Echovirus Infections
Echovirus 9
Echovirus 6, Human
Enterovirus B, Human
Meningitis, Aseptic
Enterovirus
Enterovirus Infections
Meningitis, Viral
Antigens, CD55
Poliovirus
Receptors, Virus
Disease Outbreaks
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Picornaviridae
Orphanages
Coxsackievirus Infections
Integrin alpha2beta1
Glutaral
Haplorhini
Serotyping
Water Microbiology
Parechovirus
Neutralization Tests
Paralysis
Swimming Pools
Outbreak of aseptic meningitis due to ECHO-9 in northern Kyushu island in the summer of 1997. (1/17)
An outbreak of aseptic meningitis caused by echovirus type 9 (ECHO-9) occurred between June and August 1997 in the Chikugo area, Fukuoka, Japan. Clinical manifestations and laboratory data of 317 children with aseptic meningitis were analyzed. The age of the patients ranged from 1 month to 12 years with the highest incidence in 4 years old children. The male: female ratio was 2.0:1.0. Symptoms of the meningitis included fever (100%), headache (89.5%) and nausea and/or vomiting (85.6%). Skin rash was not frequent (2.2%) in contrast to previous reports of ECHO 9 infections. The number of white blood cells (WBC) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ranged from 10 to 3,493 cells/microliter (median; 412 cells/microliter). The neutrophils were more than 50% of the WBC in CSF in one-fourth of the patients at diagnosis. Enteroviruses were identified from CSF utilizing virus culture and enterovirus-specific RT-PCR, and ECHO-9 infection was determined by antibody titer of paired sera. Finally 44 patients were diagnosed virologically or serologically as aseptic meningitis caused by ECHO-9. Sequence analysis revealed that two strains of ECHO-9 isolated from CSF in this epidemic were closely related to ECHO-9 virulent strain Barty. (+info)Integrin alpha(v)beta3 (vitronectin receptor) is a candidate receptor for the virulent echovirus 9 strain Barty. (2/17)
The enterovirus echovirus 9 strain Barty (E9/Barty) is pathogenic for newborn mice as well as for humans. In contrast to the apathogenic prototype strain Hill, strain Barty encodes an RGD motif in the C-terminal part of the structural protein VP1. Data are presented that show that E9/Barty binds its target cells via contact of the RGD motif to the alpha(v)beta3 integrin (vitronectin receptor), whereas prototype Hill uses a different, still unidentified receptor site. Furthermore, virus titres of murine muscle tissue were compared after infection of newborn and 1-, 2-, 3- and 12-week-old mice. The replication capacity of the virus decreased dramatically with age of the infected mice. Since E9/Barty does not replicate or replicates only poorly in mice older than about 5 days, and expression of the vitronectin receptor is reported to be down-regulated in striated muscle tissue during development, it is suggested that susceptibility of mice to this echovirus infection is controlled by the availability of alpha(v)beta3 integrin. (+info)Echovirus-9 protein 2C binds single-stranded RNA unspecifically. (3/17)
Polypeptide 2C is essential for picornavirus replication. Although many data on multiple functions of this highly conserved protein are available, the mechanism of RNA binding is still obscure. In this work, protein 2C of echovirus-9 strain Barty was expressed as a histidine-tagged protein in E. coli followed by nondenaturing purification to homogeneity. After incubation of 2C protein with different kinds of RNA fragments, binding was shown in gel retardation assays. Competition experiments revealed that 2C targets linear RNA unspecifically; however, single-stranded linear DNA does not react with this protein. In contrast to poliovirus, protein 2C of echovirus-9 only recognizes RNA with a low content of secondary structures. This may be a first hint of a different binding specificity of 2C in echo- and polioviruses. (+info)Acute onset of type I diabetes mellitus after severe echovirus 9 infection: putative pathogenic pathways. (4/17)
Enterovirus infections have been implicated in the development of type I diabetes mellitus. They may cause beta cell destruction either by cytolytic infection in the pancreas or indirectly by contributing to autoimmune reactivity. We sought evidence for these 2 mechanisms in a case of acute-onset diabetes mellitus that occurred during severe echovirus 9 infection. The virus was isolated and administered to cultured human beta cells. No viral proliferation was observed, and no beta cell death was induced, while parallel exposure to Coxsackie B virus serotype 3 resulted in viral proliferation and massive beta cell death. Although the viral protein 2C exhibited a sequence similar to that of the beta cell autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD(65)), no cross-reactive T cell responses were detected. The patient did not develop antibodies to GAD(65) either. Absence of evidence for direct cytolytic action or an indirect effect through molecular mimicry with GAD(65) in the present case raises the possibility of another indirect pathway through which enteroviruses can cause diabetes mellitus. (+info)Successful treatment of enterovirus-infected mice by 2-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole and guanidine. (5/17)
