Drug combinations. Medical search

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.

An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173)

Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585)

A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)

A group of SESQUITERPENES and their analogs that contain a peroxide group (PEROXIDES) within an oxepin ring (OXEPINS).

The use of DRUGS to treat a DISEASE or its symptoms. One example is the use of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to treat CANCER.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.

6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.

A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.

Phenomena and pharmaceutics of compounds that inhibit the function of agonists (DRUG AGONISM) and inverse agonists (DRUG INVERSE AGONISM) for a specific receptor. On their own, antagonists produce no effect by themselves to a receptor, and are said to have neither intrinsic activity nor efficacy.

One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.

A generic name for film produced from wood pulp by the viscose process. It is a thin, transparent sheeting of regenerated cellulose, moisture-proof and sometimes dyed, and used chiefly as food wrapping or as bags for dialysis. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)

One of the FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS that is used as an antimalarial or with a sulfonamide to treat toxoplasmosis.

A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.

The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in vitro. Though often expressed to denote in vitro antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture.

Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.

An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.

An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

Treatments with drugs which interact with or block synthesis of specific cellular components characteristic of the individual's disease in order to stop or interrupt the specific biochemical dysfunction involved in progression of the disease.

A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)

Tailored macromolecules harboring covalently-bound biologically active modules that target specific tissues and cells. The active modules or functional groups can include drugs, prodrugs, antibodies, and oligonucleotides, which can act synergistically and be multitargeting.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.

In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.

The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.

A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.

A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.

Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2.

Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.

Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.

Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A family of diphenylenemethane derivatives.

A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.

An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.

Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.

Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.

A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.

The study of the origin, nature, properties, and actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms.

Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.

The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.

Comprehensive, methodical analysis of complex biological systems by monitoring responses to perturbations of biological processes. Large scale, computerized collection and analysis of the data are used to develop and test models of biological systems.

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.

Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.

Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

Tests that demonstrate the relative effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents against specific parasites.

An antitumor alkaloid isolated from VINCA ROSEA. (Merck, 11th ed.)

Compounds that include the amino-N-phenylamide structure.

A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)

Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.

Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.

A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell death.

Works about studies performed to evaluate the safety of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques in healthy subjects and to determine the safe dosage range (if appropriate). These tests also are used to determine pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties (toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, and preferred route of administration). They involve a small number of persons and usually last about 1 year. This concept includes phase I studies conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

Substances that are destructive to protozoans.

The process of finding chemicals for potential therapeutic use.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Organic salts and esters of benzenesulfonic acid.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.

Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.

A class of weak acids with the general formula R-CONHOH.

Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.

A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms, commonly in 1,2,4 or 1,3,5 or 2,4,6 formats. Some are used as HERBICIDES.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

A group of diterpenoid CYCLODECANES named for the taxanes that were discovered in the TAXUS tree. The action on MICROTUBULES has made some of them useful as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.

An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.

A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.

A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863)

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

Cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. The cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called DEPSIPEPTIDES, but the echinocandins lack ester links. Antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of BETA-GLUCANS.

Benzene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.

Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.

A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)

Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564)

An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity.

Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.

A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.

A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.

A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

BENZOIC ACID amides.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.

A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE; (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives.

Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.

Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties.

Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.

The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

Compounds that inhibit HISTONE DEACETYLASES. This class of drugs may influence gene expression by increasing the level of acetylated HISTONES in specific CHROMATIN domains.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.

The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series.

Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.

Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

Antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)

A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.

Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.

Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.

The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)

A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.

A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.

A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.

A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Persistent damage to Enterocytozoon bieneusi, with persistent symptomatic relief, after combined furazolidone and albendazole in AIDS patients. (1/7446)

AIM: To investigate morphological changes in Enterocytozoon bieneusi and the duration of symptomatic relief after combination treatment with furazolidone and albendazole in AIDS patients. METHODS: Four severely immunocompromised AIDS patients with symptomatic E bieneusi infection of the gut received an 18 day course of combined furazolidone and albendazole (500 + 800 mg daily). All patients were monitored for parasite shedding in stool by light microscopy at the end of treatment and monthly during follow up. At the end of treatment, duodenal biopsy specimens obtained from three patients were studied by transmission electron microscopy by two pathologists blind to the patients' treatment or clinical outcome. Duodenal biopsy specimens obtained from one of the patients two months after completion of treatment were also studied electronmicroscopically. RESULTS: All patients had long lasting symptomatic relief, with a major decrease--or transient absence--of spore shedding in stools from completion of treatment. After treatment, changes in faecal spores were persistently found by light microscopy in all cases, and there was evidence of both a substantial decrease in the parasite load and ultrastructural damage in the parasite in all biopsy specimens. The treatment was well tolerated, and no patient had clinical or parasitological relapse during follow up (up to 15 months). CONCLUSIONS: The long lasting symptomatic relief observed in all four treated patients correlated with the persistent decrease in parasite load both in tissue and in stool, and with the morphological changes observed in the life cycle of the protozoan. These data suggest that combined treatment with furazolidone and albendazole is active against E bieneusi and may result in lasting remission even in severely immunocompromised patients. (+info)

Emergent immunoregulatory properties of combined glucocorticoid and anti-glucocorticoid steroids in a model of tuberculosis. (2/7446)

In Balb/c mice with pulmonary tuberculosis, there is a switch from a protective Th1-dominated cytokine profile to a non-protective profile with a Th2 component. This switch occurs while the adrenals are undergoing marked hyperplasia. Treatment with the anti-glucocorticoid hormones dehydroepiandrosterone or 3 beta, 17 beta-androstenediol, during the period of adrenal hyperplasia, maintains Th1 dominance and is protective. We investigated the effects of these hormones as therapeutic agents by administering them from day 60, when the switch to the non-protective cytokine profile was already well established. Given at this time (day 60), doses that were protective when given early (from day 0) were rapidly fatal. A physiological dose of the glucocorticoid corticosterone was also rapidly fatal. However when the corticosterone and the anti-glucocorticoid (AED or DHEA) were co-administered, there was protection, with restoration of a Th1-dominated cytokine profile, enhanced DTH responses, and enhanced expression of IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha. Therefore this combination of steroids has an emergent property that is quite unlike that of either type of steroid given alone. It may be possible to exploit the ant-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids while preserving a Th1 bias, by combining glucocorticoids with DHEA or suitable metabolites. (+info)

Precocious estrus and reproductive ability induced by PG 600 in prepuberal gilts. (3/7446)

A total of 29 SPF Large White prepuberal gilts (mean age 152 days at treatment) were examined for estrous and ovulatory responses after PG 600 treatment. After treatment, 85.2% of the gilts showed standing estrus within 6 days. Whereas the treatment-to-estrus interval and duration were 3.7 and 1.9 days respectively. As ovulation occurred on Day 5 to 6, appropriate timing of artificial insemination would be about 4 days after treatment. Fertility of gilts revealed to be excellent, giving rise to a high percentage of normal embryos, 85.3%. Meanwhile, development and growth of fetuses were mostly normal. Other reproductive performances recorded were: mean litter size 6.8; mean birth weight 1.26 kg; weaning-to-return estrus interval 5 to 8 days. In conclusion, PG 600 was found to be useful in inducing fertile estrus in prepuberal gilts, a result which will be of interest for commercial pig farms. (+info)

Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 correct osteopetrosis in mice with osteopetrosis mutation. (4/7446)

Although young mice homozygous for the osteopetrosis (op) mutation usually developed prominent osteopetrosis, its severity was markedly reduced in aged op/op mice. This age-associated reversal of osteopetrosis was accompanied by the expansion of bone marrow cavities and increased numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells and of macrophages in the bone marrow. The TRAP-positive cells were mononuclear and developed ruffled borders and numerous vesicles, vacuoles, and granules. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated a significant elevation of serum granulocyte/ macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-3 levels in the aged op/op mice. To examine whether GM-CSF and/or IL-3 could correct osteopetrosis in young op/op mice, 5 ng of recombinant murine (rm)GM-CSF and/or 100 ng of rmIL-3 were injected daily into young op/op mice. In these treated young op/op mice, the bone marrow cavities were expanded significantly at 2 weeks after administration, associated with significantly increased numbers of TRAP-positive cells and bone marrow macrophages. TRAP-positive cells increased in number with days after injection. These results suggest that GM-CSF and IL-3 induce the development of osteoclasts to correct osteopetrosis in the op/op mice with aging. (+info)

Transforming growth factor-alpha acting at the epidermal growth factor receptor reduces infarct volume after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. (5/7446)

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR), and is more abundant than EGF in the brain. The authors studied whether administration of exogenous TGF-alpha into the brain can protect neurons against ischemia in a model of permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in the rat, and whether any effect of TGF-alpha was mediated by EGFR by administering 4,5-dianilinophthalimide (DAPH), a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor with high selectivity for EGFR. Rats received either TGF-alpha (10 or 25 ng), DAPH (100 ng), DAPH plus TGF-alpha (25 ng), or vehicle in the ipsilateral first ventricle. Drugs were administered twice: 30 minutes before and 30 minutes after MCA occlusion, and infarct volume was evaluated 24 hours later. Transforming growth factor-alpha at the dose of 25 ng caused a statistically significant reduction of infarct volume (60%) in relation to ischemic rats administered vehicle. This reduction was no longer seen when TGF-alpha was administered in combination with DAPH. The present results show that TGF-alpha can protect neurons from ischemic damage, and that this effect is mediated by EGFR. It is suggested that activation of EGFR-mediated intracellular signalling pathways contributes to the survival of neural cells susceptible to ischemic injury. (+info)

Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and clonidine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine. (6/7446)

Morphine (Mor) tolerance has been attributed to a reduction of opioid-adrenergic antinociceptive synergy at the spinal level. The present experiments tested the interaction of intrathecally (i.t.) administered Mor-clonidine (Clon) combinations in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to Mor. ICR mice were pretreated with Mor either acutely (40 nmol i.t., 8 h; 100 mg/kg s.c., 4 h) or chronically (3 mg/kg s.c. every 6 h days 1 and 2; 5 mg/kg s.c. every 6 h days 3 and 4). Antinociception was detected via the hot water (52.5 degrees C) tail-flick test. After the tail-flick latencies returned to baseline levels, dose-response curves were generated to Mor, Clon, and Mor-Clon combinations in tolerant and control mice. Development of tolerance was confirmed by significant rightward shifts of the Mor dose-response curves in tolerant mice compared with controls. Isobolographic analysis was conducted; the experimental combined ED50 values were compared statistically against their respective theoretical additive ED50 values. In all Mor-pretreated groups, the combination of Mor and Clon resulted in significant leftward shifts in the dose-response curves compared with those of each agonist administered separately. In all tolerant and control groups, the combination of Mor and Clon produced an ED50 value significantly less than the corresponding theoretical additive ED50 value. Mor and Clon synergized in Mor-tolerant as well as in control mice. Spinally administered adrenergic/opioid synergistic combinations may be effective therapeutic strategies to manage pain in patients apparently tolerant to the analgesic effects of Mor. (+info)

