Ectoderm. Medical search

The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.

The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).

The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.

Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

Somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates. They are useful models for studying FERTILIZATION and EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT.

The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

The three primary germinal layers (ECTODERM; ENDODERM; and MESODERM) developed during GASTRULATION that provide tissues and body plan of a mature organism. They derive from two early layers, hypoblast and epiblast.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

The region in the dorsal ECTODERM of a chordate embryo that gives rise to the future CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Tissue in the neural plate is called the neuroectoderm, often used as a synonym of neural plate.

An early non-mammalian embryo that follows the MORULA stage. A blastula resembles a hollow ball with the layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (blastocele). The layer of cells is called BLASTODERM.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

The anatomical parts that make up an organism in the early stages of development.

The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.

A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS.

A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.

A process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three GERM LAYERS and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). Gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian BLASTULA or that of a mammalian BLASTOCYST.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Distinct regions of mesenchymal outgrowth at both flanks of an embryo during the SOMITE period. Limb buds, covered by ECTODERM, give rise to forelimb, hindlimb, and eventual functional limb structures. Limb bud cultures are used to study CELL DIFFERENTIATION; ORGANOGENESIS; and MORPHOGENESIS.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Transference of tissue within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.

Common name for two distinct groups of BIRDS in the order GALLIFORMES: the New World or American quails of the family Odontophoridae and the Old World quails in the genus COTURNIX, family Phasianidae.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A cartilaginous rod of mesodermal cells at the dorsal midline of all CHORDATE embryos. In lower vertebrates, notochord is the backbone of support. In the higher vertebrates, notochord is a transient structure, and segments of the vertebral column will develop around it. Notochord is also a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues including the NEURAL TUBE development.

Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.

A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.

A family of transcription factors that control EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT within a variety of cell lineages. They are characterized by a highly conserved paired DNA-binding domain that was first identified in DROSOPHILA segmentation genes.

A family of VERTEBRATE homeodomain proteins that share homology with orthodenticle protein, Drosophila. They regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and play an important role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT of the BRAIN.

Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

The founding member of the nodal signaling ligand family of proteins. Nodal protein was originally discovered in the region of the mouse embryo primitive streak referred to as HENSEN'S NODE. It is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and plays a critical role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development.

A region, of SOMITE development period, that contains a number of paired arches, each with a mesodermal core lined by ectoderm and endoderm on the two sides. In lower aquatic vertebrates, branchial arches develop into GILLS. In higher vertebrates, the arches forms outpouchings and develop into structures of the head and neck. Separating the arches are the branchial clefts or grooves.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.

An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.

A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

A genus of aquatic newts in the Salamandridae family. During breeding season many Triturus males have a dorsal crest which also serves as an accessory respiratory organ. One of the common Triturus species is Triturus cristatus (crested newt).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A species of SEA URCHINS in the family Strongylocentrotidae found on the Pacific coastline from Alaska to Mexico. This species serves as a major research model for molecular developmental biology and other fields.

A family of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS that bind BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that mediate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS through SMAD PROTEINS.

A subclass of SOX transcription factors that are expressed in neuronal tissue where they may play a role in the regulation of CELL DIFFERENTIATION. Members of this subclass are generally considered to be transcriptional activators.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

Cells in certain regions of an embryo that self-regulate embryonic development. These organizers have been found in dorsal and ventral poles of GASTRULA embryos, including Spemann organizer in amphibians, and Hensen node in chicken and mouse. These organizer cells communicate with each other via a network of secreted signaling proteins, such as BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS and their antagonists (chordin and noggin).

Paired, segmented masses of MESENCHYME located on either side of the developing spinal cord (neural tube). Somites derive from PARAXIAL MESODERM and continue to increase in number during ORGANOGENESIS. Somites give rise to SKELETON (sclerotome); MUSCLES (myotome); and DERMIS (dermatome).

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

A HEPARIN binding fibroblast growth factor that may play a role in LIMB BUDS development.

A family of sequence-related proteins similar to HMGB1 PROTEIN that contains specific HMG-BOX DOMAINS.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

A portion of the animal phylum Chordata comprised of the subphyla CEPHALOCHORDATA; UROCHORDATA, and HYPEROTRETI, but not including the Vertebrata (VERTEBRATES). It includes nonvertebrate animals having a NOTOCHORD during some developmental stage.

Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.

A post-MORULA preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. A blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. The outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper.

A homeodomain protein that interacts with TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN. It represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES and plays a critical role in ODONTOGENESIS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A layer of cells lining the fluid-filled cavity (blastocele) of a BLASTULA, usually developed from a fertilized insect, reptilian, or avian egg.

Proteins that are preferentially expressed or upregulated during FETAL DEVELOPMENT.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

The posterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of an embryonic brain. It consists of myelencephalon, metencephalon, and isthmus rhombencephali from which develop the major BRAIN STEM components, such as MEDULLA OBLONGATA from the myelencephalon, CEREBELLUM and PONS from the metencephalon, with the expanded cavity forming the FOURTH VENTRICLE.

A tube of ectodermal tissue in an embryo that will give rise to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, including the SPINAL CORD and the BRAIN. Lumen within the neural tube is called neural canal which gives rise to the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain. For malformation of the neural tube, see NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

Congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified.

A proto-oncogene protein and member of the Wnt family of proteins. It is expressed in the caudal MIDBRAIN and is essential for proper development of the entire mid-/hindbrain region.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

Proteins containing a region of conserved sequence, about 200 amino acids long, which encodes a particular sequence specific DNA binding domain (the T-box domain). These proteins are transcription factors that control developmental pathways. The prototype of this family is the mouse Brachyury (or T) gene product.

Nerve tissue proteins are the structural and functional components of neurons and glial cells that make up the nervous system.

The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Members of the transforming growth factor superfamily that play a role in pattern formation and differentiation during the pregastrulation and GASTRULATION stages of chordate development. Several nodal signaling ligands are specifically involved in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during development. The protein group is named after a critical region of the vertebrate embryo PRIMITIVE STREAK referred to as HENSEN'S NODE.

A genus of aquatic newts belonging to the family Salamandridae and sometimes referred to as "spiny" tritons. There are two species P. waltlii and P. poireti. P. waltlii is commonly used in the laboratory. Since this genus adapts to aquarium living, it is easy to maintain in laboratories.

A genus of BIRDS in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES, containing the common European and other Old World QUAIL.

A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE. Defects in Wnt3 protein are associated with autosomal recessive tetra-AMELIA in humans.

A genus of SEA URCHINS in the family Strongylocentrotidae with a hemicyclic apical disk and short spines.

Goosecoid protein is a homeodomain protein that was first identified in XENOPUS. It is found in the SPEMANN ORGANIZER of VERTEBRATES and plays an important role in neuronal CELL DIFFERENTIATION and ORGANOGENESIS.

A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.

A subclass of LIM domain proteins that include an additional centrally-located homeodomain region that binds AT-rich sites on DNA. Many LIM-homeodomain proteins play a role as transcriptional regulators that direct cell fate.

Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.

The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)

The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.

VERTEBRATES belonging to the class amphibia such as frogs, toads, newts and salamanders that live in a semiaquatic environment.

Specific molecular sites or structures on cell membranes that react with FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (both the basic and acidic forms), their analogs, or their antagonists to elicit or to inhibit the specific response of the cell to these factors. These receptors frequently possess tyrosine kinase activity.

The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

Eye proteins are the biological molecules that make up the various structures of the eye and are essential for its proper function.

