
In medical terms, electric conductivity can refer to the body's ability to conduct electrical signals, which is important for various physiological processes such as nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. Abnormalities in electrical conductivity can be associated with various medical conditions, including neurological disorders and heart diseases.
For example, in electrocardiography (ECG), the electric conductivity of the heart is measured to assess its electrical activity and identify any abnormalities that may indicate heart disease. Similarly, in electromyography (EMG), the electric conductivity of muscles is measured to diagnose neuromuscular disorders.
Exocytosis is the cellular process by which intracellular vesicles containing molecules such as proteins, neurotransmitters, or hormones fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell.
Exocytosis is the process by which cells release molecules, such as hormones or neurotransmitters, to the extracellular space. This process involves the transport of these molecules inside vesicles (membrane-bound sacs) to the cell membrane, where they fuse and release their contents to the outside of the cell. It is a crucial mechanism for intercellular communication and the regulation of various physiological processes in the body.
'Electromagnetic Fields' (EMFs) are invisible fields of energy that are produced by current flows, including the natural EMFs produced by the Earth and human body, as well as those generated by man-made sources such as power lines, electrical appliances, and wireless communications.
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are invisible forces that result from the interaction between electrically charged objects. They are created by natural phenomena, such as the Earth's magnetic field, as well as by human-made sources, such as power lines, electrical appliances, and wireless communication devices.
EMFs are characterized by their frequency and strength, which determine their potential biological effects. Low-frequency EMFs, such as those produced by power lines and household appliances, have frequencies in the range of 0 to 300 Hz. High-frequency EMFs, such as those produced by wireless communication devices like cell phones and Wi-Fi routers, have frequencies in the range of 100 kHz to 300 GHz.
Exposure to EMFs has been linked to a variety of health effects, including increased risk of cancer, reproductive problems, neurological disorders, and oxidative stress. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health risks associated with exposure to EMFs and to establish safe exposure limits.
'Electric stimulation' in a medical context refers to the application of electrical currents or impulses to various tissues, nerves, or muscles to stimulate physiological responses, which can be used for therapeutic purposes, muscle rehabilitation, pain management, or neurostimulation.
Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.
In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:
1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.
It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.
Gymnotiformes is a order of primarily freshwater fish, commonly known as knifefish, characterized by elongated, cylindrical bodies, and an electric organ used for navigation and communication, native to the waters of Central and South America.
Gymnotiformes is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to a order of ray-finned fishes also known as knifefish or Neotropical eels. These fish are characterized by their elongated, eel-like bodies and the ability to generate electric fields for navigation and communication. They are primarily found in freshwater environments of Central and South America.
Membrane potential is an electrical phenomenon that occurs due to the separation and distribution of ions, mainly Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+, across the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane, creating a voltage difference between the intracellular and extracellular environments.
Membrane potential is the electrical potential difference across a cell membrane, typically for excitable cells such as nerve and muscle cells. It is the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell, created by the selective permeability of the cell membrane to different ions. The resting membrane potential of a typical animal cell is around -70 mV, with the interior being negative relative to the exterior. This potential is generated and maintained by the active transport of ions across the membrane, primarily through the action of the sodium-potassium pump. Membrane potentials play a crucial role in many physiological processes, including the transmission of nerve impulses and the contraction of muscle cells.
Electric impedance is the measure of opposition to alternating current (AC) flow in a circuit or biological tissue, characterized by both resistance and reactance, which varies with frequency and is expressed in ohms (Ω).
Electric impedance is a measure of opposition to the flow of alternating current (AC) in an electrical circuit or component, caused by both resistance (ohmic) and reactance (capacitive and inductive). It is expressed as a complex number, with the real part representing resistance and the imaginary part representing reactance. The unit of electric impedance is the ohm (Ω).
In the context of medical devices, electric impedance may be used to measure various physiological parameters, such as tissue conductivity or fluid composition. For example, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) uses electrical impedance to estimate body composition, including fat mass and lean muscle mass. Similarly, electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a medical imaging technique that uses electric impedance to create images of internal organs and tissues.
'Electric injuries' are traumas caused by the exposure to electrical energy characterized by burns, tissue damage, and potential systemic effects due to current flow through the body.