Echo virus 9- or Coxsackie A 9-infected newborn mice are protected from paralysis and death by combined treatment with nontoxic concentrations of HBB plus guanidine. HBB alone also protects Coxsackie A 9, but not echo virus 9-infected animals, whereas guanidine alone is ineffective in either case. Protection is due to inhibition of virus multiplication via the antiviral activity of these selective inhibitors. Treatment must be begun at the latest 48 h after virus inoculation. 3 days of treatment are sufficient if started at the time of virus inoculation. Failure of protection after treatment with one compound alone is not due to rapid development of drug-resistant virus mutants. Infected, successfully treated mice may develop a solid immunity. (+info)Outbreaks of aseptic meningitis associated with echoviruses 9 and 30 and preliminary surveillance reports on enterovirus activity--United States, 2003. (6/17)
Aseptic or viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis and is associated with an estimated 26,000--42,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. Enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. Echovirus 9 (E9) and echovirus 30 (E30) have been associated frequently with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis. During March 2003, several state public health departments noted increased reports of aseptic meningitis and, as of August 7, seven states (Arizona, California, Georgia, Idaho, Oregon, South Carolina, and Texas) had reported outbreaks associated with either E9 or E30. This report summarizes the epidemiologic features of the aseptic meningitis outbreaks in five states (Arizona, California, Georgia, Idaho, and South Carolina) and provides an overview of enterovirus activity in the United States during January 1--August 7. Enteroviruses, E9 and E30 in particular, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persons with aseptic meningitis. (+info)Aseptic meningitis outbreak associated with echovirus 9 among recreational vehicle campers--Connecticut, 2003. (7/17)
Aseptic meningitis is an inflammation of the tissues covering the brain and spinal cord and caused by a virus, most frequently an enterovirus. In August 2003, the Connecticut Department of Public Health (CDPH) received a report of three viral meningitis cases among recreational vehicle (RV) campers staying at a campground in northeastern Connecticut. CDPH, assisted by CDC, conducted an investigation, which 1) identified a total of 12 cases of aseptic meningitis and 24 cases of enterovirus-like illness among 201 campers interviewed, 2) demonstrated how transmission of enterovirus from persons with mild illness contributed to the aseptic meningitis outbreak, and 3) determined that crowded conditions inside RVs and in the campground swimming pool likely facilitated spread of enterovirus. Pool operators should check chlorine and pH levels frequently, particularly during peak pool occupancy; adults should take precautions against passing enterovirus to children, who are at greater risk for severe illness. (+info)Acid stability of hepatitis A virus. (8/17)
The acid stability of unpurified and highly purified hepatitis A virus (HAV) was tested and compared with that of poliovirus type 1, coxsackievirus types A9 and B1 and echovirus type 9. Only HAV had a high residual infectivity after 2 h of exposure to pH 1 at room temperature, remaining infectious for up to 5 h. At 38 degrees C, pH 1, HAV remained infectious for 90 min. Highly purified HAV was found to be infectious for 8 h at pH 1 and room temperature. This indicates that the increased stability is not due to protection by cellular material attached to the virus, but is a virus-specific marker. Under the same conditions, at pH 1 and room temperature, unpurified and highly purified HAV antigens were traceable for 5 and 4 h respectively. (+info)Echovirus infections refer to diseases caused by infection with an echovirus, which is a type of enterovirus. Echoviruses are named for their ability to cause “echo” diseases, or symptoms that resemble those caused by other viruses. They are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission.