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (1/1870)

The nephric duct is the first epithelial tubule to differentiate from intermediate mesoderm that is essential for all further urogenital development. In this study we identify the domain of intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to the nephric duct and demonstrate that the surface ectoderm is required for its differentiation. Removal of the surface ectoderm resulted in decreased levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in mesenchymal nephric duct progenitors, and caused inhibition of nephric duct formation and subsequent kidney development. The surface ectoderm expresses BMP-4 and we show that it is required for the maintenance of high-level BMP-4 expression in lateral plate mesoderm. Addition of a BMP-4-coated bead to embryos lacking the surface ectoderm restored normal levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in nephric duct progenitors, nephric duct formation and the initiation of nephrogenesis. Thus, BMP-4 signaling can substitute for the surface ectoderm in supporting nephric duct morphogenesis. Collectively, these data suggest that inductive interactions between the surface ectoderm, lateral mesoderm and intermediate mesoderm are essential for nephric duct formation and the initiation of urogenital development. (+info)

Regulation of neurotrophin-3 expression by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: the role of Wnt factors. (2/1870)

Neurotrophins regulate survival, axonal growth, and target innervation of sensory and other neurons. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is expressed specifically in cells adjacent to extending axons of dorsal root ganglia neurons, and its absence results in loss of most of these neurons before their axons reach their targets. However, axons are not required for NT-3 expression in limbs; instead, local signals from ectoderm induce NT-3 expression in adjacent mesenchyme. Wnt factors expressed in limb ectoderm induce NT-3 in the underlying mesenchyme. Thus, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions mediated by Wnt factors control NT-3 expression and may regulate axonal growth and guidance. (+info)

Fish swimbladder: an excellent mesodermal inductor in primary embryonic induction. (3/1870)

Swimbladder of the crucian carp, Carassius auratus, was found to be better as a vegatalizing tissue than other tissues, such as guinea-pig bone marrow, when presumptive ectoderm of Triturus gastrulae was used as reacting tissue. Swimbladder usually induced assemblies of highly organized mesodermal tissues, such as notochord, somites and pronephric tubules, some of which were covered by mesodermal epithelium without any epidermal covering. A special character of the effect of swimbladder was the rather frequent induction of solid balls of undifferentiated cells, which were identified as mesodermal or mesodermal and probably endodermal. These findings show that swimbladder has a strong and fast spreading vegetalizing effect on the responding presumptive ectoderm. (+info)

Embryological study of a T/t locus mutation (tw73) affecting trophectoderm development. (4/1870)

Mouse embryos homozygous for the recessive lethal mutation tw73 show specific defects in trophectoderm shortly after implantation. The trophectoderm and ectoplacental cone fail to form the usual close association with the uterine decidua, and proliferation is markedly reduced. The embryo proper ceases to develop beyond the two-layered stage and degenerates and dies within 5 days of implantation. (+info)

Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. (5/1870)

In many organisms the allocation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is determined by the inheritance of maternal factors deposited in the egg. However, in mammals, inductive cell interactions are required around gastrulation to establish the germ line. Here, we show that Bmp4 homozygous null embryos contain no PGCs. They also lack an allantois, an extraembryonic mesodermal tissue derived, like the PGCs, from precursors in the proximal epiblast. Heterozygotes have fewer PGCs than normal, due to a reduction in the size of the founding population and not to an effect on its subsequent expansion. Analysis of beta-galactosidase activity in Bmp4(lacZneo) embryos reveals that prior to gastrulation, Bmp4 is expressed in the extraembryonic ectoderm. Later, Bmp4 is expressed in the extraembryonic mesoderm, but not in PGCs. Chimera analysis indicates that it is the Bmp4 expression in the extraembryonic ectoderm that regulates the formation of allantois and primordial germ cell precursors, and the size of the founding population of PGCs. The initiation of the germ line in the mouse therefore depends on a secreted signal from the previously segregated, extraembryonic, trophectoderm lineage. (+info)

BMP7 acts in murine lens placode development. (6/1870)

Targeted inactivation of the Bmp7 gene in mouse leads to eye defects with late onset and variable penetrance (A. T. Dudley et al., 1995, Genes Dev. 9, 2795-2807; G. Luo et al., 1995, Genes Dev. 9, 2808-2820). Here we report that the expressivity of the Bmp7 mutant phenotype markedly increases in a C3H/He genetic background and that the phenotype implicates Bmp7 in the early stages of lens development. Immunolocalization experiments show that BMP7 protein is present in the head ectoderm at the time of lens placode induction. Using an in vitro culture system, we demonstrate that addition of BMP7 antagonists during the period of lens placode induction inhibits lens formation, indicating a role for BMP7 in lens placode development. Next, to integrate Bmp7 into a developmental pathway controlling formation of the lens placode, we examined the expression of several early lens placode-specific markers in Bmp7 mutant embryos. In these embryos, Pax6 head ectoderm expression is lost just prior to the time when the lens placode should appear, while in Pax6-deficient (Sey/Sey) embryos, Bmp7 expression is maintained. These results could suggest a simple linear pathway in placode induction in which Bmp7 functions upstream of Pax6 and regulates lens placode induction. At odds with this interpretation, however, is the finding that expression of secreted Frizzled Related Protein-2 (sFRP-2), a component of the Wnt signaling pathway which is expressed in prospective lens placode, is absent in Sey/Sey embryos but initially present in Bmp7 mutants. This suggests a different model in which Bmp7 function is required to maintain Pax6 expression after induction, during a preplacodal stage of lens development. We conclude that Bmp7 is a critical component of the genetic mechanism(s) controlling lens placode formation. (+info)

Gap junction signalling mediated through connexin-43 is required for chick limb development. (7/1870)

During chick limb development the gap junction protein Connexin-43 (Cx43) is expressed in discrete spatially restricted domains in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and mesenchyme of the zone of polarising activity. Antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) were used to investigate the role of Connexin-43 (Cx43) in the development of the chick limb bud. We have used unmodified ODNs in Pluronic F-127 gel, which is liquid at low temperature but sets at room temperature and so remains situated at the point of application. As a mild surfactant, the gel increases antisense ODN penetration and supplies ODNs to the embryo continually for 12-18 h. We have shown a strong decrease in Cx43 protein expression after application of specific antisense oligonucleotides but the abundance of a closely related protein, Connexin-32 (Cx32), was not affected. Application of antisense Cx43 ODNs at stages 8-15 HH before limb outgrowth resulted in dramatic limb phenotypes. About 40% of treated embryos exhibited defects such as truncation of the limb bud, fragmentation into two or more domains, or complete splitting of the limb bud into two or three branches. Molecular analysis of antisense treated embryos failed to detect Shh or Bmp-2 in anterior structures and suggested that extra lobes seen in nicked and split limbs were not a result of establishment of new signalling centres as found after the application of FGF to the flank. However, examination of markers for the AER showed a number of abnormalities. In severely truncated specimens we were unable to detect the expression of either Fgf-4 or Fgf-8. In both nicked and split limbs the expression of these genes was discontinuous. Down-regulation of Cx43 after the antisense application could be comparable to AER removal and results in distal truncation of the limb bud. Taken together these data suggest the existence of a feedback loop between the FGFs and signalling mediated by Cx43. (+info)

Chick Barx2b, a marker for myogenic cells also expressed in branchial arches and neural structures. (8/1870)

We have isolated a new chicken gene, cBarx2b, which is related to mBarx2 in sequence, although the expression patterns of the two genes are quite different from one another. The cBarx2b gene is expressed in craniofacial structures, regions of the neural tube, and muscle groups in the limb, neck and cloaca. Perturbation of anterior muscle pattern by application of Sonic Hedgehog protein results in a posteriorization of cBarx2b expression. (+info)

Xenopus proteins are proteins that are found in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. These proteins have been widely used in the field of molecular biology and genetics as model systems for studying gene expression, development, and other biological processes. Xenopus proteins have been used in a variety of research applications, including the study of gene regulation, cell signaling, and the development of new drugs. They have also been used to study the mechanisms of diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases. In the medical field, Xenopus proteins have been used to develop new treatments for a variety of diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders. They have also been used to study the effects of drugs and other compounds on biological processes, which can help to identify potential new treatments for diseases. Overall, Xenopus proteins are important tools in the field of molecular biology and genetics, and have contributed significantly to our understanding of many biological processes and diseases.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of signaling proteins that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of bone tissue. They are secreted by various cells in the body, including bone-forming cells called osteoblasts, and are involved in processes such as bone growth, repair, and remodeling. BMPs are also used in medical treatments to promote bone growth and healing. For example, they are sometimes used in orthopedic surgeries to help repair fractures or to stimulate the growth of new bone in areas where bone has been lost, such as in spinal fusion procedures. They may also be used in dental procedures to help promote the growth of new bone in areas where teeth have been lost. BMPs are also being studied for their potential use in other medical applications, such as in the treatment of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, and in the repair of damaged or diseased tissues in other parts of the body.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of bone tissue in the human body. It is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins, which are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and migration. In the medical field, BMP4 is used as a therapeutic agent to promote bone growth and regeneration in a variety of conditions, including fractures, osteoporosis, and spinal cord injuries. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. BMP4 is produced by a variety of cells in the body, including osteoblasts (cells that produce bone tissue) and chondrocytes (cells that produce cartilage). It acts by binding to specific receptors on the surface of cells, which triggers a signaling cascade that leads to changes in gene expression and cellular behavior. Overall, BMP4 is a critical protein for the development and maintenance of bone tissue, and its therapeutic potential is being actively explored in the medical field.

