Dysarthria
Speech Disorders
Speech Production Measurement
Ataxia
Articulation Disorders
Speech Articulation Tests
Mutism
Speech Therapy
Cerebellar Ataxia
Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases
Voice Quality
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn
Subthalamus
Communication Aids for Disabled
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Cerebral Infarction
Hypoglossal nerve injury as a complication of anterior surgery to the upper cervical spine. (1/171)
Injury to the hypoglossal nerve is a recognised complication after soft tissue surgery in the upper part of the anterior aspect of the neck, e.g. branchial cyst or carotid body tumour excision. However, this complication has been rarely reported following surgery of the upper cervical spine. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman with tuberculosis of C2-3. She underwent corpectomy and fusion from C2 to C5 using iliac crest bone graft, through a left anterior oblique incision. She developed hypoglossal nerve palsy in the immediate postoperative period, with dysphagia and dysarthria. It was thought to be due to traction neurapraxia with possible spontaneous recovery. At 18 months' follow-up, she had a solid fusion and tuberculosis was controlled. The hypoglossal palsy persisted, although with minimal functional disability. The only other reported case of hypoglossal lesion after anterior cervical spine surgery in the literature also failed to recover. It is concluded that hypoglossal nerve palsy following anterior cervical spine surgery is unlikely to recover spontaneously and it should be carefully identified. (+info)Isolated dysarthria due to extracerebellar lacunar stroke: a central monoparesis of the tongue. (2/171)
OBJECTIVES: The pathophysiology of dysarthria can preferentially be studied in patients with the rare lacunar stroke syndrome of "isolated dysarthria". METHODS: A single study was carried out on seven consecutive patients with sudden onset of isolated dysarthria due to single ischaemic lesion. The localisation of the lesion was identified using MRI. The corticolingual, cortico-orofacial, and corticospinal tract functions were investigated using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Corticopontocerebellar tract function was assessed using 99mTc hexamethylpropylene amine oxime-single photon emission computerised tomography (HMPAO-SPECT) in six patients. Sensory functions were evaluated clinically and by somatosensory evoked potentials. RESULTS: Brain MRI showed the lesions to be located in the corona radiata (n=4) and the internal capsule (n=2). No morphological lesion was identified in one patient. Corticolingual tract function was impaired in all patients. In four patients with additional cortico-orofacial tract dysfunction, dysarthria did not differ from that in patients with isolated corticolingual tract dysfunction. Corticospinal tract functions were normal in all patients. HMPAO-SPECT showed no cerebellar diaschisis, suggesting unimpaired corticopontocerebellar tract function. Sensory functions were not affected. CONCLUSION: Interruption of the corticolingual pathways to the tongue is crucial in the pathogenesis of isolated dysarthria after extracerebellar lacunar stroke. (+info)Regulation of parkinsonian speech volume: the effect of interlocuter distance. (3/171)
This study examined the automatic regulation of speech volume over distance in hypophonic patients with Parkinson's disease and age and sex matched controls. There were two speech settings; conversation, and the recitation of sequential material (for example, counting). The perception of interlocuter speech volume by patients with Parkinson's disease and controls over varying distances was also examined, and found to be slightly discrepant. For speech production, it was found that controls significantly increased overall speech volume for conversation relative to that for sequential material. Patients with Parkinson's disease were unable to achieve this overall increase for conversation, and consistently spoke at a softer volume than controls at all distances (intercept reduction). However, patients were still able to increase volume for greater distances in a similar way to controls for conversation and sequential material, thus showing a normal pattern of volume regulation (slope similarity). It is suggested that speech volume regulation is intact in Parkinson's disease, but rather the gain is reduced. These findings are reminiscent of skeletal motor control studies in Parkinson's disease, in which the amplitude of movement is diminished but the relation with another factor is preserved (stride length increases as cadence-that is, stepping rate, increases). (+info)Diffusion-weighted MRI in acute lacunar syndromes. A clinical-radiological correlation study. (4/171)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinical-radiological correlation studies in lacunar syndromes have been handicapped by the low sensitivity of CT and standard MRI for acute small-vessel infarction and their difficulty in differentiating between acute and chronic lesions. METHODS: We prospectively studied 43 patients presenting with a classic lacunar syndrome using diffusion-weighted MRI, a technique with a high sensitivity and specificity for acute small-vessel infarction. RESULTS: All patients were scanned within 6 days of stroke onset. An acute infarction was identified in all patients. Pure motor stroke was associated with lesions in the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC), pons, corona radiata, and medial medulla; ataxic hemipareses with lesions in the PLIC, corona radiata, pons, and insular cortex; sensorimotor stroke with lesions in the PLIC and lateral medulla; dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome with lesions in the PLIC and caudate nucleus; and pure sensory stroke with a lesion in the thalamus. Supratentorial lesions extended into neighboring anatomic structures in 48% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Lacunar syndromes can be caused by lesions in a variety of locations, and specific locations can cause a variety of lacunar syndromes. Extension of lesions into neighboring structures in patients with lacunar syndromes appears to be more frequent than previously described in studies using CT and standard MRI. (+info)Tumour type and size are high risk factors for the syndrome of "cerebellar" mutism and subsequent dysarthria. (5/171)
OBJECTIVE: "Cerebellar mutis" and subsequent dysarthria (MSD) is a documented complication of posterior fossa surgery in children. In this prospective study the following risk factors for MSD were assessed: type, size and site of the tumour; hydrocephalus at presentation and after surgery, cerebellar incision site, postoperative infection, and cerebellar swelling. METHODS: In a consecutive series of 42 children with a cerebellar tumour, speech and neuroradiological studies (CT and MRI) were systematically analysed preoperatively and postoperatively. Speech was assessed using the Mayo Clinic lists and the severity of dysarthria using the Michigan rating scale. RESULTS: Twelve children (29%) developed MSD postoperatively. The type of tumour, midline localisation, and vermal incision were significant single independent risk factors. In addition, an interdependency of possible risk factors (tumour>5 cm, medulloblastoma) was found. CONCLUSION: MSD often occurs after paediatric cerebellar tumour removal and is most likely after removal of a medulloblastoma with a maximum lesion diameter>5 cm. (+info)Knowing no fear. (6/171)