Persistent induction of apoptosis and suppression of mitosis as the basis for curative therapy with S-1, an oral 5-fluorouracil prodrug in a colorectal tumor model. (7/7446)

In an effort to improve the therapeutic selectivity of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) against colorectal cancer, S-1, a combination agent including a prodrug of FUra with two modulators, was recently developed by Taiho Pharmaceuticals Co. S-1 is a combination of tegafur (FT), 5-chloro-2,4-hydroxypyridine, and potassium oxonate in the molar ratio of 1.0:0.4:1.0, with the latter two components as inhibitors of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate transferase, respectively. In this study, the therapeutic selectivity and efficacy of S-1 (oral) was compared with FT (oral) and FUra (i.v. infusion) in rats bearing advanced colorectal cancer by using clinically relevant schedules. The maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) of S-1, FT, and FUra were 31.5, 200, and 25 mg/kg/d for 7 days and 22.5, 150, and 12.5 mg/kg/d for 28 days, respectively. The therapeutic index of S-1 was 4- to 5-fold higher than that of either FT or FUra. S-1 achieved 100% complete tumor regression (CR) at its MTD in both 7-day and 28-day schedules. Furthermore, the high incidences of stomatitis, alopecia, and diarrhea observed with FUra and FT, were not observed with S-1. In an attempt to understand the basis for the observed superior therapeutic selectivity with S-1, we studied pharmacokinetic analysis of FUra, drug-induced apoptosis, suppression of mitosis, and inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) after S-1, FUra, or FT administration. The peak plasma FUra concentrations derived from FUra or S-1 (FT) at comparable MTDs were similar, but the plasma level of FUra was higher with S-1 than with FUra. Induction of high and sustained apoptosis was achieved with S-1. Although the initial level of apoptosis induced by FUra was comparable to S-1, it was not sustained. The sustained level of apoptosis appears to correlate with tumor growth inhibition. Mitotic figures were more greatly suppressed with S-1 treatment than with FUra. Studies on TS inhibition indicated that, although both S-1 and FUra caused a 4- to 6-fold induction of total TS protein, single oral administration of S-1 was superior to 24-h infusion of FUra in suppressing free TS. The data are consistent with the observation that the therapeutic efficacy of S-1 (100% cure) over FUra is associated with high and sustained levels of drug-induced apoptosis, greater suppression of mitosis, and inhibition of free TS in tumor tissues. (+info)

Growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 infusion synchronizes growth hormone, thyrotrophin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness. (8/7446)

OBJECTIVE: During prolonged critical illness, nocturnal pulsatile secretion of GH, TSH and prolactin (PRL) is uniformly reduced but remains responsive to the continuous infusion of GH secretagogues and TRH. Whether such (pertinent) secretagogues would synchronize pituitary secretion of GH, TSH and/or PRL is not known. DESIGN AND METHODS: We explored temporal coupling among GH, TSH and PRL release by calculating cross-correlation among GH, TSH and PRL serum concentration profiles in 86 time series obtained from prolonged critically ill patients by nocturnal blood sampling every 20 min for 9 h during 21-h infusions of either placebo (n=22), GHRH (1 microg/kg/h; n=10), GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2; 1 microg/kg/h; n=28), TRH (1 microg/kg/h; n=8) or combinations of these agonists (n=8). RESULTS: The normal synchrony among GH, TSH and PRL was absent during placebo delivery. Infusion of GHRP-2, but not GHRH or TRH, markedly synchronized serum profiles of GH, TSH and PRL (all P< or =0.007). After addition of GHRH and TRH to the infusion of GHRP-2, only the synchrony between GH and PRL was maintained (P=0.003 for GHRH + GHRP-2 and P=0.006 for TRH + GHRH + GHRP-2), and was more marked than with GHRP-2 infusion alone (P=0.0006 by ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS: The nocturnal GH, TSH and PRL secretory patterns during prolonged critical illness are herewith further characterized to include loss of synchrony among GH, TSH and PRL release. The synchronizing effect of an exogenous GHRP-2 drive, but not of GHRH or TRH, suggests that the presumed endogenous GHRP-like ligand may participate in the orchestration of coordinated anterior pituitary hormone release. (+info)

There are several types of drug-related side effects and adverse reactions, including:

1. Common side effects: These are side effects that are commonly experienced by patients taking a particular medication. Examples include nausea, dizziness, and fatigue.
2. Serious side effects: These are side effects that can be severe or life-threatening. Examples include allergic reactions, liver damage, and bone marrow suppression.
3. Adverse events: These are any unwanted or harmful effects that occur during the use of a medication, including side effects and other clinical events such as infections or injuries.
4. Drug interactions: These are interactions between two or more drugs that can cause harmful side effects or reduce the effectiveness of one or both drugs.
5. Side effects caused by drug abuse: These are side effects that occur when a medication is taken in larger-than-recommended doses or in a manner other than as directed. Examples include hallucinations, seizures, and overdose.

It's important to note that not all side effects and adverse reactions are caused by the drug itself. Some may be due to other factors, such as underlying medical conditions, other medications being taken, or environmental factors.

To identify and manage drug-related side effects and adverse reactions, healthcare providers will typically ask patients about any symptoms they are experiencing, perform physical exams, and review the patient's medical history and medication list. In some cases, additional tests may be ordered to help diagnose and manage the problem.

Overall, it's important for patients taking medications to be aware of the potential for side effects and adverse reactions, and to report any symptoms or concerns to their healthcare provider promptly. This can help ensure that any issues are identified and addressed early, minimizing the risk of harm and ensuring that the patient receives the best possible care.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

Falciparum malaria can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, the disease can lead to anemia, organ failure, and death.

Diagnosis of falciparum malaria typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to detect the presence of parasites in the blood or other bodily fluids. Treatment usually involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) or quinine, which can effectively cure the disease if administered promptly.

Prevention of falciparum malaria is critical to reducing the risk of infection, and this includes the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying (IRS), and preventive medications for travelers to high-risk areas. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities can also help reduce the number of mosquitoes and the spread of the disease.

In summary, falciparum malaria is a severe and life-threatening form of malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, which is responsible for the majority of malaria-related deaths worldwide. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and death from this disease. Prevention measures include the use of bed nets, indoor spraying, and preventive medications, as well as reducing standing water around homes and communities.

There are several different types of malaria, including:

1. Plasmodium falciparum: This is the most severe form of malaria, and it can be fatal if left untreated. It is found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
2. Plasmodium vivax: This type of malaria is less severe than P. falciparum, but it can still cause serious complications if left untreated. It is found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
3. Plasmodium ovale: This type of malaria is similar to P. vivax, but it can cause more severe symptoms in some people. It is found primarily in West Africa.
4. Plasmodium malariae: This type of malaria is less common than the other three types, and it tends to cause milder symptoms. It is found primarily in parts of Africa and Asia.

The symptoms of malaria can vary depending on the type of parasite that is causing the infection, but they typically include:

1. Fever
2. Chills
3. Headache
4. Muscle and joint pain
5. Fatigue
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Diarrhea
8. Anemia (low red blood cell count)

If malaria is not treated promptly, it can lead to more severe complications, such as:

1. Seizures
2. Coma
3. Respiratory failure
4. Kidney failure
5. Liver failure
6. Anemia (low red blood cell count)

Malaria is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood smears or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Treatment for malaria typically involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapies. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications and provide supportive care.

Prevention is an important aspect of managing malaria, and this can include:

1. Using insecticide-treated bed nets
2. Wearing protective clothing and applying insect repellent when outdoors
3. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce the number of mosquito breeding sites
4. Using indoor residual spraying (IRS) or insecticide-treated wall lining to kill mosquitoes
5. Implementing malaria control measures in areas where malaria is common, such as distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS)
6. Improving access to healthcare services, particularly in rural and remote areas
7. Providing education and awareness about malaria prevention and control
8. Encouraging the use of preventive medications, such as intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) for pregnant women and children under the age of five.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical in preventing the progression of malaria and reducing the risk of complications and death. In areas where malaria is common, it is essential to have access to reliable diagnostic tools and effective antimalarial drugs.

Multiple myeloma is the second most common type of hematologic cancer after non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, accounting for approximately 1% of all cancer deaths worldwide. It is more common in older adults, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.

The exact cause of multiple myeloma is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur in the plasma cells. There are several risk factors that have been associated with an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma, including:

1. Family history: Having a family history of multiple myeloma or other plasma cell disorders increases the risk of developing the disease.
2. Age: The risk of developing multiple myeloma increases with age, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.
3. Race: African Americans are at higher risk of developing multiple myeloma than other races.
4. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma.
5. Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals such as pesticides, solvents, and heavy metals has been linked to an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma.

The symptoms of multiple myeloma can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

1. Bone pain: Pain in the bones, particularly in the spine, ribs, or long bones, is a common symptom of multiple myeloma.
2. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak is another common symptom of the disease.
3. Infections: Patients with multiple myeloma may be more susceptible to infections due to the impaired functioning of their immune system.
4. Bone fractures: Weakened bones can lead to an increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, hips, or ribs.
5. Kidney problems: Multiple myeloma can cause damage to the kidneys, leading to problems such as kidney failure or proteinuria (excess protein in the urine).
6. Anemia: A low red blood cell count can cause anemia, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
7. Increased calcium levels: High levels of calcium in the blood can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and confusion.
8. Neurological problems: Multiple myeloma can cause neurological problems such as headaches, numbness or tingling in the arms and legs, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

The diagnosis of multiple myeloma typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. These may include:

1. Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC can help identify abnormalities in the numbers and characteristics of different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the blood, including immunoglobulins (antibodies) and abnormal proteins produced by myeloma cells.
3. Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the urine.
4. Immunofixation: This test is used to identify the type of antibody produced by myeloma cells and to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
5. Bone marrow biopsy: A bone marrow biopsy involves removing a sample of tissue from the bone marrow for examination under a microscope. This can help confirm the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and determine the extent of the disease.
6. Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans may be used to assess the extent of bone damage or other complications of multiple myeloma.
7. Genetic testing: Genetic testing may be used to identify specific genetic abnormalities that are associated with multiple myeloma and to monitor the response of the disease to treatment.

