Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Physical Exertion
Respiratory Function Tests
Heart Neoplasms
Echocardiography
Exercise Test
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
Exercise Tolerance
Treatment Outcome
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Dyspnea is defined as difficulty or discomfort in breathing, often described as shortness of breath. It can range from mild to severe, and may occur during rest, exercise, or at any time. Dyspnea can be caused by various medical conditions, including heart and lung diseases, anemia, and neuromuscular disorders. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing dyspnea, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition.
X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.
The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.
CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.
In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.
CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.
In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.
Physical exertion is defined as the act of applying energy to physically demandable activities or tasks, which results in various body systems working together to produce movement and maintain homeostasis. It often leads to an increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature, among other physiological responses. The level of physical exertion can vary based on the intensity, duration, and frequency of the activity.
It's important to note that engaging in regular physical exertion has numerous health benefits, such as improving cardiovascular fitness, strengthening muscles and bones, reducing stress, and preventing chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. However, it is also crucial to balance physical exertion with adequate rest and recovery time to avoid overtraining or injury.
Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of medical tests that measure how well your lungs take in and exhale air, and how well they transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your blood. They can help diagnose certain lung disorders, measure the severity of lung disease, and monitor response to treatment.
RFTs include several types of tests, such as:
1. Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.
2. Lung volume testing: This test measures the total amount of air in your lungs. It can help diagnose restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
3. Diffusion capacity testing: This test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your bloodstream. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and other lung diseases that affect the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood.
4. Bronchoprovocation testing: This test involves inhaling a substance that can cause your airways to narrow, such as methacholine or histamine. It's often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
5. Exercise stress testing: This test measures how well your lungs and heart work together during exercise. It's often used to diagnose lung or heart disease.
Overall, Respiratory Function Tests are an important tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of lung conditions.
Heart neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the heart tissue. They can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors, such as myxomas and rhabdomyomas, are typically slower growing and less likely to spread, but they can still cause serious complications if they obstruct blood flow or damage heart valves. Malignant tumors, such as angiosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas, are fast-growing and have a higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. Symptoms of heart neoplasms can include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and irregular heart rhythms. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.
During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.
There are several types of echocardiograms, including:
* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.
Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.
An exercise test, also known as a stress test or an exercise stress test, is a medical procedure used to evaluate the heart's function and response to physical exertion. It typically involves walking on a treadmill or pedaling a stationary bike while being monitored for changes in heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), and sometimes other variables such as oxygen consumption or gas exchange.
During the test, the patient's symptoms, such as chest pain or shortness of breath, are also closely monitored. The exercise test can help diagnose coronary artery disease, assess the severity of heart-related symptoms, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for heart conditions. It may also be used to determine a person's safe level of physical activity and fitness.
There are different types of exercise tests, including treadmill stress testing, stationary bike stress testing, nuclear stress testing, and stress echocardiography. The specific type of test used depends on the patient's medical history, symptoms, and overall health status.
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) in the interstitium, the tissue and space around the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. The interstitium is where the blood vessels that deliver oxygen to the lungs are located. ILDs can be caused by a variety of factors, including environmental exposures, medications, connective tissue diseases, and autoimmune disorders.
The scarring and inflammation in ILDs can make it difficult for the lungs to expand and contract normally, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and fatigue. The scarring can also make it harder for oxygen to move from the air sacs into the bloodstream.
There are many different types of ILDs, including:
* Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): a type of ILD that is caused by unknown factors and tends to progress rapidly
* Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: an ILD that is caused by an allergic reaction to inhaled substances, such as mold or bird droppings
* Connective tissue diseases: ILDs can be a complication of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma
* Sarcoidosis: an inflammatory disorder that can affect multiple organs, including the lungs
* Asbestosis: an ILD caused by exposure to asbestos fibers
Treatment for ILDs depends on the specific type of disease and its underlying cause. Some treatments may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and oxygen therapy. In some cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.