Electric injuries refer to damage to the body caused by exposure to electrical energy. This can occur when a person comes into contact with an electrical source, such as a power line or outlet, and the electrical current passes through the body. The severity of the injury depends on various factors, including the voltage and amperage of the electrical current, the duration of exposure, and the path the current takes through the body.
Electric injuries can cause a range of symptoms and complications, including burns, cardiac arrest, muscle damage, nerve damage, and fractures or dislocations (if the victim is thrown by the electrical shock). In some cases, electric injuries can be fatal. Treatment typically involves supportive care to stabilize the patient's vital signs, as well as specific interventions to address any complications that may have arisen as a result of the injury. Prevention measures include following safety guidelines when working with electricity and being aware of potential electrical hazards in one's environment.
Electrophysiology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and recording of the electrical activities of biological tissues, particularly the heart and nervous system, using specialized equipment and techniques to diagnose and treat various medical conditions.
Electrophysiology is a branch of medicine that deals with the electrical activities of the body, particularly the heart. In a medical context, electrophysiology studies (EPS) are performed to assess abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and to evaluate the effectiveness of certain treatments, such as medication or pacemakers.
During an EPS, electrode catheters are inserted into the heart through blood vessels in the groin or neck. These catheters can record the electrical activity of the heart and stimulate it to help identify the source of the arrhythmia. The information gathered during the study can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.
In addition to cardiac electrophysiology, there are also other subspecialties within electrophysiology, such as neuromuscular electrophysiology, which deals with the electrical activity of the nervous system and muscles.
Electrical capacitance tomography
Electrical capacitance volume tomography Electrical impedance tomography Electrical resistivity tomography Industrial ... "Numerical Evaluation of Complex Capacitance Measurement Using Pulse Excitation in Electrical Capacitance Tomography". ... Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a method for determination of the dielectric permittivity distribution in the ... M Soleimani, W R B Lionheart, Nonlinear image reconstruction in electrical capacitance tomography using experimental data, Meas ...
Electrical capacitance volume tomography
Electrical capacitance tomography Electrical impedance tomography Electrical resistivity tomography Process tomography Warsito ... Soft-field tomography refers to a set of imaging modalities such as electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), electrical ... Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography was first introduced by W. Warsito and L.-S. Fan in a presentation at the 3rd World ... Electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT) is a non-invasive 3D imaging technology applied primarily to multiphase flows. ...
Perimeter fence
... electrical capacitance; · electrical inductance · electric field; Domestic and residential projects have since the 1980s ... The active security system, on the other hand, consists of the electrical, electronic, and telephone methods involved in: · ... The sensors transform the physical effect into an electrical signal, the evaluation of which provides information on the ... The transducer transforms the physical effect into an electrical signal. To each physical effect there is associated a ...
List of mathematical constants
Steven Finch (2014). Electrical Capacitance (PDF). Harvard.edu. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-19. Retrieved ... K. T. Chau; Zheng Wang (201). Chaos in Electric Drive Systems: Analysis, Control and Application. John Wiley & Son. p. 7. ISBN ...
Elastance
Electrical elastance is the reciprocal of capacitance. The SI unit of elastance is the inverse farad (F−1). The concept is not ... Today, the reciprocal quantities capacitance and permittivity are almost universally preferred by electrical engineers. However ... Electrical impedance no longer maps to mechanical impedance, and likewise, electrical elastance no longer maps to mechanical ... Camara, John A., Electrical and Electronics Reference Manual for the Electrical and Computer PE Exam, Professional Publications ...
Capacitance
In discussing electrical circuits, the term capacitance is usually a shorthand for the mutual capacitance between two adjacent ... This (often unwanted) capacitance is called parasitic or stray capacitance. Stray capacitance can allow signals to leak between ... Since impedance varies inversely with capacitance, the internode capacitance, C, is replaced by a capacitance of KC from input ... Commonly recognized are two closely related notions of capacitance: self capacitance and mutual capacitance.: 237-238 An object ...
Epidermis
Measurement of electrical conductance, capacitance and transepidermal water loss". Acta Dermato-venereologica. 68 (4): 284-90. ... recent work in mice and other model organisms demonstrates that Merkel cells intrinsically transform touch into electrical ...
Glossary of engineering: A-L
It was developed as a mathematical analog of electrical capacitance, although it also includes thermal analogs of electrical ... Electric motor Is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate ... Electric power Is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of ... Electric current Is a flow of electric charge.: 2 In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a ...
Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering
capacitance The ability of a body to hold an electrical charge. capacitor An electrical component that stores energy in an ... electric potential A measure of the work required to move a unit electric charge in an electric field. electric power ... electric circuit A closed path through which an electric current can flow. electric current The motion of electric charges. ... brushed DC electric motor An electric motor with brushes. brushless DC electric motor An electric motor without brushes. ...
Negative-index metamaterial
This capacitance substantially decreases the resonant frequency while concentrating the electric field. The individual SRR ... In ordinary optical materials, the curl equation for the electric field show a "right hand rule" for the directions of the ... This first composite metamaterial is then composed of split-ring resonators and electrical conducting posts. Initially, these ... Taylor, L.S. (2009). "An Anecdotal History of Optics from Aristophanes to Zernike". University of Maryland; Electrical ...
Farad (disambiguation)
The farad (symbol: F) is an SI derived unit of electrical capacitance. Farad or FARAD may also refer to: Farád, a village in ... former unit of electrical charge All pages with titles containing Farad This disambiguation page lists articles associated with ...
Reconfigurable computing
"A Run-Time Reconfiguration Method for an FPGA-Based Electrical Capacitance Tomography System". Electronics. 11 (4): 545. doi: ... resulting in less wire capacitance and hence faster and lower power designs. A potential undesirable consequence of having ...
Mechanism of sonoluminescence
At the collapse, the capacitance decreases and voltage increases until electric breakdown occurs. A further suggestion was a ... In 1937, the explanations for the light emission have favored electrical discharges. The first ideas have been about the charge ... electrical and thermal. SBSL emits more light than MBSL due to fewer interactions between neighboring bubbles. Another ... which are categorized under either thermal or electrical processes, are Bremsstrahlung radiation, argon rectification ...
Myelin
... decreases capacitance and increases electrical resistance across the axonal membrane (the axolemma). It has been ... Myelin reduces the capacitance of the axonal membrane. On a molecular level, in the internodes it increases the distance ... In the CNS, axons carry electrical signals from one nerve cell body to another. In the PNS, axons carry signals to muscles and ... However, unlike the plastic covering on an electrical wire, myelin does not form a single long sheath over the entire length of ...
Impedance analogy
The analogy of stiffness in the electrical domain is the less commonly used elastance, the inverse of capacitance. A mechanical ... This is more directly analogous to the electrical expression when capacitance is used. A mechanical resonator consists of both ... Mechanical analogies are required for the three passive electrical elements, namely, resistance, inductance and capacitance. ... Mechanical resonators are analogous to electrical LC circuits consisting of inductance and capacitance. Real mechanical ...
Internal combustion engine
The step-up transformer uses energy stored in a capacitance to generate electric spark. With either system, a mechanical or ... The General Electric 7HA and 9HA turbine combined cycle electrical plants are rated at over 61% efficiency. A gas turbine is a ... ICEs drive large electric generators that power electrical grids. They are found in the form of combustion turbines with a ... The battery supplies electrical power for starting when the engine has a starting motor system, and supplies electrical power ...
Farad
The farad (symbol: F) is the unit of electrical capacitance, the ability of a body to store an electrical charge, in the ... It is the accumulation of electric charge on the plates that results in capacitance. Modern capacitors are constructed using a ... For most applications, the farad is an impractically large unit of capacitance. Most electrical and electronic applications are ... Capacitance values of 1 pF or lower can be achieved by twisting two short lengths of insulated wire together. The capacitance ...
Telegrapher's equations
Capacitance C The capacitance couples voltage to the energy stored in the electric field. It controls how much the bunched-up ... With a larger capacitance, C, there is less repulsion, because the other line (which always has the opposite charge) partly ... Larger capacitance equals weaker restoring forces, making the wave move slightly slower, and also gives the transmission line a ... The constancy of the capacitance is a consequence of intentional design. The variation of G can be inferred from Terman: "The ...
Poisson-Boltzmann equation
The Gouy-Chapman model explains the capacitance-like qualities of the electric double layer. A simple planar case with a ... The electric work to bring a charged cation or charged anion to a surface with potential ψ can be represented by W + = e ψ {\ ... "Electric Double Layer". web.nmsu.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-01. Lu, B. Z.; et al. (2008). "Recent Progress in Numerical Methods for ... It aims to describe the distribution of the electric potential in solution in the direction normal to a charged surface. This ...