Echovirus infections can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific strain of the virus and the age and overall health of the person infected. Some common symptoms include fever, rash, mouth sores, muscle aches, and respiratory symptoms such as cough and runny nose. In severe cases, echovirus infections can cause more serious complications, such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), or pericarditis (inflammation of the lining around the heart).
Echovirus infections are typically diagnosed based on symptoms, as well as laboratory tests that can detect the presence of the virus in samples such as stool, throat swabs, or cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment for echovirus infections is generally supportive and aimed at managing symptoms, as there is no specific antiviral treatment available. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
Echovirus 9 is a type of enterovirus, which is a single-stranded RNA virus that can infect humans. The name "echovirus" stands for "enteric cytopathic human orphan virus," as these viruses were initially discovered in the intestines and were not known to cause any specific diseases. However, it is now known that some echoviruses, including echovirus 9, can cause a range of illnesses, particularly in children.
Echovirus 9 is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually through contaminated food or water. Once inside the body, the virus can infect various organs and tissues, including the respiratory system, central nervous system, and skin.
The symptoms of echovirus 9 infection can vary widely depending on the age and overall health of the infected person, as well as the severity of the infection. In some cases, people may not experience any symptoms at all. However, in others, the virus can cause a range of illnesses, including:
* Common cold-like symptoms, such as runny nose, sore throat, and cough
* Fever and fatigue
* Skin rashes or mouth ulcers
* Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
* Neurological symptoms, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or paralysis
In severe cases, echovirus 9 infection can lead to serious complications, particularly in people with weakened immune systems. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage fever and pain. There is no specific antiviral treatment for echovirus 9 infection. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding contact with sick individuals.
Echoovirus 6 is a type of human enterovirus, a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Picornaviridae. The name "echo" is derived from the Greek word "echo," meaning "sound," as these viruses were initially discovered due to the symptoms they caused in newborn mice, which included tremors and limb weakness.
Echoovirus 6 specifically infects humans and can cause a range of clinical manifestations, including respiratory illnesses, gastrointestinal symptoms, skin rashes, and neurological disorders. However, many infections with echoovirus 6 are asymptomatic or result in mild symptoms that may go unnoticed.
Echoovirus 6 is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, although respiratory transmission has also been reported. The virus can be found in the stool of infected individuals for several weeks after infection, making it possible for the virus to spread easily within communities.
Like other enteroviruses, echoovirus 6 is resistant to many common disinfectants and can survive on surfaces for extended periods, making proper hygiene practices essential in preventing its spread. There are currently no specific antiviral treatments available for echoovirus 6 infections, and treatment is typically supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and maintaining hydration.
Enterovirus B, Human (HEVB) is a type of enterovirus that infects humans. Enteroviruses are small viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family and are named after the Greek word "pico" meaning small. They are further classified into several species, including Human Enterovirus B (HEV-B).
HEVB includes several serotypes, such as Coxsackievirus A9, A16, and B types, and Echoviruses. These viruses are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route or respiratory droplets and can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms like fever, rash, and sore throat to more severe diseases such as meningitis, myocarditis, and paralysis.
HEVB infections are common worldwide, and people of all ages can be affected. However, young children and individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for severe illness. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals. There is no specific treatment for HEVB infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, hospitalization may be necessary for severe cases.
Aseptic meningitis is a type of meningitis (inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) that is not caused by bacterial infection. Instead, it can be due to viral infections, fungal infections, or non-infectious causes such as certain medications, chemical irritants, or underlying medical conditions. In aseptic meningitis, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis may show increased white blood cells, typically lymphocytes, but no bacterial growth on culture. Common viral causes include enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, and varicella-zoster virus. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, antiviral medications, or immunosuppressive therapy in some cases.
An enterovirus is a type of virus that primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, or by consuming food or water contaminated with the virus.