Exercise tolerance is a term used to describe the ability of an individual to perform physical activity or exercise without experiencing symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or undue fatigue. It is often used as a measure of cardiovascular fitness and can be assessed through various tests, such as a stress test or a six-minute walk test. Exercise intolerance may indicate the presence of underlying medical conditions, such as heart disease, lung disease, or deconditioning.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by the persistent obstruction of airflow in and out of the lungs. This obstruction is usually caused by two primary conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to excessive mucus production and coughing. Emphysema is a condition where the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs are damaged, resulting in decreased gas exchange and shortness of breath.
The main symptoms of COPD include progressive shortness of breath, chronic cough, chest tightness, wheezing, and excessive mucus production. The disease is often associated with exposure to harmful particles or gases, such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or occupational dusts and chemicals. While there is no cure for COPD, treatments can help alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments may include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, combination inhalers, pulmonary rehabilitation, and, in severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.
Exercise is defined in the medical context as a physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive, with the primary aim of improving or maintaining one or more components of physical fitness. Components of physical fitness include cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Exercise can be classified based on its intensity (light, moderate, or vigorous), duration (length of time), and frequency (number of times per week). Common types of exercise include aerobic exercises, such as walking, jogging, cycling, and swimming; resistance exercises, such as weightlifting; flexibility exercises, such as stretching; and balance exercises. Exercise has numerous health benefits, including reducing the risk of chronic diseases, improving mental health, and enhancing overall quality of life.
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Publications
Grand Rounds Video Library
Measuring Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Signal Gradient in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - American College of Cardiology
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: MedlinePlus Genetics
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity | European Respiratory Society
Rebeccah L. Brown, MD, FACS, FAAPFatigue6
- Shortness of breath (dyspnea) and tiredness (fatigue) during exertion are the most common symptoms of this condition. (medlineplus.gov)
- The most common symptoms of ILD are shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea , as well as cough and fatigue. (nationaljewish.org)
- Asbestosis can cause progressive dyspnea on exertion, nonproductive cough, and fatigue. (merckmanuals.com)
- A recent clinical examination included complaints of sever episodes of coughing productive of phlegm, dyspnea on slight exertion and onset of marked fatigue with mile activity. (ssa.gov)
- Exertional dyspnea and fatigue progress gradually over many years. (health.am)
- The patients have also anemic symptoms (fatigue, weakness, dyspnea on exertion) and symptoms of thrombocytopenia (petechia, purpura, epistaxis). (lu.se)
Cough5
- She reported cough, shortness of breath on exertion, and occasional wheezing, which did not improve when away from work. (cdc.gov)
- At the patient's most recent evaluation in April 2012, she continued to describe symptoms of severe shortness of breath with even light exertion, paroxysmal cough, and an inability to tolerate smells. (cdc.gov)
- Cough and dyspnea on exertion are typical, with variable onset and progression. (merckmanuals.com)
- A 35 year old nurse presented with cough, dyspnea, and leg swelling of 5 days duration. (ispub.com)
- Recurrent or chronic cough and/or dyspnea with or without systemic symptoms should alert the physician to the diagnosis. (cdc.gov)
Shortness of breath on exert1
- A 68-year-old woman in the US with long-standing hypertension, obesity, and type 2 diabetes presents with shortness of breath on exertion that began 6 months ago and has since gradually worsened. (medscape.com)
Symptoms4