Homeodomain proteins are a class of transcription factors that play a crucial role in the development and differentiation of cells and tissues in animals. They are characterized by a highly conserved DNA-binding domain called the homeodomain, which allows them to recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences. Homeodomain proteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue differentiation, and organogenesis. They regulate the expression of genes that are essential for these processes by binding to specific DNA sequences and either activating or repressing the transcription of target genes. There are many different types of homeodomain proteins, each with its own unique function and target genes. Some examples of homeodomain proteins include the Hox genes, which are involved in the development of the body plan in animals, and the Pax genes, which are involved in the development of the nervous system. Mutations in homeodomain proteins can lead to a variety of developmental disorders, including congenital malformations and intellectual disabilities. Understanding the function and regulation of homeodomain proteins is therefore important for the development of new treatments for these conditions.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 (FGF8) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of various tissues in the human body. It is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, which is a group of proteins that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival. In the medical field, FGF8 is involved in a wide range of biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and cancer progression. It is expressed in various tissues, including the brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys. FGF8 is also a key regulator of angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels form from existing ones. It has been shown to stimulate the growth of blood vessels in various tissues, including the retina, heart, and tumors. In addition, FGF8 has been implicated in the development of several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. For example, high levels of FGF8 have been associated with the development of certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and glioblastoma. Overall, FGF8 is a critical protein in the regulation of various biological processes, and its dysregulation has been linked to several diseases. As such, it is an important target for research and potential therapeutic interventions.

Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) are a family of proteins that play important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and tissue repair. They are produced by a variety of cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and neurons, and act on a wide range of cell types, including epithelial cells, muscle cells, and bone cells. FGFs are involved in many physiological processes, including embryonic development, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. They also play a role in the development of certain diseases, such as cancer and fibrosis. There are 23 known members of the FGF family, and they act by binding to specific receptors on the surface of cells, which then activate intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and other cellular processes. FGFs are often used as therapeutic agents in clinical trials for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders.

Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and controlling the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA. They play a crucial role in the development and function of cells and tissues in the body. In the medical field, transcription factors are often studied as potential targets for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, where their activity is often dysregulated. For example, some transcription factors are overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, and inhibiting their activity may help to slow or stop the growth of these cells. Transcription factors are also important in the development of stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. By understanding how transcription factors regulate gene expression in stem cells, researchers may be able to develop new therapies for diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Overall, transcription factors are a critical component of gene regulation and have important implications for the development and treatment of many diseases.

Wnt proteins are a family of signaling molecules that play a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. They are secreted by cells and bind to receptors on the surface of neighboring cells, activating a signaling cascade that regulates gene expression and cellular behavior. In the medical field, Wnt proteins are of great interest because they are involved in a wide range of diseases and conditions, including cancer, developmental disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. For example, mutations in Wnt signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of colorectal cancer, and dysregulated Wnt signaling has been linked to the progression of other types of cancer as well. Wnt proteins are also being studied as potential therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. For example, drugs that target Wnt signaling have shown promise in preclinical studies for the treatment of cancer, and there is ongoing research into the use of Wnt signaling inhibitors for the treatment of other conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease and osteoporosis.

Paired box transcription factors (PAX genes) are a family of transcription factors that play important roles in the development and differentiation of various tissues and organs in the body. These proteins are characterized by a highly conserved DNA-binding domain called the paired box, which allows them to recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences. PAX genes are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. They are expressed in many different tissues and organs throughout the body, including the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, and reproductive organs. Mutations in PAX genes can lead to a variety of developmental disorders and diseases, including eye disorders, brain malformations, and certain types of cancer. Understanding the role of PAX genes in development and disease is an active area of research in the medical field.

OTX transcription factors are a family of transcription factors that play important roles in the development of the nervous system, eye, and other organs in vertebrates. They are named after the "otx" gene, which was first identified in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. OTX transcription factors are characterized by a conserved DNA-binding domain called the OTX domain, which is responsible for recognizing specific DNA sequences. In vertebrates, there are three OTX genes: OTX1, OTX2, and OTX3. These genes are expressed in specific regions of the developing embryo and are involved in regulating the differentiation and development of various cell types. In the nervous system, OTX transcription factors are involved in the development of the retina, optic nerve, and brain. They are also involved in the development of the ear and other sensory organs. In the eye, OTX transcription factors are involved in the development of the retina and the lens. In addition to their roles in development, OTX transcription factors have also been implicated in various diseases, including cancer. For example, overexpression of OTX2 has been associated with the development of certain types of brain tumors, while mutations in the OTX1 gene have been linked to a rare form of eye cancer called retinoblastoma. Overall, OTX transcription factors are important regulators of development and have important roles in the formation and function of various organs and tissues in vertebrates.

Zebrafish proteins refer to proteins that are expressed in the zebrafish, a small freshwater fish that is commonly used as a model organism in biomedical research. These proteins can be studied to gain insights into the function and regulation of proteins in humans and other organisms. Zebrafish are particularly useful as a model organism because they have a similar genetic makeup to humans and other vertebrates, and they develop externally, making it easy to observe and manipulate their development. Additionally, zebrafish embryos are transparent, allowing researchers to visualize the development of their organs and tissues in real-time. Zebrafish proteins have been studied in a variety of contexts, including the development of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. By studying zebrafish proteins, researchers can identify potential therapeutic targets and develop new treatments for these diseases.

In the medical field, a nodal protein is a type of signaling protein that plays a crucial role in the development and differentiation of cells. Nodal proteins are members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily and are involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Nodal proteins are particularly important during embryonic development, where they help to establish the body plan and determine the fate of different cell types. They are also involved in the development of various organs and tissues, including the heart, lungs, and limbs. In the context of cancer, nodal proteins have been implicated in the development and progression of various types of tumors. For example, overexpression of nodal proteins has been associated with the development of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other types of cancer. Overall, nodal proteins are important signaling molecules that play a critical role in the development and function of various tissues and organs in the body.

Hedgehog proteins are a family of signaling molecules that play important roles in the development and maintenance of various tissues and organs in the body. They are named after the hedgehog animal because of their shape and the way they move around. In the medical field, hedgehog proteins are of particular interest because they have been implicated in the development of certain types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. These proteins are involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation, and when they are overactive or mutated, they can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and the formation of tumors. Hedgehog proteins are also involved in the development of other diseases, such as liver fibrosis and osteoarthritis. In addition, they have been studied as potential targets for the development of new treatments for these conditions. Overall, hedgehog proteins are an important area of research in the medical field, and understanding their role in health and disease is critical for developing new therapies and improving patient outcomes.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors (BMPRs) are a type of cell surface receptor that play a critical role in the development and maintenance of bone tissue. BMPRs are activated by binding to specific ligands called Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), which are secreted by cells in the bone marrow and other tissues. BMPRs are members of the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of receptors, and they are expressed by a wide variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), chondrocytes (cartilage-forming cells), and fibroblasts (connective tissue cells). When BMPRs are activated by BMPs, they initiate a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of various intracellular signaling pathways, including the Smad pathway. These signaling pathways regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). In the context of bone development and maintenance, BMPRs play a critical role in regulating the balance between bone formation and resorption. BMPs stimulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, while BMPRs also play a role in inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Dysregulation of BMP signaling has been implicated in a number of bone disorders, including osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and bone cancer.