People with brain injuries involving the amygdala are often poor at recognizing facial expressions of fear, but the extent to which this impairment compromises other signals of the emotion of fear has not been clearly established. We investigated N.M., a person with bilateral amygdala damage and a left thalamic lesion, who was impaired at recognizing fear from facial expressions. N.M. showed an equivalent deficit affecting fear recognition from body postures and emotional sounds. His deficit of fear recognition was not linked to evidence of any problem in recognizing anger (a common feature in other reports), but for his everyday experience of emotion N.M. reported reduced anger and fear compared with neurologically normal controls. These findings show a specific deficit compromising the recognition of the emotion of fear from a wide range of social signals, and suggest a possible relationship of this type of impairment with alterations of emotional experience. (+info)Episodic ataxia: a case report and review of literature. (7/171)
This report describes the clinical features of a 29 year female presenting with a 3 years history of episodes of cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria and nystagmus lasting 3-5 days, recurring almost every month. Sleep disturbance and buzzing in ears were noted 3-4 days before each episode. No other precipitant factor was present. Family history was negative. She was diagnosed as a case of episodic ataxia type-2 and was successfully treated with acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. She was asymptomatic at 2 year followup. (+info)Parietal cheiro-oral syndrome. (8/171)
Cheiro-oral syndrome due to a parietal lesion has been reported in conjuction with a brain tumor, infarction and migraine. Only six reports of cheiro-oral syndrome due to a parietal infarction have been reported to date. We treated a 45-year-old woman with cheiro-oral syndrome due to a parietal infarction. Her sensory disturbance was characterized by paresthesia in the lower face and hand on the left side, and severe involvement of stereognosis and graphesthesia in the left hand. The pathogenesis of parietal cheiro-oral syndrome is discussed. (+info)Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that results from damage to the nervous system, particularly the brainstem or cerebellum. It affects the muscles used for speaking, causing slurred, slow, or difficult speech. The specific symptoms can vary depending on the underlying cause and the extent of nerve damage. Treatment typically involves speech therapy to improve communication abilities.
Speech intelligibility is a term used in audiology and speech-language pathology to describe the ability of a listener to correctly understand spoken language. It is a measure of how well speech can be understood by others, and is often assessed through standardized tests that involve the presentation of recorded or live speech at varying levels of loudness and/or background noise.
Speech intelligibility can be affected by various factors, including hearing loss, cognitive impairment, developmental disorders, neurological conditions, and structural abnormalities of the speech production mechanism. Factors related to the speaker, such as speaking rate, clarity, and articulation, as well as factors related to the listener, such as attention, motivation, and familiarity with the speaker or accent, can also influence speech intelligibility.
Poor speech intelligibility can have significant impacts on communication, socialization, education, and employment opportunities, making it an important area of assessment and intervention in clinical practice.
Speech disorders refer to a group of conditions in which a person has difficulty producing or articulating sounds, words, or sentences in a way that is understandable to others. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as developmental delays, neurological conditions, hearing loss, structural abnormalities, or emotional issues.
Speech disorders may include difficulties with:
* Articulation: the ability to produce sounds correctly and clearly.
* Phonology: the sound system of language, including the rules that govern how sounds are combined and used in words.
* Fluency: the smoothness and flow of speech, including issues such as stuttering or cluttering.
* Voice: the quality, pitch, and volume of the spoken voice.
* Resonance: the way sound is produced and carried through the vocal tract, which can affect the clarity and quality of speech.
Speech disorders can impact a person's ability to communicate effectively, leading to difficulties in social situations, academic performance, and even employment opportunities. Speech-language pathologists are trained to evaluate and treat speech disorders using various evidence-based techniques and interventions.
Speech production measurement is the quantitative analysis and assessment of various parameters and characteristics of spoken language, such as speech rate, intensity, duration, pitch, and articulation. These measurements can be used to diagnose and monitor speech disorders, evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, and conduct research in fields such as linguistics, psychology, and communication disorders. Speech production measurement tools may include specialized software, hardware, and techniques for recording, analyzing, and visualizing speech data.
Ataxia is a medical term that refers to a group of disorders affecting coordination, balance, and speech. It is characterized by a lack of muscle control during voluntary movements, causing unsteady or awkward movements, and often accompanied by tremors. Ataxia can affect various parts of the body, such as the limbs, trunk, eyes, and speech muscles. The condition can be congenital or acquired, and it can result from damage to the cerebellum, spinal cord, or sensory nerves. There are several types of ataxia, including hereditary ataxias, degenerative ataxias, cerebellar ataxias, and acquired ataxias, each with its own specific causes, symptoms, and prognosis. Treatment for ataxia typically focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life, as there is no cure for most forms of the disorder.
Articulation disorders are speech sound disorders that involve difficulties producing sounds correctly and forming clear, understandable speech. These disorders can affect the way sounds are produced, the order in which they're pronounced, or both. Articulation disorders can be developmental, occurring as a child learns to speak, or acquired, resulting from injury, illness, or disease.
People with articulation disorders may have trouble pronouncing specific sounds (e.g., lisping), omitting sounds, substituting one sound for another, or distorting sounds. These issues can make it difficult for others to understand their speech and can lead to frustration, social difficulties, and communication challenges in daily life.