It's important to note that not all patients with MGUS or smoldering myeloma will develop multiple myeloma, and some patients with multiple myeloma may not have any symptoms at all. However, if you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above or have a family history of multiple myeloma, it's important to talk to your doctor about your risk and any tests that may be appropriate for you.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a condition in which the body is infected with HIV, a type of retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases.

There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, including:

1. Sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Blood transfusions ( although this is rare in developed countries due to screening processes)
5. Organ transplantation (again, rare)

The symptoms of HIV infection can be mild at first and may not appear until several years after infection. These symptoms can include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss

If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:

1. Opportunistic infections (such as pneumocystis pneumonia)
2. Cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)
3. Wasting syndrome
4. Neurological problems (such as dementia and seizures)

HIV infection is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a combination of medications that work together to suppress the virus and slow the progression of the disease.

Prevention methods for HIV infection include:

1. Safe sex practices, such as using condoms and dental dams
2. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
3. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a short-term treatment that can prevent infection after potential exposure to the virus
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is a daily medication that can prevent infection in people who are at high risk of being exposed to the virus.

It's important to note that HIV infection is manageable with proper treatment and care, and that people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. However, it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to prevent transmission.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Sources:

1. Dictionary of Medical Microbiology, Second Edition. Edited by A. S. Chakrabarti and S. K. Das. Springer, 2012.
2. Medical Microbiology, Fourth Edition. Edited by P. R. Murray, K. S. N air, and M. J. Laurence. Mosby, 2014.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

Benign ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Serous cystadenoma: A fluid-filled sac that develops on the surface of the ovary.
2. Mucinous cystadenoma: A tumor that is filled with mucin, a type of protein.
3. Endometrioid tumors: Tumors that are similar to endometrial tissue (the lining of the uterus).
4. Theca cell tumors: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary called theca cells.

Malignant ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC): The most common type of ovarian cancer, which arises from the surface epithelium of the ovary.
2. Germ cell tumors: Tumors that develop from germ cells, which are the cells that give rise to eggs.
3. Stromal sarcomas: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary.

Ovarian neoplasms can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and abdominal swelling. They can also be detected through pelvic examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound and CT scan, and biopsy. Treatment options for ovarian neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

AML is a fast-growing and aggressive form of leukemia that can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream. It is most commonly seen in adults over the age of 60, but it can also occur in children.

There are several subtypes of AML, including:

1. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): This is a subtype of AML that is characterized by the presence of a specific genetic abnormality called the PML-RARA fusion gene. It is usually responsive to treatment with chemotherapy and has a good prognosis.
2. Acute myeloid leukemia, not otherwise specified (NOS): This is the most common subtype of AML and does not have any specific genetic abnormalities. It can be more difficult to treat and has a poorer prognosis than other subtypes.
3. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML): This is a subtype of AML that is characterized by the presence of too many immature white blood cells called monocytes in the blood and bone marrow. It can progress slowly over time and may require ongoing treatment.
4. Juvenile myeloid leukemia (JMML): This is a rare subtype of AML that occurs in children under the age of 18. It is characterized by the presence of too many immature white blood cells called blasts in the blood and bone marrow.

The symptoms of AML can vary depending on the subtype and the severity of the disease, but they may include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Pale skin
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Swollen lymph nodes, liver, or spleen
* Bone pain
* Headache
* Confusion or seizures

AML is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

1. Complete blood count (CBC): This test measures the number and types of cells in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Bone marrow biopsy: This test involves removing a small sample of bone marrow tissue from the hipbone or breastbone to examine under a microscope for signs of leukemia cells.
3. Genetic testing: This test can help identify specific genetic abnormalities that are associated with AML.
4. Immunophenotyping: This test uses antibodies to identify the surface proteins on leukemia cells, which can help diagnose the subtype of AML.
5. Cytogenetics: This test involves staining the bone marrow cells with dyes to look for specific changes in the chromosomes that are associated with AML.

Treatment for AML typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of AML, the patient's age and overall health, and other factors. Some common treatments for AML include:

1. Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells. The most commonly used chemotherapy drugs for AML are cytarabine (Ara-C) and anthracyclines such as daunorubicin (DaunoXome) and idarubicin (Idamycin).
2. Targeted therapy: This involves using drugs that specifically target the genetic abnormalities that are causing the cancer. Examples of targeted therapies used for AML include midostaurin (Rydapt) and gilteritinib (Xospata).
3. Bone marrow transplantation: This involves replacing the diseased bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor. This is typically done after high-dose chemotherapy to destroy the cancer cells.
4. Supportive care: This includes treatments to manage symptoms and side effects of the disease and its treatment, such as anemia, infection, and bleeding. Examples of supportive care for AML include blood transfusions, antibiotics, and platelet transfusions.
5. Clinical trials: These are research studies that involve testing new treatments for AML. Participating in a clinical trial may give patients access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available.

It's important to note that the treatment plan for AML is highly individualized, and the specific treatments used will depend on the patient's age, overall health, and other factors. Patients should work closely with their healthcare team to determine the best course of treatment for their specific needs.

Glioblastomas are highly malignant tumors that can grow rapidly and infiltrate surrounding brain tissue, making them difficult to remove surgically. They often recur after treatment and are usually fatal within a few years of diagnosis.

The symptoms of glioblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in personality, memory or cognitive function.

Glioblastomas are diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy to slow the growth of any remaining cancerous cells.

Prognosis for glioblastoma is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of around 5% for newly diagnosed patients. However, the prognosis can vary depending on factors such as the location and size of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and the effectiveness of treatment.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells in the brain, including glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), neurons, and vascular tissues. The symptoms of brain neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and type, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and changes in personality or cognitive function.

There are several different types of brain neoplasms, including:

1. Meningiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
2. Gliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glial cells in the brain. The most common type of glioma is a glioblastoma, which is aggressive and hard to treat.
3. Pineal parenchymal tumors: These are rare tumors that arise in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the epithelial cells of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
5. Medulloblastomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the cerebellum, specifically in the medulla oblongata. They are most common in children.
6. Acoustic neurinomas: These are benign tumors that arise on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Oligodendrogliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the fatty substance called myelin that insulates nerve fibers.
8. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can arise in the brain and spinal cord. The most common type of lymphoma in the CNS is primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, which is usually a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
9. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the brain from another part of the body. The most common types of metastatic tumors in the CNS are breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma.

These are just a few examples of the many types of brain and spinal cord tumors that can occur. Each type of tumor has its own unique characteristics, such as its location, size, growth rate, and biological behavior. These factors can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common type of malignant pancreatic neoplasm and accounts for approximately 85% of all pancreatic cancers. It originates in the glandular tissue of the pancreas and has a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are less common but more treatable than pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These tumors originate in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas and can produce excess hormones that cause a variety of symptoms, such as diabetes or high blood sugar. PNETs are classified into two main types: functional and non-functional. Functional PNETs produce excess hormones and are more aggressive than non-functional tumors.

Other rare types of pancreatic neoplasms include acinar cell carcinoma, ampullary cancer, and oncocytic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors are less common than pancreatic adenocarcinoma and PNETs but can be equally aggressive and difficult to treat.

The symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but they often include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and fatigue. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, endoscopic ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment options for pancreatic neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Prognosis for patients with pancreatic neoplasms is generally poor, especially for those with advanced stages of disease. However, early detection and treatment can improve survival rates. Research into the causes and mechanisms of pancreatic neoplasms is ongoing, with a focus on developing new and more effective treatments for these devastating diseases.

There are two types of hypertension:

1. Primary Hypertension: This type of hypertension has no identifiable cause and is also known as essential hypertension. It accounts for about 90% of all cases of hypertension.
2. Secondary Hypertension: This type of hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. It accounts for about 10% of all cases of hypertension.

Some common causes of secondary hypertension include:

* Kidney disease
* Adrenal gland disorders
* Hormonal imbalances
* Certain medications
* Sleep apnea
* Cocaine use

There are also several risk factors for hypertension, including:

* Age (the risk increases with age)
* Family history of hypertension
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise
* High sodium intake
* Low potassium intake
* Stress

Hypertension is often asymptomatic, and it can cause damage to the blood vessels and organs over time. Some potential complications of hypertension include:

* Heart disease (e.g., heart attacks, heart failure)
* Stroke
* Kidney disease (e.g., chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease)
* Vision loss (e.g., retinopathy)
* Peripheral artery disease

Hypertension is typically diagnosed through blood pressure readings taken over a period of time. Treatment for hypertension may include lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, stress management), medications, or a combination of both. The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

Adenocarcinoma is a term used to describe a variety of different types of cancer that arise in glandular tissue, including:

1. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer of the colon or rectum)
2. Breast adenocarcinoma (cancer of the breast)
3. Prostate adenocarcinoma (cancer of the prostate gland)
4. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cancer of the pancreas)
5. Lung adenocarcinoma (cancer of the lung)
6. Thyroid adenocarcinoma (cancer of the thyroid gland)
7. Skin adenocarcinoma (cancer of the skin)

The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Blood in the stool or urine
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Changes in bowel habits
4. Unusual vaginal bleeding (in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma)
5. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Coughing up blood (in the case of lung adenocarcinoma)

The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to kill cancer cells
3. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them
5. Immunotherapy, which involves using drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

The prognosis for adenocarcinoma is generally good if the cancer is detected and treated early, but it can be more challenging to treat if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

... may refer to: Combination drug Combined drug intoxication Polypharmacy Polysubstance use Polysubstance ... dependence This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Drug combination. If an internal link led you here ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_combination

... "combination drug" or "combination drug product" can be common shorthand for a FDC product (since most combination drug products ... products that combine different types of medical products-such as device/drug combinations as opposed to drug/drug combinations ... A combination drug or a fixed-dose combination (FDC) is a medicine that includes two or more active ingredients combined in a ... Note that when a combination drug product (whether fixed-dose or not) is a "pill" (i.e., a tablet or capsule), then it is also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_drug

