Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
Stents that are covered with materials that are embedded with chemicals that are gradually released into the surrounding milieu.
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.
A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.
Dilation of an occluded coronary artery (or arteries) by means of a balloon catheter to restore myocardial blood supply.
The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.
Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions.
Biocompatible materials usually used in dental and bone implants that enhance biologic fixation, thereby increasing the bond strength between the coated material and bone, and minimize possible biological effects that may result from the implant itself.
A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell death.
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.
Implants constructed of materials designed to be absorbed by the body without producing an immune response. They are usually composed of plastics and are frequently used in orthopedics and orthodontics.
The veins and arteries of the HEART.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.
The use of ultrasound to guide minimally invasive surgical procedures such as needle ASPIRATION BIOPSY; DRAINAGE; etc. Its widest application is intravascular ultrasound imaging but it is useful also in urology and intra-abdominal conditions.
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.
Stainless steel. A steel containing Ni, Cr, or both. It does not tarnish on exposure and is used in corrosive environments. (Grant & Hack's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.
Agents that interact with TUBULIN to inhibit or promote polymerization of MICROTUBULES.
Use of a balloon catheter for dilation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of BALLOON DILATION in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, CORONARY is available.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.
Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs.
Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.
The innermost layer of an artery or vein, made up of one layer of endothelial cells and supported by an internal elastic lamina.
A family of percutaneous techniques that are used to manage CORONARY OCCLUSION, including standard balloon angioplasty (PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY), the placement of intracoronary STENTS, and atheroablative technologies (e.g., ATHERECTOMY; ENDARTERECTOMY; THROMBECTOMY; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL LASER ANGIOPLASTY). PTCA was the dominant form of PCI, before the widespread use of stenting.
Specific alloys not less than 85% chromium and nickel or cobalt, with traces of either nickel or cobalt, molybdenum, and other substances. They are used in partial dentures, orthopedic implants, etc.
Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Methods of creating machines and devices.
The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful.
Device constructed of either synthetic or biological material that is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels.
Surgical insertion of BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESES to repair injured or diseased blood vessels.
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
The degree to which BLOOD VESSELS are not blocked or obstructed.
The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.
The restoration of blood supply to the myocardium. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Tracheal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal narrowing or constriction of the lumen of the trachea, which can lead to respiratory distress and other related symptoms.
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.
Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking.
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
Reconstruction or repair of a blood vessel, which includes the widening of a pathological narrowing of an artery or vein by the removal of atheromatous plaque material and/or the endothelial lining as well, or by dilatation (BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY) to compress an ATHEROMA. Except for ENDARTERECTOMY, usually these procedures are performed via catheterization as minimally invasive ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURES.
An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.
Polymeric materials (usually organic) of large molecular weight which can be shaped by flow. Plastic usually refers to the final product with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, and stabilizers included (versus the resin, the homogeneous polymeric starting material). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Surgical insertion of a prosthesis.
Failure of equipment to perform to standard. The failure may be due to defects or improper use.
Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.
Care alleviating symptoms without curing the underlying disease. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)
The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.
Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron.
Genetically developed small pigs for use in biomedical research. There are several strains - Yucatan miniature, Sinclair miniature, and Minnesota miniature.
Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.
Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from CATHETERIZATION in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body.
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on the interior of blood vessels.
The evaluation of incidents involving the loss of function of a device. These evaluations are used for a variety of purposes such as to determine the failure rates, the causes of failures, costs of failures, and the reliability and maintainability of devices.
Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.
Conditional probability of exposure to a treatment given observed covariates.
A broad family of synthetic organosiloxane polymers containing a repeating silicon-oxygen backbone with organic side groups attached via carbon-silicon bonds. Depending on their structure, they are classified as liquids, gels, and elastomers. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)
Subspecialty of radiology that combines organ system radiography, catheter techniques and sectional imaging.
Organic polymeric materials which can be broken down by naturally occurring processes. This includes plastics created from bio-based or petrochemical-based materials.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.
Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.
One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the KIDNEY PELVIS to the URINARY BLADDER.
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.
The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
High energy POSITRONS or ELECTRONS ejected from a disintegrating atomic nucleus.
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues.
The vein which drains the foot and leg.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Minimally invasive procedures, diagnostic or therapeutic, performed within the BLOOD VESSELS. They may be perfomed via ANGIOSCOPY; INTERVENTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; INTERVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY; or INTERVENTIONAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are invasive or surgical in nature, and require the expertise of a specially trained radiologist. In general, they are more invasive than diagnostic imaging but less invasive than major surgery. They often involve catheterization, fluoroscopy, or computed tomography. Some examples include percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, percutaneous transthoracic biopsy, balloon angioplasty, and arterial embolization.
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.
A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.
Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava.
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
Percutaneous transluminal procedure for removing atheromatous plaque from the coronary arteries. Both directional (for removing focal atheromas) and rotational (for removing concentric atheromatous plaque) atherectomy devices have been used.
Tantalum. A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.

Applying intravascular ultrasound to optimize the placement of coronary drug-eluting stents. (1/1624)

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has provided in the last 2 decades major insights into the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease, and the mechanisms of action of percutaneous revascularization devices, helping the widespread adoption of coronary stents. The introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES) has recently lead to a revolution in the field of interventional cardiology, by virtually eliminating restenosis in selected low-risk lesions and significantly reducing both restenosis and repeat revascularizations in higher risk lesions. At the moment, the role of IVUS in the DES era is not well defined. Clinical studies utilizing IVUS in DES implantation used this technology mainly to evaluate the endpoint of intimal hyperplasia and to study the problem of incomplete apposition. On a theoretical basis, a method able to better evaluate optimal placement of a local drug delivery system should have a high rationale. Despite this sound preamble, no specific investigation has been conducted to evaluate the clinical need and possible advantage of routine IVUS for DES implantation and uncertainty is still present. A major hindrance lays in the low incidence of restenosis in most randomized trials enrolling few selected lesions per patient, as this fact enlarges the number of patients who need to be treated to demonstrate a benefit and casts doubts on the cost effectiveness of a more expensive and time consuming approach. The situation is bound to change when more complex patients and lesions are being treated, a setting associated with a higher event rate even when DES are used. While waiting for a prospective study addressing such issue, we can only rely on indirect evidence to justify and support the usage of IVUS in complex clinical settings with implantation of DES.  (+info)

Angiographic and clinical outcome following paclitaxel-eluting stent (taxus) implantation: a single center experience. (2/1624)

Coronary stents dramatically improve acute outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions but also induce abundant intraluminal neointimal growth. Drug-eluting stents reduce intimal hyperplasia, the main cause of in-stent restenosis. The safety and beneficial effects of paclitaxel-eluting stents (Taxus) in patients treated in daily practice remains to be defined. The aim of this study was to report the late outcomes of Taxus implantation in patients with coronary artery disease. The study population consisted of 151 patients (202 stents) who had undergone coronary Taxus stent implantation between March 2003 and May 2005. Patients were eligible for enrollment if there was symptomatic coronary artery disease or positive functional testing, and angiographic evidence of single or multivessel disease with a target lesion stenosis of 70% in a 2.0 mm vessel. The control coronary angiographies were performed after stent deployment at 12 +/- 2.8 months, and approximately 2 years of follow-up was completed. The polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stent has been shown to be effective in reducing restenosis. Patients were followed-up for 16.7 +/- 7.4 months. All patients survived after stent implantation, but 2 (1.3%) patients experienced acute myocardial infarction after 3 and 9 months following angioplasty. Recurrent angina pectoris was observed in 3 patients. Angiographic evidence of restenosis was observed in these 5 patients. Three patients underwent angioplasty because of re- stenosis, and coronary artery bypass grafting was conducted in the other 2 patients. The results indicate that Taxus stents can be implanted with a very high success rate and have encouraging long-term angiographic and clinical results.  (+info)

Ventricular septal rupture following abciximab infusion. (3/1624)

Ventricular septal rupture is a rare complication of myocardial infarction. Despite a significant reduction in its incidence with reperfusion therapy, thrombolysis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of septal rupture. There is little information regarding the impact of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor blockers on ventricular septal rupture. We report a case of rupture of the ventricular septum occurring after treatment with the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor blocker abciximab, in the absence of thrombolysis.  (+info)

Late incomplete apposition after drug-eluting stent implantation: incidence and potential for adverse clinical outcomes. (4/1624)

AIM: Late-acquired incomplete stent apposition (ISA) has been documented after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation; however, its clinical role remains controversial. We sought to investigate the incidence and long-term clinical consequences of late ISA after implantation of sirolimus- (SES) or paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) in a non-selected population. METHODS AND RESULTS: From our database, we analysed 195 consecutive patients who underwent DES placement (175 with SES and 20 with PES) into native artery lesions and had serial intravascular ultrasound studies (IVUS) performed at index procedure and after 6-8 months. They were clinically followed for 29 +/- 15 months (median of 24.3 months, interquartile range 18.1-31.6 months). Late ISA was defined as separation of at least one stent strut from the vessel wall in a segment without a side-branch and where the immediate post-implantation IVUS revealed complete apposition of stent struts. We identified 10 patients (5.1%) with late ISA, three patients after PES, and seven patients after SES implantation. ISA was localized almost exclusively at body of the stents (nine out of 10 cases). Mean ISA volume and length were 44.5 +/- 41.9 mm(3) and 7.4 +/- 11 mm, respectively. There was a marked increase in vessel volume from 416.0 +/- 163.9 mm(3) at baseline to 514.4 +/- 247.9 mm(3) at follow-up (P = 0.001) with no significant change in plaque volume (232.4 +/- 52.7 at baseline and 226.4 +/- 22.3 mm(3) at follow-up, P = 0.3) in patients who presented with late-acquired ISA. During the follow-up period, one patient with SES and one patient with PES who presented late-acquired ISA had late stent thrombosis and acute myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION: Late-acquired ISA was observed in 5.1% of patients after DES implantation and is related to regional vessel positive remodelling. The relationship between late-acquired ISA and long-term adverse outcomes (e.g. stent thrombosis) requires further analysis.  (+info)

A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials assessing drug-eluting stents and vascular brachytherapy in the treatment of coronary artery in-stent restenosis. (5/1624)

OBJECTIVE: We undertook a meta-analysis of randomised trials assessing the outcome of vascular brachytherapy (VBT) or DES for the treatment of coronary artery ISR. METHODS AND RESULTS: Studies utilising DES or VBT for ISR were identified by a systematic search. Data was pooled and combined overall effect measures were calculated for a random effect model in terms of deaths, myocardial infarctions, revascularisation, binary restenosis, mean late luminal loss and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Fourteen eligible studies (3103 patients) were included. Neither therapy had any effect on mortality or myocardial infarction rate. VBT reduced the rate of revascularisation (RR 0.59, 95%CI 0.50-0.68), MACE (RR 0.58, 95%CI 0.51-0.67), binary restenosis (RR 0.51, 95%CI 0.44-0.59) and late loss (-0.73 mm, 95%CI -0.91 to -0.55 mm) compared to balloon angioplasty and selective bare metal stents (BMS) alone at intermediate follow-up and MACE (RR 0.72, 95%CI 0.61-0.85) at long-term follow-up. DES reduced the rate of revascularisation (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.71), MACE (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.39-0.79) and binary restenosis (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.40-0.81) compared to VBT but follow-up was limited to 9 months. CONCLUSIONS: VBT improves the long-term outcome of angioplasty compared with BMS alone in the treatment of ISR. DES appears to provide similar results to that of VBT during short-term follow-up.  (+info)

Impact analysis of drug-eluting stent in the unified health system budget. (6/1624)

BACKGROUND: Drug-eluting stents represent an additional option to treat coronary artery disease. This technology represents a major breakthrough that may require additional funding in the short-term to enable its inclusion in procedures of the Unified Health System. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact on the Unified Health System budget in the first year of use of drug-eluting stents. METHODS: A Budget Impact Model was designed to predict the economic impact of the inclusion of drug-eluting stents in the Unified Health System budget. Data about costs and local procedures were collected in multiple sources, specifically procedure volume data, hospital costs, cost of stents, drug costs and number of stents used in single and multi-vessel procedures. RESULTS: The results in the first year indicate that the impact on the Unified Health System is of 12.8% in the best scenario and 24.4% in the worst scenario, representing an increase by R$ 24 to 44 million in the total projected budget. CONCLUSION: Drug-eluting stents have an additional cost compared with standard stents in the first year of use in the Unified Health System.  (+info)

Cost-effectiveness of sirolimus-eluting stents in percutaneous coronary interventions in Brazil. (7/1624)

OBJECTIVES: To compare the cost-effectiveness ratios of sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) with bare-metal stents (BMS) under two perspectives: the "supplementary medical system" (health plans and private patients) and the public health (SUS) system. METHODS: A decision-analytic model using three different therapeutic strategies for coronary lesions: percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with BMS; with SES; or with BMS followed by SES to treat symptomatic restenosis. Study endpoints were one-year event-free survival and life expectancy. Decision trees were constructed using the results of published registries and clinical trials. RESULTS: One-year restenosis-free survival was 92.7% with SES and 78.8% with BMS. Estimated life expectancy was very similar for all the strategies, ranging from 18.5 to 19 years. Under a nonpublic perspective, the cost difference in the first year between BMS and SES was R$3,816, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of R$27,403 per event avoided in one year. Under the SUS perspective, the cost per event avoided in one year was R$47,529. In the sensitivity analysis, probability of restenosis, risk reduction expected with SES, the price of the stent and cost of treating restenosis were all important predictors. In the Monte Carlo simulation, data per years of life saved showed very high cost-effectiveness ratios. CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian model, the cost-effectiveness ratios for SES were elevated. The use of SES was more favorable for patients with high risk of restenosis, as it is associated with elevated costs in restenosis management of and under a nonpublic perspective.  (+info)

Long-term clinical benefit of sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in diabetic patients with de novo coronary stenoses: long-term results of the DIABETES trial. (8/1624)

AIMS: Sirolimus stent implantation has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in diabetics; however, the long-term outcomes in this high-risk population remain unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of the sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) when compared with the bare metal stent (BMS) in patients included in the DIABETES (DIABETes and sirolimus Eluting Stent) trial. METHODS AND RESULTS: The prospective multicentre DIABETES trial randomized 160 diabetic patients with one or more significant coronary stenoses in one, two, or three vessels to either SES or BMS implantation. One-year dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus clopidogrel) was routinely prescribed. Clinical follow-up was scheduled at 1, 9, 12, and 13 months and 2 years. Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were comparable between groups. At 2 years, the rate of target lesion revascularization was significantly lower in the SES group compared with the BMS group (7.7 vs. 35.0%, P < 0.001). However, the total revascularization rate at 2 years increased in both groups due to progression of atherosclerosis in coronary segments remote from the target lesion (rate of atherosclerosis progression: 7.7% in SES group vs. 10% in BMS group; P = 0.7). During dual antiplatelet treatment (1 year), there was no stent thrombosis in the SES group, whereas two patients presented it in the BMS group. However, after clopidogrel withdrawal, three patients allocated to the SES group presented stent thromboses vs. none in the BMS group. CONCLUSION: SES implantation in diabetic patients remains effective at 2-year follow-up. However, clinical efficacy appeared to be reduced by the occurrence of stent thrombosis between 1 and 2 years.  (+info)

A stent is a small mesh tube that's used to treat narrow or weak arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart to other parts of your body. A stent is placed in an artery as part of a procedure called angioplasty. Angioplasty restores blood flow through narrowed or blocked arteries by inflating a tiny balloon inside the blocked artery to widen it.

The stent is then inserted into the widened artery to keep it open. The stent is usually made of metal, but some are coated with medication that is slowly and continuously released to help prevent the formation of scar tissue in the artery. This can reduce the chance of the artery narrowing again.

Stents are also used in other parts of the body, such as the neck (carotid artery) and kidneys (renal artery), to help maintain blood flow and prevent blockages. They can also be used in the urinary system to treat conditions like ureteropelvic junction obstruction or narrowing of the urethra.

Drug-eluting stents (DES) are medical devices used in the treatment of coronary artery disease. They are small, flexible tubes that are coated with a medication that is slowly released (eluted) over time to prevent the formation of scar tissue and reduce the risk of renarrowing (restenosis) of the artery after it has been treated with angioplasty and stenting.

The stent is typically placed in a narrowed or blocked coronary artery during a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedure, such as angioplasty, to open up the blood vessel and improve blood flow to the heart muscle. The medication on the DES helps to prevent the growth of smooth muscle cells and the formation of scar tissue in the artery, which can cause restenosis and require additional treatments.

The most commonly used medications on DES are sirolimus, paclitaxel, zotarolimus, and everolimus. These drugs work by inhibiting the growth of smooth muscle cells and reducing inflammation in the artery. While DES have been shown to reduce the risk of restenosis compared to bare-metal stents, they also carry a small increased risk of late stent thrombosis (blood clots forming in the stent), which can lead to serious complications such as heart attack or stroke. Therefore, patients who receive DES are typically prescribed long-term antiplatelet therapy to reduce this risk.

Coronary restenosis is the re-narrowing or re-occlusion of a coronary artery after a previous successful procedure to open or widen the artery, such as angioplasty or stenting. This narrowing is usually caused by the excessive growth of scar tissue or smooth muscle cells in the artery lining, which can occur spontaneously or as a response to the initial procedure. Restenosis can lead to recurrent symptoms of coronary artery disease, such as chest pain or shortness of breath, and may require additional medical intervention.

Sirolimus is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called immunosuppressants. It is also known as rapamycin. Sirolimus works by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a protein that plays a key role in cell growth and division.

Sirolimus is primarily used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, such as kidneys, livers, and hearts. It works by suppressing the activity of the immune system, which can help to reduce the risk of the body rejecting the transplanted organ. Sirolimus is often used in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs, such as corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors.

Sirolimus is also being studied for its potential therapeutic benefits in a variety of other conditions, including cancer, tuberous sclerosis complex, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the safety and efficacy of sirolimus in these contexts.

It's important to note that sirolimus can have significant side effects, including increased risk of infections, mouth sores, high blood pressure, and kidney damage. Therefore, it should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Coronary balloon angioplasty is a minimally invasive medical procedure used to widen narrowed or obstructed coronary arteries (the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle) and improve blood flow to the heart. This procedure is typically performed in conjunction with the insertion of a stent, a small mesh tube that helps keep the artery open.