Speech-language pathologists typically diagnose and treat articulation disorders using various techniques, including auditory discrimination exercises, phonetic placement activities, and oral-motor exercises to improve muscle strength and control. Early intervention is essential for optimal treatment outcomes and to minimize the potential impact on a child's academic, social, and emotional development.
Speech articulation tests are diagnostic assessments used to determine the presence, nature, and severity of speech sound disorders in individuals. These tests typically involve the assessment of an individual's ability to produce specific speech sounds in words, sentences, and conversational speech. The tests may include measures of sound production, phonological processes, oral-motor function, and speech intelligibility.
The results of a speech articulation test can help identify areas of weakness or error in an individual's speech sound system and inform the development of appropriate intervention strategies to improve speech clarity and accuracy. Speech articulation tests are commonly used by speech-language pathologists to evaluate children and adults with speech sound disorders, including those related to developmental delays, hearing impairment, structural anomalies, neurological conditions, or other factors that may affect speech production.
1. Mutism (also known as Selective Mutism) is a psychological disorder where a person becomes unable to speak in specific situations or around certain people, despite having normal language skills. It's most commonly diagnosed in children and can lead to significant distress and impairment in social communication and academic performance. The exact cause of mutism isn't well understood, but it's believed to be related to anxiety and social phobias.
2. In a medical context, Mutism may also refer to a symptom characterized by the loss of speech due to neurological or psychological conditions, such as after a stroke or head injury, or in response to severe emotional trauma. This is different from Selective Mutism, which is a specific anxiety disorder that occurs in certain situations and not others.
Speech Therapy, also known as Speech-Language Pathology, is a medical field that focuses on the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of communication and swallowing disorders in children and adults. These disorders may include speech sound production difficulties (articulation disorders or phonological processes disorders), language disorders (expressive and/or receptive language impairments), voice disorders, fluency disorders (stuttering), cognitive-communication disorders, and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia).
Speech therapists, who are also called speech-language pathologists (SLPs), work with clients to improve their communication abilities through various therapeutic techniques and exercises. They may also provide counseling and education to families and caregivers to help them support the client's communication development and management of the disorder.
Speech therapy services can be provided in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, schools, private practices, and long-term care facilities. The specific goals and methods used in speech therapy will depend on the individual needs and abilities of each client.
Speech acoustics is a subfield of acoustic phonetics that deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, such as frequency, amplitude, and duration. It involves the study of how these properties are produced by the vocal tract and perceived by the human ear. Speech acousticians use various techniques to analyze and measure the acoustic signals produced during speech, including spectral analysis, formant tracking, and pitch extraction. This information is used in a variety of applications, such as speech recognition, speaker identification, and hearing aid design.
Cerebellar ataxia is a type of ataxia, which refers to a group of disorders that cause difficulties with coordination and movement. Cerebellar ataxia specifically involves the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain responsible for maintaining balance, coordinating muscle movements, and regulating speech and eye movements.
The symptoms of cerebellar ataxia may include:
* Unsteady gait or difficulty walking
* Poor coordination of limb movements
* Tremors or shakiness, especially in the hands
* Slurred or irregular speech
* Abnormal eye movements, such as nystagmus (rapid, involuntary movement of the eyes)
* Difficulty with fine motor tasks, such as writing or buttoning a shirt
Cerebellar ataxia can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including:
* Genetic disorders, such as spinocerebellar ataxia or Friedreich's ataxia
* Brain injury or trauma
* Stroke or brain hemorrhage
* Infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis
* Exposure to toxins, such as alcohol or certain medications
* Tumors or other growths in the brain
Treatment for cerebellar ataxia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, there may be no cure, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy can help improve coordination, balance, and communication skills. Medications may also be used to treat specific symptoms, such as tremors or muscle spasticity. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove tumors or repair damage to the brain.
The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for controlling tongue movements. Hypoglossal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and result in various tongue-related symptoms. These disorders can be congenital or acquired, and they may stem from different causes such as trauma, tumors, infections, inflammation, or degenerative processes.
Hypoglossal nerve diseases can present with the following symptoms:
1. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles on one or both sides.
2. Deviation of the tongue towards the affected side when protruded.
3. Fasciculations (involuntary muscle twitches) or atrophy (wasting) of the tongue muscles.
4. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and chewing due to tongue weakness.
5. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue and throat.
Some specific hypoglossal nerve diseases include:
1. Hypoglossal nerve palsy: A condition characterized by unilateral or bilateral weakness or paralysis of the tongue due to damage to the hypoglossal nerve. Causes can include trauma, tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological disorders.
2. Hypoglossal neuritis: Inflammation of the hypoglossal nerve, often caused by viral infections or autoimmune processes, leading to tongue weakness and atrophy.
3. Congenital hypoglossal nerve anomalies: Abnormal development of the hypoglossal nerve during fetal growth can result in various tongue-related symptoms and difficulties with speech and swallowing.
4. Tumors affecting the hypoglossal nerve: Both benign and malignant tumors, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or infiltrate the hypoglossal nerve, causing weakness or paralysis.
5. Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis: A surgical procedure that connects the hypoglossal nerve to the facial nerve to restore facial movement in cases of facial nerve palsy. This connection can lead to tongue weakness as a side effect.
Voice quality, in the context of medicine and particularly in otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat medicine), refers to the characteristic sound of an individual's voice that can be influenced by various factors. These factors include the vocal fold vibration, respiratory support, articulation, and any underlying medical conditions.
A change in voice quality might indicate a problem with the vocal folds or surrounding structures, neurological issues affecting the nerves that control vocal fold movement, or other medical conditions. Examples of terms used to describe voice quality include breathy, hoarse, rough, strained, or tense. A detailed analysis of voice quality is often part of a speech-language pathologist's assessment and can help in diagnosing and managing various voice disorders.