Drug combination database. covers information on more than 1300 drug combinations in either clinical use or different testing ... there almost 45,000 possible two-drug combinations and almost 4.5 million three-drug combinations for to choose from. That ... Polypill, a medication which contains a combination of multiple active ingredients Combination drug Bozic; Reiter; Allen; et al ... Combination therapy with two or more antibiotics are often used in an effort to treat multi-drug resistant Gram-negative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_therapy

Multiple antiretroviral drugs are often combined into a single pill in order to reduce pill burden. Some of these combinations ... "Appendix A, Table 1. Antiretrovirals Available in Fixed-Dose Combination Tablets". ClinicalInfo. This article incorporates text ... Antiretroviral drugs are used to manage HIV/AIDS. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antiretroviral_fixed-dose_combinations

Sigmamycine was a combination drug of oleandomycin and tetracycline that was supported by a major marketing campaign. It was in ... Podolsky SH, Greene JA (August 2011). "Combination drugs--hype, harm, and hope". The New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (6): ... By the early 1970s, Pfizer's combination drugs were withdrawn from the market. Oleandomycin is a bacteriostatic agent. Like ... Public interest in oleandomycin peaked when Pfizer introduced the combination drug Sigmamycine into the market in 1956. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandomycin

Tyers, Mike; Wright, Gerard D. (25 January 2019). "Drug combinations: a strategy to extend the life of antibiotics in the 21st ... Some combinations are more likely to result in successful treatment of an infection. Antibiotics are used in combination for a ... A combination antibiotic is one in which two ingredients are added together for additional therapeutic effect. One or both ... Examples of combinations include: Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, which includes the beta lactam amoxicillin with the suicide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_antibiotic

Cancer cells divide rapidly, and drugs that interfere with folate metabolism are used to treat cancer. The antifolate drug ... "Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Combinations". Merck Veterinary Manual. Kenilworth, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc. Retrieved 10 October ... Gonen N, Assaraf YG (August 2012). "Antifolates in cancer therapy: structure, activity and mechanisms of drug resistance". Drug ... Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title, Multiple chemicals in Infobox drug, Chemicals using indexlabels, Chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate

"Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 26 July 2018. Lobo RA (5 June ... 897-. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. Kaiser R (July 1993). "[Gestagen-estrogen combinations in gynecology. On the history, dosage and ... "Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 26 July 2018. Witherspoon R (1 ... Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2019-12-16. "Progesterone". Drugs.com. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_benzoate

"Polydrug Abuse - Dangerous Drug Combinations". AddictionCenter. Retrieved March 28, 2019. "Home deaths from Drug Errors Soar". ... Combined drug intoxication (CDI), or multiple drug intake (MDI), is a cause of death by drug overdose from poly drug use, often ... March 22, 2010). Drug Interactions Checker at Drugs.com: Drug Information Online Drug Interaction Checker at Medscape ( ... Usually, most victims die after using two or more drugs in combination that suppress breathing, and the low blood oxygen level ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_drug_intoxication

"Combination Products". Office of Combination Products. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 31 October 2019. 101st U.S. Congress ... U.S. Food and Drug Administration. September 3, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2013. Samuel, Jr., Frank E (1991). "Safe Medical ... U.S. Food and Drug Administration. March 12, 2000. Retrieved March 23, 2013. "Premarket Notification (510k)". Device Advice: ... or drug product. The Act of Congress transferred the electronic product radiation control provisions established by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Medical_Device_Amendments_of_1990

Schedule III-V only if in drug combination; see #Legal status. Schedule III only if in drug combination; see #Legal status. ... U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION: Diversion Control Division. S4 only if in drug combinations; see # ... Pharmacy medicine if purchased in a low dose from a licensed pharmacy or in low dose drug combination; see #Legal status. ... Codeine is marketed as both a single-ingredient drug and in combination preparations with paracetamol (as co-codamol: e.g., ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine

Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with the use of dicloxacillin include: diarrhea, nausea, rash, urticaria, pain ... Moellering RC (August 1983). "Rationale for use of antimicrobial combinations". The American Journal of Medicine. 75 (2A): 4-8 ... LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of ... Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 491. ISBN 9783527607495. Dicloxacillin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicloxacillin

Mismatched drug combinations, for example having an 'unprotected' period where one drug dominates can seriously increase the ... The combinations of drugs currently[when?] prescribed can be divided into two categories: non-artemesinin-based combinations ... It is now suggested that it is used in combination with other antimalarial drugs to extend its effective usage. Popular drugs ... This can involve the drug intake, combination and interactions as well as the drug's pharmacokinetic and dynamic properties. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimalarial_medication

This drug combination is commonly called co-amoxiclav. It is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, β-lactam antibiotic in the ... "Amoxil: FDA-Approved Drugs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 8 October 2022. "Trimox: FDA-Approved Drugs". U ... Use of the amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination for more than one week has caused a drug-induced immunoallergic-type ... other drug combinations are also effective. Amoxicillin is effective for treatment of early cutaneous Lyme borreliosis; the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin

Ladiges W, Liggitt D (2017). "Testing drug combinations to slow aging". Pathobiology of Aging & Age Related Diseases. 8 (1): ... Analog drugs with the "tail" glucose removed or flipped to an α(1-6) linkage resist this transformation. It has been reported ... "Acarbose". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Probing the Pancreas" - by Craig D. Reid, Ph.D. (US FDA ... The combination of acarbose with metformin results in greater reductions of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose and post-prandial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acarbose

Lange, Joep (1995). "Combination Antiretroviral Therapy". Drugs. 49 (Supplement 1): 32-37. doi:10.2165/00003495-199500491-00008 ... During the mid-1990s, Lange began advocating for the use of combination therapy in the management of HIV/AIDS. He argued that ... He found that a baby's chance of contracting HIV falls to less than 1% if they receive anti-retroviral drugs while being nursed ... The institute is meant to continue the unique combination of scientific research, pragmatism and action that characterised Joep ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joep_Lange

Russell Ballard described secret combinations as including "gangs, drug cartels, and organized crime families... They have ... repeatedly described communism as a secret combination. As church president, Benson stated that "a secret combination that ... A secret combination, in the accounts of the Book of Mormon, is a term that describes a malignant secret society of "people ... Moroni also warns that the Gentiles of the latter day should repent of their sins and not allow that "murderous combinations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_combination_(Latter_Day_Saints)

... the drug may find use as initial single therapy or as an adjuvant to reduce tumor load prior to combination with HCST. Ongoing ... That is, many types of these disorders are remarkably susceptible to relatively non-toxic drugs. Hematopoietic stem cells give ... The tyrosine kinase inhibitor Ponatinib has been used as mono-therapy and subsequently used in combination with intensive ... PDGFRA fusion gene-induced diseases generally respond well to the first line treatment drug, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_hypereosinophilia

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 19. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2184 Spatafora, J.W., Quandt, C.A., Kepler, R.M., Sung ... New 1F1N Species Combinations in Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales). IMA Fungus 6, 357-362. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyceps_gunnii

Brochado, Ana (4 July 2018). "Species-specific activity of antibacterial drug combinations". Nature. 559 (7713): 259-263. ... A. H. van Assendelft, "Adverse drug reactions checklist" in the British Medical Journal, February 28th, 1987, pp. 576-577. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillin

Roe, Sam; Long, Ray; Kin, Karisa (December 15, 2016). "Pharmacies miss half of dangerous drug combinations". Chicago Tribune. ... "Pharmacies miss half of dangerous drug combinations", December 1, 2016 2017: "Allegiant Air" by William R. Levesque, Nathaniel ... Roe, Sam; King, Karisa (February 11, 2016). "Big data offers new way to find hidden drug interactions". Chicago Tribune. ... "Big data offers new way to find hidden drug interactions", February 11, 2016 "Mix of medications leaves woman fighting for life ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Loeb_Award_winners_for_Investigative

Drug-related authorities such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) of the European Union, the United States Food and Drug ... combination therapy and monotherapy; various diseases, etc. on the purpose to verify comparability in pharmacokinetics of the ... "Drug Approval Package: Alymsys". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). May 11, 2022. Archived from the original on May 27, ... "Drug Approval Package: Semglee". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). September 2, 2021. Archived from the original on May ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosimilar

If the combination of two drugs in combination therapy has an effect lower than the sum of the effects of the two drugs acting ... Thus, some drug combinations with additive effect are avoided. Below are commonly seen drug combinations with additive effect ... The combination of drugs with different effects has the benefit of using each drug at its optimal dose. This decreases the ... Drug combinations with additive effects have the potential to cause adverse effects. Adverse effects induced by drug ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_effect

The use of lenalidomide combined with other drugs was evaluated. It was seen that the drug combinations of lenalidomide plus ... In 2006, lenalidomide received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for use in combination with dexamethasone in ... Cochrane Haematology Group) (November 2019). "Multiple drug combinations of bortezomib, lenalidomide, and thalidomide for first ... In March 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) included lenalidomide on a list of twenty prescription drugs under ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenalidomide

"Mechanisms of drug combinations: interaction and network perspectives". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 8 (2): 111-28. doi: ... In contrast, a combination created by the end user, such as a farmer, has rarely been tested in that combination. The potential ... may have a lower liability for abuse as a recreational drug) Increased potency (e.g. as with other NSAIDs, combinations of ... In such cases, it is said that the parasites in combination have a synergistic effect. Mechanisms that may be involved in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergy

Furthermore, combination chemotherapy allows multiple independently-acting drugs to be administered at their maximum dose, ... VAMP regimen or VAMP chemotherapy is a four-drug combination chemotherapy regimen, used today in the treatment of Hodgkin ... Combining multiple chemotherapeutic drugs into one treatment helps overcome the problem of drug resistance. ... confirming the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy and leading to the use of combination chemotherapy regimens to treat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAMP_regimen

The combination of estradiol enantate and DHPA has also been studied at other doses ranging from 5 to 50 mg estradiol enantate ... "Drug Product Database Online Query". 25 April 2012. Leon Speroff; Marc A. Fritz (2005). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and ... The combination was marketed by the mid-1970s. Estradiol enantate is the British English generic name of the medication and its ... The medication, in combination with DHPA, is given by injection into muscle once a month. Side effects of estradiol enantate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_enantate