SOXB1 transcription factors are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression in various biological processes, including development, differentiation, and homeostasis. The SOXB1 family includes three members: SOX9, SOX8, and SOX10. SOX9 is primarily expressed in the developing testis and is essential for the development of male sexual characteristics. It also plays a role in the development of the skeleton, cartilage, and bone. SOX8 is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. It is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as the development of the nervous system. SOX10 is expressed in neural crest cells, which give rise to a variety of cell types, including melanocytes, Schwann cells, and neurons. It is involved in the development of the peripheral nervous system, as well as the development of the skin and eyes. Mutations in SOXB1 transcription factors have been associated with a variety of human diseases, including developmental disorders, cancers, and neurological disorders. Understanding the function of these transcription factors is important for developing new treatments for these diseases.

In the medical field, "trans-activators" refer to proteins or molecules that activate the transcription of a gene, which is the process by which the information in a gene is used to produce a functional product, such as a protein. Trans-activators can bind to specific DNA sequences near a gene and recruit other proteins, such as RNA polymerase, to initiate transcription. They can also modify the chromatin structure around a gene to make it more accessible to transcription machinery. Trans-activators play important roles in regulating gene expression and are involved in many biological processes, including development, differentiation, and disease.

Drosophila proteins are proteins that are found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which is a widely used model organism in genetics and molecular biology research. These proteins have been studied extensively because they share many similarities with human proteins, making them useful for understanding the function and regulation of human genes and proteins. In the medical field, Drosophila proteins are often used as a model for studying human diseases, particularly those that are caused by genetic mutations. By studying the effects of these mutations on Drosophila proteins, researchers can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and potentially identify new therapeutic targets. Drosophila proteins have also been used to study a wide range of biological processes, including development, aging, and neurobiology. For example, researchers have used Drosophila to study the role of specific genes and proteins in the development of the nervous system, as well as the mechanisms underlying age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 4 (FGF4) is a protein that plays a role in cell growth, differentiation, and development. It is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, which includes a group of proteins that regulate various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In the medical field, FGF4 has been studied for its potential role in various diseases and conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. For example, FGF4 has been shown to promote the growth and survival of cancer cells, and it may play a role in the development and progression of certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and glioblastoma. FGF4 has also been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, as it can promote the growth and proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels. In addition, FGF4 has been shown to play a role in the development and function of the nervous system, and it may be involved in the pathogenesis of certain neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Overall, FGF4 is a protein that has important functions in cell growth, differentiation, and development, and it is being studied for its potential role in various diseases and conditions.

HMGB proteins, also known as high mobility group box proteins, are a family of non-histone chromosomal proteins that are found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and repair. HMGB proteins are characterized by their ability to bind to DNA and facilitate the opening of nucleosomes, which are the basic units of chromatin. They are also involved in the regulation of gene expression and the maintenance of genome stability. In the medical field, HMGB proteins have been implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.

DNA-binding proteins are a class of proteins that interact with DNA molecules to regulate gene expression. These proteins recognize specific DNA sequences and bind to them, thereby affecting the transcription of genes into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately the production of proteins. DNA-binding proteins play a crucial role in many biological processes, including cell division, differentiation, and development. They can act as activators or repressors of gene expression, depending on the specific DNA sequence they bind to and the cellular context in which they are expressed. Examples of DNA-binding proteins include transcription factors, histones, and non-histone chromosomal proteins. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the transcription of genes by recruiting RNA polymerase and other factors to the promoter region of a gene. Histones are proteins that package DNA into chromatin, and non-histone chromosomal proteins help to organize and regulate chromatin structure. DNA-binding proteins are important targets for drug discovery and development, as they play a central role in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and infectious diseases.

Activins are a family of signaling proteins that play important roles in various biological processes, including embryonic development, cell differentiation, and tissue repair. They are composed of two chains, alpha and beta, that are encoded by different genes and can form either homodimers or heterodimers. Activins are secreted by cells and bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, triggering a signaling cascade that regulates gene expression and cellular activity. In the medical field, activins have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications in a variety of diseases, including infertility, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.

MSX1 Transcription Factor is a protein that plays a role in the development of various organs and tissues in the human body. It is a transcription factor, which means that it helps to regulate the expression of other genes by binding to specific DNA sequences. MSX1 is involved in the development of the craniofacial region, including the eyes, ears, and mouth, as well as the limbs and the skeleton. It is also important for the development of the lungs and the digestive system. Mutations in the MSX1 gene can lead to a variety of developmental disorders, including cleft palate, cleft lip, and limb abnormalities. These disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's health and quality of life. In the medical field, MSX1 is studied as a potential target for the development of new treatments for these and other disorders. Understanding the role of MSX1 in development and disease can help researchers develop more effective therapies and improve patient outcomes.

Fetal proteins are proteins that are produced by the developing fetus and are present in the mother's blood during pregnancy. These proteins are not normally present in the mother's blood before pregnancy and are not produced by the mother's body. They are produced by the fetus as it grows and develops, and they can be used to monitor the health and development of the fetus. There are several different types of fetal proteins, including alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and unconjugated estriol (uE3). These proteins are typically measured in the mother's blood through a blood test called a pregnancy test or a pregnancy screening test. The levels of these proteins can provide information about the health of the fetus and can be used to detect certain conditions, such as neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities, and fetal tumors. It is important to note that the levels of fetal proteins in the mother's blood can also be affected by other factors, such as the mother's age, weight, and medical history. Therefore, the results of a pregnancy test or pregnancy screening test should be interpreted in the context of the mother's overall health and medical history.

Proteins are complex biomolecules made up of amino acids that play a crucial role in many biological processes in the human body. In the medical field, proteins are studied extensively as they are involved in a wide range of functions, including: 1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion, metabolism, and energy production. 2. Hormones: Proteins that regulate various bodily functions, such as growth, development, and reproduction. 3. Antibodies: Proteins that help the immune system recognize and neutralize foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. 4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across cell membranes, such as oxygen and nutrients. 5. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide support and shape to cells and tissues, such as collagen and elastin. Protein abnormalities can lead to various medical conditions, such as genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of proteins is essential for developing effective treatments and therapies for these conditions.

Repressor proteins are a class of proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and preventing the transcription of the associated gene. They are often involved in controlling the expression of genes that are involved in cellular processes such as metabolism, growth, and differentiation. Repressor proteins can be classified into two main types: transcriptional repressors and post-transcriptional repressors. Transcriptional repressors bind to specific DNA sequences near the promoter region of a gene, which prevents the binding of RNA polymerase and other transcription factors, thereby inhibiting the transcription of the gene. Post-transcriptional repressors, on the other hand, bind to the mRNA of a gene, which prevents its translation into protein or causes its degradation, thereby reducing the amount of protein produced. Repressor proteins play important roles in many biological processes, including development, differentiation, and cellular response to environmental stimuli. They are also involved in the regulation of many diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic disorders.

Limb deformities, congenital, also known as congenital limb anomalies, are birth defects that affect the structure or function of a limb. These deformities can be present at birth or may become apparent later in childhood. They can range from minor deformities that do not affect function to severe deformities that can cause significant disability or disfigurement. Congenital limb deformities can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, environmental factors, or unknown causes. Some common examples of congenital limb deformities include clubfoot, Poland syndrome, and congenital hip dysplasia. Treatment for congenital limb deformities depends on the severity and type of deformity. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct the deformity and improve function. Physical therapy and other forms of rehabilitation may also be recommended to help the affected limb function properly. In some cases, prosthetics or other assistive devices may be necessary to help the affected individual perform daily activities.