Inborn errors of metal metabolism refer to genetic disorders that affect the way the body processes and handles certain metallic elements. These disorders can result in an accumulation or deficiency of specific metals, leading to various clinical manifestations. Examples of such conditions include:
1. Wilson's disease: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the ATP7B gene, which results in abnormal copper metabolism and accumulation in various organs, particularly the liver and brain.
2. Menkes disease: An X-linked recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the ATP7A gene, leading to impaired copper transport and deficiency, affecting the brain, bones, and connective tissue.
3. Hemochromatosis: An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by excessive iron absorption and deposition in various organs, causing damage to the liver, heart, and pancreas.
4. Acrodermatitis enteropathica: A rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the SLC39A4 gene, resulting in zinc deficiency and affecting the skin, gastrointestinal system, and immune function.
5. Disturbances in manganese metabolism: Rare genetic disorders that can lead to either manganese accumulation or deficiency, causing neurological symptoms.
These conditions often require specialized medical management, including dietary modifications, chelation therapy, and/or supplementation to maintain appropriate metal homeostasis and prevent organ damage.
Metabolic brain diseases are a group of disorders caused by genetic defects that affect the body's metabolism and result in abnormal accumulation of harmful substances in the brain. These conditions are present at birth (inborn) or develop during infancy or early childhood. Examples of metabolic brain diseases that are present at birth include:
1. Phenylketonuria (PKU): A disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which leads to an accumulation of phenylalanine in the brain and can cause intellectual disability, seizures, and behavioral problems if left untreated.
2. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): A disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase, which leads to an accumulation of branched-chain amino acids in the body and can cause intellectual disability, seizures, and metabolic crisis if left untreated.
3. Urea cycle disorders: A group of disorders caused by defects in enzymes that help remove ammonia from the body. Accumulation of ammonia in the blood can lead to brain damage, coma, or death if not treated promptly.
4. Organic acidemias: A group of disorders caused by defects in enzymes that help break down certain amino acids and other organic compounds. These conditions can cause metabolic acidosis, seizures, and developmental delays if left untreated.
Early diagnosis and treatment of these conditions are crucial to prevent irreversible brain damage and other complications. Treatment typically involves dietary restrictions, supplements, and medications to manage the underlying metabolic imbalance. In some cases, enzyme replacement therapy or liver transplantation may be necessary.
The subthalamus is a region in the brain that is located deep beneath the thalamus and above the midbrain. It is a part of the basal ganglia, which are a group of structures involved in the control of movement. The subthalamus contains several different types of neurons, including glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, and plays a role in regulating movement, reward, and motivation. It is also thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of certain neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a specific structure within the subthalamus that has been the target of deep brain stimulation surgery for the treatment of movement disorders like Parkinson's disease and dystonia. The STN is responsible for regulating the activity of other structures in the basal ganglia, and its overactivity can lead to symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and difficulty initiating movements. By implanting electrodes in the STN and delivering electrical impulses, deep brain stimulation can help to regulate the activity of the STN and alleviate some of these symptoms.
Communication aids for disabled are devices or tools that help individuals with disabilities to communicate effectively. These aids can be low-tech, such as communication boards with pictures and words, or high-tech, such as computer-based systems with synthesized speech output. The goal of these aids is to enhance the individual's ability to express their needs, wants, thoughts, and feelings, thereby improving their quality of life and promoting greater independence.
Some examples of communication aids for disabled include:
1. Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices - These are electronic devices that produce speech or text output based on user selection. They can be operated through touch screens, eye-tracking technology, or switches.
2. Speech-generating devices - Similar to AAC devices, these tools generate spoken language for individuals who have difficulty speaking.
3. Adaptive keyboards and mice - These are specialized input devices that allow users with motor impairments to type and navigate computer interfaces more easily.
4. Communication software - Computer programs designed to facilitate communication for individuals with disabilities, such as text-to-speech software or visual scene displays.
5. Picture communication symbols - Graphic representations of objects, actions, or concepts that can be used to create communication boards or books.
6. Eye-tracking technology - Devices that track eye movements to enable users to control a computer or communicate through selection of on-screen options.
These aids are often customized to meet the unique needs and abilities of each individual, allowing them to participate more fully in social interactions, education, and employment opportunities.
Medical Definition:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.
Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.
Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.
For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.
Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.
Cerebral infarction, also known as a "stroke" or "brain attack," is the sudden death of brain cells caused by the interruption of their blood supply. It is most commonly caused by a blockage in one of the blood vessels supplying the brain (an ischemic stroke), but can also result from a hemorrhage in or around the brain (a hemorrhagic stroke).
Ischemic strokes occur when a blood clot or other particle blocks a cerebral artery, cutting off blood flow to a part of the brain. The lack of oxygen and nutrients causes nearby brain cells to die. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a weakened blood vessel ruptures, causing bleeding within or around the brain. This bleeding can put pressure on surrounding brain tissues, leading to cell death.
Symptoms of cerebral infarction depend on the location and extent of the affected brain tissue but may include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; loss of balance or coordination; and severe headache with no known cause. Immediate medical attention is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment to minimize potential long-term damage or disability.
Speech is the vocalized form of communication using sounds and words to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings. It involves the articulation of sounds through the movement of muscles in the mouth, tongue, and throat, which are controlled by nerves. Speech also requires respiratory support, phonation (vocal cord vibration), and prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation).
Speech is a complex process that develops over time in children, typically beginning with cooing and babbling sounds in infancy and progressing to the use of words and sentences by around 18-24 months. Speech disorders can affect any aspect of this process, including articulation, fluency, voice, and language.