Sitthichai Pokai-udom
During his time at KMITL, Sitthichai developed a rice moisture monitor based on electrical capacitance. At the time, General ...
Pseudocapacitance
Between the two layers, a static electric field forms that results in double-layer capacitance. Accompanied by the electric ... Pseudocapacitance may contribute more capacitance than double-layer capacitance for the same surface area by 100x. The amount ... Pseudocapacitance and double-layer capacitance both contribute inseparably to the total capacitance value. The amount of ... Highest capacitance and power density are achieved with a n/p-type polymer configuration, with one negatively charged (n-doped ...
Calculator
This allowed electrical engineers to simplify calculations for inductance and capacitance in power transmission lines. The ... The Casio Computer Company, in Japan, released the Model 14-A calculator in 1957, which was the world's first all-electric ( ... with Texas Instruments, Hayakawa Electric (later renamed Sharp Corporation) with North-American Rockwell Microelectronics ( ...
Electrostatic pickup
An electrostatic pickup converts mechanical motion to an electrical signal by means of varying electrical capacitance. This ... The capacitance of the pickup is changed by the motion of the moving plate. As a result of the changing capacitance, a varying ... The shape, size and position of the fixed plate relative to the reed has an effect on the capacitance change as a function of ... The electrostatic pickup used in the Hohner Pianet N electric piano has a fixed plate mounted at a 90 degree angle to the reed ...
Transmission electron microscopy
These devices work by applying a stress using electrical power and measuring strain using capacitance variations. ... High-voltage TEMs require ultra-high vacuums on the range of 10−7 to 10−9 Pa to prevent the generation of an electrical arc, ... Ion etching uses an inert gas passed through an electric field to generate a plasma stream that is directed to the sample ... Modern devices may use electrical stage designs, using screw gearing in concert with stepper motors, providing the operator ...
Gyrator-capacitor model
A magnetic inductor can represent an electrical capacitor.: 43 A shunt capacitance in the electrical circuit, such as intra- ... The model makes permeance elements analogous to electrical capacitance (see magnetic capacitance section) rather than ... Model elements in the magnetic circuit that represent electrical elements are typically the electrical dual of the electrical ... Magnetic circuits are nonlinear; the permeance in a magnetic circuit is not constant, unlike capacitance in an electrical ...
Evolutionary capacitance
... is the storage and release of variation, just as electric capacitors store and release charge. Living ... Evolutionary capacitance may also be a general feature of complex gene networks, and can be seen in simulations of gene ... For evolutionary capacitance to increase evolvability in this way, the switching rate should not be faster than the timescale ... Capacitance can help cross "valleys" in the fitness landscape, where a combination of two mutations would be beneficial, even ...
Aluminium-conductor steel-reinforced cable
For more information on transmission line inductance and capacitance, see electric power transmission and overhead power line. ... In three phase electrical power distribution, conductors must be designed to have low electrical impedance in order to assure ... Many electrical circuits are longer than the length of conductor which can be contained on one reel. As a result, splicing is ... "Electric Utility (U.S.)". Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-02-15. (CS1 maint: archived copy as title, ...
Metamaterial
The lens is not truly flat, since the structure's capacitance imposes a slope for the electric induction.) Several ( ... The particle is modeled by either an electric dipole parallel to the electric field or a pair of crossed electric and magnetic ... This means that the induced electric field inside a conducting media is no longer orthogonal to the current and the magnetic ... Metamaterial research is interdisciplinary and involves such fields as electrical engineering, electromagnetics, classical ...
Transformer
c) similar to an inductor, parasitic capacitance and self-resonance phenomenon due to the electric field distribution. Three ... Electric power conversion, Electric transformers, 19th-century inventions, Hungarian inventions, British inventions, Electrical ... In electric power transmission, transformers allow transmission of electric power at high voltages, which reduces the loss due ... Electrical Society of Cornell University (1896). Proceedings of the Electrical Society of Cornell University. Andrus & Church. ...
Equivalent series resistance
Capacitors and inductors as used in electric circuits are not ideal components with only capacitance or inductance. However, ... In many cases this can be done to a sufficient extent that parasitic capacitance and inductance of a resistor, for example, are ... For many purposes, a simple model with an inductance or capacitance in series with an ESR is good enough. These models, however ... Electrical circuit theory deals with ideal resistors, capacitors and inductors, each assumed to contribute only resistance, ...