While many people infected with enteroviruses may not experience any symptoms, some may develop mild to severe illnesses such as hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis (in case of poliovirus). Infection can occur in people of all ages, but young children are more susceptible to infection and severe illness.
Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently with soap and water, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not sharing food or drinks with someone who is ill. There are also vaccines available to prevent poliovirus infection.
Enterovirus infections are viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of picornavirus. These viruses commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type of enterovirus and the age and overall health of the infected individual.
There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. Some enterovirus infections may be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, while others can lead to more severe illnesses.
Common symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and skin rashes. In some cases, enteroviruses can cause more serious complications such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), and paralysis.
Enterovirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission. They can also be spread through contaminated surfaces or objects. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.
There are no specific antiviral treatments for enterovirus infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. Prevention efforts include vaccination against poliovirus and surveillance for emerging enteroviruses.
Viral meningitis is a form of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by viral infections, such as enteroviruses, herpesviruses, and HIV. The infection enters the body through the respiratory system or the gastrointestinal tract and then spreads to the central nervous system.
Symptoms of viral meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, photophobia (intolerance to light), and altered mental status. In some cases, patients may also experience vomiting, seizures, or skin rash. However, viral meningitis is generally less severe than bacterial meningitis and has a lower mortality rate.
Most cases of viral meningitis resolve on their own within 7-10 days, and treatment typically involves supportive care such as hydration, pain relief, and fever reduction. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, so they are not used to treat viral meningitis. In some cases, antiviral medications may be prescribed for certain types of viral meningitis, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) meningitis.
Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. There is also a vaccine available to protect against enterovirus D68, which can cause viral meningitis in some cases.
CD55, also known as Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), is a protein that acts as an inhibitor of the complement system, which is a part of the immune system. It prevents the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) on host cells and tissues, thereby protecting them from damage caused by the complement activation. CD55 is found on the surface of many types of cells in the body, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and cells lining the blood vessels.
As an antigen, CD55 is a molecule that can be recognized by the immune system and stimulate an immune response. However, unlike some other antigens, CD55 does not typically elicit a strong immune response because it is a self-antigen, meaning it is normally present in the body and should not be targeted by the immune system.
In certain medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders or transplant rejection, the immune system may mistakenly attack cells expressing CD55. In these cases, measuring the levels of CD55 antigens can provide valuable diagnostic information and help guide treatment decisions.
Poliovirus is a human enterovirus, specifically a type of picornavirus, that is the causative agent of poliomyelitis (polio). It is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. There are three serotypes of Poliovirus (types 1, 2 and 3) which can cause different degrees of severity in the disease. The virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route and infects the gastrointestinal tract, from where it can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis.
The Poliovirus has an icosahedral symmetry, with a diameter of about 30 nanometers. It contains a single stranded RNA genome which is encapsidated in a protein shell called capsid. The capsid is made up of 60 units of four different proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4).
Poliovirus has been eradicated from most countries of the world through widespread vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) or oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). However, it still remains endemic in a few countries and is considered a major public health concern.
Virus receptors are specific molecules (commonly proteins) on the surface of host cells that viruses bind to in order to enter and infect those cells. This interaction between the virus and its receptor is a critical step in the infection process. Different types of viruses have different receptor requirements, and identifying these receptors can provide important insights into the biology of the virus and potential targets for antiviral therapies.
A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.
Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.
Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and provides nutrients to the brain while removing waste products. CSF is produced by specialized cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. From there, it circulates through the ventricular system and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream. CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer.
Picornaviridae is a family of small, single-stranded RNA viruses that are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral symmetry. The name "picornavirus" is derived from "pico," meaning small, and "RNA." These viruses are responsible for a variety of human and animal diseases, including the common cold, poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and myocarditis. The genome of picornaviruses is around 7.5 to 8.5 kilobases in length and encodes a single polyprotein that is processed into structural and nonstructural proteins by viral proteases. Picornaviridae includes several important genera, such as Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Aphthovirus, and Erbovirus.