During coronary balloon angioplasty, a thin, flexible catheter with a deflated balloon at its tip is inserted into a blood vessel, usually through a small incision in the groin or arm. The catheter is then guided to the narrowed or obstructed section of the coronary artery. Once in position, the balloon is inflated to compress the plaque against the artery wall and widen the lumen (the inner space) of the artery. This helps restore blood flow to the heart muscle.

The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia and conscious sedation to minimize discomfort. Coronary balloon angioplasty is a relatively safe and effective treatment for many people with coronary artery disease, although complications such as bleeding, infection, or re-narrowing of the artery (restenosis) can occur in some cases.

Prosthesis design is a specialized field in medical device technology that involves creating and developing artificial substitutes to replace a missing body part, such as a limb, tooth, eye, or internal organ. The design process typically includes several stages: assessment of the patient's needs, selection of appropriate materials, creation of a prototype, testing and refinement, and final fabrication and fitting of the prosthesis.

The goal of prosthesis design is to create a device that functions as closely as possible to the natural body part it replaces, while also being comfortable, durable, and aesthetically pleasing for the patient. The design process may involve collaboration between medical professionals, engineers, and designers, and may take into account factors such as the patient's age, lifestyle, occupation, and overall health.

Prosthesis design can be highly complex, particularly for advanced devices such as robotic limbs or implantable organs. These devices often require sophisticated sensors, actuators, and control systems to mimic the natural functions of the body part they replace. As a result, prosthesis design is an active area of research and development in the medical field, with ongoing efforts to improve the functionality, comfort, and affordability of these devices for patients.

In the context of medicine, there is no specific medical definition for 'metals.' However, certain metals have significant roles in biological systems and are thus studied in physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Some metals are essential to life, serving as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, while others are toxic and can cause harm at certain levels.

Examples of essential metals include:

1. Iron (Fe): It is a crucial component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzymes involved in energy production, DNA synthesis, and electron transport.
2. Zinc (Zn): This metal is vital for immune function, wound healing, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. It acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes.
3. Copper (Cu): Copper is essential for energy production, iron metabolism, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue formation. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes.
4. Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium plays a crucial role in many biochemical reactions, including nerve and muscle function, protein synthesis, and blood pressure regulation.
5. Manganese (Mn): This metal is necessary for bone development, protein metabolism, and antioxidant defense. It acts as a cofactor for several enzymes.
6. Molybdenum (Mo): Molybdenum is essential for the function of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs.
7. Cobalt (Co): Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, which plays a vital role in DNA synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and nerve function.

Examples of toxic metals include:

1. Lead (Pb): Exposure to lead can cause neurological damage, anemia, kidney dysfunction, and developmental issues.
2. Mercury (Hg): Mercury is highly toxic and can cause neurological problems, kidney damage, and developmental issues.
3. Arsenic (As): Arsenic exposure can lead to skin lesions, cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
4. Cadmium (Cd): Cadmium is toxic and can cause kidney damage, bone demineralization, and lung irritation.
5. Chromium (Cr): Excessive exposure to chromium can lead to skin ulcers, respiratory issues, and kidney and liver damage.

'Alloys' is not a medical term. It is a term used in materials science and engineering to describe a mixture or solid solution composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal. The components are typically present in significant amounts (>1% by weight). The properties of alloys, such as their strength, durability, and corrosion resistance, often differ from those of the constituent elements.

While not directly related to medicine, some alloys do have medical applications. For example, certain alloys are used in orthopedic implants, dental restorations, and other medical devices due to their desirable properties such as biocompatibility, strength, and resistance to corrosion.

Biocompatible coated materials refer to surfaces or substances that are treated or engineered with a layer or film designed to interact safely and effectively with living tissues or biological systems, without causing harm or adverse reactions. The coating material is typically composed of biomaterials that can withstand the conditions of the specific application while promoting a positive response from the body.

The purpose of these coatings may vary depending on the medical device or application. For example, they might be used to enhance the lubricity and wear resistance of implantable devices, reduce the risk of infection, promote integration with surrounding tissues, control drug release, or prevent the formation of biofilms.

Biocompatible coated materials must undergo rigorous testing and evaluation to ensure their safety and efficacy in various clinical settings. This includes assessing potential cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, sensitization, hemocompatibility, carcinogenicity, and other factors that could impact the body's response to the material.

Examples of biocompatible coating materials include:

1. Hydrogels: Cross-linked networks of hydrophilic polymers that can be used for drug delivery, tissue engineering, or as lubricious coatings on medical devices.
2. Self-assembling monolayers (SAMs): Organosilane or thiol-based molecules that form a stable, well-ordered film on surfaces, which can be further functionalized to promote specific biological interactions.
3. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG): A biocompatible polymer often used as a coating material due to its ability to reduce protein adsorption and cell attachment, making it useful for preventing biofouling or thrombosis on medical devices.
4. Bioactive glass: A type of biomaterial composed of silica-based glasses that can stimulate bone growth and healing when used as a coating material in orthopedic or dental applications.
5. Drug-eluting coatings: Biocompatible polymers impregnated with therapeutic agents, designed to release the drug over time to promote healing, prevent infection, or inhibit restenosis in various medical devices.

Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia). It is an antimicrotubule agent that promotes the assembly and stabilization of microtubules, thereby interfering with the normal dynamic reorganization of the microtubule network that is essential for cell division.

Paclitaxel is used in the treatment of various types of cancer including ovarian, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. It works by inhibiting the disassembly of microtubules, which prevents the separation of chromosomes during mitosis, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Common side effects of paclitaxel include neutropenia (low white blood cell count), anemia (low red blood cell count), alopecia (hair loss), peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage causing numbness or tingling in the hands and feet), myalgias (muscle pain), arthralgias (joint pain), and hypersensitivity reactions.

Coronary thrombosis is a medical condition that refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a coronary artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The development of a thrombus can partially or completely obstruct blood flow, leading to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle. This can cause chest pain (angina) or a heart attack (myocardial infarction), depending on the severity and duration of the blockage.

Coronary thrombosis often results from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, a buildup of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining (endothelium) of the coronary artery. The ruptured plaque exposes the underlying tissue to the bloodstream, triggering the coagulation cascade and resulting in the formation of a thrombus.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for managing coronary thrombosis, as timely treatment can help restore blood flow, prevent further damage to the heart muscle, and reduce the risk of complications such as heart failure or life-threatening arrhythmias. Treatment options may include medications, such as antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, and thrombolytic drugs, or interventional procedures like angioplasty and stenting to open the blocked artery. In some cases, surgical intervention, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), may be necessary.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Cardiovascular agents are a class of medications that are used to treat various conditions related to the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels. These agents can be further divided into several subcategories based on their specific mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects. Here are some examples:

1. Antiarrhythmics: These drugs are used to treat abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias. They work by stabilizing the electrical activity of the heart and preventing irregular impulses from spreading through the heart muscle.
2. Antihypertensives: These medications are used to lower high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
3. Anticoagulants: These drugs are used to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger. They work by interfering with the coagulation cascade, which is a series of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of a blood clot.
4. Antiplatelet agents: These medications are used to prevent platelets in the blood from sticking together and forming clots. They work by inhibiting the aggregation of platelets, which are small cells in the blood that help form clots.
5. Lipid-lowering agents: These drugs are used to lower cholesterol and other fats in the blood. They work by reducing the production or absorption of cholesterol in the body or increasing the removal of cholesterol from the bloodstream. Examples include statins, bile acid sequestrants, and PCSK9 inhibitors.
6. Vasodilators: These medications are used to widen blood vessels and improve blood flow. They work by relaxing the smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels, causing them to dilate or widen. Examples include nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and ACE inhibitors.
7. Inotropes: These drugs are used to increase the force of heart contractions. They work by increasing the sensitivity of heart muscle cells to calcium ions, which are necessary for muscle contraction.

These are just a few examples of cardiovascular medications that are used to treat various conditions related to the heart and blood vessels. It is important to note that these medications can have side effects and should be taken under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

Coronary angiography is a medical procedure that uses X-ray imaging to visualize the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. During the procedure, a thin, flexible catheter is inserted into an artery in the arm or groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. A contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken as the dye flows through the coronary arteries. These images can help doctors diagnose and treat various heart conditions, such as blockages or narrowing of the arteries, that can lead to chest pain or heart attacks. It is also known as coronary arteriography or cardiac catheterization.

Coronary stenosis is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. This narrowing is typically caused by the buildup of plaque, made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances, on the inner walls of the arteries. Over time, as the plaque hardens and calcifies, it can cause the artery to become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.

Coronary stenosis can lead to various symptoms and complications, including chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), and heart attacks. Treatment options for coronary stenosis may include lifestyle changes, medications, medical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery, or a combination of these approaches. Regular check-ups and diagnostic tests, such as stress testing or coronary angiography, can help detect and monitor coronary stenosis over time.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a medical condition in which the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of cholesterol, fatty deposits, and other substances, known as plaque. Over time, this buildup can cause the arteries to harden and narrow (a process called atherosclerosis), reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.

The reduction in blood flow can lead to various symptoms and complications, including:

1. Angina (chest pain or discomfort) - This occurs when the heart muscle doesn't receive enough oxygen-rich blood, causing pain, pressure, or discomfort in the chest, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
2. Shortness of breath - When the heart isn't receiving adequate blood flow, it can't pump blood efficiently to meet the body's demands, leading to shortness of breath during physical activities or at rest.
3. Heart attack - If a piece of plaque ruptures or breaks off in a coronary artery, a blood clot can form and block the artery, causing a heart attack (myocardial infarction). This can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.
4. Heart failure - Chronic reduced blood flow to the heart muscle can weaken it over time, leading to heart failure, a condition in which the heart can't pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs.
5. Arrhythmias - Reduced blood flow and damage to the heart muscle can lead to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

Coronary artery disease is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress testing, cardiac catheterization, and imaging studies like coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Treatment options for CAD include lifestyle modifications, medications, medical procedures, and surgery.

Absorbable implants are medical devices that are designed to be placed inside the body during a surgical procedure, where they provide support, stabilization, or other functions, and then gradually break down and are absorbed by the body over time. These implants are typically made from materials such as polymers, proteins, or ceramics that have been engineered to degrade at a controlled rate, allowing them to be resorbed and eliminated from the body without the need for a second surgical procedure to remove them.

Absorbable implants are often used in orthopedic, dental, and plastic surgery applications, where they can help promote healing and support tissue regeneration. For example, absorbable screws or pins may be used to stabilize fractured bones during the healing process, after which they will gradually dissolve and be absorbed by the body. Similarly, absorbable membranes may be used in dental surgery to help guide the growth of new bone and gum tissue around an implant, and then be resorbed over time.

It's important to note that while absorbable implants offer several advantages over non-absorbable materials, such as reduced risk of infection and improved patient comfort, they may also have some limitations. For example, the mechanical properties of absorbable materials may not be as strong as those of non-absorbable materials, which could affect their performance in certain applications. Additionally, the degradation products of absorbable implants may cause local inflammation or other adverse reactions in some patients. As with any medical device, the use of absorbable implants should be carefully considered and discussed with a qualified healthcare professional.

Coronary vessels refer to the network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the heart muscle, also known as the myocardium. The two main coronary arteries are the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery.

The left main coronary artery branches off into the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the left circumflex artery (LCx). The LAD supplies blood to the front of the heart, while the LCx supplies blood to the side and back of the heart.

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right lower part of the heart, including the right atrium and ventricle, as well as the back of the heart.

Coronary vessel disease (CVD) occurs when these vessels become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. This can result in chest pain, shortness of breath, or a heart attack.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a clot forms in an artery, it can cut off the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues served by that artery, leading to damage or tissue death. If a thrombus forms in the heart, it can cause a heart attack. If a thrombus breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, it can lodge in a smaller vessel, causing blockage and potentially leading to damage in the organ that the vessel supplies. This is known as an embolism.

Thrombosis can occur due to various factors such as injury to the blood vessel wall, abnormalities in blood flow, or changes in the composition of the blood. Certain medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of thrombosis. Treatment typically involves anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve or prevent further growth of the clot, as well as addressing any underlying causes.

Interventional ultrasonography is a medical procedure that involves the use of real-time ultrasound imaging to guide minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. This technique combines the advantages of ultrasound, such as its non-ionizing nature (no radiation exposure), relatively low cost, and portability, with the ability to perform precise and targeted procedures.

In interventional ultrasonography, a specialized physician called an interventional radiologist or an interventional sonographer uses high-frequency sound waves to create detailed images of internal organs and tissues. These images help guide the placement of needles, catheters, or other instruments used during the procedure. Common interventions include biopsies (tissue sampling), fluid drainage, tumor ablation, and targeted drug delivery.

The real-time visualization provided by ultrasonography allows for increased accuracy and safety during these procedures, minimizing complications and reducing recovery time compared to traditional surgical approaches. Additionally, interventional ultrasonography can be performed on an outpatient basis, further contributing to its appeal as a less invasive alternative in many clinical scenarios.

Graft occlusion in the context of vascular surgery refers to the complete or partial blockage of a blood vessel that has been surgically replaced or repaired with a graft. The graft can be made from either synthetic materials or autologous tissue (taken from another part of the patient's body).

Graft occlusion can occur due to various reasons, including:

1. Thrombosis: Formation of a blood clot within the graft, which can obstruct blood flow.
2. Intimal hyperplasia: Overgrowth of the inner lining (intima) of the graft or the adjacent native vessel, causing narrowing of the lumen and reducing blood flow.
3. Atherosclerosis: Deposition of cholesterol and other substances in the walls of the graft, leading to hardening and narrowing of the vessel.
4. Infection: Bacterial or fungal infection of the graft can cause inflammation, weakening, and ultimately occlusion of the graft.
5. Mechanical factors: Kinking, twisting, or compression of the graft can lead to obstruction of blood flow.

Graft occlusion is a significant complication following vascular surgery, as it can result in reduced perfusion to downstream tissues and organs, leading to ischemia (lack of oxygen supply) and potential tissue damage or loss.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Stainless Steel" is not a medical term. It is a type of steel that contains at least 10.5% chromium content by mass, and usually contains nickel as well. The chromium forms a passive film that protects the metal from corrosion and staining. Stainless steel is widely used in various industries including medicine, for example, in medical equipment and surgical instruments due to its resistance to rust and corrosion.

A drug implant is a medical device that is specially designed to provide controlled release of a medication into the body over an extended period of time. Drug implants can be placed under the skin or in various body cavities, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. They are often used when other methods of administering medication, such as oral pills or injections, are not effective or practical.

Drug implants come in various forms, including rods, pellets, and small capsules. The medication is contained within the device and is released slowly over time, either through diffusion or erosion of the implant material. This allows for a steady concentration of the drug to be maintained in the body, which can help to improve treatment outcomes and reduce side effects.

Some common examples of drug implants include:

1. Hormonal implants: These are small rods that are inserted under the skin of the upper arm and release hormones such as progestin or estrogen over a period of several years. They are often used for birth control or to treat conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
2. Intraocular implants: These are small devices that are placed in the eye during surgery to release medication directly into the eye. They are often used to treat conditions such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
3. Bone cement implants: These are specially formulated cements that contain antibiotics and are used to fill bone defects or joint spaces during surgery. The antibiotics are released slowly over time, helping to prevent infection.
4. Implantable pumps: These are small devices that are placed under the skin and deliver medication directly into a specific body cavity, such as the spinal cord or the peritoneal cavity. They are often used to treat chronic pain or cancer.

Overall, drug implants offer several advantages over other methods of administering medication, including improved compliance, reduced side effects, and more consistent drug levels in the body. However, they may also have some disadvantages, such as the need for surgical placement and the potential for infection or other complications. As with any medical treatment, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits of drug implants with a healthcare provider.

Tubulin modulators are a class of drugs that target and alter the function or structure of tubulin, which is a key component of microtubules in cells. These drugs can either stabilize or destabilize microtubules by interacting with tubulin, leading to various effects on cell division and other processes that rely on microtubule dynamics.

There are two main types of tubulin modulators:

1. Microtubule stabilizers: These drugs promote the assembly and stability of microtubules by binding to tubulin, preventing its disassembly. Examples include taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel) and vinca alkaloids (e.g., vinblastine). They are primarily used as anticancer agents because they interfere with the division of cancer cells.
2. Microtubule destabilizers: These drugs inhibit the formation and stability of microtubules by binding to tubulin, promoting its disassembly. Examples include colchicine, vinca alkaloids (e.g., vinorelbine), and combretastatins. They can also be used as anticancer agents because they disrupt the mitotic spindle during cell division, leading to cancer cell death.

Tubulin modulators have various other effects on cells beyond their impact on microtubules, such as interfering with intracellular transport and signaling pathways. These diverse actions contribute to their therapeutic potential in treating diseases like cancer, but they can also lead to side effects that limit their clinical use.

Angioplasty, balloon refers to a medical procedure used to widen narrowed or obstructed blood vessels, particularly the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. This procedure is typically performed using a catheter-based technique, where a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery, usually through the groin or wrist, and guided to the site of the narrowing or obstruction in the coronary artery.

Once the catheter reaches the affected area, a small balloon attached to the tip of the catheter is inflated, which compresses the plaque against the artery wall and stretches the artery, thereby restoring blood flow. The balloon is then deflated and removed, along with the catheter.

Balloon angioplasty is often combined with the placement of a stent, a small metal mesh tube that helps to keep the artery open and prevent it from narrowing again. This procedure is known as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary angioplasty and stenting.

Overall, balloon angioplasty is a relatively safe and effective treatment for coronary artery disease, although complications such as bleeding, infection, or re-narrowing of the artery can occur in some cases.

Pathological constriction refers to an abnormal narrowing or tightening of a body passage or organ, which can interfere with the normal flow of blood, air, or other substances through the area. This constriction can occur due to various reasons such as inflammation, scarring, or abnormal growths, and can affect different parts of the body, including blood vessels, airways, intestines, and ureters. Pathological constriction can lead to a range of symptoms and complications depending on its location and severity, and may require medical intervention to correct.

Myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, is a medical condition characterized by the death of a segment of heart muscle (myocardium) due to the interruption of its blood supply. This interruption is most commonly caused by the blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot formed on the top of an atherosclerotic plaque, which is a buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the inner lining of the artery.

The lack of oxygen and nutrients supply to the heart muscle tissue results in damage or death of the cardiac cells, causing the affected area to become necrotic. The extent and severity of the MI depend on the size of the affected area, the duration of the occlusion, and the presence of collateral circulation.

Symptoms of a myocardial infarction may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and sweating. Immediate medical attention is necessary to restore blood flow to the affected area and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. Treatment options for MI include medications, such as thrombolytics, antiplatelet agents, and pain relievers, as well as procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.

Neointima is a term used in pathology and refers to the layer of tissue that forms inside a blood vessel as part of the healing process after an injury, such as angioplasty or stenting. This new tissue is composed mainly of smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix and can grow inward, potentially causing restenosis (re-narrowing) of the vessel lumen.

In simpler terms, Neointima is a type of scar tissue that forms inside blood vessels as part of the healing process after an injury, but its growth can sometimes cause problems by narrowing the vessel and restricting blood flow.

The iliac arteries are major branches of the abdominal aorta, the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The iliac arteries divide into two branches, the common iliac arteries, which further bifurcate into the internal and external iliac arteries.

The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the lower abdomen, pelvis, and the reproductive organs, while the external iliac artery provides blood to the lower extremities, including the legs and feet. Together, the iliac arteries play a crucial role in circulating blood throughout the body, ensuring that all tissues and organs receive the oxygen and nutrients they need to function properly.

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are a class of medications that prevent platelets (small blood cells involved in clotting) from sticking together and forming a clot. These drugs work by interfering with the ability of platelets to adhere to each other and to the damaged vessel wall, thereby reducing the risk of thrombosis (blood clot formation).

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are often prescribed for people who have an increased risk of developing blood clots due to various medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, or a history of heart attack. They may also be used in patients undergoing certain medical procedures, such as angioplasty and stenting, to prevent blood clot formation in the stents.

Examples of platelet aggregation inhibitors include:

1. Aspirin: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that irreversibly inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in platelet activation and aggregation.
2. Clopidogrel (Plavix): A P2Y12 receptor antagonist that selectively blocks ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation.
3. Prasugrel (Effient): A third-generation thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor antagonist, similar to clopidogrel but with faster onset and greater potency.
4. Ticagrelor (Brilinta): A direct-acting P2Y12 receptor antagonist that does not require metabolic activation and has a reversible binding profile.
5. Dipyridamole (Persantine): An antiplatelet agent that inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in platelets, which leads to decreased platelet reactivity.
6. Iloprost (Ventavis): A prostacyclin analogue that inhibits platelet aggregation and causes vasodilation, often used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
7. Cilostazol (Pletal): A phosphodiesterase III inhibitor that increases cAMP levels in platelets, leading to decreased platelet activation and aggregation, as well as vasodilation.
8. Ticlopidine (Ticlid): An older P2Y12 receptor antagonist with a slower onset of action and more frequent side effects compared to clopidogrel or prasugrel.

Tunica intima, also known as the intima layer, is the innermost layer of a blood vessel, including arteries and veins. It is in direct contact with the flowing blood and is composed of simple squamous endothelial cells that form a continuous, non-keratinized, stratified epithelium. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating the passage of molecules and immune cells between the blood and the vessel wall, as well as contributing to the maintenance of blood fluidity and preventing coagulation.

The tunica intima is supported by a thin layer of connective tissue called the basement membrane, which provides structural stability and anchorage for the endothelial cells. Beneath the basement membrane lies a loose network of elastic fibers and collagen, known as the internal elastic lamina, that separates the tunica intima from the middle layer, or tunica media.

In summary, the tunica intima is the innermost layer of blood vessels, primarily composed of endothelial cells and a basement membrane, which regulates various functions to maintain vascular homeostasis.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), also known as coronary angioplasty, is a non-surgical procedure that opens up clogged coronary arteries to improve blood flow to the heart. It involves inserting a thin, flexible catheter into an artery in the groin or wrist and guiding it to the blocked artery in the heart. A small balloon is then inflated to widen the narrowed or blocked artery, and sometimes a stent (a tiny mesh tube) is placed to keep the artery open. This procedure helps to restore and maintain blood flow to the heart muscle, reducing symptoms of angina and improving overall cardiac function.

Chromium alloys are materials made by combining chromium with other metals, such as nickel, cobalt, or iron. The addition of chromium to these alloys enhances their properties, making them resistant to corrosion and high temperatures. These alloys have a wide range of applications in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and medical devices.

Chromium alloys can be classified into two main categories: stainless steels and superalloys. Stainless steels are alloys that contain at least 10.5% chromium by weight, which forms a passive oxide layer on the surface of the material, protecting it from corrosion. Superalloys, on the other hand, are high-performance alloys designed to operate in extreme environments, such as jet engines and gas turbines. They contain significant amounts of chromium, along with other elements like nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum.

Chromium alloys have several medical applications due to their excellent properties. For instance, they are used in surgical instruments, dental implants, and orthopedic devices because of their resistance to corrosion and biocompatibility. Additionally, some chromium alloys exhibit superelasticity, a property that allows them to return to their original shape after being deformed, making them suitable for use in stents and other medical devices that require flexibility and durability.

In the context of medical definitions, polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits called monomers. These long chains of monomers can have various structures and properties, depending on the type of monomer units and how they are linked together. In medicine, polymers are used in a wide range of applications, including drug delivery systems, medical devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Some examples of polymers used in medicine include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL).

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Equipment design, in the medical context, refers to the process of creating and developing medical equipment and devices, such as surgical instruments, diagnostic machines, or assistive technologies. This process involves several stages, including:

1. Identifying user needs and requirements
2. Concept development and brainstorming
3. Prototyping and testing
4. Design for manufacturing and assembly
5. Safety and regulatory compliance
6. Verification and validation
7. Training and support

The goal of equipment design is to create safe, effective, and efficient medical devices that meet the needs of healthcare providers and patients while complying with relevant regulations and standards. The design process typically involves a multidisciplinary team of engineers, clinicians, designers, and researchers who work together to develop innovative solutions that improve patient care and outcomes.

In medical terms, "retreatment" refers to the process of providing additional treatment or courses of therapy to an individual who has previously undergone a medical intervention but has not achieved the desired outcomes or has experienced a recurrence of symptoms. This may apply to various medical conditions and treatments, including dental procedures, cancer therapies, mental health treatments, and more.

In the context of dentistry, specifically endodontics (root canal treatment), retreatment is the process of repeating the root canal procedure on a tooth that has already been treated before. This may be necessary if the initial treatment was not successful in eliminating infection or if reinfection has occurred. The goal of retreatment is to preserve the natural tooth and alleviate any persistent pain or discomfort.

A blood vessel prosthesis is a medical device that is used as a substitute for a damaged or diseased natural blood vessel. It is typically made of synthetic materials such as polyester, Dacron, or ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) and is designed to mimic the function of a native blood vessel by allowing the flow of blood through it.

Blood vessel prostheses are used in various surgical procedures, including coronary artery bypass grafting, peripheral arterial reconstruction, and the creation of arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis access. The choice of material and size of the prosthesis depends on several factors, such as the location and diameter of the vessel being replaced, the patient's age and overall health status, and the surgeon's preference.

It is important to note that while blood vessel prostheses can be effective in restoring blood flow, they may also carry risks such as infection, thrombosis (blood clot formation), and graft failure over time. Therefore, careful patient selection, surgical technique, and postoperative management are crucial for the success of these procedures.

Blood vessel prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure in which an artificial blood vessel, also known as a vascular graft or prosthetic graft, is inserted into the body to replace a damaged or diseased native blood vessel. The prosthetic graft can be made from various materials such as Dacron (polyester), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), or bovine/human tissue.

The implantation of a blood vessel prosthesis is typically performed to treat conditions that cause narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms, or traumatic injuries. The procedure may be used to bypass blocked arteries in the legs (peripheral artery disease), heart (coronary artery bypass surgery), or neck (carotid endarterectomy). It can also be used to replace damaged veins for hemodialysis access in patients with kidney failure.

The success of blood vessel prosthesis implantation depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the location and extent of the vascular disease, and the type of graft material used. Possible complications include infection, bleeding, graft thrombosis (clotting), and graft failure, which may require further surgical intervention or endovascular treatments.

Hyperplasia is a medical term that refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, leading to an enlargement of the affected area. It's a response to various stimuli such as hormones, chronic irritation, or inflammation. Hyperplasia can be physiological, like the growth of breast tissue during pregnancy, or pathological, like in the case of benign or malignant tumors. The process is generally reversible if the stimulus is removed. It's important to note that hyperplasia itself is not cancerous, but some forms of hyperplasia can increase the risk of developing cancer over time.

Coronary artery disease, often simply referred to as coronary disease, is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques. This can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or in severe cases, a heart attack.

The medical definition of coronary artery disease is:

A condition characterized by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques in the walls of the coronary arteries, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the myocardium (heart muscle). This can result in symptoms such as angina pectoris, shortness of breath, or arrhythmias, and may ultimately lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or heart failure.

Risk factors for coronary artery disease include age, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and a family history of the condition. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, and managing stress can help reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Medical treatments may include medications to control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, or irregular heart rhythms, as well as procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

Vascular patency is a term used in medicine to describe the state of a blood vessel (such as an artery or vein) being open, unobstructed, and allowing for the normal flow of blood. It is an important concept in the treatment and management of various cardiovascular conditions, such as peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, and deep vein thrombosis.

Maintaining vascular patency can help prevent serious complications like tissue damage, organ dysfunction, or even death. This may involve medical interventions such as administering blood-thinning medications to prevent clots, performing procedures to remove blockages, or using devices like stents to keep vessels open. Regular monitoring of vascular patency is also crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of treatments and adjusting care plans accordingly.

A registry in the context of medicine is a collection or database of standardized information about individuals who share a certain condition or attribute, such as a disease, treatment, exposure, or demographic group. These registries are used for various purposes, including:

* Monitoring and tracking the natural history of diseases and conditions
* Evaluating the safety and effectiveness of medical treatments and interventions
* Conducting research and generating hypotheses for further study
* Providing information to patients, clinicians, and researchers
* Informing public health policy and decision-making

Registries can be established for a wide range of purposes, including disease-specific registries (such as cancer or diabetes registries), procedure-specific registries (such as joint replacement or cardiac surgery registries), and population-based registries (such as birth defects or cancer registries). Data collected in registries may include demographic information, clinical data, laboratory results, treatment details, and outcomes.

Registries can be maintained by a variety of organizations, including hospitals, clinics, academic medical centers, professional societies, government agencies, and industry. Participation in registries is often voluntary, although some registries may require informed consent from participants. Data collected in registries are typically de-identified to protect the privacy of individuals.

Myocardial revascularization is a medical term that refers to the restoration of blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium), typically through a surgical or interventional procedure. This is often performed in patients with coronary artery disease, where the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries restricts blood flow to the heart muscle, causing symptoms such as chest pain (angina) or shortness of breath, and increasing the risk of a heart attack (myocardial infarction).

There are two main types of myocardial revascularization:

1. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): This is a surgical procedure in which a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a detour around the blocked or narrowed coronary artery, allowing blood to flow more freely to the heart muscle.
2. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), also known as angioplasty and stenting: This is a minimally invasive procedure in which a thin catheter is inserted into an artery in the groin or arm and threaded up to the blocked or narrowed coronary artery. A balloon is then inflated to widen the artery, and a stent may be placed to keep it open.

Both procedures aim to improve symptoms, reduce the risk of heart attack, and prolong survival in appropriately selected patients with coronary artery disease.

Tracheal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal narrowing of the trachea (windpipe), which can lead to difficulty breathing. This narrowing can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, scarring, or the growth of abnormal tissue in the airway. Symptoms may include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort, particularly during physical activity. Treatment options for tracheal stenosis depend on the severity and underlying cause of the condition and may include medications, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, or surgical interventions such as laser surgery, stent placement, or tracheal reconstruction.

Esophageal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing or constriction of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This narrowing can make it difficult to swallow food and liquids, leading to symptoms such as dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), pain or discomfort while swallowing, regurgitation, and weight loss.

Esophageal stenosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Scarring or fibrosis due to prolonged acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
2. Radiation therapy for cancer treatment
3. Ingestion of corrosive substances
4. Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus
5. Esophageal tumors or cancers
6. Surgical complications

Depending on the underlying cause and severity of the stenosis, treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms, dilation procedures to widen the narrowed area, or surgery to remove the affected portion of the esophagus. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any difficulty swallowing or other symptoms related to esophageal stenosis.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Drug delivery systems (DDS) refer to techniques or technologies that are designed to improve the administration of a pharmaceutical compound in terms of its efficiency, safety, and efficacy. A DDS can modify the drug release profile, target the drug to specific cells or tissues, protect the drug from degradation, and reduce side effects.

The goal of a DDS is to optimize the bioavailability of a drug, which is the amount of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available at the site of action. This can be achieved through various approaches, such as encapsulating the drug in a nanoparticle or attaching it to a biomolecule that targets specific cells or tissues.

Some examples of DDS include:

1. Controlled release systems: These systems are designed to release the drug at a controlled rate over an extended period, reducing the frequency of dosing and improving patient compliance.
2. Targeted delivery systems: These systems use biomolecules such as antibodies or ligands to target the drug to specific cells or tissues, increasing its efficacy and reducing side effects.
3. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems: These systems use nanoparticles made of polymers, lipids, or inorganic materials to encapsulate the drug and protect it from degradation, improve its solubility, and target it to specific cells or tissues.
4. Biodegradable implants: These are small devices that can be implanted under the skin or into body cavities to deliver drugs over an extended period. They can be made of biodegradable materials that gradually break down and release the drug.
5. Inhalation delivery systems: These systems use inhalers or nebulizers to deliver drugs directly to the lungs, bypassing the digestive system and improving bioavailability.

Overall, DDS play a critical role in modern pharmaceutical research and development, enabling the creation of new drugs with improved efficacy, safety, and patient compliance.

Prosthesis failure is a term used to describe a situation where a prosthetic device, such as an artificial joint or limb, has stopped functioning or failed to meet its intended purpose. This can be due to various reasons, including mechanical failure, infection, loosening of the device, or a reaction to the materials used in the prosthesis.

Mechanical failure can occur due to wear and tear, manufacturing defects, or improper use of the prosthetic device. Infection can also lead to prosthesis failure, particularly in cases where the prosthesis is implanted inside the body. The immune system may react to the presence of the foreign material, leading to inflammation and infection.

Loosening of the prosthesis can also cause it to fail over time, as the device becomes less stable and eventually stops working properly. Additionally, some people may have a reaction to the materials used in the prosthesis, leading to tissue damage or other complications that can result in prosthesis failure.

In general, prosthesis failure can lead to decreased mobility, pain, and the need for additional surgeries or treatments to correct the problem. It is important for individuals with prosthetic devices to follow their healthcare provider's instructions carefully to minimize the risk of prosthesis failure and ensure that the device continues to function properly over time.

Catheterization is a medical procedure in which a catheter (a flexible tube) is inserted into the body to treat various medical conditions or for diagnostic purposes. The specific definition can vary depending on the area of medicine and the particular procedure being discussed. Here are some common types of catheterization:

1. Urinary catheterization: This involves inserting a catheter through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine. It is often performed to manage urinary retention, monitor urine output in critically ill patients, or assist with surgical procedures.
2. Cardiac catheterization: A procedure where a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or arm, and guided to the heart. This allows for various diagnostic tests and treatments, such as measuring pressures within the heart chambers, assessing blood flow, or performing angioplasty and stenting of narrowed coronary arteries.
3. Central venous catheterization: A catheter is inserted into a large vein, typically in the neck, chest, or groin, to administer medications, fluids, or nutrition, or to monitor central venous pressure.
4. Peritoneal dialysis catheterization: A catheter is placed into the abdominal cavity for individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis, a type of kidney replacement therapy.
5. Neurological catheterization: In some cases, a catheter may be inserted into the cerebrospinal fluid space (lumbar puncture) or the brain's ventricular system (ventriculostomy) to diagnose or treat various neurological conditions.

These are just a few examples of catheterization procedures in medicine. The specific definition and purpose will depend on the medical context and the particular organ or body system involved.

Angioplasty is a medical procedure used to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels, often referred to as coronary angioplasty when it involves the heart's blood vessels (coronary arteries). The term "angio" refers to an angiogram, which is a type of X-ray image that reveals the inside of blood vessels.

The procedure typically involves the following steps:

1. A thin, flexible catheter (tube) is inserted into a blood vessel, usually through a small incision in the groin or arm.
2. The catheter is guided to the narrowed or blocked area using real-time X-ray imaging.
3. Once in place, a tiny balloon attached to the tip of the catheter is inflated to widen the blood vessel and compress any plaque buildup against the artery walls.
4. A stent (a small mesh tube) may be inserted to help keep the blood vessel open and prevent it from narrowing again.
5. The balloon is deflated, and the catheter is removed.

Angioplasty helps improve blood flow, reduce symptoms such as chest pain or shortness of breath, and lower the risk of heart attack in patients with blocked arteries. It's important to note that angioplasty is not a permanent solution for coronary artery disease, and lifestyle changes, medications, and follow-up care are necessary to maintain long-term cardiovascular health.

Ticlopidine is defined as a platelet aggregation inhibitor drug, which works by preventing certain types of blood cells (platelets) from sticking together to form clots. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack in patients who have already had a stroke or have peripheral arterial disease.

Ticlopidine is a thienopyridine derivative that selectively inhibits platelet activation and aggregation by blocking the ADP (adenosine diphosphate) receptor on the platelet surface. This action prevents the formation of platelet plugs, which can lead to the development of blood clots in the arteries.

Ticlopidine is available in oral form as tablets and is typically taken twice daily. Common side effects include diarrhea, skin rash, and itching. More serious side effects, such as neutropenia (low white blood cell count), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and aplastic anemia, are rare but can be life-threatening.