Electrical capacitance tomography - Wikipedia
Electrical capacitance volume tomography Electrical impedance tomography Electrical resistivity tomography Industrial ... "Numerical Evaluation of Complex Capacitance Measurement Using Pulse Excitation in Electrical Capacitance Tomography". ... Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a method for determination of the dielectric permittivity distribution in the ... M Soleimani, W R B Lionheart, Nonlinear image reconstruction in electrical capacitance tomography using experimental data, Meas ...
Electrical Engineering - Circuits With Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance
Electric Batteries. Economics of Use of. Electrical Apparatus. Electric Power Rates. Power-Factor Correction. Illumination. ... The Electric Circuit. Electromotive Forces in. Conductors in Series. Circuits With Resistance,. Inductance, and Capacitance. ... Electrical Conductors. Electromagnets. Electrical Transients. Polyphase Circuits. The Direct-Current Machine. The D-C Machine ... Resistance and Capacitance. Parallel Circuits With Resist.,. Inductance, and Capacitance. Power in a Circuit With. Resistance ...
Modelling, Calibration and Fabrication of Electrical Capacitance Tomography Sensor for Bone Imaging - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Electrical capacitance tomography is a technique to measure internal permittivity distribution based on external capacitance ... Modelling, Calibration and Fabrication of Electrical Capacitance Tomography Sensor for Bone Imaging. Publication Type : Journal ... This paper emphasizes on modelling and fabricating an electrical capacitance tomography sensor using ANSYS APDL for bone for ... HomePublicationsModelling, Calibration and Fabrication of Electrical Capacitance Tomography Sensor for Bone Imaging ...
An Image Reconstruction Method Based on Simulated Annealing and Back Propagation Algorithm for Electrical Capacitance Tomography
An Image Reconstruction Method Based on Simulated Annealing and Back Propagation Algorithm for Electrical Capacitance ... Image Reconstruction Algorithm for Electrical Capacitance Tomography A Comparison of Time Series Forecasting using Support ... An Image Reconstruction Method Based on Simulated Annealing and Back Propagation Algorithm for Electrical Capacitance ... An Image Reconstruction Method Based on Simulated Annealing and Back Propagation Algorithm for Electrical Capacitance ...
Planar array electrical capacitance tomography for high permittivity flow imaging</em>...
Planar array electrical capacitance tomography for high permittivity flow imaging. / Zhang, Maomao; Soleimani, Manuchehr. 2014 ... Planar array electrical capacitance tomography for high permittivity flow imaging. 2014. Paper presented at 5th International ... Zhang, M., & Soleimani, M. (2014). Planar array electrical capacitance tomography for high permittivity flow imaging. Paper ... Planar array electrical capacitance tomography for high permittivity flow imaging. Paper presented at 5th International ...
mosfet - PMOS Turn-On due to gate capacitance? - Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange
Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical engineering professionals, ... begingroup\$ If M1 is removed, the problem goes away? D1 also has some capacitance, but its shunting the gate. \$\endgroup\$ ... begingroup\$ Did you try what I suggested (simulate with a 10uF load capacitance and power rise time of, say, 100usec)? \$\ ... Thanks for contributing an answer to Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange!. *Please be sure to answer the question. Provide ...
High resolution electric field imaging using ultra-low capacitance probesA Sequential Ultrasound and Electrical Capacitance Process Tomography System<...
Steiner, G., Watzenig, D., Kortschak, B., & Brandstätter, B. (2005). A Sequential Ultrasound and Electrical Capacitance Process ... Steiner, G, Watzenig, D, Kortschak, B & Brandstätter, B 2005, A Sequential Ultrasound and Electrical Capacitance Process ... A Sequential Ultrasound and Electrical Capacitance Process Tomography System. Gerald Steiner, Daniel Watzenig, Bernhard ... A Sequential Ultrasound and Electrical Capacitance Process Tomography System. / Steiner, Gerald; Watzenig, Daniel; Kortschak, ...