Sewage is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and medicine. Sewage is the wastewater that is produced by households and industries, which contains a variety of contaminants including human waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. It can contain various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can cause diseases in humans if they come into contact with it or consume contaminated food or water. Therefore, the proper treatment and disposal of sewage is essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health.
I apologize for any confusion, but "orphanages" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. An orphanage is a residential institution where children who have been separated from their biological families live and receive care. This can include children who have lost both parents, as well as those who have been abandoned or removed from their homes due to neglect or abuse. It's important to note that the use of orphanages has decreased in many parts of the world over the past few decades, with a shift towards family-based care options such as foster care and kinship care.
Skin manifestations refer to visible changes on the skin that can indicate an underlying medical condition or disease process. These changes can include rashes, lesions, discoloration, eruptions, blisters, hives, and other abnormalities. The appearance, distribution, and pattern of these manifestations can provide important clues for healthcare professionals to diagnose and manage the underlying condition.
Skin manifestations can be caused by a wide range of factors, including infections, inflammatory conditions, allergic reactions, genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. In some cases, skin manifestations may be the primary symptom of a medical condition, while in other cases, they may be a secondary effect of medication or treatment.
It is important to note that while skin manifestations can provide valuable diagnostic information, they should always be evaluated in the context of the patient's overall medical history and presentation. A thorough physical examination and appropriate diagnostic tests are often necessary to confirm a diagnosis and develop an effective treatment plan.
Coxsackievirus infections are a type of viral illness caused by Coxsackie A and B viruses, which belong to the family Picornaviridae. These viruses can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific strain and the age and overall health of the infected individual.
The most common types of Coxsackievirus infections are hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. HFMD is characterized by fever, sore throat, and a rash that typically appears on the hands, feet, and mouth. Herpangina is similar but is usually marked by painful sores in the back of the mouth or throat.
Other possible symptoms of Coxsackievirus infections include:
* Fever
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
In some cases, Coxsackievirus infections can lead to more serious complications, such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), or pleurodynia (also known as "devil's grip," a painful inflammation of the chest and abdominal muscles).
Coxsackievirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or by touching contaminated surfaces. The viruses can also be spread through fecal-oral transmission.
There is no specific treatment for Coxsackievirus infections, and most people recover on their own within a week or two. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and pain relief. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.
A capsid is the protein shell that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus. It is composed of multiple copies of one or more proteins that are arranged in a specific structure, which can vary in shape and symmetry depending on the type of virus. The capsid plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including protecting the viral genome from host cell defenses, mediating attachment to and entry into host cells, and assisting with the assembly of new virus particles during replication.
Integrin α2β1, also known as very late antigen-2 (VLA-2) or laminin receptor, is a heterodimeric transmembrane receptor protein composed of α2 and β1 subunits. It belongs to the integrin family of adhesion molecules that play crucial roles in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions.
Integrin α2β1 is widely expressed on various cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and some hematopoietic cells. It functions as a receptor for several ECM proteins, such as collagens (type I, II, III, and V), laminin, and fibronectin. The binding of integrin α2β1 to these ECM components mediates cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival, thereby regulating various physiological and pathological processes, such as tissue repair, angiogenesis, inflammation, and tumor progression.
In addition, integrin α2β1 has been implicated in several diseases, including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Therefore, targeting this integrin with therapeutic strategies may provide potential benefits for treating these conditions.
A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.
Hemagglutination is a process where red blood cells (RBCs) agglutinate or clump together. Viral hemagglutination refers to the ability of certain viruses to bind to and agglutinate RBCs. This is often due to viral surface proteins known as hemagglutinins, which can recognize and attach to specific receptors on the surface of RBCs.
In virology, viral hemagglutination assays are commonly used for virus identification and quantification. For example, the influenza virus is known to hemagglutinate chicken RBCs, and this property can be used to identify and titrate the virus in a sample. The hemagglutination titer is the highest dilution of a virus that still causes visible agglutination of RBCs. This information can be useful in understanding the viral load in a patient or during vaccine production.