Due to the risk of serious side effects, ticlopidine is usually reserved for use in patients who cannot tolerate or have failed other antiplatelet therapies, such as aspirin or clopidogrel. It is important to monitor patients taking ticlopidine closely for signs of adverse reactions and to follow the prescribing instructions carefully.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

The Kaplan-Meier estimate is a statistical method used to calculate the survival probability over time in a population. It is commonly used in medical research to analyze time-to-event data, such as the time until a patient experiences a specific event like disease progression or death. The Kaplan-Meier estimate takes into account censored data, which occurs when some individuals are lost to follow-up before experiencing the event of interest.

The method involves constructing a survival curve that shows the proportion of subjects still surviving at different time points. At each time point, the survival probability is calculated as the product of the conditional probabilities of surviving from one time point to the next. The Kaplan-Meier estimate provides an unbiased and consistent estimator of the survival function, even when censoring is present.

In summary, the Kaplan-Meier estimate is a crucial tool in medical research for analyzing time-to-event data and estimating survival probabilities over time while accounting for censored observations.

Arterial occlusive diseases are medical conditions characterized by the blockage or narrowing of the arteries, which can lead to a reduction in blood flow to various parts of the body. This reduction in blood flow can cause tissue damage and may result in serious complications such as tissue death (gangrene), organ dysfunction, or even death.

The most common cause of arterial occlusive diseases is atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining of the artery walls. Over time, this plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow. Other causes of arterial occlusive diseases include blood clots, emboli (tiny particles that travel through the bloodstream and lodge in smaller vessels), inflammation, trauma, and certain inherited conditions.

Symptoms of arterial occlusive diseases depend on the location and severity of the blockage. Common symptoms include:

* Pain, cramping, or fatigue in the affected limb, often triggered by exercise and relieved by rest (claudication)
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected limb
* Coldness or discoloration of the skin in the affected area
* Slow-healing sores or wounds on the toes, feet, or legs
* Erectile dysfunction in men

Treatment for arterial occlusive diseases may include lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Medications to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, prevent blood clots, or manage pain may also be prescribed. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow.

Foreign-body migration is a medical condition that occurs when a foreign object, such as a surgical implant, tissue graft, or trauma-induced fragment, moves from its original position within the body to a different location. This displacement can cause various complications and symptoms depending on the type of foreign body, the location it migrated to, and the individual's specific physiological response.

Foreign-body migration may result from insufficient fixation or anchoring of the object during implantation, inadequate wound healing, infection, or an inflammatory reaction. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, redness, or infection at the new location, as well as potential damage to surrounding tissues and organs. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to locate the foreign body, followed by a surgical procedure to remove it and address any resulting complications.

"Plastics" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a broader context, plastics can refer to a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that are used in various medical applications due to their durability, flexibility, and ability to be molded into different shapes. Some examples include:

1. Medical devices such as catheters, implants, and surgical instruments.
2. Packaging for medical supplies and pharmaceuticals.
3. Protective barriers like gloves and gowns used in medical settings.
4. Intraocular lenses and other ophthalmic applications.

It's important to note that the term "plastics" is not a medical term per se, but rather a general category of materials with diverse uses across different industries, including healthcare.

Prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial device or component, known as a prosthesis, is placed inside the body to replace a missing or damaged body part. The prosthesis can be made from various materials such as metal, plastic, or ceramic and is designed to perform the same function as the original body part.

The implantation procedure involves making an incision in the skin to create a pocket where the prosthesis will be placed. The prosthesis is then carefully positioned and secured in place using screws, cement, or other fixation methods. In some cases, tissue from the patient's own body may be used to help anchor the prosthesis.

Once the prosthesis is in place, the incision is closed with sutures or staples, and the area is bandaged. The patient will typically need to undergo rehabilitation and physical therapy to learn how to use the new prosthesis and regain mobility and strength.

Prosthesis implantation is commonly performed for a variety of reasons, including joint replacement due to arthritis or injury, dental implants to replace missing teeth, and breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The specific procedure and recovery time will depend on the type and location of the prosthesis being implanted.

Equipment failure is a term used in the medical field to describe the malfunction or breakdown of medical equipment, devices, or systems that are essential for patient care. This can include simple devices like syringes and thermometers, as well as complex machines such as ventilators, infusion pumps, and imaging equipment.

Equipment failure can have serious consequences for patients, including delayed or inappropriate treatment, injury, or even death. It is therefore essential that medical equipment is properly maintained, tested, and repaired to ensure its safe and effective operation.

There are many potential causes of equipment failure, including:

* Wear and tear from frequent use
* Inadequate cleaning or disinfection
* Improper handling or storage
* Power supply issues
* Software glitches or bugs
* Mechanical failures or defects
* Human error or misuse

To prevent equipment failure, healthcare facilities should have established policies and procedures for the acquisition, maintenance, and disposal of medical equipment. Staff should be trained in the proper use and handling of equipment, and regular inspections and testing should be performed to identify and address any potential issues before they lead to failure.

Coronary occlusion is the medical term used to describe a complete blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. This blockage is usually caused by the buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques, inside the artery walls, a condition known as atherosclerosis. Over time, these plaques can rupture, leading to the formation of blood clots that completely obstruct the flow of blood through the coronary artery.

Coronary occlusion can lead to serious complications, such as a heart attack (myocardial infarction), angina (chest pain), or even sudden cardiac death, depending on the severity and duration of the blockage. Immediate medical attention is required in case of coronary occlusion to restore blood flow to the affected areas of the heart and prevent further damage. Treatment options may include medications, minimally invasive procedures like angioplasty and stenting, or surgical interventions such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a type of clinical study in which participants are randomly assigned to receive either the experimental intervention or the control condition, which may be a standard of care, placebo, or no treatment. The goal of an RCT is to minimize bias and ensure that the results are due to the intervention being tested rather than other factors. This design allows for a comparison between the two groups to determine if there is a significant difference in outcomes. RCTs are often considered the gold standard for evaluating the safety and efficacy of medical interventions, as they provide a high level of evidence for causal relationships between the intervention and health outcomes.

Palliative care is a type of medical care that focuses on relieving the pain, symptoms, and stress of serious illnesses. The goal is to improve quality of life for both the patient and their family. It is provided by a team of doctors, nurses, and other specialists who work together to address the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs of the patient. Palliative care can be provided at any stage of an illness, alongside curative treatments, and is not dependent on prognosis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines palliative care as: "an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychological and spiritual."

Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a medical condition that refers to the blockage of the passage from the stomach to the small intestine, also known as the pylorus. This blockage can be caused by various factors, including tumors, scar tissue, or gallstones. As a result, food and digestive enzymes cannot pass through the pylorus into the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, and weight loss. In severe cases, GOO can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, and other complications if left untreated. Treatment options for GOO depend on the underlying cause of the obstruction and may include medication, endoscopic procedures, or surgery.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

"Device Removal" in a medical context generally refers to the surgical or nonsurgical removal of a medical device that has been previously implanted in a patient's body. The purpose of removing the device may vary, depending on the individual case. Some common reasons for device removal include infection, malfunction, rejection, or when the device is no longer needed.

Examples of medical devices that may require removal include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), artificial joints, orthopedic hardware, breast implants, cochlear implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). The procedure for device removal will depend on the type of device, its location in the body, and the reason for its removal.

It is important to note that device removal carries certain risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding tissues, or complications related to anesthesia. Therefore, the decision to remove a medical device should be made carefully, considering both the potential benefits and risks of the procedure.

Risk assessment in the medical context refers to the process of identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing risks to patients, healthcare workers, or the community related to healthcare delivery. It involves determining the likelihood and potential impact of adverse events or hazards, such as infectious diseases, medication errors, or medical devices failures, and implementing measures to mitigate or manage those risks. The goal of risk assessment is to promote safe and high-quality care by identifying areas for improvement and taking action to minimize harm.

Aspirin is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid, which is a medication used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. It works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX), which is involved in the production of prostaglandins, hormone-like substances that cause inflammation and pain. Aspirin also has an antiplatelet effect, which means it can help prevent blood clots from forming. This makes it useful for preventing heart attacks and strokes.

Aspirin is available over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and chewable tablets. It is also available in prescription strengths for certain medical conditions. As with any medication, aspirin should be taken as directed by a healthcare provider, and its use should be avoided in children and teenagers with viral infections due to the risk of Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious condition that can affect the liver and brain.

The femoral artery is the major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lower extremity of the human body. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery and becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle of the thigh.

The femoral artery is located in the femoral triangle, which is bound by the sartorius muscle anteriorly, the adductor longus muscle medially, and the biceps femoris muscle posteriorly. It can be easily palpated in the groin region, making it a common site for taking blood samples, measuring blood pressure, and performing surgical procedures such as femoral artery catheterization and bypass grafting.

The femoral artery gives off several branches that supply blood to the lower limb, including the deep femoral artery, the superficial femoral artery, and the profunda femoris artery. These branches provide blood to the muscles, bones, skin, and other tissues of the leg, ankle, and foot.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is not inherently a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with significant uses in the medical field. Medically, PTFE is often referred to by its brand name, Teflon. It is a synthetic fluoropolymer used in various medical applications due to its unique properties such as high resistance to heat, electrical and chemical interaction, and exceptional non-reactivity with body tissues.

PTFE can be found in medical devices like catheters, where it reduces friction, making insertion easier and minimizing trauma. It is also used in orthopedic and dental implants, drug delivery systems, and sutures due to its biocompatibility and non-adhesive nature.

"Miniature Swine" is not a medical term per se, but it is commonly used in the field of biomedical research to refer to certain breeds or types of pigs that are smaller in size compared to traditional farm pigs. These miniature swine are often used as animal models for human diseases due to their similarities with humans in terms of anatomy, genetics, and physiology. Examples of commonly used miniature swine include the Yucatan, Sinclair, and Göttingen breeds. It is important to note that while these animals are often called "miniature," they can still weigh between 50-200 pounds depending on the specific breed or age.

Angiography is a medical procedure in which an x-ray image is taken to visualize the internal structure of blood vessels, arteries, or veins. This is done by injecting a radiopaque contrast agent (dye) into the blood vessel using a thin, flexible catheter. The dye makes the blood vessels visible on an x-ray image, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various medical conditions such as blockages, narrowing, or malformations of the blood vessels.

There are several types of angiography, including:

* Cardiac angiography (also called coronary angiography) - used to examine the blood vessels of the heart
* Cerebral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels of the brain
* Peripheral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels in the limbs or other parts of the body.

Angiography is typically performed by a radiologist, cardiologist, or vascular surgeon in a hospital setting. It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease, among others.

Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), is a surgical procedure used to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with severe coronary artery disease. This condition occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques.

During CABG surgery, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted, or attached, to the coronary artery, creating a new pathway for oxygen-rich blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed portion of the artery and reach the heart muscle. This bypass helps to restore normal blood flow and reduce the risk of angina (chest pain), shortness of breath, and other symptoms associated with coronary artery disease.

There are different types of CABG surgery, including traditional on-pump CABG, off-pump CABG, and minimally invasive CABG. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, such as the patient's overall health, the number and location of blocked arteries, and the presence of other medical conditions.

It is important to note that while CABG surgery can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with severe coronary artery disease, it does not cure the underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, smoking cessation, and medication therapy, are essential for long-term management and prevention of further progression of the disease.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

A foreign-body reaction is an immune response that occurs when a non-native substance, or "foreign body," is introduced into the human body. This can include things like splinters, surgical implants, or even injected medications. The immune system recognizes these substances as foreign and mounts a response to try to eliminate them.

The initial response to a foreign body is often an acute inflammatory reaction, characterized by the release of chemical mediators that cause vasodilation, increased blood flow, and the migration of white blood cells to the site. This can result in symptoms such as redness, swelling, warmth, and pain.

If the foreign body is not eliminated, a chronic inflammatory response may develop, which can lead to the formation of granulation tissue, fibrosis, and encapsulation of the foreign body. In some cases, this reaction can cause significant tissue damage or impede proper healing.

It's worth noting that not all foreign bodies necessarily elicit a strong immune response. The nature and size of the foreign body, as well as its location in the body, can all influence the severity of the reaction.

Intubation is a medical procedure in which a flexible plastic tube called an endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted into the patient's windpipe (trachea) through the mouth or nose. This procedure is performed to maintain an open airway and ensure adequate ventilation and oxygenation of the lungs during surgery, critical illness, or trauma.

The ETT is connected to a breathing circuit and a ventilator, which delivers breaths and removes carbon dioxide from the lungs. Intubation allows healthcare professionals to manage the patient's airway, control their breathing, and administer anesthesia during surgical procedures. It is typically performed by trained medical personnel such as anesthesiologists, emergency medicine physicians, or critical care specialists.

There are two main types of intubation: oral and nasal. Oral intubation involves inserting the ETT through the patient's mouth, while nasal intubation involves passing the tube through the nostril and into the trachea. The choice of technique depends on various factors, including the patient's medical condition, anatomy, and the reason for intubation.

Ureteral diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the ureters, which are the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as pain in the side or back, fever, and changes in urinary patterns. Here are some examples of ureteral diseases:

1. Ureteral stricture: A narrowing of the ureter that can be caused by scarring, inflammation, or tumors. This can lead to a backup of urine, which can cause kidney damage or infection.
2. Ureteral stones: Small, hard mineral deposits that form in the ureters and can cause pain, nausea, and blood in the urine.
3. Ureteral cancer: A rare type of cancer that affects the ureters and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and bloody urine.
4. Ureteral reflux: A condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, causing infection and kidney damage.
5. Ureteral trauma: Injury to the ureters can occur due to accidents, surgeries, or other medical procedures. This can lead to bleeding, scarring, or blockages in the ureters.

Treatment for ureteral diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, or minimally invasive procedures such as stenting or balloon dilation.

Angioscopy is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses a small fiber-optic scope, called an angioscope, to directly visualize the interior of blood vessels. The angioscope is inserted into the vessel through a small incision or catheter and allows physicians to examine the vessel walls for abnormalities such as plaque buildup, inflammation, or damage. This procedure can be used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and vasculitis. It can also be used during surgical procedures to assist with the placement of stents or other devices in the blood vessels.

Equipment Failure Analysis is a process of identifying the cause of failure in medical equipment or devices. This involves a systematic examination and evaluation of the equipment, its components, and operational history to determine why it failed. The analysis may include physical inspection, chemical testing, and review of maintenance records, as well as assessment of design, manufacturing, and usage factors that may have contributed to the failure.

The goal of Equipment Failure Analysis is to identify the root cause of the failure, so that corrective actions can be taken to prevent similar failures in the future. This is important in medical settings to ensure patient safety and maintain the reliability and effectiveness of medical equipment.

A feasibility study is a preliminary investigation or analysis conducted to determine the viability of a proposed project, program, or product. In the medical field, feasibility studies are often conducted before implementing new treatments, procedures, equipment, or facilities. These studies help to assess the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed intervention, as well as its potential benefits and risks.

Feasibility studies in healthcare typically involve several steps:

1. Problem identification: Clearly define the problem that the proposed project, program, or product aims to address.
2. Objectives setting: Establish specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) objectives for the study.
3. Literature review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research and best practices related to the proposed intervention.
4. Methodology development: Design a methodology for data collection and analysis that will help answer the research questions and achieve the study's objectives.
5. Resource assessment: Evaluate the availability and adequacy of resources, including personnel, time, and finances, required to carry out the proposed intervention.
6. Risk assessment: Identify potential risks and challenges associated with the implementation of the proposed intervention and develop strategies to mitigate them.
7. Cost-benefit analysis: Estimate the costs and benefits of the proposed intervention, including direct and indirect costs, as well as short-term and long-term benefits.
8. Stakeholder engagement: Engage relevant stakeholders, such as patients, healthcare providers, administrators, and policymakers, to gather their input and support for the proposed intervention.
9. Decision-making: Based on the findings of the feasibility study, make an informed decision about whether or not to proceed with the proposed project, program, or product.

Feasibility studies are essential in healthcare as they help ensure that resources are allocated efficiently and effectively, and that interventions are evidence-based, safe, and beneficial for patients.

A propensity score is a statistical concept used in epidemiology and biostatistics to reduce bias and confounding in observational studies. It is a predicted probability of being exposed to a certain treatment or intervention, based on a set of observed covariates or characteristics.

The propensity score is calculated by estimating the probability of exposure (i.e., treatment or intervention) for each individual in the study sample, using logistic regression or other statistical models. The resulting scores are then used to match individuals with similar propensities for exposure, creating a balanced comparison group that more closely resembles a randomized controlled trial.

Propensity score methods can help to account for confounding variables and improve the internal validity of observational studies, making them a useful tool in medical research where randomized controlled trials may not be feasible or ethical. However, it is important to note that propensity score matching is not a panacea and has its own limitations, such as the potential for unmeasured confounding and the need for sufficient sample size.

Silicones are not a medical term, but they are commonly used in the medical field, particularly in medical devices and healthcare products. Silicones are synthetic polymers made up of repeating units of siloxane, which is a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms. They can exist in various forms such as oils, gels, rubbers, and resins.

In the medical context, silicones are often used for their unique properties, including:

1. Biocompatibility - Silicones have a low risk of causing an adverse reaction when they come into contact with living tissue.
2. Inertness - They do not react chemically with other substances, making them suitable for use in medical devices that need to remain stable over time.
3. Temperature resistance - Silicones can maintain their flexibility and elasticity even under extreme temperature conditions.
4. Gas permeability - Some silicone materials allow gases like oxygen and water vapor to pass through, which is useful in applications where maintaining a moist environment is essential.
5. Durability - Silicones have excellent resistance to aging, weathering, and environmental factors, ensuring long-lasting performance.

Examples of medical applications for silicones include:

1. Breast implants
2. Contact lenses
3. Catheters
4. Artificial joints and tendons
5. Bandages and wound dressings
6. Drug delivery systems
7. Medical adhesives
8. Infant care products (nipples, pacifiers)

Interventional radiology (IR) is a subspecialty of radiology that uses minimally invasive image-guided procedures to diagnose and treat various medical conditions. The main goal of interventional radiology is to offer patients less invasive options for treatment, which can result in smaller incisions, reduced recovery time, and fewer complications compared to traditional open surgeries.