FDA Professional Drug Information for Lenvima. "Lenvatinib in combination with Everolimus". U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( ... "Lenvatinib". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Lenvatinib mesylate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. ... Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it (in combination with everolimus) for the treatment of advanced renal cell ... Multiple chemicals in Infobox drug, Chemicals using indexlabels, Drug has EMA link, Drugboxes which contain changes to verified ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenvatinib

Burk, Jeff (July 1988). "Eddie Hill's Four-Second Combination". Drag Racing magazine. Peterson Publishing Company. p. 83. " ... He started racing drag boats after attending a drag boat event in 1974 and he won championships in all of the major boat drag ... He quit water drag racing after he suffered broken bones at a crash in Arizona and returned to land drag racing in 1985. ... Hill decided to come back into drag racing for 1985. He purchased Dan Pastorini's Top Fuel car and salvaged the drag boat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Hill

"Combination Therapy and Drug Interactions". In Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, Perucca E (eds.). Antiepileptic drugs (5th ed ... Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "Drug Interactions & Labeling - Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of ... "Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers". FDA. 26 May 2021. Park JY, Kim KA, Kim ... Flockhart DA (2007). "Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table". Indiana University School of Medicine. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C19

PayLess Drug Stores, who had then-recently acquired Pay 'n Save, hit the chain with a counterclaim, which accused Ernst of ... Two years later, Pay 'n Save acquired Malmo Nursery and began opening Ernst-Malmo combination stores; combining hardware, ... The sale left Pay 'n Save with 69 Ernst stores, three Yard Birds stores and wholesaler Northwestern Drug Co. In January 1986, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Home_Centers

... whereas kinetoplastids have the inverse combination. Merging both the fusion order and evolutionary origin, organisms end up ... monophosphate decarboxylase support a covalent mechanism and provide a framework for drug design". Structure. 16 (1): 82-92. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate_synthase

It has two or more lodges and is a combination of two original dams. Google Earth images show new dams being built which could ... Beavers can transport their own weight in material;[citation needed] they drag logs along mudslides and float them through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_dam

This finding was applied to humans in 1971 when Sterman trained an epileptic to control her seizures through a combination of ... 70% of sufferers saw a 50% or more reduction in their migraines following combined neurotherapy and drug treatment, as opposed ... allowing the patient to greatly reduce the drug therapy necessary for him to function successfully in school and offering a ... to 50% undergoing only traditional drug therapy. The term autism encompasses a wide range of syndromes, such as Rett disorder, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoencephalography

In exchange for money she needed for drugs, Katrina gave Karen the combination to a Post Office box, which Katrina claimed ... Cathy rebelled by taking drugs, and spiralled into addiction. While on a bad acid trip, she murdered her drug dealer Artie ... Rather than go to jail, she was sent to Odyssey House, a real-life NYC treatment center for drug-addicted youths. In an unusual ... The show also had a sustained anti-drug storyline centering on wild child Cathy Craig (Catherine Burns, Amy Levitt, Jane Alice ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1968–1979)

An example of a source of this uncertainty would be the drag in an experiment designed to measure the acceleration of gravity ... Identifiability issue: Multiple combinations of unknown parameters and discrepancy function can yield the same experimental ... Incomplete model response: Refers to a model not having a solution for some combinations of the input variables. Computer ... This issue is circumvented in a Bayesian approach, where such combinations are averaged over. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_quantification

It is the only drug store in the city owned and operated by colored people and it is a real credit to Lynchburg." In 1936, Reid ... The "Main Road" that Lynch described was a combination of Fifth Street (then designated as Seventh Alley) and what is now known ... Drug stores, cafes, barbershops, pool halls, grocery and clothing stores, news-stands and theaters…are operated for Negroes by ... The 500 block contained a bakery & confectionery, two grocery stores, an ice cream parlor and dairy, a drug store, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Street_Historic_District

... and green laser pointers Cronex X-ray image intensifier phosphors and screens Building 400 Hyzaar combination drug to treat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DuPont_Experimental_Station_inventions

On 15 June 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of a combination of two chemotherapy drugs, hycamtin and ... "FDA Approves First Drug Treatment for Late-Stage Cervical Cancer". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 15 June 2006. Archived ... Moon JY, Song IC, Ko YB, Lee HJ (April 2018). "The combination of cisplatin and topotecan as a second-line treatment for ... In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first preventive HPV vaccine, marketed by Merck & Co. under ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer

Their combination of respect and informality struck the right tone for the night, a happily surprising production that had its ... "These Oscars were a bore-fest that seemed to drag on relentlessly but listlessly." Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/83rd_Academy_Awards

This combination eliminates the need for a separate low pressure hose for the BC, though the low pressure hose connector for ... An excess of tubes and connections passing through the water tend to decrease swimming performance by causing hydrodynamic drag ... The combination of webbing strap and cam action buckle that is used to secure the cylinder to a buoyancy compensator or ... This combination unit is carried in the position where the inflator unit would normally hang on the left side of the chest. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_set

Claim the right combination of symptoms, whether you are suffering or not, and there is a decent chance you can get a monthly ... "was a result of his or her abuse of alcohol or drugs". In order for a veteran to receive disability benefits for PTSD, the ... If the VBA concludes that PTSD, either alone or in combination with other service-connected disabilities, would make it "... ... 371, 373 (1919) ("A schedule of ratings of reductions in earning capacity from specific injuries or combinations of injuries of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_benefits_for_post-traumatic_stress_disorder_in_the_United_States

The fuselage of the Buccaneer was designed using the area rule technique, which had the effect of reducing aerodynamic drag ... with provisions to carry combinations of: Rockets: 4 × Matra rocket pods with 18 × SNEB 68-mm rockets each Missiles: Either 2 ... as well as effectively balancing out induced drag from operating the BLC system. It featured a variable incidence tailplane ... the inside of the single bomb bay door and allowing it to be released quickly without creating a massive increase in drag; this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer

In some cases, a review of Facebook may reveal undesirable behaviors such as drunkenness or drug use. Despite the relevance of ... Sometimes other selection tools (e.g., work samples, cognitive ability tests, personality tests) are used in combination with ... What prescription drugs are you currently taking? Applicants with disabilities may be concerned with the effect that their ... current users of illegal drugs are not covered under this Act). A person is covered if he has a disability that substantially ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_interview

As part of the trial protocol, a volunteer must have begun drug treatment in the first year of infection and have achieved 6 ... Regimens selected for advancement are the DDMM combination, which produced the highest T cell response rates, and the MMM ... This study is investigating a prime-boost approach using GeoVax's combination DNA/MVA vaccine. During 2010, the study was ... "ARCA Launches First Therapeutic Trial with GeoVax Vaccine: Study to Enroll HIV-Infected Individuals Who Started Drug Treatment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoVax

This is the first death row inmate extant since a judge ruled that the current combination of drugs may cause severe pain, as ... Morales then dragged Winchell face-down across the road and into a vineyard, where he raped her and stabbed her four times in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Morales

... combinations M01AB55 Diclofenac, combinations M01AC01 Piroxicam M01AC02 Tenoxicam M01AC04 Droxicam M01AC05 Lornoxicam M01AC06 ... "ATC/DDD Index 2022: code M01". WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. "ATCvet Index 2022: code QM01". WHO ... combinations M01AE52 Naproxen and esomeprazole M01AE53 Ketoprofen, combinations M01AE56 Naproxen and misoprostol QM01AE90 ... combinations M01AX68 Feprazone, combinations QM01AX90 Pentosan polysulfate QM01AX91 Aminopropionitrile QM01AX92 Grapiprant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_M01

For example, the French Bâton Melée, or mixed stick, can be played in repeating combinations of 3: RRL, LLR, RLL, or LRR. Rolls ... A 3 stroke roll is the shortest possible open double stroke roll, but is commonly referred to by the specific name "Drag," " ... "Ruff," or "Half Drag." Typically, any roll with an odd number of strokes is played with a single accent and any roll with an ... drags, flams etc.) and hyphens represent rests. Also, the six-stroke roll is often used in snare solo and marching percussion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_roll

These drugs are normally employed during the machitun ceremony and are administered to the young machi as part of her education ... but it is not clear from the context whether the juices of Latua and Drimys were used separately or in combination as ... los hechiceros [= Machi / sorcerers ] could quickly recover [ from Latua intoxication ] with a drug from a Solanum species of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latua

Another common drug treatment is the alpha-agonist midodrine. Non-drug treatments include "head-up tilt" (elevating the head of ... MSA is characterized by the following, which can be present in any combination: autonomic dysfunction parkinsonism (muscle ... The drug riluzole is ineffective in treating MSA or PSP. Management by rehabilitation professionals including physiatrists, ... Hospice/homecare services can be very useful as disability progresses.[citation needed] Levodopa (L-Dopa), a drug used in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy

1st Stage 6 5th Overall Vuelta a Andalucía 8th Giro del Piemonte 2011 2nd Overall Vuelta a Castilla y León 1st Combination ... in the Vuelta after Cobo was disqualified for being found guilty of abnormalities related to performance-enhancing drugs on his ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauke_Mollema

"Combination" features Perry sharing lead vocal duties with Tyler for the first time, and the guitarist admitted in 1997 that ... Guitarist Joe Perry later recalled, "There's no doubt we were doing a lot of drugs by then, but whatever we were doing, it was ... They also began living the rock-and-roll lifestyle to the hilt, indulging their already considerable appetite for drugs. ... drug use actually helped Rocks. He also called the album "raw." In a November 1994 Los Angeles Times review of Rocks, Jon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocks_(Aerosmith_album)

In addition, its high dose (200nM/mouse) combination with H-89, as a protein kinase inhibitor, had additive attenuating effect ... Drugs with no legal status, Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields, Nucleotides, Carboxamides, PDE3 inhibitors, All ... In addition they found that combination of bucladesine and pentoxyfillin has additive effect on seizure latency and threshold. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucladesine

January 2002). "Diagnosis of Heerfordt's syndrome by state-of-the-art ultrasound in combination with parotid biopsy: a case ... Treatments for sarcoidosis include corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. In the United States, sarcoidosis has a ... One possible explanation is that the syndrome results from a combination of an environmental agent and a hereditary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heerfordt_syndrome

The combination of the Cards' win and the Giants' loss put San Francisco more than 12 games behind with only 12 games left in ... American drag racer and 2001 NHRA Rookie of the Year; in Houston (killed in accident, 2004) Leah Pinsent, Canadian television ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1968