I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Glutaral" does not seem to be a recognized medical term or abbreviation in healthcare and biomedical sciences. It is possible that you may be looking for information on "glutaraldehyde," which is a disinfectant and sterilizing agent used in medical settings.
Glutaraldehyde is a chemical compound with the formula C5H8O2, and it's often used as a 2% solution. It's an effective agent against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making it useful for sterilizing medical equipment. However, glutaraldehyde can cause respiratory issues and skin irritation in some individuals, so proper handling and use are essential to minimize exposure.
If you meant to ask about a different term or if this answer does not address your question, please provide more context or clarify your request, and I will be happy to help further.
Haplorhini is a term used in the field of primatology and physical anthropology to refer to a parvorder of simian primates, which includes humans, apes (both great and small), and Old World monkeys. The name "Haplorhini" comes from the Greek words "haploos," meaning single or simple, and "rhinos," meaning nose.
The defining characteristic of Haplorhini is the presence of a simple, dry nose, as opposed to the wet, fleshy noses found in other primates, such as New World monkeys and strepsirrhines (which include lemurs and lorises). The nostrils of haplorhines are located close together at the tip of the snout, and they lack the rhinarium or "wet nose" that is present in other primates.
Haplorhini is further divided into two infraorders: Simiiformes (which includes apes and Old World monkeys) and Tarsioidea (which includes tarsiers). These groups are distinguished by various anatomical and behavioral differences, such as the presence or absence of a tail, the structure of the hand and foot, and the degree of sociality.
Overall, Haplorhini is a group of primates that share a number of distinctive features related to their sensory systems, locomotion, and social behavior. Understanding the evolutionary history and diversity of this group is an important area of research in anthropology, biology, and psychology.
Serotyping is a laboratory technique used to classify microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the specific antigens or proteins present on their surface. It involves treating the microorganism with different types of antibodies and observing which ones bind to its surface. Each distinct set of antigens corresponds to a specific serotype, allowing for precise identification and characterization of the microorganism. This technique is particularly useful in epidemiology, vaccine development, and infection control.
Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.
In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.
Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.
Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.
Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.
The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:
1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.
Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.
Parechovirus is an genus of viruses in the family Picornaviridae. They are small, non-enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses that primarily infect humans. Parechoviruses are associated with a variety of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild respiratory illness to severe neurological disease in infants and young children. The most well-known species within this genus is Parechovirus A, which includes the types Parechovirus A3 (formerly known as Human parechovirus 1) and Parechovirus A19 (formerly known as Human parechovirus 6). These types have been associated with sepsis-like illness, meningitis, encephalitis, and severe gastrointestinal symptoms in young children.
Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.
The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.
Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part or all of your body. It can be localized, affecting only one specific area, or generalized, impacting multiple areas or even the entire body. Paralysis often occurs when something goes wrong with the way messages pass between your brain and muscles. In most cases, paralysis is caused by damage to the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. Other causes include stroke, trauma, infections, and various neurological disorders.
It's important to note that paralysis doesn't always mean a total loss of movement or feeling. Sometimes, it may just cause weakness or numbness in the affected area. The severity and extent of paralysis depend on the underlying cause and the location of the damage in the nervous system.
I'm not able to provide a medical definition for "swimming pools" as it is not a term that is typically used in the medical field. However, swimming pools are bodies of water designed for swimming and other recreational activities. They can be found in various settings such as residential homes, community centers, hotels, and fitness clubs. Swimming pools can contain either chlorinated or saltwater and should be properly maintained to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and algae that can cause illnesses.
If you have any medical concerns related to swimming or using swimming pools, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for advice tailored to your specific situation.
Human echovirus 9
Echovirus
Herdis von Magnus
Enterovirus
Bornholm disease
List of MeSH codes (B04)
Morbilliform
List of ICD-9 codes 320-389: diseases of the nervous system and sense organs
List of diseases (E)
Vincent Racaniello
Coxsackie A virus
Lactoperoxidase
Hopkins syndrome
Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis
Infections associated with diseases
Human viruses in water
ECHO-7
Neonatal cholestasis
Hypothiocyanite
James Hogle
Download Festival
Viral hepatitis
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Herpangina
Timeline of cancer treatment development
Coxsackievirus
Flaccid paralysis
Viral cardiomyopathy
Coxsackie B virus
Virotherapy
Human echovirus 9 - Wikipedia
Molecular Analysis of Echovirus 13 Isolates and Aseptic Meningitis, Spain - Volume 9, Number 8-August 2003 - Emerging...