Wnt1 protein is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of various tissues and organs in the human body. It is a member of the Wnt family of proteins, which are involved in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In the medical field, Wnt1 protein is often studied in the context of cancer, as mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway have been implicated in the development of various types of cancer, including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Wnt1 protein is also involved in the development of other diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis. Wnt1 protein is a secreted protein that binds to receptors on the surface of cells, activating a signaling cascade that regulates gene expression and cellular behavior. The activity of Wnt1 protein is tightly regulated by a complex network of proteins and signaling pathways, and dysregulation of this network can lead to a variety of diseases.

T-Box Domain Proteins are a family of transcription factors that play important roles in the development and differentiation of various cell types in the body. They are characterized by the presence of a conserved T-box DNA binding domain, which allows them to interact with specific DNA sequences and regulate gene expression. T-Box Domain Proteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. They have been implicated in the development and progression of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. In the medical field, T-Box Domain Proteins are the subject of ongoing research, with the goal of understanding their roles in disease pathogenesis and developing targeted therapies for the treatment of these conditions.

Nerve tissue proteins are proteins that are found in nerve cells, also known as neurons. These proteins play important roles in the structure and function of neurons, including the transmission of electrical signals along the length of the neuron and the communication between neurons. There are many different types of nerve tissue proteins, each with its own specific function. Some examples of nerve tissue proteins include neurofilaments, which provide structural support for the neuron; microtubules, which help to maintain the shape of the neuron and transport materials within the neuron; and neurofilament light chain, which is involved in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which are a hallmark of certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Nerve tissue proteins are important for the proper functioning of the nervous system and any disruption in their production or function can lead to neurological disorders.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Nodal signaling ligands are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in embryonic development and tissue regeneration. They are also known as Nodal proteins or TGF-beta superfamily members. Nodal signaling ligands are secreted by cells and bind to specific receptors on the surface of neighboring cells, triggering a signaling cascade that regulates cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration. They are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including embryonic patterning, organogenesis, and tissue repair. In the medical field, Nodal signaling ligands have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications. For example, they have been shown to promote the regeneration of damaged tissues, such as the heart and spinal cord, and to play a role in the development of certain cancers. Additionally, Nodal signaling ligands have been used as targets for the development of new drugs to treat various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders.

Wnt3 protein is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of various tissues and organs in the human body. It is a member of the Wnt family of proteins, which are involved in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. In the medical field, Wnt3 protein is often studied in the context of various diseases and disorders, including cancer, developmental disorders, and neurological disorders. For example, mutations in the Wnt3 gene have been associated with certain types of cancer, such as colon cancer and breast cancer. Additionally, Wnt3 protein has been implicated in the development of developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Wnt3 protein signaling pathways are also being investigated as potential therapeutic targets for various diseases. For example, drugs that target Wnt3 signaling have shown promise in preclinical studies for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.

Goosecoid Protein is a type of transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the development of various tissues and organs in the human body. It is encoded by the "GOSE1" gene and is primarily expressed in the developing limbs, heart, and brain. In the developing limbs, Goosecoid Protein is involved in the formation of the digits and the development of the skeletal system. It also plays a role in the development of the heart, where it helps to regulate the formation of the cardiac muscle and the conduction system. Goosecoid Protein is also involved in the development of the brain, where it helps to regulate the formation of the neural tube and the development of the spinal cord. In the medical field, Goosecoid Protein is studied as a potential target for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. It is also being studied as a potential biomarker for the early detection of certain diseases.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) is a protein that plays a crucial role in bone development and repair. It is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins, which are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and migration. In the medical field, BMP2 is used as a therapeutic agent to promote bone growth and regeneration in a variety of conditions, including spinal fusion, non-unions, and osteoporosis. It is typically administered as a bone graft substitute or in combination with other growth factors to enhance bone formation. BMP2 has also been studied for its potential use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, where it is used to stimulate the growth of new bone tissue in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, BMP2 has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects, making it a promising target for the development of new therapies for a range of diseases.

LIM-homeodomain proteins are a family of transcription factors that play important roles in the development and differentiation of various tissues and organs in the body. They are characterized by the presence of two zinc-finger domains, known as the LIM domains, which are responsible for DNA binding and protein-protein interactions. LIM-homeodomain proteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including cell migration, differentiation, and proliferation. They are expressed in many different tissues and organs, including the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle, and are involved in the development of these tissues. Mutations in LIM-homeodomain proteins have been linked to a number of human diseases, including limb malformations, cardiac defects, and certain types of cancer. Understanding the function and regulation of these proteins is therefore important for the development of new treatments for these diseases.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP7) is a protein that plays a crucial role in bone development and repair. It is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins, which are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and migration. In the medical field, BMP7 is used as a therapeutic agent to promote bone growth and repair in various conditions, such as non-unions (incomplete healing of bone fractures), spinal fusion, and osteoporosis. It is also being investigated for its potential use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to create artificial bones and other tissues. BMP7 is typically administered as a recombinant protein, which is produced using genetic engineering techniques. It can be delivered locally to the site of injury or disease, either as a standalone treatment or in combination with other therapies. However, the use of BMP7 in medicine is still in its early stages, and more research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and risks.

Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGFRs) are a family of transmembrane receptors that play a crucial role in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and survival. These receptors are activated by binding to specific ligands, such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which are secreted by cells in response to various stimuli. FGFRs are composed of three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, a single transmembrane domain, and two intracellular tyrosine kinase domains. When an FGF ligand binds to an FGFR, it induces a conformational change in the receptor, leading to the activation of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. This, in turn, triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. Mutations in FGFR genes can lead to the overactivation or constitutive activation of FGFRs, which can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer. Therefore, FGFRs are an important target for the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.

Eye proteins are proteins that are found in the eye and play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of the eye. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and vitreous humor. Some examples of eye proteins include: 1. Collagen: This is a protein that provides strength and support to the cornea and lens. 2. Alpha-crystallin: This protein is found in the lens and helps to maintain its shape and transparency. 3. Rhodopsin: This protein is found in the retina and is responsible for vision in low light conditions. 4. Vitreous humor proteins: These proteins are found in the vitreous humor, a clear gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. They help to maintain the shape of the eye and provide support to the retina. Disruptions in the production or function of these proteins can lead to various eye diseases and conditions, such as cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of eye proteins is important for the development of effective treatments for these conditions.

The word ectoderm comes from the Greek ektos meaning "outside", and derma meaning "skin". Generally speaking, the ectoderm ... In vertebrate embryos, the ectoderm can be divided into two parts: the dorsal surface ectoderm also known as the external ... Mammalian teeth develop from ectoderm derived from the mesenchyme: oral ectoderm and neural crest. The epithelial components of ... is completely engulfed by the prospective ectoderm, as these top cells undergo epiboly, where the ectoderm cells divide in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoderm

The surface ectoderm (or external ectoderm) forms the following structures: Skin (only epidermis; dermis is derived from ... dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm (specifically neural crest cells and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_ectoderm

... acts as an ectoderm factor their specifies the ectoderm by inhibiting p53 from activating genes for mesoderm differentiation. ... Ectoderm induction in early blastula in Xenopus embryo. Heasman, J., Quarmby, J., and Wylie, C.C. (1984). The mitochondrial ... On the other hand, only a few examples of genes that are required for ectoderm specification have been described in the last ... During ectoderm specification, the function of Smad4 is regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination made by ectodermin and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoderm_specification

For example, the ectoderm will give rise to the skin epidermis and the nervous system, the mesoderm will give rise to the ... "Ectoderm , The Embryo Project Encyclopedia". embryo.asu.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-07. "Mesoderm , The Embryo Project Encyclopedia ... For example, in neurogenesis, a subpopulation of cells from the ectoderm segregate from other cells and further specialize to ... During gastrulation of triploblastic animals, the three germinal layers that form are called the ectoderm, mesoderm, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo

... the ectoderm and the endoderm. The endoderm lines the gastrovascular cavity, which is a water-filled sac, this acts as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_viridissima

Ectoderm from the region of the dorsal lip of the blastopore of a developing salamander embryo was transplanted into another ... This began when boiled ectoderm was found to still be able to induce by Johannes Holtfreter. Items as diverse as low pH, cyclic ... The process begins when the notochord induces the formation of the central nervous system (CNS) by signaling the ectoderm germ ... In secondary neurulation, the neural ectoderm and some cells from the endoderm form the medullary cord. The medullary cord ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurulation

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is released by the extra-embryonic ectoderm (ExE) at embryonic day 5.5 to 5.75 directly ... In mice, PGCs originate from the proximal epiblast, close to the extra-embryonic ectoderm (ExE), of the post-implantation ... Ying Y, Zhao GQ (April 2001). "Cooperation of endoderm-derived BMP2 and extraembryonic ectoderm-derived BMP4 in primordial germ ... ectoderm and mesoderm. The specification of primordial germ cells in mammals is mainly attributed to the downstream functions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline_development

The parietal layer, together with overlying ectoderm, forms the lateral body wall folds. The visceral layer forms the walls of ... The outer layer is the ectoderm, and the inner layer is the endoderm. The mesoderm forms mesenchyme, mesothelium, non- ... During the third week, a process called gastrulation creates a mesodermal layer between the endoderm and the ectoderm. This ... The remaining cells form the ectoderm. After that, the epiblast and the hypoblast establish contact with the extraembryonic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoderm

"Entrez Gene: EED embryonic ectoderm development". Cohen AS, Tuysuz B, Shen Y, Bhalla SK, Jones SJ, Gibson WT (Mar 2015). "A ... embryonic ectoderm development (EED), and functions as a transcriptional repressor". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (33): 30677-85. doi: ... embryonic ectoderm development (EED), and functions as a transcriptional repressor". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (33): 30677-85. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycomb_protein_EED

The ectoderm develops into the surface ectoderm, neural crest, and the neural tube. The surface ectoderm develops into: ... The top layer is now called the ectoderm. Gastrulation occurs in reference to the primary body axis. Germ layer formation is ... The ectoderm generates the outer layer of the embryo, and it forms from the embryo's epiblast. ... It is, however, derived from the ectoderm. Germ cell Histogenesis Neurulation List of human cell types derived from the germ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_layer

The outer wall will become the ectoderm. Later forming the epidermis and neural crest. In tunicates, invagination is the first ... Once the endoderm cells were invaginated, the cells will keep moving beneath the ectoderm. Later, the blastopore will be formed ... and ectoderm. More localized invaginations also occur later in embryonic development, The inner membrane of a mitochondrion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invagination

Neural development happens in the dorsal ectoderm. In the genus Xenopus, over expression of Dullard undergoes apoptosis in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dullard_protein

It has its origin from oral ectoderm. It is one of the four major tissues which make up the tooth, along with dentin, cementum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tooth

The ectospermalege is derived from the ectoderm. It consists of a groove in the right-handed posterior margin of the fifth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermalege

The hindgut is a short invagination of the ectoderm, linking the midgut to the anus. It can be dilated and shortened by muscles ... Unlike the fore- and hindgut, which are derived from ectoderm, it has no cuticular lining. The midgut is surrounded by muscle ... The foregut (stomodeum) develops from the ectoderm. It is called pharynx before passing through the central nervous system, and ... which leads into a cuticle-lined duct derived from the ectoderm into the open through an organ (penis in males or ovipositor in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiliones_anatomy

In the head: Neural crest cells migrate Neural tube closes Overlying ectoderm closes In the trunk: Overlying ectoderm closes ... BMP is initially secreted from the overlying ectoderm. A secondary signaling center is then established in the roof plate, the ... Primary neurulation divides the ectoderm into three cell types: The internally located neural tube The externally located ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_tube

Cells that remain in the epiblast become ectoderm. This is the trilaminar disc and the epiblast cells have given rise to the ... In the first week of human embryogenesis two layers of cells have formed, an external epiblast layer (the primitive ectoderm), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_organization

Embryos have three layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. Each turns into various body parts. The nervous system grows from ... the ectoderm (which also contributes dental enamel and the epidermis). Ectodermal cells were placed into gel droplets and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_organoid

BMPs induce the ectoderm to become epidermal ectoderm. Inhibition of BMPs allows neuroectoderm to arise from ectoderm, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follistatin

AMS generally results in abnormal ectoderm-derived structures. The most prominent abnormality is the underdevelopment ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablepharon_macrostomia_syndrome

He concluded that when EDTA is used to remove the ectoderm from limb buds, regions towards the end of the limb do not form. ... In his 1948 publication "The proximo-distal sequence of origin of the parts of the chick wing and the role of the ectoderm", ... In 1962, Saunders published an article titled "On the role of ectoderm in limb development" in which he made several promising ... Additionally, Saunders's study indicated that when ultrasound is used to remove the ectoderm of the limb buds, some of them may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Saunders_Jr.

It can be found in endoderm or ectoderm. Myoepithelial cells are true epithelial cells positive for keratins, not to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoepithelial_cell

The nervous tissue is derived from the ectoderm. The epithelial tissues are formed by cells that cover the organ surfaces, such ... The epithelium in all animals is derived from the ectoderm and endoderm (or their precursor in sponges), with a small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)

The lens vesicle is developed from surface ectoderm. It will separate from surface ectoderm at approximately day 33 in a human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_of_lens

Sea urchin ectoderm network from the Davidson Lab. Mouse ventral neural tube specification from the McMahon Lab. Environment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioTapestry

Meanwhile, the overlying ectoderm secretes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). This induces the roof plate to begin to secrete ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

Meanwhile, the overlying ectoderm secretes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). This induces the roof plate to begin to secrete ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromere

The ectoderm then differentiates into neural and epidermal tissue. In reptilian embryos, beginning in the late-stage neurula ... while the nonvascularized ectoderm-mesoderm outer layer, termed the somatopleure, becomes the amnion and chorion. During ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurula

The ectoderm is the outermost layer of the embryo. This happens towards the end of the third week of gestation (time period ... The Central Nervous System (CNS) and memory in the fetus develop from the ectoderm following fertilization via a process called ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_memory

However, the lens is necessary to act as an inducer for the ectoderm to transform it into the cornea. Surface ectoderm produces ... The eye is essentially a derivative of the ectoderm from the somatic ectoderm and neural tube, with a succession of inductions ... The interaction between the growing vesicle and the ectoderm causes the ectoderm to thicken at that point. This thickened ... Surface ectoderm forms the lens, corneal epithelium and eyelid. The extracellular mesenchyme forms the sclera, the corneal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_development

Large search returns make our pages slow to load. Therefore, some functionality has been disabled until you refine your search to bring the number of returned assay results under TBD ...

https://www.informatics.jax.org/gxd/summary?markerMgiId=MGI:1917937&structureID=EMAPA:16069&structure=embryo%20ectoderm&tab=stagegridtab

Roles of the ectoderm in the coelomic cavity formation. During normal development the somatopleural ectoderm appears to control ... The lateral ectoderm is also required for maintenance of the somatic character of the mesoderm. Thus, the ectoderm plays at ... BMPs substitute for the lateral ectoderm in maintaining Smt-m identity. To elucidate the molecular cascade of the ectoderm- ... when Smt-m was recombined with the lateral ectoderm, it retained expression of the Smt-m markers (Fig. 5F,H). This ectoderm ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/126/18/4129/40349/Coelom-formation-binary-decision-of-the-lateral

Mouse anti-Ectoderm-heural cortex protein 1 (ENC-1) Monoclonal Antibody (Unconjugated), suitable for WB, ELISA. ... Target Ectoderm-heural cortex protein 1 (ENC-1) * Specificity Specificity has been confirmed by WB and direct ELISA against the ... Product Name Ectoderm-heural cortex protein 1 (ENC-1), Mouse Monoclonal Antibody ... Product Description google Mouse anti-Ectoderm-heural cortex protein 1 (ENC-1) Monoclonal Antibody (Unconjugated), suitable for ...

https://www.biosensis.com/mouse-monoclonal-antibody-human-362.html

In the ventral ectoderm, engrailed 1 gene product (En1) blocks production of Wnt-7a and, in turn, Lmx1b. The gradient of Lmx1b ... In the ventral ectoderm, engrailed 1 gene product (En1) blocks production of Wnt-7a and, in turn, Lmx1b. The gradient of Lmx1b ... In the ventral ectoderm, engrailed 1 gene product (En1) blocks production of Wnt-7a and, in turn, Lmx1b. The gradient of Lmx1b ... The ectoderm in the dorsum of the developing limb bud secretes a protein called wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1285233-overview