Interventional radiologists use a variety of imaging techniques, such as X-rays, fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound, to guide catheters, wires, needles, and other small instruments through the body to target specific areas. These targeted interventions can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:

1. Biopsies: Obtaining tissue samples from organs or tumors to determine a diagnosis.
2. Drainage procedures: Removing fluid from abscesses, cysts, or blocked areas to alleviate symptoms and promote healing.
3. Stent placements: Opening narrowed or obstructed blood vessels, bile ducts, or airways using small mesh tubes called stents.
4. Embolization: Blocking abnormal blood vessels or reducing blood flow to tumors, aneurysms, or other problematic areas.
5. Tumor ablation: Destroying tumors using heat (radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation), cold (cryoablation), or other energy sources.
6. Pain management: Treating chronic pain by targeting specific nerves and blocking their transmission of pain signals.
7. Vascular access: Creating secure pathways to blood vessels for dialysis, chemotherapy, or other long-term treatments.
8. Aneurysm repair: Reinforcing weakened or bulging blood vessel walls using coils, stents, or flow diverters.
9. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: Stabilizing fractured vertebrae in the spine to alleviate pain and improve mobility.
10. Uterine fibroid embolization: Reducing the size and symptoms of uterine fibroids by blocking their blood supply.

These are just a few examples of interventional radiology procedures. The field is constantly evolving, with new techniques and technologies being developed to improve patient care and outcomes. Interventional radiologists work closely with other medical specialists to provide minimally invasive treatment options for a wide range of conditions.

Biodegradable plastics are a type of plastic that can be broken down naturally by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass under specific conditions. This process of breakdown is known as biodegradation. The term "biodegradable" does not necessarily mean that the plastic will break down quickly or safely in all environments, and it is important to note that some plastics marketed as biodegradable may still take a long time to degrade and can still have negative impacts on the environment if not disposed of properly.

Biodegradable plastics are often made from renewable resources such as corn starch, sugarcane, or other plant-based materials, although some may also be made from petroleum-based materials. They are designed to break down more quickly and safely than traditional plastics, which can take hundreds of years to degrade and can persist in the environment, causing harm to wildlife and ecosystems.

Biodegradable plastics have potential applications in a variety of industries, including packaging, agriculture, and medical devices. However, it is important to consider the specific conditions required for biodegradation and the potential impacts on the environment when using these materials.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Diabetic angiopathies refer to a group of vascular complications that occur due to diabetes mellitus. Prolonged exposure to high blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels, leading to various types of angiopathies such as:

1. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a condition where the small blood vessels in the retina get damaged due to diabetes, leading to vision loss or blindness if left untreated.
2. Diabetic nephropathy: In this condition, the kidneys' glomeruli (the filtering units) become damaged due to diabetes, leading to protein leakage and eventually kidney failure if not managed properly.
3. Diabetic neuropathy: This is a type of nerve damage caused by diabetes that can affect various parts of the body, including the legs, feet, and hands, causing numbness, tingling, or pain.
4. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: This is a condition where the heart muscle becomes damaged due to diabetes, leading to heart failure.
5. Diabetic peripheral arterial disease (PAD): In this condition, the blood vessels that supply the legs and feet become narrowed or blocked due to diabetes, leading to pain, cramping, or even gangrene in severe cases.

Overall, diabetic angiopathies are serious complications of diabetes that can significantly impact a person's quality of life and overall health. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals with diabetes to manage their blood sugar levels effectively and undergo regular check-ups to detect any early signs of these complications.

Obstructive Jaundice is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes due to the accumulation of bilirubin in the bloodstream. This occurs when there is an obstruction or blockage in the bile ducts that transport bile from the liver to the small intestine.

Bile, which contains bilirubin, aids in digestion and is usually released from the liver into the small intestine. When the flow of bile is obstructed, bilirubin builds up in the blood, causing jaundice. The obstruction can be caused by various factors, such as gallstones, tumors, or strictures in the bile ducts.

Obstructive jaundice may present with additional symptoms like dark urine, light-colored stools, itching, abdominal pain, and weight loss, depending on the cause and severity of the obstruction. It is essential to seek medical attention if jaundice is observed, as timely diagnosis and management can prevent potential complications, such as liver damage or infection.

Duodenal obstruction is a medical condition characterized by the blockage or impediment of the normal flow of contents through the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This blockage can be partial or complete and can be caused by various factors such as:

1. Congenital abnormalities: Duodenal atresia or stenosis, where there is a congenital absence or narrowing of a portion of the duodenum.
2. Inflammatory conditions: Duodenitis, Crohn's disease, or tumors that cause swelling and inflammation in the duodenum.
3. Mechanical obstructions: Gallstones, tumors, strictures, or adhesions (scar tissue) from previous surgeries can physically block the duodenum.
4. Neuromuscular disorders: Conditions like progressive systemic sclerosis or amyloidosis that affect the neuromuscular function of the intestines can lead to duodenal obstruction.

Symptoms of duodenal obstruction may include nausea, vomiting (often with bilious or fecal matter), abdominal pain, distention, and decreased bowel movements. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or upper gastrointestinal series to visualize the blockage. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve surgery, endoscopic procedures, or medications to manage symptoms and address the obstruction.

A ureter is a thin, muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the bladder. In humans, there are two ureters, one for each kidney, and they are typically about 10-12 inches long. The ureters are lined with a special type of cells called transitional epithelium that can stretch and expand as urine passes through them. They are located in the retroperitoneal space, which is the area behind the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. The ureters play a critical role in the urinary system by ensuring that urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder for storage and eventual elimination from the body.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a medical procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile ducts and pancreas.

During ERCP, a flexible endoscope (a long, thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) is passed through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A narrow plastic tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope and into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to visualize the ducts.

ERCP can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including gallstones, tumors, strictures (narrowing of the ducts), and chronic pancreatitis. It can also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing gallstones from the bile duct or placing stents to keep the ducts open in cases of stricture.

ERCP is an invasive procedure that carries a risk of complications, including pancreatitis, infection, bleeding, and perforation (a tear in the lining of the GI tract). It should only be performed by experienced medical professionals in a hospital setting.

Proportional hazards models are a type of statistical analysis used in medical research to investigate the relationship between covariates (predictor variables) and survival times. The most common application of proportional hazards models is in the Cox regression model, which is named after its developer, Sir David Cox.

In a proportional hazards model, the hazard rate or risk of an event occurring at a given time is assumed to be proportional to the hazard rate of a reference group, after adjusting for the covariates. This means that the ratio of the hazard rates between any two individuals remains constant over time, regardless of their survival times.

Mathematically, the hazard function h(t) at time t for an individual with a set of covariates X can be expressed as:

h(t|X) = h0(t) \* exp(β1X1 + β2X2 + ... + βpXp)

where h0(t) is the baseline hazard function, X1, X2, ..., Xp are the covariates, and β1, β2, ..., βp are the regression coefficients that represent the effect of each covariate on the hazard rate.

The assumption of proportionality is crucial in the interpretation of the results from a Cox regression model. If the assumption is violated, then the estimated regression coefficients may be biased and misleading. Therefore, it is important to test for the proportional hazards assumption before interpreting the results of a Cox regression analysis.

The popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery that passes through the popliteal fossa, which is the area behind the knee. It is the major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lower leg and foot. The popliteal artery divides into the anterior tibial artery and the tibioperoneal trunk at the lower border of the popliteus muscle. Any damage or blockage to this artery can result in serious health complications, including reduced blood flow to the leg and foot, which may lead to pain, cramping, numbness, or even tissue death (gangrene) if left untreated.

Beta particles, also known as beta rays, are a type of ionizing radiation that consist of high-energy electrons or positrons emitted from the nucleus of certain radioactive isotopes during their decay process. When a neutron in the nucleus decays into a proton, it results in an excess energy state and one electron is ejected from the atom at high speed. This ejected electron is referred to as a beta particle.

Beta particles can have both positive and negative charges, depending on the type of decay process. Negative beta particles (β−) are equivalent to electrons, while positive beta particles (β+) are equivalent to positrons. They possess kinetic energy that varies in range, with higher energies associated with greater penetrating power.

Beta particles can cause ionization and excitation of atoms and molecules they encounter, leading to chemical reactions and potential damage to living tissues. Therefore, appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling materials that emit beta radiation.

An intracranial aneurysm is a localized, blood-filled dilation or bulging in the wall of a cerebral artery within the skull (intracranial). These aneurysms typically occur at weak points in the arterial walls, often at branching points where the vessel divides into smaller branches. Over time, the repeated pressure from blood flow can cause the vessel wall to weaken and balloon out, forming a sac-like structure. Intracranial aneurysms can vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

There are three main types of intracranial aneurysms:

1. Saccular (berry) aneurysm: This is the most common type, characterized by a round or oval shape with a narrow neck and a bulging sac. They usually develop at branching points in the arteries due to congenital weaknesses in the vessel wall.
2. Fusiform aneurysm: These aneurysms have a dilated segment along the length of the artery, forming a cigar-shaped or spindle-like structure. They are often caused by atherosclerosis and can affect any part of the cerebral arteries.
3. Dissecting aneurysm: This type occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining (intima) of the artery, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the vessel wall. It can lead to narrowing or complete blockage of the affected artery and may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage if it ruptures.

Intracranial aneurysms can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other conditions. However, when they grow larger or rupture, they can lead to severe complications such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or even death. Treatment options include surgical clipping, endovascular coiling, or flow diversion techniques to prevent further growth and potential rupture of the aneurysm.

The Chi-square distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is often used in statistical hypothesis testing. It is the distribution of a sum of squares of k independent standard normal random variables. The resulting quantity follows a chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom, denoted as χ²(k).

The probability density function (pdf) of the Chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom is given by:

f(x; k) = (1/ (2^(k/2) * Γ(k/2))) \* x^((k/2)-1) \* e^(-x/2), for x > 0 and 0, otherwise.

Where Γ(k/2) is the gamma function evaluated at k/2. The mean and variance of a Chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom are k and 2k, respectively.

The Chi-square distribution has various applications in statistical inference, including testing goodness-of-fit, homogeneity of variances, and independence in contingency tables.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

Brachytherapy is a type of cancer treatment that involves placing radioactive material directly into or near the tumor site. The term "brachy" comes from the Greek word for "short," which refers to the short distance that the radiation travels. This allows for a high dose of radiation to be delivered directly to the tumor while minimizing exposure to healthy surrounding tissue.

There are two main types of brachytherapy:

1. Intracavitary brachytherapy: The radioactive material is placed inside a body cavity, such as the uterus or windpipe.
2. Interstitial brachytherapy: The radioactive material is placed directly into the tumor or surrounding tissue using needles, seeds, or catheters.

Brachytherapy can be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments such as surgery, external beam radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It may be recommended for a variety of cancers, including prostate, cervical, vaginal, vulvar, head and neck, and skin cancers. The specific type of brachytherapy used will depend on the size, location, and stage of the tumor.

The advantages of brachytherapy include its ability to deliver a high dose of radiation directly to the tumor while minimizing exposure to healthy tissue, which can result in fewer side effects compared to other forms of radiation therapy. Additionally, brachytherapy is often a shorter treatment course than external beam radiation therapy, with some treatments lasting only a few minutes or hours.

However, there are also potential risks and side effects associated with brachytherapy, including damage to nearby organs and tissues, bleeding, infection, and pain. Patients should discuss the benefits and risks of brachytherapy with their healthcare provider to determine if it is an appropriate treatment option for them.

The saphenous vein is a term used in anatomical description to refer to the great or small saphenous veins, which are superficial veins located in the lower extremities of the human body.

The great saphenous vein (GSV) is the longest vein in the body and originates from the medial aspect of the foot, ascending along the medial side of the leg and thigh, and drains into the femoral vein at the saphenofemoral junction, located in the upper third of the thigh.

The small saphenous vein (SSV) is a shorter vein that originates from the lateral aspect of the foot, ascends along the posterior calf, and drains into the popliteal vein at the saphenopopliteal junction, located in the popliteal fossa.

These veins are often used as conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery due to their consistent anatomy and length.

Cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the interruption or reduction of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats. When the flow of bile is blocked or reduced, it can lead to an accumulation of bile components, such as bilirubin, in the blood, which can cause jaundice, itching, and other symptoms.

Cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including liver diseases (such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or cancer), gallstones, alcohol abuse, certain medications, pregnancy, and genetic disorders. Depending on the underlying cause, cholestasis may be acute or chronic, and it can range from mild to severe in its symptoms and consequences. Treatment for cholestasis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing the symptoms with supportive care.

Endovascular procedures are minimally invasive medical treatments that involve accessing and repairing blood vessels or other interior parts of the body through small incisions or punctures. These procedures typically use specialized catheters, wires, and other tools that are inserted into the body through an artery or vein, usually in the leg or arm.

Endovascular procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including aneurysms, atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, carotid artery stenosis, and other vascular disorders. Some common endovascular procedures include angioplasty, stenting, embolization, and thrombectomy.

The benefits of endovascular procedures over traditional open surgery include smaller incisions, reduced trauma to surrounding tissues, faster recovery times, and lower risks of complications such as infection and bleeding. However, endovascular procedures may not be appropriate for all patients or conditions, and careful evaluation and consideration are necessary to determine the best treatment approach.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a type of electron microscopy that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample and produce a high-resolution image. In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of a specimen, and secondary electrons are emitted from the sample due to interactions between the electrons and the atoms in the sample. These secondary electrons are then detected by a detector and used to create an image of the sample's surface topography. SEM can provide detailed images of the surface of a wide range of materials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and biological samples. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and electronics for the examination and analysis of surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale.

Interventional radiography is a subspecialty of radiology that uses imaging guidance (such as X-ray fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT, or MRI) to perform minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. These procedures typically involve the insertion of needles, catheters, or other small instruments through the skin or a natural body opening, allowing for targeted treatment with reduced risk, trauma, and recovery time compared to traditional open surgeries.

Examples of interventional radiography procedures include:

1. Angiography: Imaging of blood vessels to diagnose and treat conditions like blockages, narrowing, or aneurysms.
2. Biopsy: The removal of tissue samples for diagnostic purposes.
3. Drainage: The removal of fluid accumulations (e.g., abscesses, cysts) or the placement of catheters to drain fluids continuously.
4. Embolization: The blocking of blood vessels to control bleeding, tumor growth, or reduce the size of an aneurysm.
5. Stenting and angioplasty: The widening of narrowed or blocked vessels using stents (small mesh tubes) or balloon catheters.
6. Radiofrequency ablation: The use of heat to destroy tumors or abnormal tissues.
7. Cryoablation: The use of extreme cold to destroy tumors or abnormal tissues.

Interventional radiologists are medical doctors who have completed specialized training in both diagnostic imaging and interventional procedures, allowing them to provide comprehensive care for patients requiring image-guided treatments.

Intestinal obstruction, also known as bowel obstruction, is a medical condition characterized by a blockage that prevents the normal flow of contents through the small intestine or large intestine (colon). This blockage can be caused by various factors such as tumors, adhesions (scar tissue), hernias, inflammation, or impacted feces.

The obstruction can be mechanical, where something physically blocks the intestinal lumen, or functional, where the normal muscular contractions of the bowel are impaired. Mechanical obstructions are more common than functional ones.

Symptoms of intestinal obstruction may include abdominal pain and cramping, nausea and vomiting, bloating, inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement, and abdominal distention. If left untreated, intestinal obstruction can lead to serious complications such as tissue death (necrosis), perforation of the intestine, and sepsis. Treatment typically involves hospitalization, intravenous fluids, nasogastric decompression, and possibly surgery to remove the obstruction.

A single-blind method in medical research is a study design where the participants are unaware of the group or intervention they have been assigned to, but the researchers conducting the study know which participant belongs to which group. This is done to prevent bias from the participants' expectations or knowledge of their assignment, while still allowing the researchers to control the study conditions and collect data.

In a single-blind trial, the participants do not know whether they are receiving the active treatment or a placebo (a sham treatment that looks like the real thing but has no therapeutic effect), whereas the researcher knows which participant is receiving which intervention. This design helps to ensure that the participants' responses and outcomes are not influenced by their knowledge of the treatment assignment, while still allowing the researchers to assess the effectiveness or safety of the intervention being studied.

Single-blind methods are commonly used in clinical trials and other medical research studies where it is important to minimize bias and control for confounding variables that could affect the study results.

Antineoplastic agents, phytogenic, also known as plant-derived anticancer drugs, are medications that are derived from plants and used to treat cancer. These agents have natural origins and work by interfering with the growth and multiplication of cancer cells, helping to slow or stop the spread of the disease. Some examples of antineoplastic agents, phytogenic include paclitaxel (Taxol), vincristine, vinblastine, and etoposide. These drugs are often used in combination with other treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy, and other medications to provide a comprehensive approach to cancer care.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. This reduction in blood flow, commonly caused by blood clots forming in coronary arteries, can lead to damage or death of the heart muscle and is often characterized by symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue.

There are three main types of ACS:

1. Unstable Angina: This occurs when there is reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, causing chest pain or discomfort, but the heart muscle is not damaged. It can be a warning sign for a possible future heart attack.
2. Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI): This type of heart attack occurs when there is reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, causing damage or death of some of the muscle cells. However, the electrical activity of the heart remains relatively normal.
3. ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): This is a serious and life-threatening type of heart attack that occurs when there is a complete blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries, causing extensive damage to the heart muscle. The electrical activity of the heart is significantly altered, which can lead to dangerous heart rhythms and even cardiac arrest.

Immediate medical attention is required for anyone experiencing symptoms of ACS, as prompt treatment can help prevent further damage to the heart muscle and reduce the risk of complications or death. Treatment options may include medications, lifestyle changes, and procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery.

The iliac veins are a pair of large veins in the human body that carry deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic area back to the heart. They are formed by the union of the common iliac veins, which receive blood from the lower abdomen and legs, at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.

The combined iliac vein is called the inferior vena cava, which continues upward to the right atrium of the heart. The iliac veins are located deep within the pelvis, lateral to the corresponding iliac arteries, and are accompanied by the iliac lymphatic vessels.

The left common iliac vein is longer than the right because it must cross the left common iliac artery to join the right common iliac vein. The external and internal iliac veins are the two branches of the common iliac vein, with the external iliac vein carrying blood from the lower limbs and the internal iliac vein carrying blood from the pelvic organs.