In a medical context, speech is often evaluated and treated by speech-language pathologists who specialize in diagnosing and managing communication disorders.
A neurological examination is a series of tests used to evaluate the functioning of the nervous system, including both the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body). It is typically performed by a healthcare professional such as a neurologist or a primary care physician with specialized training in neurology.
During a neurological examination, the healthcare provider will assess various aspects of neurological function, including:
1. Mental status: This involves evaluating a person's level of consciousness, orientation, memory, and cognitive abilities.
2. Cranial nerves: There are 12 cranial nerves that control functions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and movement of the face and neck. The healthcare provider will test each of these nerves to ensure they are functioning properly.
3. Motor function: This involves assessing muscle strength, tone, coordination, and reflexes. The healthcare provider may ask the person to perform certain movements or tasks to evaluate these functions.
4. Sensory function: The healthcare provider will test a person's ability to feel different types of sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and proprioception (the sense of where your body is in space).
5. Coordination and balance: The healthcare provider may assess a person's ability to perform coordinated movements, such as touching their finger to their nose or walking heel-to-toe.
6. Reflexes: The healthcare provider will test various reflexes throughout the body using a reflex hammer.
The results of a neurological examination can help healthcare providers diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the nervous system, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or peripheral neuropathy.
Dysarthria
Flaccid dysarthria
Sensory ataxic neuropathy, dysarthria, and ophthalmoparesis
Oprelvekin
Apraxia of speech
Communication disorder
Muriel Morley
Speech disorder
Inland taipan
Cerebral palsy sport classification
Speech synthesis
List of OMIM disorder codes
Episodic ataxia
Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease
Scanning speech
Dysdiadochokinesia
Sydenham's chorea
Harry Lee Parker
X-linked sideroblastic anemia and spinocerebellar ataxia
Arteriovenous malformation
Glossary of psychiatry
Spasmodic torticollis
Thalamic stimulator
Athetoid cerebral palsy
Augmentative and alternative communication
Duo Gelland
Terry Wallis
Fitzsimmons-Guilbert syndrome
Lateral medullary syndrome
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
Dysarthria - Wikipedia
Dysarthria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Dysarthria (Slurred Speech): Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment
Relevance of Aerodynamic Evaluation in Parkinsonian Dysarthria | IntechOpen
Difference between apraxia and dysarthria | Difference Between
Comparison of Tongue Acupuncture and Traditional Acupuncture in the Treatment of Poststroke Dysarthria: A Meta-Analysis and...
ERIC - EJ1173908 - Dysarthria in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Cerebral Palsy: Speech Subsystem Profiles, Journal of Speech,...
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia-optic atrophy-dysarthria syndrome - Living with the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases...
The Effect of Botulinum Toxin A on the Vocal Symptoms of Spastic Dysarthria: A Case Study - speechBITE
Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment (FDA-2) Kit - ETC Consult Catalogue
Dysarthria
Dysarthria | Patient Innovation
Vowel acoustics in dysarthria: Speech disorder diagnosis and classification<...
Dysarthria Archives - Summaries & Essays
GreatSpeech-Dysarthria - Great Speech
Research | Dysarthria Analyzer | dysan.cz
Communication Disorders: Overview, The Normal Communication Process, Voice Disorders (Dysphonia)
NIH Stroke Scale | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Dysarthria - The Abilities In Me
Suffering from Dysarthria - Scope | Disability forum
Glossary of Terms | Parkinson's Disease
Apraxia and Dysarthria: Improving Intelligibility ~ Skill Up
dysarthria caused by anxiety Archives - Val Kleinhans
Dysarthria Archives - Toronto Home Care Services - Carefect
Glossary of Terms | Parkinson's Disease
Dysarthria Treatment | Orange County NY | Goshen Speech and Hearing
Assessment and treatment of progressive dysarthria</em>...
Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment1
- Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment (FDA-2) and to use this tool to describe the features of speech in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). (elsevierpure.com)
People with dysarthria6
- People with dysarthria have trouble making certain sounds or words. (medlineplus.gov)
- Surgery may help people with dysarthria. (medlineplus.gov)
- Some people with dysarthria have only minor speech problems . (webmd.com)
- People with dysarthria may demonstrate mumbled speech, varied speech rates, changes in voice quality, and reduced articulatory movement. (goshenhearing.com)
- Speech therapy helps some people with dysarthria. (msdmanuals.com)
- Because the ability to understand and use language is not usually affected, most people with dysarthria can read and write normally. (msdmanuals.com)
Ataxic dysarthria6
- citation needed] Ataxic dysarthria is an acquired neurological and sensorimotor speech deficit. (wikipedia.org)
- Subgroups in ataxic dysarthria" by Frank R. Boutsen, Klaas Bakker et al. (missouristate.edu)
- This study investigated whether subgroups in ataxic dysarthria can be identified based on their diadochokinetic speech performance. (missouristate.edu)
- Ataxic dysarthria: Is the result of imprecise coordination or slow movement of the speech muscles. (sltforkids.co.uk)
- The treatment of a severe ataxic dysarthria, using electropalatography. (kent.ac.uk)
- This study examined the benefit of providing listeners with the topic of some phases produced by speakers with either hypokinetic or ataxic dysarthria. (elsevierpure.com)
Spastic2
- Lesions of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) cause spastic dysarthria where there is continued contraction of muscles whereas lesions of the peripheral nervous system cause flaccid dysarthria where there is complete relaxation of muscles. (differencebetween.net)
- Spastic dysarthria: Is the result of tight or stiff speech muscles. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Hypokinetic1
- Hypokinetic dysarthria: Is the result of slow movement of speech muscles and reduced range in movement. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Cause of dysarthria1