This pre-patterned ectoderm can be used to investigate the cell sorting behavior of hPSC-derived meso-endoderm cells, with an ... Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Micropatterned Ectoderm Allows Cell Sorting of Meso-Endoderm Lineages. ... Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Micropatterned Ectoderm Allows Cell Sorting of Meso-En ... ectoderm. We showed that by using micropatterning technology and by modulating BMP and WNT signals, we can regulate the ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/bolivia/resource/es/mdl-35935488

Maintenance of pluripotency-like signature in the entire ectoderm leads to neural crest stem cell potential How the neural ... Here, the authors show that the entire post-gastrula ectoderm maintains expression of pluripotency genes, leading to the high ...

https://www.nature.com/subjects/developmental-biology?error=cookies_not_supported&code=1e7ad1b9-7cf4-4e88-955e-f3afa05712d1

insect trunk ectoderm. 0. insect ventral ectoderm. 0. insect ventral ectoderm derivative. 0. ...

https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/ontology/annot.html?acc_id=UBERON:6001776

Ectoderm-mesoderm interactions are essential for the formation of several structures that arise from the ectoderm, including ... Specifically, it is critical for interactions between two embryonic cell layers called the ectoderm and the mesoderm. In the ... which impairs chemical signaling needed for interactions between the ectoderm and the mesoderm in early development. Without ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/edar/

offenders ,- ExE ectoderm y.ab3 ,- y.ab[setdiff(rownames(y.ab), offenders),, keep.lib.sizes=FALSE] y.ab3$samples ... Here, we remove the extra-embryonic ectoderm and reset the total number of cells for all samples with keep.lib.sizes=FALSE. . ... We see that extra-embryonic ectoderm is strongly depleted in the injected cells. This is consistent with the expectation that ... Coefficient: factor(tomato)TRUE ## logFC logCPM F PValue FDR ## ExE ectoderm -6.5663 13.02 66.267 1.352e-10 3.245e-09 ## ...

https://bioconductor.org/books/3.17/OSCA.multisample/differential-abundance.html

... the mesoderm separates the ectoderm and endoderm. Allowing ectoderm to touch endoderm causes a hole to form (this happens ... It is what becomes the "ectoderm". The groove pictured in these views extends lengthwise, forming a central stripe all the way ... This central lengthwise surface strip of ectoderm will become the nervous system. The rest of this layer, to the sides, becomes ...

http://pediatric-orthopedics.com/Topics/Embryo-S_Bifida/embryo-s_bifida.html

Ang ektoderm, ektodermo, o ektoderma (Ingles: ectoderm, Kastila: ectodermo, Catalan: ectoderma) ay isa sa tatlong pangunahing ...

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ektoderm

Mesenchyme-specific inactivation leads to limb defects, while ectoderm-specific inactivation leads to thin skin, alopecia, and ... absent ectoderm-, mesoderm-, and neuroderm-derived elements; and lobster claw deformity. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] ...

https://reference.medscape.com/article/1110936-overview

ectoderm (xenopus). XAO:0000001. fin (xenopus). XAO:0000002. olfactory placode (xenopus). XAO:0000005. ear vesicle (xenopus). ... non-neural ectoderm (xenopus). XAO:0004091. profundal placode (xenopus). XAO:0004093. epithelium of lens (xenopus). XAO:0004094 ... presumptive ectoderm (xenopus). XAO:0004132. crista of ampulla of posterior semicircular duct of membranous laybrinth (xenopus) ...

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/obophenotype/uberon/master/src/ontology/bridge/uberon-bridge-to-xao.owl

And the ectoderm, or outer layer, develops into the nervous system, hair, skin and eyes.. Month 2. Big changes are happening to ...

https://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/fetal-development/fetal-bones-skeletal-system/

The olfactory epithelium is developing from the ectoderm in the roof of the nasal cavity while the conchae are forming. ... The nasal placodes, oval thickenings of surface ectoderm, develop inferior and lateral to the frontonasal prominence at the end ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544232/

It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber, and two separate germ layers-an external ectoderm and an ... There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals ...

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Metazoan

tld is expressed throughout the dorsal ectoderm in D. melanogaster, but restricted to the neurogenic ectoderm of A. gambiae. ... For TUs restricted to the dorsal ectoderm, only those present in the pipe vs. Tollrm9/Tollrm10 and pipe vs. Toll10B, but not ... Among them, the entire set of known Dpp target genes that function in dorsal ectoderm patterning (zen, doc, hnt, pnr, ush, tup ... Second, there is an expansion in the limits of the dorsal ectoderm in A. gambiae as compared with the D. melanogaster embryo. ...

https://www.sdbonline.org/sites/FLY/aignfam/dvpatern.htm

Ectoderm thickens to form neural plate. Neural crests from from ectoderm. Crests meet forming a hollow tube underneath called ... After it invaginates it seperates from the surface ectoderm becoming the lens vesicle which sits in the optic cup ... The optic vesicles reach the surface ectoderm which thickens (a placode - thicker embryological area) to form the optic ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/self-study-4-embryology-of-the-eye-10387703/packs/18604268

surface ectoderm. 351. pericardial cavity. 266. subarachnoid space. 332. rhombencoel (fourth ventricle). 265. ...

https://affiliate.ehd.org/virtual-human-embryo/?stage=13§ion=42&zoom=0&labels=1

Upon differentiation in vitro, CD133(+)GFP(+) hESCs gave rise solely to ectoderm, as detected by expression of nestin. Tissues ...

https://www.cirm.ca.gov/about-cirm/publications/subpopulations-human-embryonic-stem-cells-distinct-tissue-specific-fates-can-be-selected-pluripotent-cultures/

1998) Highly restricted expression at the ectoderm-endoderm boundary of PIHbox 9, a sea urchin homeobox gene related to the ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/21/9143

The "neural ectoderm" in this case refers to the region of the ectoderm of the gastrula stage embryo that will form the ... Also, the result that Crabps modulates noise in RA is again based on measurements made in the neural ectoderm and not the ... neural ectoderm (2D) vs hindbrain (3D) in their measurements of RA concentration and noise levels. That is, we dont know the ... Also, the result that Crabps modulates noise in RA is again based on measurements made in the neural ectoderm and not the ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/14034

The speckled sections that at first form a basin in (a) and then close to form a tube in (f) represent the neural ectoderm. The ...

https://embryo.asu.edu/search?text=Marine%20Biological%20Laboratory&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B0%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A51&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B1%5D=dc_description_type%3A2989&%3Bf%5B0%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A310&f%5B0%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A95&f%5B1%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A51

The pathology of the disease arises from the developmental disorder of all three germ layers (mesoderm, ectoderm, and neural ...

https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/neurocutaneous-disorders-tuberous-sclerosis-complex-and-sturgeweber-syndrome

... has a dark center with dense non-ectodermal tissue and a bright smooth surface tissue which can be differentiated to ectoderm. ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2017.00626/full

3. Ectoderm. 4. Both ectoderm and endoderm. 39. Migration of individual cells from the surface into the embryos interior is ...

https://www.pharmatutor.org/exam-alert/national-eligibility-test-csir-net-paper-2015

The eye begins to develop 17 days after conception.10 Out of the ectoderm and mesoderm, the cornea and lens form. ...

https://lozierinstitute.org/fetal-development/week-9/

6. Dlx3 and GATA2 are required cell-autonomously in the non-neural ectoderm for Six1 induction. (A-F′)Host embryos were co- ... N) Decline of FoxD3 and Sox3 induction, and increase in Six1 induction with increasing age of belly ectoderm grafted into the ... Six1 (F-F′′) is induced in host ectoderm (arrowheads), whereas Sox9 (E-E′′) is induced in the graft (asterisk) and sometimes in ... D-H) After grafting belly ectoderm (B) from stage 13 pigmented donors into the lateral neural plate border (NB) of stage 13 ...