It is soluble white powder administered orally in combination with other antiviral drugs. The drug prevents protease from ... It is normally used as one of the three drugs in a triple-combination therapy for the HIV virus. Commercially available ... After 38 weeks, 6% of the people in the three-drug group died while 11% of the people died in the two-drug group. There were ... Viral resistance to the drug leads to the drug becoming useless since the virus evolves to have cells that are able to resist ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indinavir

Inductions are most often performed either with prostaglandin drug treatment alone, or with a combination of prostaglandin and ... Active management is the administration of a uterotonic drug within one minute of fetal delivery, controlled traction of the ... Anaesthetists or anesthesiologists are medical doctors who specialise in pain relief and the use of drugs to facilitate surgery ... Early supporters believed that the drugs used during deliveries interfered with "happy childbirth" and could negatively impact ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth

A death or injury that resulted in combination with a violation of this part of the act can be viewed as a criminal act and ... When the workers formed unions, negotiations between the employer and union often dragged on or broke down completely. In these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Labour_Code

... recommends two drug combinations for the use as PrEP for HIV/AIDS: the combination of tenofovir disoproxil and emtricitabine ( ... Truvada), or the combination of tenofovir disoproxil and lamivudine (Cimduo). In October 2019, the US Food and Drug ... intravenous drug users, men who have sex with men) without consistent condom use or anyone who has injected illicit drugs in ... shared recreational drug injection equipment with other drug users in the past six months, or has been in treatment for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis

Thouls - Combinations of trolls, hobgoblins, and ghouls. These are usually unique to the Mystara setting. Trollhounds - Wolf- ... They walk with an uneven gait, and their arms dangle and drag the ground when running. Despite this apparent awkwardness, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Dungeons_&_Dragons)

One expert discusses the significance of newer drugs and the role they play in helping patients with relapsed or refractory ... Patients with mantle cell lymphoma may have new hope in drug combinations, according to Dr. Timothy Fenske, an associate ... Newer Drug Combinations Offer Hope to Those With Mantle Cell Lymphoma. .social-ris-container { display: flex; justify-content: ... "Acalabrutinib and ibrutinib covalently bind to the BTK enzyme, and when you get a mutation where the drug resides, the drug ...

https://www.curetoday.com/view/newer-drug-combinations-offer-hope-to-those-with-mantle-cell-lymphoma

Belladonna Alkaloid Combinations and Phenobarbital: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on ... you should know that this drug may make you drowsy. Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how this drug ... Take belladonna alkaloid combinations and phenobarbital exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more ... a yellow dye in some processed foods and drugs), or any drug. ... Belladonna alkaloid combinations and phenobarbital are used to ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601024.html

"Our results from the COAST trial are very encouraging as the data suggest these novel immunotherapy drug combinations can ... "These findings support further evaluation of these drug combinations and have helped us better understand the important ... Yale Cancer Center Study Shows New Drug Combinations Improve Outcomes for Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer. ... New Haven, CT - New findings from a large study led by researchers at Yale Cancer Center shows the addition of the drugs ...

https://www.ynhh.org/news/yale-cancer-center-study-shows-new-drug-combinations-improve-outcomes-for-advanced-lung-cancer

Drug-device combination products under MDR Article 117. Introduced by the European Commission under the Medical Devices ... Visit our drug-device combination products webpage for more information on seeking an NBOp from BSI. ... BSI has a dedicated Medicinal and Biologics team, which provides guidance on drug-device combination products, conformity ... Article 117 requires manufacturers placing drug-device combination products onto the market as an integral device and marketing ...

https://www.bsigroup.com/en-IN/medical-devices/technologies/medicinal-and-biologics/

Comparative Analyses and Related Comparative Use Human Factors Studies for a Drug-Device Combination Product Submitted in an ...

https://www.hhs.gov/guidance/document/comparative-analyses-and-related-comparative-use-human-factors-studies-drug-device

Findings show that a new treatment combination (moxidectin and albendazole) is inferior compared to the current recommended ... treatment combination (ivermectin and albendazole). However, moxidectin might serve as an alternative in areas in which ... Swiss TPH researchers tested two different drug combinations against the parasitic worm Trichuris trichiura on Pemba Island, ... Swiss TPH researchers tested two different drug combinations against the parasitic worm Trichuris trichiura on Pemba Island, ...

https://www.swisstph.ch/de/news/news-detail-1/news/current-recommended-treatment-against-whipworm-shows-better-results-than-new-drug-combination

EP-0913152-B1 chemical patent summary.

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/patent/EP-0913152-B1

... View/. Open. WDI_1996_10_n1_p5-7 ... Unknown author (‎1996)‎. Lamivudine : impressive benefits in combination with zidovudine : reports on individual drugs. WHO ... drug information 1996 ; 10(‎1)‎ : 5-7 https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/53868 ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/53868

In recent years, reports about Tylenol and combination drugs that contain acetaminophen - from over-the-counter cough syrup to ... acetaminophen overdose is one of the most common drug poisonings worldwide. ... Using Tylenol and combination drugs that contain acetaminophen (including cough syrup & prescription painkillers) can cause ... FDA Taking Action Against Drugs with High Doses of Acetaminophen According to the National Institutes of Health, ...

https://stromlaw.com/fda-issues-warning-combo-drugs-acetaminophen/

Although these drugs are increasingly used in combination in complicated cases (8-11), public health officials are concerned ... Bedaquiline and Delamanid Combination Treatment of 5 Patients with Pulmonary Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis On This ... Bedaquiline and Delamanid Combination Treatment of 5 Patients with Pulmonary Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Emerging ... Bedaquiline and Delamanid Combination Treatment of 5 Patients with Pulmonary Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Volume 23 ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/10/17-0834_article

Combination therapy with antimalarial drugs is the simultaneous use of two or more blood schizontocidal drugs with independent ... Combinations of Anti Malaria Drugs. Early and effective chemotherapy for malaria has a pivotal role in reducing morbidity and ... The concept of combination therapy is based on the synergistic or additive potential of two or more drugs, to improve ... Not an additive or synergistic combination; Each drug has a different pharmacokinetic profile; Expensive; Resistance known. ...

https://www.malariasite.com/antimalarial-combinations/

... antipyretic and analgesic drug combination in various animal species (Phe ... Preclinical and clinical investigations of an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic drug combination in various animal ... Seki, T.; Miyazaki, M. 1978: Effects of a New Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Drug Mk-647 (Diflunisal) on Healthy ... Bagliani, A.; Borri, P.; Taborelli, R. 1975: Treatment of phlebopathies of the lower limbs with a new drug with anti- ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/000/722/000722489.php

"On the third pass with the brand new combination, it was already quicker from 60-foot to the 330 than the nitrous car, and on ... The goal this weekend is to go quicker than the 4.37 he ran with the nitrous combination, and if he does that, Hubbard will ... But it took just three passes with a new ProCharger combination to convince Hubbard he had made the right decision. Hell still ... Since 2005, DI has informed, inspired and educated drag racers from every walk of the racing life - weekend warrior and street/ ...

https://dragillustrated.com/x275-standout-kenny-hubbard-sounds-off-on-new-procharger-combination/

... by which a quantitative prediction of a multi-targeted drug or drug combination can be made and tested in follow-up biological ... phenotypic and clinical data of cancer patients to establish biomarkers predictive of drug or drug combination responses. Such ... PhD student in network pharmacology modeling of drug combinations. Description: The Quantitative Systems Pharmacology research ... The student is expected to develop novel network pharmacology models to predict synergistic drug combinations for individual ...

https://support.bioconductor.org/p/101939/

Meeting Summary How can physicians be convinced to overcome concerns of safety, reimbursement, and liability to prescribe novel regimens (personalized drug combinations, dosing, and sequences),. ...

https://cancerhackerlab.com/tag/personalized-drug-combinations/

maois & amphetamines=== Status: Dangerous Note: MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably. MAO-A inhibitors with amphetamine can lead to hypertensive crises ...

https://wiki.tripsit.me/index.php?title=Drug_combinations&action=edit§ion=128

5th Drug-Device Combinations & Sustainability Conference on September 27th-28th, Düsseldorf, Germany 2023. Hosted by Vonlanthen ... The 5th Drug-Device Combinations & Sustainability Conference is a premier event that will bring together experts from the drug ... Request the 5th Drug-Device Combinations & Sustainability Conference brochure and find out the latest topics and ideas that ... About the 5th Drug-Device Combinations & Sustainability Conference. Attendees will also have the opportunity to learn about ...

https://www.vonlanthenevents.com/en/5th-drug-device-combinations-sustainability-conference

concentration (of a drug). The level of a drug in the blood or other body fluid or tissue. ... What made the dual combination in these two studies fail in some people was the old enemy that made dual-combination ART fail ... bNAbs certainly can work as long-acting antiretroviral drugs when used in combination though not, as with other ARVs, singly. ... the concentration of a drug in the body amounts to half the starting dose of any drug to be eliminated from the body. ...

https://www.aidsmap.com/news/oct-2018/dual-antibody-combination-therapy-produces-three-seven-months-viral-suppression

Dietary supplements, antibiotics and certain drugs increase tryptamine content in vivo. TrpRS catalyzes tryptophan attachment ... Lethal Tryptamine Drug Combinations.. Most antidepressants-the MAO inhibitors raise tryptamine. When levels get too high, ... Drug Metab. Dispos. 2015, 43, 1536-1543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]. *Martin, F.P.; Wang, Y.; Sprenger, N.; Yap, I.K ... Drugs 2017, 49, 294-296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]. *Sankaranarayanan, K.; Ozga, A.T.; Warinner, C.; Tito, R.Y.; ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/4/410

Use of Fixed Combinations. When saxagliptin is used in fixed combination with metformin, dapagliflozin, and/or other drugs, ... Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, ... Drugs.com Mobile Apps The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own ... Drugs Metabolized by Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes. Drugs metabolized by CYP isoenzymes 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A4 ...

https://www.drugs.com/monograph/saxagliptin.html

Actavis and Adamas Pharmaceuticals announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the New Drug ... Application (NDA) for Namzaric, a fixed-dose combination (FDC) of memantine hydrochloride extended-release, a NMDA receptor ...

https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/topics/neurocognitive-disorders/alzheimers-disease-and-dementia/fda-approves-new-combination-alzheimers-drug/

... over 100,000 Americans died from drug poisoning, and over half of those involved fentanyl or similar substances. ... Many times the fentanyl sold by drug dealers is combined with another drug. The latest combination has alerted the DEA to issue ... DEA Warns of Drug Combination Deadlier Than Fentanyl: What You Need to Know. ... Source: DEA Warns of Drug Combination Deadlier Than Fentanyl: What You Need to Know ...