- Eisenmenger syndrome was initially described in 1897, when Victor Eisenmenger reported on a patient with symptoms of dyspnea and cyanosis from infancy who subsequently developed heart failure and succumbed to massive hemoptysis. (medscape.com)
- Her symptoms are episodic, occur with moderate exertion, last 10-20 min, and resolve with rest. (acc.org)
- Common symptoms associated with LAM include coughing and/or difficulty breathing (dyspnea), especially following periods of exercise or exertion. (rarediseases.org)
- Signs and symptoms of this form of heart failure include dyspnea on exertion, exercise intolerance, rales, and elevated jugular venous pressure, he said. (medscape.com)
Especially with exertion2
- Chronic dyspnea, especially with exertion, is a common feature of emphysema and can ultimately lead to reduced physical ability. (nursetogether.com)
- This inflammation and scarring also makes the lung a bit stiffer which can increase the 'work' of breathing and make you feel more breathless than normal, especially with exertion such as walking up stairs. (stanford.edu)
Worsening Dyspnea2
- A 75-year-old White woman in the United States presents with worsening dyspnea and significant edema in both ankles. (medscape.com)
- The image below is taken from a 45-year-old patient complaining of chronic, worsening dyspnea with exertion. (medscape.com)
Causes of dyspnea2
- Cardiac causes of dyspnea include right, left or biventricular congestive heart failure with resultant systolic dysfunction, coronary artery disease, recent or remote myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, valvular dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy with resultant diastolic dysfunction, asymmetric septal hypertrophy, pericarditis and arrhythmias. (aafp.org)
- What are the causes of dyspnea/shortness of breath? (brighamandwomens.org)
Orthopnea1
- Dyspnea was initially on moderate exertion but progressed to being at rest with associated paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, and effort indolence. (ispub.com)
Chronic dyspnea1
- A more recent article on chronic dyspnea is available. (aafp.org)
Gradually1
- Three months before admission, she gradually developed dyspnea on exertion and peripheral edema. (koreamed.org)
Exertional dyspnea1
- She reports persistent exertional dyspnea and chest discomfort for the prior year. (acc.org)
Pleural effusion1
- For example, if dyspnea is caused by pleural effusion , draining fluid from inside the chest can reduce shortness of breath. (brighamandwomens.org)
Tachycardia1
- This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. (bvsalud.org)
Patients9
- Most healthy subjects appear to have a lag or delay below which they report minimal changes in dyspnea or perceived exertion during incremental exercise, whereas most pulmonary patients do not, particularly for dyspnea. (springeropen.com)
- Many patients with PE will report no dyspnea at rest, and you should specifically inquire about dyspnea on exertion. (cooperhealth.org)
- Dr. D only experienced dyspnea after running 3 miles, which may seem perfectly reasonable in most patients! (cooperhealth.org)
- 81 dyspnoea descriptors were administered to 123 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 129 with interstitial lung disease and 106 with chronic heart failure. (bmj.com)
- Patients with cardiorespiratory disease use a variety of terms to describe the experience of being breathless, and it has been proposed that dyspnoea descriptors may provide a direct route for its quantification. (bmj.com)
- Dyspnoea on exertion was present in all patients. (ersjournals.com)
- The physicians who treat patients at the Dyspnea Center at Brigham and Women's Hospital provide expert care, collaborating with specialists in pulmonary and critical care medicine, thoracic surgery, cardiovascular medicine, neurology and cardiovascular and thoracic imaging. (brighamandwomens.org)
- In those patients who have unexplained dyspnea, the most accurate way to make a diagnosis is through advanced cardiopulmonary exercise testing. (brighamandwomens.org)
- How can patients manage dyspnea/shortness of breath? (brighamandwomens.org)
Moderate1
- Although his initial concern was dyspnea with heavy exertion, he soon became short of breath with moderate activity. (cdc.gov)
Diagnosis2
- The broad differential diagnosis of dyspnea contains four general categories: cardiac, pulmonary, mixed cardiac or pulmonary, and noncardiac or nonpulmonary ( Table 1 ) . (aafp.org)
- Dyspnea has many causes, which can make it difficult to find a diagnosis. (brighamandwomens.org)
Abnormal1
- Dyspnea is defined as abnormal or uncomfortable breathing in the context of what is normal for a person according to his or her level of fitness and exertional threshold for breathlessness. (aafp.org)