https://www.xenbase.org/xenbase/literature/article.do?method=display&articleId=44816

At the end of week 4 of human embryonic development, paired thickenings appear in the ectoderm on the ventral aspect of the ...

https://www.benthamscience.com/ebook_volume/3132

The neural tube is a hollow cylinder of ectoderm lying beneath the remaining surface ectoderm. Neural crest cells are found in ... the region of the embryo that lies between the newly formed neural tube and the surface ectoderm ... ... ... ... ... Subscribe ...

http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=neural%20crest%20cells

Mesoderm Endoderm Neural Dorsal Embryonic Ectodermal Nervous system Gene Structures Surface Expression Neural crest Genes Cells Found

So, ectoderm (outer layer), mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (deep layer). (pediatric-orthopedics.com)
Specifically, it is critical for interactions between two embryonic cell layers called the ectoderm and the mesoderm. (medlineplus.gov)
Ectoderm-mesoderm interactions are essential for the formation of several structures that arise from the ectoderm, including the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands. (medlineplus.gov)
All of these genetic changes prevent the receptor from interacting with ectodysplasin A1, which impairs chemical signaling needed for interactions between the ectoderm and the mesoderm in early development. (medlineplus.gov)
Around day 10, 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are usually distinct in the embryo. (msdmanuals.com)
Teratomas are a germ cell tumors composed of two or more tissues which originate from ectoderm, endoderm or mesoderm. (medscape.com)

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Micropatterned Ectoderm Allows Cell Sorting of Meso-Endoderm Lineages. (bvsalud.org)
This pre-patterned ectoderm can be used to investigate the cell sorting behavior of hPSC-derived meso- endoderm cells , with an endoderm that segregates from the neural ectoderm . (bvsalud.org)
During gastrulation, a hollow cluster of cells called a blastula reorganizes into two primary germ layers: an inner layer, called endoderm, and an outer layer, called ectoderm. (asu.edu)

Here, the authors show that the entire post-gastrula ectoderm maintains expression of pluripotency genes, leading to the high stem cell capacity in the neural crest. (nature.com)
Here, we developed an in vitro model of human ectodermal patterning, in which human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) self -organize to form a radially regionalized neural and non- central nervous system (CNS) ectoderm . (bvsalud.org)
in contrast, the neurohypophysis develops from the infundibulum, which is a downward extension of neural ectoderm from the floor of the diencephalon (see the image below). (medscape.com)
The oral ectoderm and neural ectoderm that form the pituitary anlagen are in close contact during early embryogenesis, and this connection is critical for pituitary development. (medscape.com)
A: Infundibulum and Rathke's pouch develop from neural ectoderm and oral ectoderm, respectively. (medscape.com)
The neurohypophysis develops from the differentiation of neural ectoderm into the pars nervosa, the infundibular stem, and the median eminence. (medscape.com)

En-1 blocks Wnt-7a expression, preventing expression of Lmx-1b there, and establishes the dorsal-ventral axis. (medscape.com)
The zerknullt target gene is repressed by high and low levels of the gradient, so that expression is restricted to the presumptive dorsal ectoderm. (sdbonline.org)

By having the same embryonic origin of the central nervous system (ectoderm), it represents an important role in emotions, since its innervations are linked to several body systems and reacts even to the smallest physical and emotional stimulations. (bvsalud.org)

It stimulates the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), the ectoderm at the tip of the developing limb bud, to secrete several different fibroblast growth factors (FGF), especially FGF-2, FGF-4, and FGF-8. (medscape.com)
Introduction: Ectodermal dysplasia is an abnormality of the ectoderm and its derivatives, phenotypically expressed in males and genetically inherited from mothers. (bvsalud.org)
Ectodermal dysplasia is an abnormality of the ectoderm and its derivatives. (bvsalud.org)

This central lengthwise surface strip of ectoderm will become the nervous system. (pediatric-orthopedics.com)

1) the mechanisms and dynamics for gene regulatory switches affecting the pluripotent ectoderm in vivo . (uibk.ac.at)

What structures ultimately from surface ectoderm? (brainscape.com)

The optic vesicles reach the surface ectoderm which thickens (a placode - thicker embryological area) to form the optic placodes. (brainscape.com)

Upon differentiation in vitro, CD133(+)GFP(+) hESCs gave rise solely to ectoderm, as detected by expression of nestin. (ca.gov)

Here we show that zebrafish tfap2c, encoding AP-2 gamma (Tfap2c), is expressed in non-neural ectoderm including transiently in neural crest. (nih.gov)
The overall aim of the Kerosuo Lab is to provide a comprehensive picture of early neural crest development as part of the ectoderm patterning process and neurulation. (nih.gov)
A major goal of the Kerosuo Lab is to understand how neural crest cells acquire and regulate their exceptionally high stem cell potential in the ectoderm and subsequently control their commitment into progenitors and various differentiated cell types during early embryo development. (nih.gov)
has shown that the entire ectoderm, and not just the neural crest domain, maintains a pluripotency-like signature after gastrulation, which challenges the dogmatic viewpoints of permanent loss of pluripotency during gastrulation. (nih.gov)

We hypothesize that expression of pluripotency genes (Nanog, oct4, Llf4, etc.) continue to be expressed in the entire ectoderm after gastrulation, which ensures a gradual ectodermal patterning process to the different domains. (nih.gov)

Cross sections from a neurulating chick head shows how cells with a pluripotency signature are not lost during gastrulation but instead are found throughout the entire ectoderm and are then gradually restricted to the dorsal neural tube at the end of neurulation. (nih.gov)

The scientists looked for ANR-, ZLI- and IsO-like gene expression patterns in the developing ectoderm of Saccoglossus kowalevskii , an acorn worm found in intertidal zones along the East coast. (nih.gov)

Anatomy32

Organisms14

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs37

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes14

Information Science3

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (1/1870)

Regulation of neurotrophin-3 expression by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: the role of Wnt factors. (2/1870)

Fish swimbladder: an excellent mesodermal inductor in primary embryonic induction. (3/1870)

Embryological study of a T/t locus mutation (tw73) affecting trophectoderm development. (4/1870)

Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. (5/1870)

BMP7 acts in murine lens placode development. (6/1870)

Gap junction signalling mediated through connexin-43 is required for chick limb development. (7/1870)

Chick Barx2b, a marker for myogenic cells also expressed in branchial arches and neural structures. (8/1870)

Ectoderm

Embryonic Induction

Gastrula

Mesoderm

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Embryo, Nonmammalian

Body Patterning

Nervous System

Endoderm

Xenopus Proteins

Morphogenesis

In Situ Hybridization

Chick Embryo

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Sea Urchins

Neural Crest

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4

Homeodomain Proteins

Germ Layers

Xenopus

Neural Plate

Blastula

Xenopus laevis

Embryonic Structures

Extremities

Fibroblast Growth Factor 8

Fibroblast Growth Factors

Gastrulation

Cell Differentiation

Limb Buds

Transcription Factors

Tissue Transplantation

Quail

Signal Transduction

Notochord

Wnt Proteins

Lens, Crystalline

Paired Box Transcription Factors

Otx Transcription Factors

Genes, Homeobox

Zebrafish Proteins

Nodal Protein

Branchial Region

Embryonic and Fetal Development

Chimera

Hedgehog Proteins

Embryonic Development

Head

Cell Lineage

Embryo, Mammalian

Central Nervous System

Triturus

Molecular Sequence Data

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors

SOXB1 Transcription Factors

Trans-Activators

Epidermis

Organizers, Embryonic

Somites

Drosophila Proteins

Drosophila

Fibroblast Growth Factor 4

HMGB Proteins

DNA-Binding Proteins

Zebrafish

Chordata, Nonvertebrate

Activins

Blastocyst

MSX1 Transcription Factor

Base Sequence

Blastoderm

Fetal Proteins

Proteins

Amino Acid Sequence

Repressor Proteins

Rhombencephalon

Neural Tube

Limb Deformities, Congenital

Wnt1 Protein