https://womiowensboro.com/dea-warns-drug-combination-deadlier-fentanyl/

https://1061evansville.com/dea-warns-drug-combination-deadlier-fentanyl/

Study finds doctors prescribing untested drug combinations with high addiction potential. The Center for Drug Safety and ... Nearly half the exposed population was being prescribed these drugs in combination with one or more other psychiatric drugs, ... active drugs. They found widespread combination prescribing of drugs classified as Schedule II controlled substances with a ... It might not even be possible to perform a study with some of the drug combinations due to patient safety and ethical concerns ...

https://learnteethwhitening.com/health-news/study-finds-doctors-prescribing-untested-drug-combinations-with-high-addiction-potential/

On June 13, 2023, HHSC will add the following drugs and generic code numbers (GCNs) to the "Drugs Requiring Prior Authorization ... The Opiate/Benzodiazepine/Muscle Relaxant Combinations (PDF) clinical prior authorization is optional for managed care. ... " table on page 2 of the Opiate/Benzodiazepine/Muscle Relaxant Combinations prior authorization clinical criteria document:. * ...

https://www.txvendordrug.com/about/news/2023/hhsc-revise-opiatebenzodiazepinemuscle-relaxant-combinations-prior-authorization

Drostanolone Enanthate: features of the drug, combination. Drostanolone Enanthate - 200 ZPHC Zhengzhou (masteron enanthate) is ... In a day you will receive this drug by courier in Moscow and will be able to use it. Masteron Enanthate from ZPHC has no side ... Combination with other steroids. For the purpose of mass collection, Drostanolone Enanthate is combined with Sustanon, ... This is a relatively safe drug that can be safely recommended to bodybuilding beginners for a gradual build-up of high-quality ...

https://www.redcrosslaunion.org.ph/2022/05/10/drostanolone-enanthate-features-of-the-drug-combination/

Dolutegravir and Its Combination Drug Market 2020 by Regions, Type, Application, Competitive Market Share & Forecast to 2025 ... Dolutegravir and Its Combination Drug Market (Updated Version Available) Dolutegravir and Its Combination Drug Market 2020 by ... Dolutegravir and Its Combination Drug Market (Updated Version Available) Published Date: 2020-01-27 , Pages : 116 , Report ID: ... What is the estimated growth rate and Market share and size of the Dolutegravir and Its Combination Drug Market for the ...

https://www.reportsinsights.com/industry-forecast/dolutegravir-and-its-combination-drug-market-growth-3324

Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry for the evaluation of combination vaccines for preventable diseases: ... Extra Doses of Combination Vaccine Antigens. ACIP, AAP, and AAFP recommend that combination vaccines may be used whenever any ... Only combinations approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should be used. ... PREFERENCE FOR COMBINATION VACCINES. The use of licensed combination vaccines is preferred over separate injection of their ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4805a1.htm

The emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria and the lack of new antibiotics in the antibiotic drug development pipeline, ... New combinations of previously approved antibiotics have not been included. In addition, the origin of the drug pharmacophore; ... Antofloxacin Hydrochloride and its Tablets, a Class One New Drug, has been Granted New Drug License and Drug Approval ... Drug combinations: a strategy to extend the life of antibiotics in the 21st century. 25 January 2019 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/ja201144?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c34973e1-d371-4f5a-ba71-b2c329e226b9

Some combination drug therapies are counter-productive Combination drug therapy has become a staple for treating many ... For instance, doctors treat extensively drug resistant forms of tuberculosis with one drug that breaks down the pathogens ... Scientists use AI to identify new antibiotic that could fight drug-resistant infections ... a leading bio-pharmaceutical company in China focusing on manufacturing and sales of peptide-based and small molecule drugs, ...

https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/DNA-Replication&page=20

Chloroquine, quinine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine were the most available and prescribed antimalarial drugs in all 60 pharmacies (government and private) in the city. (who.int)

New antimalarial regimens are, therefore, urgently needed and antimalarial combination chemotherapy is widely advocated. (malariasite.com)

Currently, first-line treatment of mantle cell lymphoma includes combination chemotherapy with the monoclonal antibody Ritxuan (rituximab), followed by autologous stem cell transplantation - using stem cells from the person being treated. (curetoday.com)
The main strategy to eliminate soil-transmitted helminths is preventive chemotherapy in the form of mass drug administration. (swisstph.ch)
Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis : coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions : a manual for health professionals and programme managers. (who.int)

Combination therapy with antimalarial drugs is the simultaneous use of two or more blood schizontocidal drugs with independent modes of action and different biochemical targets in the parasite. (malariasite.com)
This study was done to evaluate the availability and prescribing of antimalarial drugs in Al-Mukalla city, based on the treatment guidelines of the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). (who.int)
More efforts are needed to educate physicians about the NMCP treatment guidelines and to deter pharmacies from random selling of antimalarial drugs. (who.int)

The bigger question will be whether combination therapy or sequential therapy is better in the long run. (curetoday.com)
Also of interest is the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, for which treatments have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of certain blood cancers, but how it could work for patients with mantle cell lymphoma is still being investigated. (curetoday.com)
COAST is an open label, randomized, phase 2 trial that studied at adjuvant therapy with durvalumab alone or in combination with oleclumab or monalizumab in patients with locally advanced, unresectable, stage III NSCLC. (ynhh.org)
Antimalarial combinations can increase efficacy, shorten duration of treatment (and hence increase compliance), and decrease the risk of resistant parasites arising through mutation during therapy. (malariasite.com)
The concept of combination therapy is based on the synergistic or additive potential of two or more drugs, to improve therapeutic efficacy and also delay the development of resistance to the individual components of the combination. (malariasite.com)
In patients with metformin contraindications or intolerance (e.g., risk of lactic acidosis, GI intolerance) or in selected other patients, some experts suggest that initial therapy with a drug from another class of antidiabetic agents (e.g., a glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] receptor agonist, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 [SGLT2] inhibitor, DPP-4 inhibitor, sulfonylurea, thiazolidinedione, basal insulin) may be acceptable based on patient factors. (drugs.com)
In such patients with metformin intolerance, some experts suggest initiation of therapy with 2 drugs from other antidiabetic drug classes with complementary mechanisms of action. (drugs.com)
Consider early initiation of combination therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus to extend the time to treatment failure and more rapidly attain glycemic goals. (drugs.com)
For patients with inadequate glycemic control on metformin monotherapy, consider patient comorbidities (e.g., atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [ASCVD], established kidney disease, heart failure), hypoglycemia risk, impact on weight, cost, risk of adverse effects, and patient preferences when selecting additional antidiabetic agents for combination therapy. (drugs.com)
DPP-4 inhibitors recommended by some experts as one of several classes of drugs for use in combination therapy, particularly in patients with both postprandial and fasting plasma glucose elevations. (drugs.com)
The paper, "Medical use and combination drug therapy among US adult users of central nervous system stimulants: a cross-sectional analysis," published in BMJ Open , examined patterns of medical amphetamine and methylphenidate stimulant drug use, both substances considered to have a high potential for psychological or physical addiction. (learnteethwhitening.com)
Longer courses of masteron enanthate, despite all the safety and softness of the drug, still require post-course therapy with Clomid to normalize hormonal levels. (redcrosslaunion.org.ph)
Although the drugs did not significantly affect the control of blood glucose levels by glyburide, precautions must be taken when the need to co administer these drugs arises especially in a prolonged therapy situation. (who.int)

We are developing network pharmacology modelling methods, aiming at a systems-level understanding of how cancer cells can be inhibited by synergistic drug combinations through multi-target perturbations. (bioconductor.org)

According to the National Institutes of Health, acetaminophen overdose is one of the most common drug poisonings worldwide. (stromlaw.com)
In recent years, reports about Tylenol and combination drugs that contain acetaminophen - from over-the-counter cough syrup to prescription painkillers - suggest that acetaminophen overdose can occur easily and accidentally. (stromlaw.com)
These data can be used in combination with nonfatal drug overdose data from the CDC's Drug Overdose Surveillance and Epidemiology ( DOSE ) system to improve understanding of drug use patterns in nonfatal overdoses. (cdc.gov)
In study sites, blood specimens from patients who experienced a suspected opioid-involved overdose tested positive for fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (78%) of the time , more often than any other drug class. (cdc.gov)
This underscores the possible risks of non-medical guideline use, noting the issues that warranted the classification of these drugs as having a high potential for psychological or physical dependence and their prominent appearance in toxicology drug rankings of fatal overdose cases. (learnteethwhitening.com)
Tell your doctor if you or anyone in your family drinks or has ever drunk large amounts of alcohol, uses or has ever used street drugs, or has overused prescription medications, or has had an overdose or if you have or have ever had depression or another mental illness. (medlineplus.gov)
She previously led CDC's prescription drug overdose team and served as advisor to New York City's Health Commissioner. (cdc.gov)
But unlike older adults, whose rates continued to increase, teenagers actually had a decline in drug overdose death rates through 2014, before an upturn in 2015. (cdc.gov)
There are many public health initiatives to combat the rising drug overdose death rates. (cdc.gov)
The continued rise in drug overdose deaths involving heroin and synthetic opioids from 2014 to 2015 contributed to the uptick between those years. (cdc.gov)
By gender, the drug overdose death rate for males was higher for females for every year of the 1999-2015 period and was 70% higher in 2015. (cdc.gov)
While males had a greater increase in drug overdose death rates than females between 1999 and the mid-2000s, they also declined by about a third between 2007 and 2014 before increasing again. (cdc.gov)
As for the population at large, the majority of drug overdose deaths involve opioids. (cdc.gov)

Combination therapies gained increasing attention in the past years as a helminth control strategy to enhance efficacy and slow down drug resistance development. (swisstph.ch)
The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy and safety of a new treatment combination, moxidectin and albendazole compared with ivermectin and albendazole against Trichuris trichiura ," said Sophie Welsche, recent PhD graduate at Swiss TPH. (swisstph.ch)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ), intravenous fluid, pancreatic stents , or combinations of these have been evaluated in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for the prevention of post- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP ) pancreatitis , but the comparative efficacy of these treatments remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)
We searched PubMed , Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register from inception to Nov 15, 2020, for full-text RCTs that evaluated the efficacy of NSAIDs , pancreatic stents , intravenous fluids, or combinations of these for post- ERCP pancreatitis prevention in adult ( aged ≥18 years) patients undergoing ERCP . (bvsalud.org)