It is essential to maintain proper blood flow in the iliac veins to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a condition that can lead to serious complications such as pulmonary embolism.

Cerebral angiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the blood vessels in the brain after injecting a contrast dye into them. This procedure helps doctors to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the blood vessels in the brain, such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and stenosis (narrowing of the blood vessels).

During the procedure, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg and threaded through the body to the blood vessels in the neck or brain. The contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken to visualize the blood flow through the brain's blood vessels.

Cerebral angiography provides detailed images of the blood vessels in the brain, allowing doctors to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be causing symptoms or increasing the risk of stroke. Based on the results of the cerebral angiography, doctors can develop a treatment plan to address these issues and prevent further complications.

Atherectomy, coronary, is a medical procedure used to treat narrowed or blocked coronary arteries due to the buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis). The goal of coronary atherectomy is to improve blood flow to the heart muscle by removing the obstructive material within the vessel.

During the procedure, a specialized catheter with a cutting device on its tip is inserted into a peripheral artery, usually in the groin or arm, and advanced to the affected coronary artery. The cutting device can be a rotating blade, a high-speed spinning burr, or a laser fiber that is used to shave, drill, or vaporize the plaque, respectively. The removed material is collected in a chamber within the catheter or washed away by blood flow.

There are different types of coronary atherectomy devices, including:

1. Directional atherectomy (DCA): A rotating blade cuts and removes the plaque in a targeted direction.
2. Rotational atherectomy (Rotablator): A high-speed spinning burr is used to abrade and pulverize the plaque into tiny particles that can be safely carried away by blood flow.
3. Laser atherectomy: A laser fiber is used to vaporize or break down the plaque into gaseous or small particle form.

Coronary atherectomy is typically performed in conjunction with angioplasty and stenting, as it helps prepare the narrowed artery for these procedures by creating a larger lumen and reducing the risk of complications like dissections or restenosis (re-narrowing). However, its use may be limited to specific cases due to the potential risks, such as vessel trauma, distal embolization, or perforation.

It is essential to consult with a medical professional for detailed information and personalized treatment recommendations regarding coronary atherectomy.

Tantalum is not a medical term, but a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. It is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant. In the field of medicine, tantalum is often used in the production of medical implants such as surgical pins, screws, plates, and stents due to its biocompatibility and resistance to corrosion. For example, tantalum mesh is used in hernia repair and tantalum rods are used in spinal fusion surgery.

Extrahepatic cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the impaired flow of bile outside of the liver. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the absorption and digestion of fats. When the flow of bile is obstructed or blocked, it can lead to an accumulation of bile components, such as bilirubin, in the bloodstream, resulting in jaundice, dark urine, light-colored stools, and itching.