Capacitance | Electric Vehicles Research
Electric Land VehiclesElectric Water VehiclesOn-road Electric VehiclesOff-road Electric VehiclesElectric AircraftElectric ... Electric VehiclesElectric Vehicle InfrastructureFuel Cell Electric VehiclesElectric TrainsOther Electric VehiclesElectric ... Capacitance. The capacitance value of any capacitor is a measure of the amount of electric charge stored per unit of potential ... The basic unit of capacitance is a farad. However, this unit has been too large for general use, so microfarad, nanofarad and ...
CALCULLA - Electrical capacitance units converter
Converts electrical capacitance value from one unit to another e.g. from farads (F) to microfarads (µF) or vice versa. ... ϕB - electrical potential of the second conductor,. *. U. A. B. U_{AB}. UAB - potential difference of the first and second ... The basic electrical capacitance unit in the SI system. One farad corresponds to the capacitance of the conductor, which ... Derived electrical capacitance unit in SI system. One nanofarad is equal to one billionth of farad: 1. n. F. =. 1. 0. −. 9. F. ...
Roofers Perrysburg: Benefits Of Electrical Capacitance Roof Testing
Benefits Of Electrical Capacitance Roof Testing. Moisture damage is one of the rooftops biggest dangers. ... There are many different methods of conducting such a survey, including the electrical capacitance test, which can be a great ... Perrysburg Roofing: Article About Benefits Of Electrical Capacitance Roof Testing. Common roofers term explained by Johnson ... Homeowners are strongly encouraged to contact their local Perrysburg roofing specialists to see how the electrical capacitance ...
KBO Usage Capacitance Reactor Installation Dual Power Switch UseNenman Electric
Physics - Cambridge A Level: Electric Fields and Capacitance - Thetestpapers - Learn Physics
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Compare prices at TalkGold - choose the best Capacitance Meters. ... You can by Capacitance Meters online at TalkGold. ... TalkGold is a great place to compare prices and sellers on Capacitance Meters. You can read reviews and compare parameters to ... choose quality Capacitance Meters from one of hundreds stores and sellers on our platform. Worldwide delivery and low prices at ...
Leaf thickness and electrical capacitance as measures of plant water status<...
Leaf thickness and electrical capacitance as measures of plant water status. / Afzal, A.; Duiker, S. W.; Watson, J. E. et al. ... Leaf thickness and electrical capacitance as measures of plant water status. In: Transactions of the ASABE. 2017 ; Vol. 60, No ... Afzal A, Duiker SW, Watson JE, Luthe D. Leaf thickness and electrical capacitance as measures of plant water status. ... Afzal, A., Duiker, S. W., Watson, J. E., & Luthe, D. (2017). Leaf thickness and electrical capacitance as measures of plant ...
Analysis of Hardware Concepts for Electrical Capacitance Tomography Applications<...
Wegleiter H, Fuchs A, Holler G, Kortschak B. Analysis of Hardware Concepts for Electrical Capacitance Tomography Applications. ... Analysis of Hardware Concepts for Electrical Capacitance Tomography Applications. Hannes Wegleiter, Anton Fuchs, Gert Holler, ... Wegleiter, H., Fuchs, A., Holler, G., & Kortschak, B. (2005). Analysis of Hardware Concepts for Electrical Capacitance ... Wegleiter, H, Fuchs, A, Holler, G & Kortschak, B 2005, Analysis of Hardware Concepts for Electrical Capacitance Tomography ...
Utilizing the PCRX to Address Capacitance Issues During CIS Testing - Dairyland Electrical Industries
... such as those made by Dairyland Electrical Industries. Together, cathodic protection systems and decouplers address the ... This capacitance is additive to the coating capacitance. Finally, as CIS has become a more established technique and users look ... Decoupler Capacitance. Testing has shown that additional capacitance, typically from the decouplers but also from coating ... Utilizing the PCRX to Address Capacitance Issues During CIS Testing Introduction. Pipeline companies utilize cathodic ...
Processing-optimised imaging of analog geological models by electrical capacitance tomography<...
Processing-optimised imaging of analog geological models by electrical capacitance tomography. C. Ortiz Alemán, A. Espíndola- ... Processing-optimised imaging of analog geological models by electrical capacitance tomography. In: Measurement Science and ... Processing-optimised imaging of analog geological models by electrical capacitance tomography. / Ortiz Alemán, C.; Espíndola- ... N2 - In this work, the electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) technique is applied in monitoring internal deformation of ...