Echovirus Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Pediatric Echovirus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Enterovirus Surveillance --- United States, 1970--2005
Cutaneous Conditions in Febrile Patients
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Department of Health and Aged Care | Communicable Diseases Surveillance - Tables, LabVISE
Echoviruses: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Guidelines for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals
Gingivostomatitis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Department of Health and Aged Care | Communicable Diseases Surveillance: Tables - LabVISE
소야그린텍
Chronic Enterovirus D68 Bronchiolitis Causing Severe Respiratory Insufficiency
Use of DEAE dextran in agar overlays to enhance size of ECHO virus plaques.
Echovirus - jeff noon
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
S-EPMC5321419 - Molecular detection and genotyping of enteroviruses from CSF samples of patients with suspected sepsis-like...
Overview of Enterovirus Infections - Infectious Diseases - MSD Manual Professional Edition
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The changing epidemiology of pediatric aseptic meningitis in Daejeon, Korea from 1987 to 2003 | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full...
Viruses - Common 70 (VIP) - Ergopathics Canada
Temporal and seasonal variations in incidence of stage II and III NEC-a 28-year epidemiologic study from tertiary NICUs in...
AFM Clinical Guidance | CDC
Coxsackieviruses3
- Enteroviruses are divided into 5 subgenera: polioviruses, group A coxsackieviruses, group B coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and the newer enteroviruses. (medscape.com)
- Other viruses, including Coxsackieviruses and echoviruses, were added to the genus based on their physical and chemical properties. (virology.ws)
- The risk of neurologic complications was similar among infants infected with group B coxsackieviruses and echoviruses, the two major enterovirus classes observed to cause disease. (johnshopkins.edu)
Serotypes4
- Echoviruses originally were classified into 34 serotypes. (medscape.com)
- Echovirus serotypes 1 and 8 bind to the α 2 subunit of the very late antigen (VLA) integrin molecule. (medscape.com)
- To date, 67 serotypes of enterovirus have been identified, 32 of which belong to the echovirus group. (medscape.com)
- Echovirus serotypes 1 and 8 bind a subunit of the very late antigen (VLA) integrin molecule. (medscape.com)
Enteric cytopathic human orphan1
- These orphan viruses were initially termed ECHO, an acronym for enteric cytopathic human orphan virus, which was later simplified to echovirus. (medscape.com)
20212
- 2021:chap 9. (medlineplus.gov)
- 2021, 9 (4), Art.no. 696. (szu.cz)
Enteroviruses1
- The first complete polyprotein sequence of HPeV-1 was lodged on GenBank in 1992, and from 1991 it was noted that a redefinition of these viruses into a separate genus may be more realistic 3,9,11 because of a range of genetic and biological features that differentiated them from other enteroviruses. (virologydownunder.com)
Aseptic Meningitis4
- Echovirus 13 (EV13), considered rare, was reported worldwide in 2000, mostly related to aseptic meningitis outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
- Echoviruses are common human pathogens that cause a range of illnesses, from minor febrile illness to severe, potentially fatal conditions (eg, aseptic meningitis , encephalitis, paralysis, myocarditis ). (medscape.com)
- Echoviruses, including echovirus 7 (EV7), are a common trigger of febrile ailments and aseptic meningitis in the United Says, especially during the summer time and fall (3). (palomid529.com)
- While approximately 9% of infants and children younger than 2 years of age with aseptic meningitis experience acute CNS complications in the form of complex seizures, increased intracranial pressure, or coma, the prognosis for long-term cognitive development appears to be as favorable as the prognosis for children with aseptic meningitis who do not experience these complications. (johnshopkins.edu)