Extrahepatic cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including gallstones, tumors, strictures, or inflammation of the bile ducts. It is essential to diagnose and treat extrahepatic cholestasis promptly to prevent further complications, such as liver damage or infection. Treatment options may include medications, endoscopic procedures, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Overall, the data support the use of drug-eluting stents for off-label indications. Drug-eluting stents (DES) have been ... Drug-eluting stents also have been shown to be superior to bare-metal stents in reducing short-term complications of stenting ... One of the major benefits of drug-eluting stents (DES) to bare-metal stents (BMS) is the prevention of in-stent restenosis (ISR ... More recent data suggest off-label use of both bare-metal stents and drug-eluting stents brings increased risks. However, drug- ...
Shuchman M (November 2006). "Trading restenosis for thrombosis? New questions about drug-eluting stents". The New England ... "Cypher Sirolimus-eluting Coronary Stent". Cypher Stent. Archived from the original on 27 April 2003. Retrieved 1 April 2008. ... A sirolimus-eluting coronary stent was marketed by Cordis, a division of Johnson & Johnson, under the tradename Cypher. However ... However, these drugs have a higher rate of fatal adverse events in cancer patients than control drugs. A combination therapy of ...
Look up stent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Coronary Stent Drug-Eluting Stents - Angioplasty.Org Cardiovascular and ... To further reduce the incidence of restenosis, the drug-eluting stent was introduced in 2003. Research has led to general stent ... Puranik AS, Dawson ER, Peppas NA (January 2013). "Recent advances in drug eluting stents". International Journal of ... and stenting is the placement of a stent. A wide variety of stents are used for different purposes, from expandable coronary, ...
"Using Ultrasonic Spray Nozzles to Coat Drug-Eluting Stents". Notes Berger, Harvey L. Ultrasonic Liquid Atomization: Theory and ... drug eluting stents and spray drying. Berger died in August 2007 after a struggle with liver cancer. He was survived by his ... such as medical applications and more specifically the coating of drug-eluting stents. Strutt, John William (1945). The Theory ...
Umirolimus is an immunosuppressant used in drug-eluting stents. Zotarolimus is an immunosuppressant used in coronary drug- ... In 2003, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved sirolimus-eluting coronary stents, which are used in patients with ... "CYPHER Sirolimus-eluting Coronary Stent - P020026". Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 25 September 2012. "Torisel". ... Blum M, Cao D, Mehran R (April 2020). "Device profile of the Resolute Onyx Zotarolimus eluting coronary stent system for the ...
Hwang CW, Levin AD, Jonas M, Li PH, Edelman ER (2005). "Thrombosis modulates arterial drug distribution for drug-eluting stents ... and regulation of local cardiovascular drug delivery and drug eluting stents. He is also a member of the American Academy of ... and optimization of the first bare-metal stents and subsequent iterations including drug-eluting stents. Edelman's research ... Hwang, CW; Wu D; Edelman ER (2001). "Physiological transport forces govern drug distribution for stent-based delivery". ...
Including: Drug-eluting Stents Current developments in stent technology. Advancements in circulatory imaging technology. Use of ... These drug-eluting stents show promise in further reducing thrombogenicity while not compromising corrosion resistance. New ... The U.S. Food and Drug Administration lists recently approved stent technology on their Heart Health Online site. Angioplasty. ... which line the inside of blood vessels would coat the outside of the stent. The stent is effectively integrated into the ...
Berger, Harvey (2006). "Using ultrasonic spray nozzles to coat drug-eluting stents". Med Device Technol. 17 (9): 44-6, 48-9. ...
"Ariad could enter medical device market with trial drug-eluting stent". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2017-12-12. "EluNIR Drug ... "FDA Approves EluNIR Drug-Eluting Stent". TCTMD.com. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-12. "Search of: ponatinib - List ... Ridaforolimus is an mTOR inhibitor being developed by Medinol Ltd for use in drug-eluting stents for patients with coronary ... In October 2017, Medinol's EluNIR drug eluting stent, coated with ridaforolimus, received CE Mark in Europe. In November 2017, ...
"Hybrid Coronary Revascularization in the Era of Drug-Eluting Stents". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 78 (5): 1861-7. doi: ... using totally endoscopic left internal mammary artery bypass grafting and placement of rapamycin eluting stents in the same ... and also decreases the necessity for two separate cardiac procedures (bypass and stenting). However, it requires the ... which uses the smaller thoracotomy incision but does not involve coronary stenting. Hybrid bypass offers all the benefits of a ...
"Late stent thrombosis: the Damocle's sword of drug eluting stents?". Rodriguez, A. E.; Granada, J. F.; Rodriguez-Alemparte, M ... During the early 2000s, he examined the problem of DES (drug-eluting stents) late stent thrombosis, and reported on a trial ... Coronary stent thrombosis in the current drug-eluting stent era: insights from the ERACI III trial. Journal of the American ... Late loss of early benefit from drug-eluting stents when compared with bare-metal stents and coronary artery bypass surgery: 3 ...
The use of metal drug-eluting stents presents some potential drawbacks. These include a predisposition to late stent thrombosis ... These clinical results are comparable to thin-strutted drug-eluting stents in similar patient populations. The Absorb naturally ... dissolving stent has also been investigated in single-arm trials and in randomized trials comparing it to a drug-eluting stent ... 2015). "A bioresorbable everolimus-eluting scaffold versus a metallic everolimus-eluting stent for ischaemic heart disease ...
... within stents. Paclitaxel drug-eluting stents for coronary artery placement are sold under the trade name Taxus by Boston ... Paclitaxel drug-eluting stents for femoropopliteal artery placement are also available. Common side effects include nausea and ... "Abraxane Drug Information Archived 2005-05-26 at the Wayback Machine." Food and Drug Administration. January 7, 2005. Retrieved ... Drugs with non-standard legal status, Articles with changed EBI identifier, ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata, Drug has EMA link, ...
Angioplasty Drug-eluting stent Restenosis Stent Kleinedler, James J; Foley, John D; Orchard, Elysse A; Dugas, Tammy R (2012). " ... Drug-eluting stents coated with anti-proliferative chemicals are used to counteract neointimal hyperplasia after stents ... Drug-eluting stents that release resveratrol and quercetin show promise with marked reduction in intimal hyperplasia compared ... "Radioactive Stents Delay but Do Not Prevent In-Stent Neointimal Hyperplasia". Circulation. 103 (1): 14-7. doi:10.1161/01.CIR. ...
He is the inventor of Infinnium Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent, a reportedly cheaper drug-eluting stent which he first presented at ... Drug-eluting stent India portal Medicine portal "Doctor Profile". Kailash Healthcare. 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016. "Indian ... a medical institution working on biocompatible coatings for passive and drug-eluting stents, and a consultant editor of the ... known to have conducted researches and clinical trials on various interventional techniques and invented a drug-eluting stent, ...
... the first coronary stent approved for use in the USA; the first paclitaxel-coated drug-eluting stent, the Supra-G, tested in ... He had planned to go on to medical school, but was drafted into the army, where he served his two-year stint as a surgical ...
Patients were randomized to either CABG surgery or a drug-eluting stent (the Boston Scientific TAXUS paclitaxel-eluting stent ... Drug-eluting stents were developed with the intent of dealing with this problem: by releasing an antiproliferative drug (drugs ... Drug-eluting stents are most often sold as a unit, with the stent in its collapsed form attached to the outside of a balloon ... In development are stents with biocompatible surface coatings which do not elute drugs, and also absorbable stents (metal or ...
Zotarolimus is a semi-synthetic derivative of sirolimus used in drug-eluting stents. IFN-β suppresses the production of Th1 ... Immunosuppressive drugs can be classified into five groups:[citation needed] glucocorticoids cytostatics antibodies drugs ... Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications, are drugs ... a brief history of immunosuppressive drugs. Accessed on 21 August 2005. Papich M (2001). "Immunosuppressive drug therapy". ...
Drug eluting stents and balloons are a common therapeutic method in the management and treatment of cardiovascular disease that ... growth factors and anti-inflammatory drugs. Drug eluting implants can provide a versatile method of drug delivery that can be ... Drug eluting contact lenses and implants can deliver targeted and extended doses of drug to the retina without the need for ... Rykowska, I.; Nowak, I.; Nowak, R. (2020-10-11). "Drug-Eluting Stents and Balloons-Materials, Structure Designs, and Coating ...
... is used in drug-eluting coronary stents as an immunosuppressant to prevent restenosis. Abbott Vascular produce an ... everolimus-eluting stent (EES) called Xience Alpine. It utilizes the Multi-Link Vision cobalt chromium stent platform and ... "First Generic Drug Approvals". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15 November 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021. "Afinitor ... "US FDA approves Novartis drug Afinitor for breast cancer". Reuters. 20 July 2012. "Everolimus (Afinitor)". U.S. Food and Drug ...
... can be a complication associated with drug-eluting stents. These stents that are placed to open up narrowed ... "Drug-Eluting Stent and Coronary Thrombosis: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications". Circulation. 115 (8): 1051-8. doi ... Statin drugs, in addition to their primary cholesterol-lowering mechanisms of action, have been studied to target a number of ... Increased levels of inflammation may lead to higher risk of clotting as well as an increased risk of stent/device subsequent ...
The first two drug-eluting stents to be utilized were the paclitaxel-eluting stent and the sirolimus-eluting stent, both of ... Today, PCI usually includes the insertion of stents, such as bare-metal stents, drug-eluting stents, and fully resorbable ... Newer drug-eluting stents (DES) are traditional stents with a polymer coating containing drugs that prevent cell proliferation ... clinical trials showed a possible connection between drug-eluting stents and an event known as "late stent thrombosis" where ...
... is widely known for the development of the Taxus Stent, a drug-eluting stent which is used to open clogged ... It was the second drug-eluting stent approved in the United States. In April 2004 the company announced that it had exercised ... whose primary development was that of a development-stage drug-eluting stent - for an undisclosed sum. In October 2010, the ... Medscape Wood, Shelley (March 4, 2004). "FDA Approves Taxus Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent". Medscape. Retrieved February 20, 2015. ...
Drug-eluting stents (DES) are used by interventional cardiologists, operating on patients with coronary artery disease. The ... In interventional cardiology, phosphorylcholine is used as a synthetic polymer-based coating, applied to drug-eluting stents, ... Polymer coatings of stents that deliver the anti-proliferative drug Zotarolimus to the arterial vessel wall are components of ... coated stents have been implanted in patients with no apparent deleterious effect in the long term compared to bare metal stent ...
"CYPHER™ Sirolimus-eluting Coronary Stent - P020026". FDA.gov. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 1 Aug 2016. "J&J to ... Cypher is a brand of drug-eluting coronary stent from Cordis Corporation, a Cardinal Health company. During a balloon ... Sirolimus: Anti-proliferative effects "Learn about CYPHER Stent, the latest advance in stent technology". Cordis Corporation. ... The Cypher stent was approved for use by the FDA in 2003. Following claims of inconsistent manufacturing processes and poor ...
However, despite the drug-eluting stents superiority over the bare-metal stents, drug-eluting stent implantation had possible ... A dual therapy stent is a coronary artery stent that combines the technology of an antibody-coated stent and a drug-eluting ... The COMBO stent is the first and only dual therapy stent that addresses the challenges of vessel healing in drug-eluting stents ... Coronary Artery Stent Drug-Eluting Stent Antiplatelet drug Endothelial Progenitor Cells Coronary Artery Disease Interventional ...
Drug-eluting stents are often preferred over bare-metal stents because the latter carry a higher risk of restenosis, the growth ... Long-Term Safety of Drug-Eluting and Bare-Metal Stents: Evidence From a Comprehensive Network Meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol ... A bare-metal stent is a stent made of thin, uncoated (bare) metal wire that has been formed into a mesh-like tube. The first ... Stainless steel: R stent (OrbusNeich), Genous Bio-engineered R stent (OrbusNeich), (J&J, Cordis) BxVelocity, (Medtronic) ...
Diabetes mellitus: Optimal management of Multivessel disease" a clinical trial to compare drug-eluting stents with CABG. This ...
With the invention of drug eluting stents, there has been more cases implying stents lead to coronary aneurysms. The ... stent placement, angioplasty, brachytherapy) Post-infectious as a consequence of direct wall infiltration or immune complex ...
He is reported to be the first to use Impella heart support device and Drug-eluting stents, Bioresorbable stents and ... Atherectomy Drug Eluting Stents Ventricular assist device Angioscopy Embolectomy Transmyocardial revascularization India portal ... the NTMLI project for the indigenous manufacture of low cost drug-eluting stents within the country. Ashok Seth is a Fellow of ... He is known to have contributed to the development of Bioresorbable Scaffold (BRS) Stent as a member of the Advisory Group. The ...
Overall, the data support the use of drug-eluting stents for off-label indications. Drug-eluting stents (DES) have been ... Drug-eluting stents also have been shown to be superior to bare-metal stents in reducing short-term complications of stenting ... One of the major benefits of drug-eluting stents (DES) to bare-metal stents (BMS) is the prevention of in-stent restenosis (ISR ... More recent data suggest off-label use of both bare-metal stents and drug-eluting stents brings increased risks. However, drug- ...
... which allows drug elution into the coronary wall for weeks after stent implantation. Category Drug-eluting stents (DES), ... Drug-eluting stents (DES) are coated with an antiproliferative drug, ... encoded search term (Coronary Drug-Eluting Stent) and Coronary Drug-Eluting Stent What to Read Next on Medscape ... 25] Compared to first-generation drug-eluting stents, second-generation drug-eluting stents had substantially improved long- ...
... the use of paclitaxel-eluting stents reduces rates of target lesion revascularization (TLR) and binary angiographic restenosis ... when compared to the use of bare-metal stents after one year. ... NEJM Study Finds Drug-Eluting Stents Superior to Bare-Metal by ... "Outcomes from prior registry and randomized trials of drug-eluting stents compared with bare-metal stents in heart attack ... stent thrombosis and stroke established the superiority of drug-eluting stents with respect to safety through one year. The ...
Study shows increased risk of fracture in drug-eluting stents. Study shows increased risk of fracture in drug-eluting stents. ... drug-eluting stents in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology shows that first-generation drug-eluting stents, ... Older stents, longer stents and overlapping stents all showed a greater incidence of fracture. And of the nine stents that ... Drug Delivery Business News Medical Design & Outsourcing Medical Tubing + Extrusion Drug Discovery & Development Pharmaceutical ...
A USF Health preclinical study indicates nanoparticles containing a micro-RNA switch offers promising biotechnology to advance the fight against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Tampa, FL (Feb. 9, 2021) - […]. ...
"Real-world performance of paclitaxel drug-eluting bare metal stents in the treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease" ... Real-world performance of paclitaxel drug-eluting bare metal stents in the treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease ...
... and revascularization at 3 years of follow up in diabetic patients compared to bare-metal stents (BMS), according to results of ... Drug-eluting stents (DES) were associated with decreased rates of death, myocardial infarction (MI), ... Drug-eluting stents (DES) were associated with decreased rates of death, myocardial infarction (MI), and revascularization at 3 ... Drug-eluting stents (DES) were associated with decreased rates of death, myocardial infarction (MI), and revascularization at 3 ...
Drug-Eluting Stents vs. Bare Metal Stents in Saphenous Vein Graft Angioplasty - DIVA. May 21, 2018 ... Drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in saphenous vein grafts: a double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet 2018;391:1997- ... YOU ARE HERE: Home , Latest in Cardiology , Drug-Eluting Stents vs. Bare Metal Stents in Saphenous Vein Graft Angioplasty ... The goal of the trial was to evaluate drug-eluting stents (DES) compared with bare-metal stents (BMS) among patients with ...
Stent thrombosis is a low-frequency event that current drug-eluting stent (DES) clinical trials are not adequately powered to ... The amount of drug that circulates in the bloodstream following implantation of a Promus ELITE™ Stent is several folds lower ... Use of the Promus ELITE Everolimus-Eluting Platinum Chromium Coronary Stent System is contraindicated in patients with known ... The Promus ELITE Everolimus-Eluting Platinum Chromium Coronary Stent System is indicated for improving luminal diameter in ...
Coronary restenosis after implantation of drug-eluting stents - Minerva Cardioangiologica 2005 February;53(1):43-8 - Minerva ... Coronary restenosis after implantation of drug-eluting stents. Schofer J., Schlüter M. ...
The use of drug-eluting stents (DES) in these patients is widespread, despite uncertain long-term safety and efficacy. All ... The use of drug-eluting stents (DES) in these patients is widespread, despite uncertain long-term safety and efficacy. All ... The use of drug-eluting stents (DES) in these patients is widespread, despite uncertain long-term safety and efficacy. All ... Safety and efficacy of drug-eluting vs. bare metal stents in patients with diabetes mellitus: long-term follow-up in the ...
Serial Assessment of Strut Coverage of Biodegradable Polymer Drug-Eluting Stent at 1, 2, and 3 Months After Stent Implantation ... Serial Assessment of Strut Coverage of Biodegradable Polymer Drug-Eluting Stent at 1, 2, and 3 Months After Stent Implantation ... Coronary artery disease, , Drug-eluting stents, hyperplasia, , Neointima, , Percutaneous coronary intervention. Language:. ... Evaluation With OFDI of Strut Coverage of Terumo New Drug Eluting Stent With Biodegradable Polymer at 1, 2, and 3 Months) ...
Careful selection of stent type according to patient and lesion characteristics as well as monitoring of adherence to dual ... Widely publicized concerns arose recently about the incidence of late and very late stent thrombosis with the use of first- ... an overview of the benefits and risks of first-generation DESs that could help physicians select the most appropriate stent ... similar rates of overall mortality and myocardial infarction for patients treated with either DESs or bare-metal stents during ...
title = "Platelet-mediated thrombosis and drug-eluting stents",. keywords = "Antiplatelet agents, Blood flow, Platelets, Stents ... Platelet-mediated thrombosis and drug-eluting stents. / Granada, Juan F.; Price, Matthew J.; French, Patricia A. et al. In: ... Platelet-mediated thrombosis and drug-eluting stents. Juan F. Granada, Matthew J. Price, Patricia A. French, Steven R. ... Dive into the research topics of Platelet-mediated thrombosis and drug-eluting stents. Together they form a unique ...
The stent struts of a bare metal stent pre-mounted on a drug-eluting balloon may prevent the appropriate delivery of drugs to ... outcomes and safety of a drug-eluting balloon first followed by a bare metal stent compared with a drug-eluting stent for the ... with stable and unstable angina comparing a bare metal stent mounted on a drug-eluting balloon with a sirolimus-eluting stent ... followed by a bare metal stent (Coroflex® Blue; B. Braun) compared with using a drug-eluting stent (Resolute Integrity™; Boston ...
... and sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) and less ST than BES. Phosphorylcholine-based zotarolimus-eluting stents had lower rates of ... definite stent thrombosis (ST), and myocardial infarction than BMS, paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES), ... At a median follow-up of 3.8 years, cobalt-chromium everolimus-eluting stents (EES) were associated with lower rates of ... bioabsorbable polymer-based biolimus-eluting stents (BES), and BMS by means of network meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized ...
Do not use paclitaxel drug-coated balloons (DCBs) or drug-eluting stents (DESs) in the routine treatment of patients with ... Cook launches 140mm Zilver PTX drug-eluting stent. 23rd February 2017. Cook has extended its Zilver PTX product portfolio with ... Stefan Müller-Hülsbeck: The current drug-eluting stent landscape. 6th December 2016. ... explains the implications of fresh two-year drug-eluting stent data from the MAJESTIC trial, and discusses... ...
Drug-eluting stents can help prevent a coronary artery from narrowing again after angioplasty. They are coated with medicine ... Stents are small, expandable tubes. They are inserted during angioplasty into a narrowed or blocked section of the coronary ... Stents are small, expandable tubes. They are inserted during angioplasty into a narrowed or blocked section of the coronary ... consumer: Drug-eluting stents can help prevent a coronary artery from narrowing again after angioplasty. They are coated with ...
New devices called drug-eluting stents have made a major contribution to reducing the incidence of restenosis. These devices ... To screen a range of novel thermo- responsive polymers designed to be used as dual drug-eluting systems in coating stents. ... gels as potential drug-eluting stent coatings: Controlled release of fluvastatin. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part ... Each drug-eluting co-polymer used in this study displayed effectiveness in lowering platelet adhesion, thus contributing to the ...
A stent can be used to treat artery blockages in kidney, leg, groin, or the heart. Special stents called Drug Eluting Stents ( ... The new stents are called Drug Eluting Stents (DES). Before the DES, artery walls grew extra fast around the bare metal stents ... A stent is a tiny, wire mesh tube that is used to prop and hold open the artery walls after angioplasty. A stent resembles the ... These stents are coated with a tiny dose of a drug that slowly dissolves. ...
Drug concentration in the arterial wall is determined by the transport and metabolism of the drug and may also be affected by ... The occurrence of these complications depends on various factors including the concentration of the eluted drug in the arterial ... leading to stent malapposition). Furthermore, because drugs used in DES modulate proliferation rates of not only smooth muscle ... of treated patients experience complications including in-stent restenosis and late-stent thrombosis. ...
Drug Eluting Stent Market, By Product Type (Polymer-based, Biodegradable, and Others), By Application (Coronary Artery Disease ... Drug Eluting Stent Market. Drug Eluting Stent Market, By Product Type (Polymer-based, Biodegradable, and Others), By ...
ContextRecent studies of drug-eluting intracoronary stents suggest that current antiplatelet regimens may not be sufficient to ... With regard to drug-eluting stent with clopidogrel vs bare-metal stent with clopidogrel, the drug-eluting stent with ... drug-eluting stent with clopidogrel, drug-eluting stent without clopidogrel, bare-metal stent with clopidogrel, and bare-metal ... Both drug-eluting stent groups had fewer patients with a history of MI than the bare-metal stent groups, and the drug-eluting ...
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T1 - Meta-analysis comparing efficacy and safety of first generation drug-eluting stents to bare-metal stents in patients with ... Meta-analysis comparing efficacy and safety of first generation drug-eluting stents to bare-metal stents in patients with ... Meta-analysis comparing efficacy and safety of first generation drug-eluting stents to bare-metal stents in patients with ... title = "Meta-analysis comparing efficacy and safety of first generation drug-eluting stents to bare-metal stents in patients ...
ESC Forum on Drug Eluting Stents European Heart House, Nice, 27-28 September 2007. ... ESC Forum on Drug Eluting Stents European Heart House, Nice, 27-28 September 2007. ... Coronary Disease, Coronary Restenosis, Coronary Thrombosis, Drug-Eluting Stents, Epidemiologic Methods, France, Humans, ...
Drug eluting stents: data from a clinical registry. / Tipoo Sultan, Fateh Ali; Rahman, Nasir; Kazmi, Khawar et al. In: Journal ... Drug eluting stents: data from a clinical registry.. Fateh Ali Tipoo Sultan, Nasir Rahman, Khawar Kazmi, Sajid Dhakam, Fahim ... Drug eluting stents: data from a clinical registry. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP. 2006 ... Drug eluting stents : data from a clinical registry. In: Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP. ...
... drug-eluting peripheral stent. Stay informed about this medical device recall. ...
... are usually created by coating bare-metal stents with polymer film and loading it with drugs. This causes adverse effects like ... late stent thrombosis. Polymer-free DES may help prevent this problem. ... Polymer-Free Drug-Eluting Stents: An Overview of Coating Strategies and Comparison with Polymer-Coated Drug-Eluting Stents. ... Endothelialization and drug release kinetics of roughness induced polymer-free drug eluting stents Abstract: Drug-eluting ...
Cook has extended its Zilver PTX product portfolio with a 140mm drug-eluting stent. Physicians will now be able to treat longer ... A Cook press release states that Zilver PTX is the worlds first drug-eluting stent for the superficial femoral artery and "has ... Cook launches 140mm Zilver PTX drug-eluting stent. 23rd February 2017. 4349 ... been proven over five years to reduce restenosis and reinterventions by nearly half compared to Zilver bare-metal stents and ...
  • Drug-eluting stent therapy and bypass surgery for coronary artery disease have about the same risk for a major cardiac event within 30 days after the procedures, researchers reported at the American Heart Association's 8th Annual Conference on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Additionally, the primary safety measure of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including death, reinfarction, stent thrombosis and stroke established the superiority of drug-eluting stents with respect to safety through one year. (dotmed.com)
  • The coprimary efficacy end points were stent thrombosis and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (a composite of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) during the period from 12 to 30 months. (nih.gov)
  • An elevated risk of stent thrombosis and myocardial infarction was observed in both groups during the 3 months after discontinuation of thienopyridine treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 1 year after placement of a drug-eluting stent, as compared with aspirin therapy alone, significantly reduced the risks of stent thrombosis and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events but was associated with an increased risk of bleeding. (nih.gov)
  • According to the American Heart Association, there are conflicting data on the magnitude and significance of increased risk of late thrombosis in patients with stents. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • But late stent thrombosis (LST) was being seen in patients who had been implanted with drug-eluting stents more than a year post-procedure. (ptca.org)
  • Secondary outcomes included repeat revascularization, stent thrombosis, and quality of life. (ptca.org)
  • The meta-analysis showed that cardiac death (odds ratio [OR]: 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40- 2.41, p=0.98) and stent thrombosis (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.31-1.34, p=0.24) were similar in the simple and the complex strategy. (nih.gov)
  • Dual antiplatelet therapy with a thienopyridine (ticlopidine or clopidogrel) and aspirin is used to reduce the risk of late stent thrombosis and complications (myocardial infarction [MI] and death) after placement of a drug-eluting stent (DES). (nih.gov)
  • This article reviews available clinical efficacy and safety data on antiplatelet therapies for the prevention of stent thrombosis and cardiac events after DES placement. (nih.gov)
  • The latter are considered as a high-risk population with uncertainty over the optimal antithrombotic therapy strategy to prevent stroke, stent thrombosis, and recurrent cardiac ischaemia, balanced against the high risk of haemorrhage. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Secondary end points were target lesion revascularization and definite or probable stent thrombosis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Definite or probable stent thrombosis was significantly reduced among patients treated with BP-DES (hazard ratio = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.28-0.96, P = 0.04), a difference driven by significantly lower stent thrombosis rates with BP-DES between 1 and 4 years (hazard ratio = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.03-0.70, P = 0.02). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Rates of stent thrombosis were significantly lower with BP-DES. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Current evidence suggests that although DES have reduced restenosis rates, important concerns have been raised regarding increased stent thrombosis , myocardial infarction and death . (bvsalud.org)
  • The purpose of this article is to examine the efficacy and safety data of DES as highlighted in recent publications and to further discuss the biomolecular mechanisms of accelerated endothelization and stent thrombosis . (bvsalud.org)
  • There were no significant differences in rates of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial reinfarction, and definite stent thrombosis between the 2 treatment arms. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Conclusions: Our data do not support the general use of DES in the setting of STEMI given similar cardiovascular outcomes among patients receiving BMS or DES, the need for long-term dual antiplatelet therapy with DES, and the possible repercussions of very late stent thrombosis. (edu.au)
  • Stent Thrombosis With Drug-Eluting Stents and Bioresorbable Scaffolds: Evidence From a Network Meta-Analysis of 147 Trials. (ametcorp.com)
  • The primary endpoint was definite or probable stent thrombosis at 1 year. (ametcorp.com)
  • All contemporary DES were superior to BMS and PES in terms of definite or probable stent thrombosis at 1 year. (ametcorp.com)
  • Discontinuation of Effient: Premature discontinuation increases risk of stent thrombosis, MI, and death ( 5.3 ). (nih.gov)