- Depending on the cause of dysarthria, symptoms may improve, stay the same, or get worse slowly or quickly. (medlineplus.gov)
Features of dysarthria2
- Discussion: The levels of listener agreement that were found indicate that auditory-perceptual ratings show promise during clinical assessment for identifying salient features of dysarthria for speakers with various etiologies. (elsevierpure.com)
- The present study demonstrated the features of dysarthria and related factors in patients with DMD.Implications for rehabilitation In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an absent or defective dystrophin protein causes progressive weakness of respiratory and oropharyngeal muscles, both of which are crucial contributors to speech production. (elsevierpure.com)
Person with dysarthria3
- In a person with dysarthria, a nerve, brain, or muscle disorder makes it difficult to use or control the muscles of the mouth, tongue, larynx, or vocal cords. (medlineplus.gov)
- A person with dysarthria may also drool and have problems chewing or swallowing. (medlineplus.gov)
- its hard to understand some words and hard to pronounce and mispronounce words or first letter of word,person with dysarthria get aggressive after some minutes of conversation when he fail to express and fail to let person understand what is trying to say.now remember how many occasions you didn't understood. (scope.org.uk)
Symptoms of dysarthria1
- The main symptoms of dysarthria patients include unclear speech, long tone, dysrhythmic control of speech speed, monotonous language, and silence. (hindawi.com)
Children with dysarthria4
- orcid.org/0000-0003-3911-7612 ) (2023) Strategies for determining and overcoming difficulties in the educational activities of children with dysarthria In: Освіта осіб з особливими потребами в умовах миру і війни. (iitta.gov.ua)
- Strategies for identifying and overcoming difficulties in the educational activities of children with dysarthria are considered. (iitta.gov.ua)
- Key tips for specialists of educational institutions are formulated in order to improve the quality of the organization of the educational environment for children with dysarthria. (iitta.gov.ua)
- Our speech and language therapists can provide therapy and advice on how to reduce the effort, children with dysarthria need to put into their speech. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Intelligibility3
- This Apraxia and Dysarthria: Improving Intelligibility has been specially designed to help learners gain a good command of Apraxia and Dysarthria: Improving Intelligibility , providing them with a solid foundation of knowledge to become a qualified professional. (skill-up.org)
- Through this Apraxia and Dysarthria: Improving Intelligibility , you will gain both practical and theoretical understanding of Apraxia and Dysarthria: Improving Intelligibility that will increase your employability in this field, help you stand out from the competition and boost your earning potential in no time. (skill-up.org)
- Dysarthria therapy goals might include adjusting speech rate, increasing breath support, strengthening oral musculature, exaggerating articulation, and improving intelligibility to communicate with others. (goshenhearing.com)
Diagnosis4
- Method: Data from 6 children with CP and a clinical diagnosis of moderate dysarthria were compared with data from 9 TD children using a multiple speech subsystems approach. (ed.gov)
- This updated edition remains a well-established test for the measurement, differential description, and diagnosis of dysarthria. (etcconsult.com)
- Thoroughly standardised and suitable for a wide age spread of clients, this well established test is used for the differential description and diagnosis of dysarthria. (winslowresources.com)
- Normative data is reported within the manual for adults without dysarthria as well as patients with specific dysarthrias associated with confirmed medical diagnosis. (winslowresources.com)
Flaccid1
- Flaccid dysarthria: Is the result of weakness or reduced muscle tone. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Apraxia4
- Dysarthria does not include speech disorders from structural abnormalities, such as cleft palate and must not be confused with apraxia of speech, which refers to problems in the planning and programming aspect of the motor-speech system. (wikipedia.org)
- Dysarthria is an error of transmission but apraxia is error of planning or the requisite programming needed for a movement to take place. (differencebetween.net)
- Aspects of speech like articulation, phonation, resonance, rate and respiration are affected in dysarthria whereas all these are almost normal in apraxia. (differencebetween.net)
- Treatment for apraxia is by speech and occupational therapy while dysarthria can be corrected by treating the underlying neurological cause. (differencebetween.net)
Severity6
- A Multitask Learning Approach to Assess the Dysarthria Severity in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. (crossref.org)
- Treatment depends on the cause and severity of your symptoms and the type of dysarthria you have. (goshenhearing.com)
- Dysarthria can be either mild or severe, depending on the severity of the damage in your brain. (njspeechpathologist.com)
- Dysarthria severity and type of neurologic lesion did not appear to be associated with the differential patterns of variability among utterance types (pΛ, tΛ, and kΛ) in each group. (missouristate.edu)
- The type of dysarthria and severity of impairment can vary between children. (sltforkids.co.uk)
- The severity of the dysarthria and the type of dysarthria depends on the amount of damage to the brain and the location of damage in the brain. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Disorder10
- Dysarthria is a speech sound disorder resulting from neurological injury of the motor component of the motor-speech system and is characterized by poor articulation of phonemes. (wikipedia.org)
- Dysarthria is a form of motor speech disorder, which occurs when the muscles that control speech become weak or uncoordinated. (novelsummary.com)
- Slurred speech, or dysarthria, is a common disorder that affects much of the elderly population. (carefecthomecareservices.com)
- Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that occurs after neurological damage. (goshenhearing.com)
- Once the tests are finished, you will know from them if you have dysarthria or another speech disorder. (njspeechpathologist.com)
- The disorder that causes dysarthria can also cause difficulty chewing and swallowing. (msdmanuals.com)
- Dysarthria is a speech disorder resulting from paralysis, muscle weakness, or other problems with the muscles we use to speak - the ones in our face, tongue, lips and throat, and the muscles that help us breathe. (carecor.com)