Can I start electrostatic potential and capacitance without reading electric charge and field? - Sportstimesdaily
If you do not comprehend the basic principles of electric field and charge, it will be quite difficult for you to grasp the ... I recommend that you first understand about electric potential before diving into ... but first you must grasp the fundamental concepts of electric potential. If you do not comprehend the basic principles of ele ... but first you must grasp the fundamental concepts of electric potential. ...
Advances in Scanning Capacitance Microscopy for Electrical Nanocharacterization and Failure Analysis - May 27, 2020
Advances in Scanning Capacitance Microscopy for Electrical Nanocharacterization and Failure Analysis (PinPointTM and QuickStep ... Electrical & Electronics*Manufacturing*Life Science*Nanotechnology*Display*Services *Technical Forum*Customer Service*Probe ... The capacitance is determined by the oxide layer thickness and the depletion area at the silicon/oxide surface. Thus, with a ... Scanning Capacitance Microscopy (SCM) is a versatile tool in the semiconductor industry for failure analysis and measuring ...
voltage - Why does capacitance affect the charging time of a capacitor? - Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange
Capacitance is charge per volt. More capacitance means you need to supply more charge to change the voltage. Supplying more ... Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical engineering professionals, ... Im trying to understand the relationship between the capacitance with the voltage output of this circuit. If the capacitance ... If the capacitance is greater, I assume either the area of the capacitor plates is larger or the distance between the plates is ...
The Study of Hydrodynamics of Slug Flow in 10 Degrees Inclined Pipe Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography Data
Reliability of spatiotemporal and kinetic gait parameters determined by a new instrumented treadmill system
How VEV supports fleet managers with the EV transition - Just Auto
Leading innovators in electric drive capacitance management for the automotive industry News ... Electric vehicles: the leading companies in EV inductive charging revealed. *Virtual and augmented reality: the leading ... VGM owns and operates three electric bus depots in Colombia; thats just shy of 500 buses. We designed the depots, we put the ... I also helped run a Vitol business in Colombia called VG Mobility - Bogota is the second largest electric bus market outside of ...
02133253 | Yearbooks 2022 | University of Pretoria
Electric field: dipoles, Gauss law.Electric potential. Capacitance. Electric currents: resistance, resistivity, Ohms law, ... Electric and magnetic fields in matter: Polarisation, electric displacement and Gausss law in dielectrics, linear dielectrics ... electrical conduction, the classical Hall effect, thermal conduction in metals, failures of the free electron model, the ...
Re: Secondary Spark Capacitance (was How to rise the secondary?) (fwd)
The spark capacitance would not have much effect. The ion cloud and the electric field capacitance, if any, would have more ... The secondary spark capacitance would be difficult to measure because this change in the secondary capacitance cannot be ... Re: Secondary Spark Capacitance (was How to rise the secondary?) (fwd). * To: tesla-at-pupman-dot-com ... The electric field around the coil and the ion cloud could also be involved. Another problem is that there are two different ...
PX3512: Electricity And Magnetism - Catalogue of Courses
Capacitance Energy stored in electric fields.. *Current density and conservation of charge. ... Electric fields related to their sources Coulombs law.. *Gauss theorem (integral and differential form) Electric potential ... noticing that changing electric magnetic fields generate electric fields and the other way around. This will lead to the ...
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. - PC37.012/D5, Nov 2013 - IEEE Draft Guide for the Application...
The application guide addresses the general theory of capacitance current switching; and the notions of restrike, re-ignition, ... IEEE Draft Guide for the Application of Capacitance Current Switching for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Above 1000 V ... November 6, 2014 - IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. This corrigendum to IEEE Std 802.1AB-2009 ... September 17, 2014 - IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. This amendment to IEEE Std 802.1Qaz defines ...
Investigation of electric charge transport in conjugated polymer P3HT:PCBM solar cell with temperature dependent current and...
PCBM solar cell with temperature dependent current and capacitance measurements. physica status solidi (c), 2010, 7 (3-4), pp. ... Investigation of electric charge transport in conjugated polymer P3HT:PCBM solar cell with temperature dependent current and ... Peiqing Yu, Denis Mencaraglia, Arouna Darga, Anne Migan-Dubois, Roshanak Radbeh, et al.. Investigation of electric charge ...