  • Thienopyridines (often in combination with aspirin ) are continued for at least 6 to 12 months after PCI to decrease the risk of in-stent thrombosis until endothelialization of the stent has occurred. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This prevents fibrosis that, together with clots (thrombi), could otherwise block the stented artery, a process called restenosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drug-eluting stents in current clinical use were approved by the FDA after clinical trials showed they were statistically superior to bare-metal stents for the treatment of native coronary artery narrowings, having lower rates of major adverse cardiac events (usually defined as a composite clinical endpoint of death + myocardial infarction + repeat intervention because of restenosis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Other considerations that could prevent the use of stents include a history of in-stent restenosis, bleeding diathesis (high susceptibility to bleed), complex or unsuitable coronary anatomy, and/or a short life expectancy due to other medical conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the major benefits of drug-eluting stents (DES) to bare-metal stents (BMS) is the prevention of in-stent restenosis (ISR). (wikipedia.org)
  • Restenosis is a gradual re-narrowing of the stented segment that occurs most commonly between 3-12 months after stent placement. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drug-eluting stents (DES) were developed in the early 2000s to reduce restenosis (ie, recurrent narrowing) rates in stented coronary lesions. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 , 3 ] There was significant improvement in angiographic results (in stent late lumen loss: 0.17 mm vs 1.00 mm) as well as clinical outcomes (binary in-lesion restenosis: 8.9% vs 36.3%) in the sirolimus stent treatment group relative to the BMS group. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Restenosis remains an issue in coronary drug-eluting stent implantation for ostial RCA lesions. (medscape.com)
  • The study, HORIZONS-AMI (Harmonizing Outcomes with RevascularIZatiON and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction), showed that in heart attack patients undergoing angioplasty, the use of paclitaxel-eluting stents reduces rates of target lesion revascularization (TLR) and binary angiographic restenosis when compared to the use of bare-metal stents after one year. (dotmed.com)
  • The use of paclitaxel-eluting stents also resulted in a significant reduction in binary restenosis after 13 months, which is the rate at which the artery re-narrows at least 50 percent following implantation of the stent, and was the secondary efficacy endpoint of the trial. (dotmed.com)
  • DES originally were designed to reduce restenosis (reblocking of the artery) by eluting an anti-proliferative drug through a plastic polymer. (ptca.org)
  • AIMS: Sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) have recently been shown to reduce restenosis in selected patients. (eur.nl)
  • BACKGROUND: Drug-eluting intracoronary stents decrease restenosis and later revascularization. (duke.edu)
  • The advent of stenting reduced the rates of restenosis, although it was hindered by the new problem of in- stent restenosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • It was demonstrated that in- stent restenosis was the result of a new pathology in the form of neointimal hyperplasia , which was a maladaptive healing response to bare- metal stent implantation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recently, the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES) technology has offered a new solution to the problem of restenosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Causes and risk factors for restenosis, as well as current treatments including the Eluvia™ drug-eluting stent (DES). (bostonscientific.com)
  • Restenosis is a result of the general wound-healing response specific to vascular tissue where the section of blocked artery, which has been opened with angioplasty or a stent, narrows again [4] . (bostonscientific.com)
  • Although improvements in stent design have not eliminated restenosis, the use of antiproliferative treatment with drug-coated balloons (DCB) or drug eluting stents (DES) to disrupt cell division has produced more successful results [19] . (bostonscientific.com)
  • When percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was introduced in 1977 [4] , the bare metal stents (BMS) were effective in treatment of CAD, but suffered a major drawback of higher rates of restenosis. (scirp.org)
  • 10). Several previous studies have shown that angioplasty with drug eluting stents (DES) such as sirolimus eluting stents and paclitaxel eluting stents are more effective in comparison with bare metal stents and reduce the risk of restenosis and the need for repeating revascularization (9;11). (ispub.com)
  • Because of high prevalence of restenosis in bare metal stents specifically in diabetic patients, we examined the impact of DES in reducing the chance of restenosis in a six months follow up of our patients after surgery. (ispub.com)
  • Radioactive stents or pre-stent intracoronary radiation using radioactive pellets (brachytherapy) have not proven effective at limiting restenosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The mid 1990s saw the rapid adoption of coronary stents, tiny mesh-like scaffolding devices which were shown to reduce modestly the risk of restenosis. (nih.gov)
  • cellular growth of neointimal tissue inside the stent compromised the lumen available for blood flow, creating "in-stent restenosis. (nih.gov)
  • Our innovation was to take the opposite strategy, utilizing the anti-cancer drug, paclitaxel, to inhibit microtubule function, a target critical for multiple, diverse cellular processes, and sufficient to stop cells which cause restenosis from growing, dividing, and migrating. (nih.gov)
  • By virtue of the ability to simultaneously block the redundant pathways needed to produce restenosis, another benefit of this approach was that much lower overall drug levels would be effective since a static effect on cells would be sufficient to prevent restenosis, unlike cancer treatment where the requirement is to kill abnormal cells. (nih.gov)
  • P27 and P53 gene polymorphisms and restenosis following coronary implantation of drug-eluting stents. (cdc.gov)
  • The superiority of newer generation polymer stents, particularly the cobalt chromium everolimus-eluting stents have been well-studied. (wikipedia.org)
  • OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of biodegradable-polymer sirolimus-eluting stents (BP-SES) compared with durable-polymer everolimus-eluting stents (DP-EES) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). (ox.ac.uk)
  • More recent data suggest off-label use of both bare-metal stents and drug-eluting stents brings increased risks. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, drug-eluting stents seemed to have similar or improved rates of death or myocardial infarction compared with bare-metal stents, and consistently reduced the need for target vessel revascularization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drug-eluting stents (DES) have been extensively studied, and are generally superior to bare-metal stents concerning the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (generally defined as death, myocardial infarction, or the need for a repeat revascularization procedure). (wikipedia.org)
  • Previous studies have found that placing bare-metal stents is safer than bypass surgery. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We have done further research since comparing drug-eluting to bare-metal stents and have found that the higher complication rate among drug-eluting patients is not due to the technology but rather patient selection," said Wilson, who is also assistant chief of cardiology at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Drug-eluting stents were better than bare-metal stents when compared to bypass surgery in terms of survival, with no statistically significant difference between the drug-eluting stents and bypass groups. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Initially, drug-eluting stents (DES) were compared to bare-metal stents (BMS) for efficacy. (medscape.com)
  • New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University Medical Center, together with the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (CRF), announced that its landmark study comparing the safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents and bare-metal stents was published in the May 7 New England Journal of Medicine. (dotmed.com)
  • Outcomes from prior registry and randomized trials of drug-eluting stents compared with bare-metal stents in heart attack patients have been conflicting. (dotmed.com)
  • These results now provide definitive evidence that paclitaxel-eluting stents are superior in efficacy to bare-metal stents and have a comparable safety profile at one year," says Dr. Stone. (dotmed.com)
  • The findings from the HORIZONS-AMI trial will have a major impact on how decisions are made regarding drug-eluting and bare-metal stents in the highest-risk patients, those in the early hours of a heart attack. (dotmed.com)
  • The HORIZONS-AMI trial, a prospective, open-label, multicenter, controlled study, enrolled 3,602 heart attack patients at 123 centers in 11 countries, 3,006 of whom were randomized to paclitaxel-eluting stents versus otherwise identical bare-metal stents. (dotmed.com)
  • Those patients who received bare metal stents (BMS) with no polymer only needed three months. (ptca.org)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the use of DES vs. bare-metal stents (BMS) in a cohort of patients with AF. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Long-term Outcome after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Drug-Eluting Stents Compared to Bare-Metal Stents in Saphenous Vein Graft Lesions. (sdu.dk)
  • Background: Recent randomized trials have demonstrated conflicting results regarding the use of drug-eluting stents (DESs) as compared to bare metal stents (BMSs) in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). (edu.au)
  • Metal stents are made of bare metal or covered with another material such as silicone. (nih.gov)
  • Bare metal stents are simple tubes made of metal mesh that can be used in both the coronary and carotid arteries. (nih.gov)
  • 1. Drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents for acute coronary syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Bare metal stents (BMS) are made of nickel-titanium alloy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In a 5-year study of outcomes from the j-CYPHER registry which compared sirolimus-eluting stent treatment in 397 patients with ostial right coronary artery (RCA) lesions with 3716 patients with nonostial RCA lesions, researchers concluded that sirolimus-eluting stent implantation for ostial RCA was associated with a higher risk of target legion revascularization than when used in patients with nonostial RCA lesions. (medscape.com)
  • What about "Target Lesion Revascularization" or TLR - defined as having to re-open the blocked area that was stented? (ptca.org)
  • Increased use of these stents allows more complex coronary anatomy to be treated by PCI, and results in lower repeat revascularization rates. (eur.nl)
  • To improve outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization, there have been advances in the design of drug-eluting stents (DES), including the development of drug-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS). (ametcorp.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: Current randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stent (DES-PCI) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in multivessel disease are underpowered to detect a difference in hard clinical end-points such as mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke. (ox.ac.uk)
  • METHODS: BIOSTEMI (A Comparison of an Ultrathin Strut Biodegradable Polymer Sirolimus-Eluting Stent With a Durable Polymer Everolimus-Eluting Stent for Patients With Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) was an investigator-initiated, multicenter, assessor-blind, randomized superiority trial using Bayesian methods. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicates the clinical management of atrial fibrillation (AF) because coronary stenting may influence subsequent antithrombotic therapy. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Stents are now used frequently for acute myocardial infarction, ostial or left main disease, chronic total occlusions, and bifurcation lesions. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Drug-eluting stents (DES) are a standard metallic coronary stent with a polymer coating and an antiproliferative drug, which allows drug elution into the coronary wall for weeks to months after stent implantation. (medscape.com)
  • Attached to the stent is a polymer that is embedded with an antiproliferative drug, which allows drug elution into the coronary wall for weeks to months after stent implantation to reduce the local proliferative healing response. (medscape.com)
  • TLR, which was the primary efficacy endpoint of the trial, refers to the rate at which a particular lesion re-narrows following stent implantation severely enough to require either a repeat angioplasty or bypass surgery operation. (dotmed.com)
  • The present study sought to compare angiographic and clinical outcomes of a simple strategy versus a complex strategy in patients with coronary bifurcation lesions undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, a more practical and standardised angiography-based approach is necessary to support stent implantation. (bmj.com)
  • Methods and analysis The Quantitative Coronary Angiography versus Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance for Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation trial is a randomised, investigator-initiated, multicentre, open-label, non-inferiority trial comparing the quantitative coronary angiography (QCA)-guided PCI strategy with IVUS-guided PCI in all-comer patients with significant coronary artery disease. (bmj.com)
  • October 2, 2018 - Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance improved clinical outcomes over angiography guidance during drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation by lowering the rate of target vessel failure at one year in the ULTIMATE trial. (dicardiology.com)
  • The study demonstrated that IVUS-guided stent implantation significantly improved clinical outcomes in all-comers, particularly for patients who had an IVUS-defined optimal procedure, compared to angiography guidance," said Junjie Zhang, M.D., vice director of the Cardiovascular Department at Nanjing First Hospital in Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing, China). (dicardiology.com)
  • Intravascular Ultrasound-Guided Versus Angiography-Guided Implantation of Drug-Eluting Stent in All-Comers: The ULTIMATE trial. (dicardiology.com)
  • Endothelial dysfunction after drug eluting stent implantation. (eur.nl)
  • Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 gene polymorphism is associated with atherothrombotic complication after drug-eluting stent implantation: 2-Center prospective cohort study. (cdc.gov)
  • Impact of cytochrome P450 2C19*2 polymorphism on intra-stent thrombus after drug-eluting stent implantation in Japanese patients receiving clopidogrel. (cdc.gov)
  • The impact of gene polymorphism and high on-treatment platelet reactivity on clinical follow-up: outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome after drug-eluting stent implantation. (cdc.gov)
  • Routine assessment of on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity and gene polymorphisms in predicting clinical outcome following drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with stable coronary artery disease. (cdc.gov)
  • RePub, Erasmus University Repository: The impact of the introduction of drug-eluting stents on the clinical practice of surgical and percutaneous treatment of coronary artery disease. (eur.nl)
  • The impact of this new stent on the use of coronary bypass graft (CABG) surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in clinical practice is yet unknown. (eur.nl)
  • METHODS AND RESULTS: We reviewed 604 patients with AF who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention with stent over a period of 7 years (January 2001-January 2008). (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • BACKGROUND: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an effective treatment for patients with STEMI, and long-term outcomes are determined by the safety and efficacy profile of the newest generation drug-eluting stents. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We investigated the use of a bare-metal stent (BMS) or a drug-eluting stent (DES) and associated outcomes in patients with pre-existing AF and first AMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Current treatment strategies for multi-vessel coronary artery disease include either coronary artery bypass surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting. (scirp.org)
  • Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) include percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with or without stent insertion. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The stent is usually placed within the peripheral or coronary artery by an interventional cardiologist or interventional radiologist during an angioplasty procedure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Procedural intervention, such as angioplasty or stent placement, is reserved for patients with clinical symptoms of coronary artery flow reduction or observable coronary artery obstruction on imaging. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients with coronary arteries narrowed by atherosclerosis are often candidates for either bypass surgery to reroute the arteries' blood flow or a stent, which is a small mesh tube that helps keep arteries open after angioplasty, a procedure to open clogged arteries. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Angioplasty or stenting causes endothelial injury due to mechanical stretching, rupture of the internal elastic lamina, and medial dissection. (bostonscientific.com)
  • Wasn't it one hell of a shocker to find out that angioplasty for all the hue and cry it created and made rich folks out of a handful few is actually not that effective when you compare it to drugs? (blogspot.com)
  • In 2003, approximately 84% of the 660,000 hospitalized patients who underwent a coronary angioplasty received a stent, a wire mesh tube inserted during angioplasty to reduce future narrowing of arteries. (cdc.gov)
  • Black and white angioplasty patients were equally likely to receive a stent. (cdc.gov)
  • All the patients had received at least 300-600 mg antiplatelet drug clopidogrel before angioplasty and stenting. (ispub.com)
  • Long-term outcomes of biodegradable polymer versus durable polymer drug-eluting stents in patients with diabetes a pooled analysis of individual patient data from 3 randomized trials. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents (BP-DES) may potentially improve clinical outcomes in these high-risk patients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We sought to compare long-term outcomes in patients with diabetes treated with biodegradable polymer DES vs. durable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents (SES). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Biodegradable stents are made of biodegradable materials such as polyesters, polycarbonates, bacterial-derived polymers, and corrodible metals and are mostly used in coronary artery disease. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • Moreover, biodegradable stents help in maintaining the patency of the gastrointestinal tract for a predetermined duration as they gradually degrade and are eventually absorbed from the GI. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • For instance, the ESGE does not recommend the use of biodegradable stents over SEMSs in the treatment of benign esophageal strictures. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • Biodegradable- Versus Durable-Polymer Drug-Eluting Stents for STEMI: Final 2-Year Outcomes of the BIOSTEMI Trial. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Biodegradable stents dissolve after a few months. (nih.gov)
  • Biodegradable stents are being developed, but use is currently limited to clinical trials. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Two studies found about half of patients received stents for unapproved reasons, with worse outcomes for the patients in both studies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Impact of stent overlap on long-term clinical outcomes in patients treated with newer-generation drug-eluting stents. (ox.ac.uk)
  • AIMS: Early-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) overlap (OL) is associated with impaired long-term clinical outcomes whereas the impact of OL with newer-generation DES is unknown. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These stents are FDA approved for single de novo coronary lesions of limited length within specific diameter size ranges. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] which compared the sirolimus-eluting CYPHER stent with its noncoated counterpart, the BX velocity stent, in 238 patients with de novo lesions less than 18 mm in length in native coronary arteries 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter. (medscape.com)
  • The SIRIUS trial, which included 1058 patients with workhorse lesions who were randomly assigned to either sirolimus-eluting stents or BMS, demonstrated the long-term efficacy and safety of sirolimus-eluting stents. (medscape.com)
  • However, balloon-based drug delivery is unable to provide scaffolding for the artery, which is often required in long lesions or calcified femoropopliteal disease [23] . (bostonscientific.com)
  • Vascular response in long lesions treated with multiple, overlapping drug-eluting stents: TAXUS VI intravascular ultrasound analysis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Different types of drug-eluting stents are coated with different medicines. (nih.gov)
  • Drug-eluting stents (DES) are balloon-mounted, expandable, slotted tubular or multilink scaffolds constructed of a stainless steel or cobalt chromium matrix. (medscape.com)
  • TAXUS II: pacliTAXel-elUting Stent trial-II. (medscape.com)
  • The paclitaxel-eluting stent had a rate of 10.0 percent and the bare-metal stent had a rate of 22.9 percent. (dotmed.com)
  • Since the first drug-eluting stent (DES) was approved for use in the United States in 2003, the device has been a point of contention owing to reports that it is more prone to clotting and adverse events such as heart attacks than its bare-metal counterparts. (mddionline.com)
  • How long should patients who have had coated stents implanted in their coronary arteries take clopidogrel (Plavix)? (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • Variations of genes encoding cytochrome enzymes, drug transporters, and paraoxonase have recently been reported to be associated with clopidogrel response variability besides the well-known CYP2C19 loss-of-function (LOF) alleles. (nih.gov)
  • Association of cytochrome P450 2C19*2 polymorphism with clopidogrel response variability and cardiovascular events in Koreans treated with drug-eluting stents. (cdc.gov)
  • Cardiovascular risk among patients on clopidogrel anti-platelet therapy after placement of drug-eluting stents is modified by genetic variants in both the CYP2C19 and ABCB1 genes. (cdc.gov)
  • A drug-eluting stent (DES) is a peripheral or coronary stent (a scaffold) placed into narrowed, diseased peripheral or coronary arteries that slowly release a drug to block cell proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, "bypass surgery is much more successful for restoring patients' blood flow in the long-term because arteries with traditional stents re-narrow in about one out of every three cases," said James M. Wilson, M.D., senior author of the study. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The newer drug-eluting stents were developed to help keep arteries open longer, but until now their effectiveness had not been compared with the gold standard bypass surgery. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Most of the time, stents are used when arteries become narrow or blocked. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Stents are often used to treat narrowed coronary arteries that provide the heart with oxygen-rich blood. (nih.gov)
  • Stents used for coronary arteries are made of metal mesh. (nih.gov)
  • Fabric stents, also called stent grafts, are used in larger arteries such as the aorta. (nih.gov)
  • Stent grafts are used in larger arteries, such as the aorta, and provide a stable channel for the blood to flow through. (nih.gov)
  • Some stents are used specifically in the coronary or carotid arteries. (nih.gov)
  • Drug-eluting stents are the most common type of stents used in the coronary arteries. (nih.gov)
  • Drug-eluting stents have been determined to reduce the probability of future narrowing of arteries. (cdc.gov)
  • Stents for coronary arteries are expandable wire mesh cylinders that help hold stenotic areas open. (msdmanuals.com)
  • SELUTION DeNovo compares the treatment strategy using a novel sirolimus drug-eluting balloon (SELUTION SLR), versus any limus drug-eluting stent (DES). (swasthsamachar.com)
  • If the patient selection is made less aggressively or more optimally, it may give drug-eluting stents better results in the long run, making drug-eluting stents emerge as a treatment that would be better than all other contemporary methods," Munir said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • METHODS AND RESULTS: A disease state-transition computer model simulated the clinical and economic consequences to hospitals of drug-eluting stents over 5 years. (duke.edu)
  • This book presents a survey of instruments and methods developed to investigate patterns of drug consumption and to answer fundamental questions about prescribing practices, therapeutic value and safety. (who.int)
  • Drug-eluting stent therapy and bypass surgery for coronary artery disease have about the same risk for a major cardiac event within 30 days after the procedures, researchers report. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Essentially, a stent distorts the natural shape of the arterial wall in which it is placed, thus altering the flow of blood through the artery. (mddionline.com)
  • Coronary artery disease is chronic, and a repeat procedure in another area may be due to disease progression rather than stent failure. (ptca.org)
  • BACKGROUND: There is ongoing debate on the optimal drug-eluting stent (DES) in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A coronary artery stent is a small, self-expanding, metal mesh tube. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This stent prevents the artery from re-closing. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Like other coronary artery stents, it is left permanently in the artery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Proliferation of smooth muscle cells following stent manipulation in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) may continue for up to 100 days or longer. (bostonscientific.com)
  • Stents are also sometimes used to treat an aneurysm , which is a bulge in the wall of an artery, and to treat narrowed airways in the lungs. (nih.gov)
  • Your healthcare provider may recommend taking this medicine for a year or longer after receiving a stent in your artery to prevent serious complications . (nih.gov)
  • Some implants are bioactive such as a drug-eluting stent used to open a blocked artery. (nih.gov)
  • The only absolute contraindication to stent placement is significant active bleeding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Generally, patients without symptoms of coronary blockage or without evidence of ischemia (oxygen deprivation) on labs and imaging are not subjected to stent procedures, as the complications and risks of such a procedure would outweigh any potential benefit. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dual antiplatelet therapy is recommended after coronary stenting to prevent thrombotic complications, yet the benefits and risks of treatment beyond 1 year are uncertain. (nih.gov)
  • Coronary stents are generally indicated to increase coronary vessel diameter in the setting of ischemia due to coronary blockage, either by a combination of acute recoil, arterial contraction of a previously treated segment, and/or local neointimal hyperplasia. (medscape.com)
  • Wilson and colleagues analyzed 799 drug-eluting stent patients and 799 coronary bypass patients, comparing how they fared in the first 30 days after their procedures and during the next three years. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We have reported that the risk of bypass surgery and drug-eluting stents is the same among high-risk patients. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In sensitivity analyses, the conversion of patients from bypass surgery to drug-eluting stents was the largest driver of overall cash flow shifts. (duke.edu)
  • In turn, the pattern in which blood flows over a stent can influence deposition and retention of the drug in the arterial wall, according to Edelman. (mddionline.com)
  • Drug-coated balloons, such as Ranger™ deliver the antiproliferative therapy in a single burst to the arterial wall at the time of intervention. (bostonscientific.com)
  • The technique of local arterial drug therapy with drug-eluting coronary stents has had explosive growth. (nih.gov)
  • AIMS: Drug-eluting stents (DES) have never been sufficiently studied in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • By reviewing the state-of-the-art in research methodology, it also aims to show how drug utilization studies can contribute to national health policies designed to promote the availability of safe and effective medicines, while also reducing costly over-medication. (who.int)
  • however, use in these bypass grafts is an example of "off-label" use of drug-eluting stents. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, stent grafts are made of fabric. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At this week's annual European Society of Cardiology Congress in Rome, an important randomized clinical trial on stents was presented by Professor Kaare H. Bønaa, MD, PhD of the Clinic for Heart Disease, St. Olav's University Hospital in Trondheim, Norway. (ptca.org)
  • The NORSTENT trial was started in 2008, shortly after the " firestorm " of the 2006 European Society of Cardiology meeting where, for the first time, serious concerns were raised about the long-term safety of drug-eluting stents (DES). (ptca.org)
  • Patients were enrolled after they had undergone a coronary stent procedure in which a drug-eluting stent was placed. (nih.gov)
  • According to a study reported by PubMed.gov in May 2021, the average price of an endoscopic stenting procedure is about USD 43,798.06. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • When a stent is placed into the body, the procedure is called stenting. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Stenting is a minimally invasive procedure, meaning it is not considered major surgery. (nih.gov)
  • After a stenting procedure , you may need to take certain medicines, such as aspirin and other antiplatelet medicines that prevent cells in your blood from forming clots. (nih.gov)
  • The most common problem after a stenting procedure is a blockage or blood clot in the stent. (nih.gov)
  • Since these stents dissolve, you don't need another procedure to remove them. (nih.gov)
  • This study removes much of the uncertainty and concern about the efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stents in this clinical setting. (dotmed.com)
  • The criteria for diagnosis are beyond the scope of this article, but it is important to note that stenting is considered first-line therapy for patients diagnosed with a STEMI. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers reported that the death rate at three years with bypass was 6.6 percent and 9 percent after drug-eluting stent therapy. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Gastrointestinal (GI) stents are designed for palliative therapy for various diseases causing obstruction in the GI tract. (marketsandmarkets.com)