Mild3
- She also reports increasing dyspnea with even mild exertion, including walking around her yard. (medscape.com)
- Dyspnea can range from mild to severe. (brighamandwomens.org)
- A chest X-ray revealed reticulo-nodular shadows in the bilateral lung fields, and the patient had mild dyspnea on exertion. (nih.gov)
Lung2
- Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is characterised by exertional dyspnoea, exercise limitation and reduced quality of life. (bmj.com)
- The interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a diverse group of chronic lung conditions characterised by dyspnoea on exertion and poor health related quality of life. (bmj.com)
Measured using Borg or1
- Dyspnea or perceived exertion during exercise is most commonly measured using Borg or visual analog scales, created for use in adults. (springeropen.com)
Severe1
- While on TH, she developed severe dyspnea on exertion, her LVEF declined to 45%, and she developed ST T-wave abnormalities on ECG. (cancernetwork.com)
Short of breath1
- People who experience dyspnea feel short of breath. (brighamandwomens.org)
Emotions1
- Relaxation, meditation and other techniques to manage your emotions may help decrease the severity of dyspnea. (brighamandwomens.org)
Difficulty1
- dyspnea (difficulty breathing) with little exertion. (healthy.net)
Symptom4
- Dyspnea is a common symptom and, in most cases, can be effectively managed in the office by the family physician. (aafp.org)
- 1 - 4 Dyspnea is a common symptom and can be caused by many different conditions. (aafp.org)
- Dyspnoea is a debilitating and distressing symptom that is reflected in different verbal descriptors. (bmj.com)
- Shortness of breath is a normal symptom during intense exercise or exertion. (brighamandwomens.org)
Pulmonary disorders2
- Dyspnea and perceived exertion ratings obtained with both modified Borg CR-10 and Dalhousie scales during maximal cycle exercise were compared in 24 healthy adults and 17 with various pulmonary disorders. (springeropen.com)
- Mixed cardiac and pulmonary disorders are also common sources of dyspnea 6 , 7 and include COPD with pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale, deconditioning, pulmonary emboli and trauma. (aafp.org)
Incremental exercise2
- We recently described mathematical modeling and perceived exertion ratings during incremental exercise to voluntary exhaustion in children and adolescents using the Borg scale [ 10 ]. (springeropen.com)
- The 6 min walk distance (6MWD), incremental exercise test, modified Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea score and Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRDQ) were performed at baseline, following intervention and at 6 months. (bmj.com)
Maximal3
- Quadratic-delay model display improved fitting of observed trajectories of dyspnea perceived exertion during incremental, maximal exercise over simple power function. (springeropen.com)
- We reported that the Dalhousie scales accurately track dyspnea and perceived exertion during a maximal exercise test in a pediatric population of individuals with and without respiratory disease [ 12 ]. (springeropen.com)
- We evaluated cardiorespiratory parameters at rest and during maximal exertion to highlight any differences with the use of protection masks. (researchgate.net)
Scales8
- We sought to validate our newly created, pictorial Dalhousie Dyspnea and Perceived Exertion Scales in adult populations and compare ratings with the Borg scale. (springeropen.com)
- The Dalhousie Dyspnea and Exertion Scales offer an equally good alternative to the Borg scale for measuring dyspnea and perceived exertion in adults. (springeropen.com)
- Dalhousie Dyspnea and Perceived Exertion Scales offer an alternative to Borg CR-10 scale in adults and were preferred by half our healthy subjects. (springeropen.com)
- Both VAS and Borg scales were developed and studied in adults, and the Borg scale specifically was originally conceived to rate the distinct but related sensation of perceived exertion. (springeropen.com)
- We created an alternative scale for use in children and adolescents, Dalhousie pictorial scales [ 11 ], to measure dyspnea and perceived exertion during work requiring leg exercise such as cycling or running. (springeropen.com)
- We now report validation studies for our Dalhousie Dyspnea and Perceived Exertion Scales in adults, both healthy and with pulmonary disease, via three steps: (1) comparison with the current "gold standard," i.e. (springeropen.com)
- and (2) indirectly, by asking the respondent to report the level of physical activity they are not able to accomplish because of dyspnoea, 7 8 or within scales assessing the impact of disease on quality of life. (bmj.com)