- If the clearness or articulation of "pataka" is reduced, for example due to dysfunction of either the muscles or the cranial nerves, this results in a motor speech disorder referred to as dysarthria. (epilepsygenetics.net)
- Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that affects the functioning of the speech and breathing muscles. (sltforkids.co.uk)
- Dysarthria is disorder that impacts a child's speech skills. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Neurological7
- Neurological injury due to damage in the central or peripheral nervous system may result in weakness, paralysis, or a lack of coordination of the motor-speech system, producing dysarthria. (wikipedia.org)
- Dysarthria results from a neurological injury of the motor component of the motor speech system i.e. the neuromuscular system involved in talking. (differencebetween.net)
- Article: Improving the computational complexity and word recognition rate for dysarthria speech using robust frame selection algorithm Journal: International Journal of Signal and Imaging Systems Engineering (IJSISE) 2017 Vol.10 No.3 pp.136 - 145 Abstract: Dysarthria is a speech syndrome caused by the neurological damage in motor speech glands. (inderscience.com)
- Dysarthria is a speech syndrome caused by the neurological damage in motor speech glands. (inderscience.com)
- Method: A variety of vowel metrics were derived from spectral and temporal measurements of vowel tokens embedded in phrases produced by 45 speakers with dysarthria and 12 speakers with no history of neurological disease. (elsevierpure.com)
- Illner V, Tykalova T, Skrabal D, Klempir J, Rusz J. Automated Vowel Articulation Analysis in Connected Speech Among Progressive Neurological Diseases, Dysarthria Types, and Dysarthria Severities. (dysan.cz)
- Dysarthria is caused by damage to the neurological system this can be acquired or developmental. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Muscles8
- Cranial nerves that control the muscles relevant to dysarthria include the trigeminal nerve's motor branch (V), the facial nerve (VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the vagus nerve (X), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII). (wikipedia.org)
- These result in lesions to key areas of the brain involved in planning, executing, or regulating motor operations in skeletal muscles (i.e. muscles of the limbs), including muscles of the head and neck (dysfunction of which characterises dysarthria). (wikipedia.org)
- Dysarthria is a condition in which you have difficulty saying words because of problems with the muscles that help you talk. (medlineplus.gov)
- If your muscles are weak in these key areas, you may be suffering from dysarthria. (njspeechpathologist.com)
- Although dysarthria seems to be a language problem, it is really a problem with controlling the muscles of speech (a motor problem). (msdmanuals.com)
- Dysarthria is the term given to speech impairment that is affected by the reduced or weakened functioning of the muscles used in speech and respiration, such as lips, jaw, tongue, vocal folds, velum and diaphragm. (sltforkids.co.uk)
- Hyperkinetic dysarthria: Is the result of fast uncontrollable movement of speech muscles. (sltforkids.co.uk)
- Mixed dysarthria: Is the result of weakness or paralysis of all muscles used in speech. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Tongue8
- Dysarthria after surgery to the tongue or voice box should not get worse, and may improve with therapy. (medlineplus.gov)
- Dysarthria is a condition in which the part of your brain that controls your lips, tongue , vocal cords, and diaphragm doesn't work well. (webmd.com)
- Because dysarthria can make it harder to move your lips, tongue , and jaw, it can be harder for you to chew and swallow. (webmd.com)
- Changes in the muscle tone may affect dysarthria as the movement of tongue, lips and soft palate all is affected. (differencebetween.net)
- To discuss whether tongue acupuncture is more effective than traditional acupuncture in the treatment of poststroke dysarthria and explore the advantage of tongue acupuncture treatment parameters. (hindawi.com)
- Tongue acupuncture outperforms traditional acupuncture in terms of clinical efficacy, FDA score, and NIHSS score in the treatment of poststroke dysarthria. (hindawi.com)
- Tongue acupuncture in the treatment of dysarthria is a new method of acupoint selection that improves the original traditional acupoint selection method by increasing the number of tongue points and manipulation. (hindawi.com)
- Working with a speech-language pathologist to improve the movement of the lips, tongue, etc., may reduce the impact of dysarthria. (carecor.com)
Articulation3
- Illner V, Tykalova T, Novotny M, Klempir J, Dusek P, Rusz J. Towards automated articulation rate analysis via connected speech in dysarthrias. (dysan.cz)
- In dysarthria, characterized by difficulties with articulation, "pataka" still comes out - however, it may sound mumbled or slurred. (epilepsygenetics.net)
- Dysarthria can affect all the processes of speech such as respiration, phonation, articulation, resonance and prosody. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Assessment1
- Purpose: Darley, Aronson, and Brown (1969a, 1969b) detailed methods and results of auditory-perceptual assessment for speakers with dysarthrias of varying etiology. (elsevierpure.com)
Patients14
- The majority of dysarthric patients are diagnosed as having 'mixed' dysarthria, as neural damage resulting in dysarthria is rarely contained to one part of the nervous system - for example, multiple strokes, traumatic brain injury, and some kinds of degenerative illnesses (such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) usually damage many different sectors of the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
- Since regulation of skilled movements is a primary function of the cerebellum, damage to the superior cerebellum and the superior cerebellar peduncle is believed to produce this form of dysarthria in ataxic patients. (wikipedia.org)
- Hence, often there are associated problems of difficulty in swallowing food in patients suffering from dysarthria. (differencebetween.net)
- About 20%-30% of stroke patients will experience dysarthria, and most of them will have psychological obstacles [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- It is vital to carry out rehabilitation treatments for dysarthria patients. (hindawi.com)
- Patients unable to speak because of endotracheal intubation, orotracheal trauma, severe dysarthria from any cause, language barrier, or any other problem not secondary to aphasia are given a 1. (nih.gov)