Rhinovirus1
- Echovirus 10 has been reclassified as reovirus 1 and echovirus 28 as rhinovirus 1. (medscape.com)
20231
- 13(9): e074181, 2023 09 21. (bvsalud.org)
20161
- 2016 Sep;59(9):1928-37. (lu.se)
Serotype1
- Echovirus 9 (also known as E-9, E.C.H.O. 9, and formerly Coxsackie A23 or A23 virus) is a serotype of echovirus. (wikipedia.org)
Genus3
- Echoviruses are members of the Enterovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. (medscape.com)
- Echovirus 22 and 23 have been reclassified as members of the Parechovirus genus, and echovirus 34 is a variant of coxsackievirus A24. (medscape.com)
- Echoviruses (EVs) are RNA viruses of the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. (medscape.com)
Infection4
- The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has recently been recognized as a pan-echovirus receptor expressed on intestinal enterocytes (primary site of infection) and liver hepatocytes and microvascular endothelial cells lining the blood-brain barrier (secondary sites of infection), potentially explaining enhanced susceptibility of neonates to echovirus infection. (medscape.com)
- Echoviruses are common and are associated with both epidemic and endemic patterns of infection in individuals of all ages. (medscape.com)
- The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has been recognized as a pan-echovirus receptor expressed on intestinal enterocytes (primary site of infection) and liver hepatocytes and microvascular endothelial cells lining the blood-brain barrier (secondary sites of infection). (medscape.com)
- Rattanathumsakul T, Bunthanapat N, Suwanchairob O, Saksirisampan B, Buathong R, Tantiworrawit P. An investigation of a cluster of echovirus 6 infection with an encephalitis death in Samut Prakan Province, Thailand, 2015. (tci-thaijo.org)
20171
- 2017 Dec;10(4):9-16. (tci-thaijo.org)
Nucleic1
- The results showed that Echovirus nucleic acids could be detected accurately. (bioer.com.cn)
Virol2
- J Clin Virol 2009 May;45(1):1-9. (virologydownunder.com)
- Rev Med Virol 1999;9:245-62. (unt.edu)
Outbreak2
- An outbreak of HFMD in China during 2003 was caused by echovirus 19. (medscape.com)
- An outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in China during 2003 was caused by echovirus 19. (medscape.com)
Polioviruses1
- Echoviruses were first isolated from the feces of asymptomatic children in the context of epidemiologic studies of polioviruses. (medscape.com)
Antibody2
- Bunny polyclonal anti-UVRAG (U7508) antibody was from 391210-10-9 supplier Sigma. (palomid529.com)
- The bunny anti-LC3 antibody utilized for immunoblotting was offered by Ravi Amaravadi (University 391210-10-9 supplier or college of Pa). (palomid529.com)
Intestinal1
- Echovirus 7 enters polarized Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells by a clathrin-mediated endocytic procedure and after that techniques through the endosomal program before releasing it is genome into the cytoplasm. (palomid529.com)
Human1
- Human parechoviruses types 1 and 2 are picornaviruses that were previously named echovirus 22 and 23. (msdmanuals.com)
Acute1
- J20.7 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Acute bronchitis due to echovirus . (icd10coded.com)
Type2
- Echovirus 9 is the most common enterovirus type. (wikipedia.org)
- 9 people developed botulism type A after eating homemade savory jelly at a private party in Sønderborg, Denmark. (utoledo.edu)
Children1
- Those who are slightly ill and children are at particular risk of contracting echovirus 9 (A23). (wikipedia.org)
Wide range1
- [ 7 ] Echoviruses are infective over a wide range of pH (3-10) and are resistant to ether and alcohol. (medscape.com)
Study1
- The study showed that echovirus 6 genotype accounted for 42% of the sequenced cases. (omicsdi.org)
Site1
- 12. If some writers discover a shared narrative they want to explore more fully, this can to be done on a separate site, away from the echovirus page. (weebly.com)
Primary1
- The classic timing for a primary cell-mediated immune reaction is 9-14 days after the initiation of the offending drug. (medscape.com)