- In contrast, other multidimensional dyspnoea scales assess recalled recent dyspnoea over a period of days using aggregate scores. (ersjournals.com)
Discomfort3
- Dyspnea is defined as a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity [ 1 ]. (springeropen.com)
- The Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile (MDP) assesses overall breathing discomfort, sensory qualities, and emotional responses in laboratory and clinical settings. (ersjournals.com)
- Dyspnoea is characterised as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity [and] vary in their unpleasantness and in their emotional and behavioral significance" [ 1 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Severity2
- The objective of this study was to develop an instrument that measures overall dyspnoea severity using descriptors that reflect its different aspects. (bmj.com)
- It provides a global score of breathlessness severity that incorporates both "physical" and "affective" aspects, and can measure dyspnoea in a variety of diseases. (bmj.com)
Chest pain1
- Chest pain and dyspnea on exertion. (acc.org)
Edema1
- For example, in a patient with pulmonary edema, the accumulated fluid activates neural fibers in the alveolar interstitium and reflexively causes dyspnea. (aafp.org)
Ventilation1
- Scale ratings for perceived exertion were plotted against work while ratings for dyspnea were plotted against ventilation using previously developed alternative models to simple power law. (springeropen.com)
Breathlessness1
- Many people describe dyspnea as a feeling of breathlessness. (nationaljewish.org)
Patient4
- Patient will display reduced dyspnea during regular physical activities. (nursetogether.com)
- Once a patient presents to our program with dyspnea, the underlying cause will be determined by our multidisciplinary team of clinicians. (brighamandwomens.org)
- A female patient without known medical history, who consults a comunicación with dyspnea on exertion and polycythemia. (bvsalud.org)
- The patient presented remarkable adulta clinical improvement to dyspnea, she was discharged with medical reference to the Adult Congenital Heart Disease clinic at Rosales National Hospital. (bvsalud.org)
Methods1
- This complexity is not evaluated adequately by current measurement methods for the assessment of dyspnoea, and it is often difficult to compare results between laboratory and clinical studies because they typically use different dyspnoea instruments. (ersjournals.com)
Exercise2
- Pictorial ratings of dyspnea and perceived exertion measured by both scale ratings rose as expected with increasing exercise intensity, and individual trajectories obtained by either scale were virtually superimposable in 90 % of subjects. (springeropen.com)
- After 8.3 METs of exercise per the modified Bruce protocol, she develops dyspnea. (acc.org)
Fibrosis1
- Classified into 8 histologic subtypes, all are characterized by varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis and all cause dyspnea. (merckmanuals.com)
Excessive1
- This remedy is effective at treating heart problems brought on by excessive alcohol use or physical exertion. (onlyhomeopathy.com)
Clinical1
- Therefore, we developed the Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile (MDP), an instrument that can be used in both laboratory and clinical research settings. (ersjournals.com)
Physical1
- Most cases of dyspnea are due to cardiac or pulmonary disease, which is readily identified with a careful history and physical examination. (aafp.org)
Measurement2
- Dyspnoea-12 fulfills modern psychometric requirements for measurement. (bmj.com)
- There is growing awareness that dyspnoea, like pain, is a multidimensional experience, but measurement instruments have not kept pace. (ersjournals.com)
Physician1
- Critical Cases: Unexplained dyspnea on exertion in a healthy young physician. (cooperhealth.org)
Diagnostic1
- 11 12 Studies have explored the semantics of dyspnoea, principally from a diagnostic perspective, or to understand mechanisms. (bmj.com)
Sensory2
- Evidence suggests that dyspnoea, like pain perception, consists of sensory quality and affective components. (bmj.com)
- 1 Other evidence indicates that dyspnoea, like pain perception, consists of "sensory quality" and "affective" components, 2 3 yet no currently available dyspnoea instrument encompasses these. (bmj.com)
Treatment2
- What is the treatment for dyspnea/shortness of breath? (brighamandwomens.org)
- secundum en mujer oxygen was administrated and pharmacological treatment was started. (bvsalud.org)