- Speech-language pathologists can help patients with dysarthria by improving speech rates, using louder speech methods, and practicing safe swallowing techniques. (goshenhearing.com)
- As with many other communication difficulties, treatment evidence is sparse, providing little guidance to clinicians on how best to support their patients, and, for progressive dysarthria in particular, establishing a clear rationale for spending resources on treating these patients. (strath.ac.uk)
- With the help of licensed SLPs, patients with dysarthria will be given a treatment based on how severe their situation is and what type of dysarthria they have. (njspeechpathologist.com)
- Dysarthria has not been described in GRIN2A patients before. (epilepsygenetics.net)
- It was not described before that affected patients also had dysarthria. (epilepsygenetics.net)
- Commonly known as slurred speech, medical experts understand dysarthria as the first MG symptom in less than 30% of patients and will affect around 60% of those living with MG at some point. (myastheniagravisnews.com)
- The Japanese version of FDA-2 characterizes dysarthria in patients with DMD in this cohort. (elsevierpure.com)
- Patients unable to speak because of endotracheal intubation, orotracheal trauma, severe dysarthria from any cause, 2 = Answers neither question correctly. (medscape.com)
20201
- The recent Myasthenia Gravis News article, https://myastheniagravisnews.com/news-posts/2020/12/01/dysarthria-in-mg-linked-changes-in-breathing-other-motor-bases-of-speech-study-shows/ , by Dr. Marta Figueiredo explains dysarthria. (myastheniagravisnews.com)
Dyskinesia1
- Dysarthria, also known as dyskinesia dysarthria, is a speech disease characterized by muscular paralysis and dyskinesia of the articulatory organs caused by lesions of the central, peripheral nervous system, or the muscle itself. (hindawi.com)
Muscular1
- Dysarthria is disrupted muscular control due to lesions of either the central or the peripheral nervous systems, meaning there will be difficulty in pronunciation of words. (differencebetween.net)
Aphasia3
- National Aphasia Association: "Dysarthria. (webmd.com)
- Aphasia and dysarthria are types of communication disorders that often occur after a stroke or another form of brain damage. (carecor.com)
- People affected by aphasia and dysarthria often experience feelings of frustration, anger, confusion, and isolation. (carecor.com)
Visual cues1
- Sit close enough so that you and the person who has dysarthria can use visual cues. (medlineplus.gov)
Traumatic brain1
- Acquired dysarthria are usually the result of a haemorrhage to the brain, stroke or traumatic brain injury. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Multiple sclerosis1
- Dysarthria in Multiple Sclerosis. (webmd.com)
Disease1
- Dysarthria may be caused by a lesion in the brain (tumour), nerve damage during surgery, neuromuscular diseases (myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease) and due to toxic injury by alcohol. (differencebetween.net)
Brain2
- Dysarthria caused by a stroke or brain injury will not get worse, and may improve. (medlineplus.gov)
- Brain damage is the major reason why a person can get dysarthria. (njspeechpathologist.com)
Clinical2
- In China's domestic research during the last ten years, clinical trials of acupuncture in the treatment of dysarthria after stroke have yielded favorable curative effects. (hindawi.com)
- With data collection ongoing, these findings may contribute towards the goal of developing an objective measure of dysarthria for use in clinical practice and research. (neurologylive.com)
Stroke1
- American Stroke Association: "Steps to Improve Communication for Survivors with Dysarthria. (webmd.com)
Dysphagia1
- for example, swallowing problems (dysphagia) are also often present in those with dysarthria. (wikipedia.org)
Mayo Clinic1
- Mayo Clinic: "Dysarthria. (webmd.com)
Type3
- Treatment will depend on the cause of your dysarthria, the type, and your symptoms. (webmd.com)
- Another type of communication problem, dysarthria, encompasses a group of motor speech disorders caused by a disturbance in the neuromuscular control of speech. (medscape.com)
- Overall, the results support the need for further study of listener-based manipulations to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the observed perceptual benefits for each dysarthria type. (elsevierpure.com)
Inability1
- Dysarthria is the inability to speak due to damage to the motor speech areas of the cerebrum. (differencebetween.net)
Listener1
- Method: In the present study, the authors examined intrarater and interrater agreement for perceptual ratings of 47 speakers with various dysarthria types by 2 listener groups (inexperienced and experienced). (elsevierpure.com)
Affects2
- Dysarthria affects different people in different ways. (scope.org.uk)
- As dysarthria affects many aspects of the child's speech, such as breathing, producing and articulating sounds, it can become effortful for the child to speak and they may be difficult to understand. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Nasal1
- I am suffering from Dysarthria with nasal voice, In many occasions you might have noticed when i speak its hard to understand sometime its fast pitch and some time its slow with nasal voice even on phone its more difficult. (scope.org.uk)
Occur1
- Depending on its cause, dysarthria may develop slowly or occur suddenly. (medlineplus.gov)
Occurs1
- It is not known how common dysarthria is or how often it occurs in children as it is usually a secondary feature to other conditions or illnesses. (sltforkids.co.uk)
Speech function1
- Rehabilitation of impaired speech function (dysarthria, dysglossia). (webmd.com)
Dysfunction1
- 2015). "Automatic evaluation of speech rhythm instability and acceleration in dysarthrias associated with basal ganglia dysfunction," Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 3(July):104. (dysan.cz)
Abstract1
- abstract = "Acquired dysarthria is a common communication problem in the adult population. (strath.ac.uk)
Classification1
- Conclusion: The results of these analyses suggest that some vowel metrics may be useful clinically for the detection of dysarthria but may not be reliable indicators of dysarthria subtype using the current dysarthria classification scheme. (elsevierpure.com)
Dysarthric1
- Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which vowel metrics are capable of distinguishing healthy from dysarthric speech and among different forms of dysarthria. (elsevierpure.com)
Types2
- The types of dysarthria depend on the cause or the symptoms. (webmd.com)
- Reliable in identifying the different types of dysarthria. (winslowresources.com)