Updates to the IR opioids state that these drugs should not be used for an extended period unless the pain remains severe enough to require an opioid pain medicine and alternative treatment options are insufficient, and that many acute pain conditions treated in the outpatient setting require no more than a few days of an opioid pain medicine. (medlineplus.gov)
Updates to the ER/LA opioids recommend that these drugs be reserved for severe and persistent pain requiring an extended period of treatment with a daily opioid pain medicine and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate. (medlineplus.gov)
And describe the role of patient beliefs and expectations and value of exercise, education, and non-opioid drug treatments and the management of muscular skeletal pain complaints. (cdc.gov)
When we examined the specific type of opioid involved, heroin is the leading drug involved and rose fairly steadily throughout the study period. (cdc.gov)
Synthetic opioids (including fentanyl) were lower than other opioid drugs through the early years of the period, but then doubled between 2014 and 2015. (cdc.gov)

Results show oleclumab, an anti-CD73 monoclonal antibody, or monalizumab, an anti-NKG2A monoclonal antibody, in combination with durvalumab improved progression-free survival. (ynhh.org)

BSI has a dedicated Medicinal and Biologics team, which provides guidance on drug-device combination products, conformity assessments of medical devices with ancillary medicinal substances (MDR Rule 14), and substance-based medical devices (MDR Rule 21). (bsigroup.com)
Select "Common Two Substance Combinations" or "Common Three Substance Combinations" to see the substances found in combination most often. (cdc.gov)
The term "substances" refers to drugs, adulterants, and contaminants. (cdc.gov)
Additionally, other substances are potentially present alongside the listed combinations. (cdc.gov)
Adulterants are additives that increase the bulk-volume of the combined substances, or are physical, chemical, biological, or other substances that are chemically created in a lab with intent to "mimic" (or have similar effects of) another drug, such as marijuana, cocaine, or morphine. (cdc.gov)
In just one year, over 100,000 Americans died from drug poisoning, and over half of those involved fentanyl or similar substances. (womiowensboro.com)
They found widespread combination prescribing of drugs classified as Schedule II controlled substances with a high potential for psychological or physical dependence and with limited combined clinical trial testing. (learnteethwhitening.com)

Recent study on the Dolutegravir and Its Combination Drug Market comprises precise research on quantitative and qualitative aspects to examine the key drivers, opportunities, and threats in the overall development of the Dolutegravir and Its Combination Drug Market on the global scale for the forecast period 2020 - 2025. (reportsinsights.com)
What is the estimated growth rate and Market share and size of the Dolutegravir and Its Combination Drug Market for the forecast period 2020 - 2025? (reportsinsights.com)
What are the driving forces in the Dolutegravir and Its Combination Drug Market for the forecast period 2020 - 2025? (reportsinsights.com)

Results of search for 'su:{Drug combinations. (who.int)
Drugs that were found in the 2015 NAMCS and 2015 NHAMCS Emergency Department public use files will show up with an estimate in the search results. (cdc.gov)
Fill out the form below to search the database for a list of drugs matching your search criteria. (cdc.gov)

He saw the possibilities on the dyno and everything pointed going in that direction, much to the delight of ProCharger, which has quickly become a prominent player in the drag radial ranks in 2019. (dragillustrated.com)

Still, experts always recommend administering naloxone if someone might be suffering from drug poisoning. (womiowensboro.com)

Dietary supplements, antibiotics and certain drugs increase tryptamine content in vivo. (mdpi.com)

pharmacological effects of these drugs in animal house of the Department of the patient (7) and may affect the Pharmacology and Toxicology, pharmacokinetics of such drugs (8). (who.int)

It's another decided advantage of the ProCharger combination, which potentially offers the advantage of quicker runs with less parts damage. (dragillustrated.com)
The Quantitative Systems Pharmacology research group led by Dr. Jing Tang focuses on developing mathematical and informatics tools to tackle biomedical questions that may potentially lead to breakthroughs in drug discovery. (bioconductor.org)

In 2017, WHO recommended the combination of ivermectin and albendazole as a treatment against soil-transmitted helminths. (swisstph.ch)
The PhD student will be involved in the ERC funded project DrugComb (2017-2022) in the field of cancer drug discovery research. (bioconductor.org)

The total effect of artemisinin combinations (which can be simultaneous or sequential) is to reduce the chance of parasite recrudescence, reduce the within-patient selection pressure, and prevent transmission. (malariasite.com)

A Major Transition in Malaria Treatment: The Adoption and Deployment of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies. (malariasite.com)

These findings support further evaluation of these drug combinations and have helped us better understand the important challenges of sensitivity and resistance to immunotherapy," said Herbst. (ynhh.org)
Moxidectin is a particularly interesting candidate because the neglected tropical disease community has voiced concerns regarding potential resistance against ivermectin because of its long history of use in mass drug administration programmes against filarial diseases," explained Emmanuel Mrimi, PhD candidate at Swiss TPH. (swisstph.ch)
Multidrug resistance has been reported from most parts of the world and as a result, monotherapy or some of the available combination chemotherapies for malaria are either ineffective or less effective. (malariasite.com)
Artemisinin based combinations are known to improve cure rates, reduce the development of resistance and they might decrease transmission of drug-resistant parasites. (malariasite.com)

The changes are being made to provide additional guidance for safe use of these drugs while also recognizing the important benefits when used appropriately. (medlineplus.gov)

MDR TB and XDR TB treatments are of long duration, expensive, and complicated by a high rate of adverse events, making determining an effective drug regimen often difficult, considering that a minimum of 4 active drugs are required according to WHO recommendations ( 1 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Where clinical trials normally inform clinical treatments, the prescribing of multi-combination drug cocktails has yet to go through that process. (learnteethwhitening.com)

The Lexicon Plus is a comprehensive database of all prescription and some nonprescription drugs products available in the U.S. drug market. (cdc.gov)

In several clinical trials, researchers are also looking at how the combination of Venclexta with BTK inhibitors could help improve survival. (curetoday.com)
Antitubercular event may occur with other drugs within the irrespective of the types of tyrosine kinase inhibitors agents antitubercular agents. (who.int)

In the dose-escalation phase, escalating doses of etrumadenant in combination with zimberelimab will be assessed in participants with advanced malignancies. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Etrumadenant RP2D will be determined in this part with escalating doses of oral etrumadenant in combination with a fixed dose of IV zimberelimab. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Sur 42 prescriptions analysées, 54,2 % n'étaient pas conformes aux directives thérapeutiques du Programme en termes de doses et de durée du traitement. (who.int)

Although these drugs are increasingly used in combination in complicated cases ( 8 - 11 ), public health officials are concerned that the co-administration of bedaquiline and delamanid could increase the occurrence of adverse events, particularly for QT prolongation, which might occur more often when these drugs are combined with other TB drugs that prolong the QT interval (i.e., fluoroquinolones and clofazimine). (cdc.gov)
For the database, this can occur when a drug that was not previously assigned a code by the Multum classification is added to that classification and its DRUGID value in the ACDD is then changed to reflect the new Multum designation. (cdc.gov)
Drugs showing up without an estimate are in the database but did not occur in the 2015 data. (cdc.gov)

For instance, at the Medical College of Wisconsin, researchers are examining the drug with Imbruvica in patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma. (curetoday.com)
New Haven, CT - New findings from a large study led by researchers at Yale Cancer Center shows the addition of the drugs oleclumab or monalizumab to durvalumab improved progression-free survival for patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (ynhh.org)
Swiss TPH researchers tested two different drug combinations against the parasitic worm Trichuris trichiura on Pemba Island, Tanzania. (swisstph.ch)

While we do not know the exact reason for the decline, we know the specific drugs that were involved-opioids, cocaine, and benzodiazepines. (cdc.gov)
For the opioids, it was the frequently prescribed drugs-methadone and natural and semisynthetic (oxycodone, morphine) that had declines for teens since the mid 2000s. (cdc.gov)

This is a Phase 1, open-label, dose-escalation and dose-expansion study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) and clinical activity of etrumadenant (AB928) in combination with zimberelimab (AB122) (an anti-PD-1 antibody) in participants with advanced malignancies. (clinicaltrials.gov)

With reasonable dosages and the correct duration of cycles, the drug is practically harmless and does not affect internal organs. (redcrosslaunion.org.ph)
Of 42 prescriptions analysed, 54.2% did not comply with NMCP guidelines on appropriate dose and duration, especially those prescribed by GPs: 16.7% contained more than 1 antimalarial drug. (who.int)

Many times the fentanyl sold by drug dealers is combined with another drug. (womiowensboro.com)
The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration is warning the American public of a sharp increase in the trafficking of fentanyl mixed with xylazine. (womiowensboro.com)
Xylazine is making the deadliest drug threat our country has ever faced, fentanyl, even deadlier," said Administrator Milgram. (womiowensboro.com)
Xylazine and fentanyl drug mixtures place users at a higher risk of suffering fatal drug poisoning. (womiowensboro.com)

While there have been clinical trials for each drug, none have been conducted on taking three or four at the same time. (learnteethwhitening.com)

up to 4 therapeutic classes can be assigned per drug in NAMCS and NHAMCS. (cdc.gov)
For example, a drug that was assigned to only a second-level therapeutic category in one year may now be assigned to a new third-level category. (cdc.gov)
If a data user is looking for drugs over time, it is important to also check that drug's identifying information as well as Multum's therapeutic category structure in the public use file documentation for the earlier years, in order to ensure that the correct codes are being selected. (cdc.gov)
When selecting drug therapeutic categories, please note that not all therapeutic categories have second or third levels in the classification scheme. (cdc.gov)

This metabolic disease administered and monitored may lead to affects diverse organs of the body adverse drug interactions. (who.int)

If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online ( http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch ) or by phone (1-800-332-1088). (medlineplus.gov)
Actavis and Adamas Pharmaceuticals announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the New Drug Application (NDA) for Namzaric, a fixed-dose combination (FDC) of memantine hydrochloride extended-release, a NMDA receptor antagonist, and donepezil hydrochloride, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
Xylazine, also known as "Tranq," is a powerful sedative that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved for veterinary use. (womiowensboro.com)
Beginning with the 2006 survey year, every drug reported in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Medical Care Survey is assigned characteristics, during data processing, based on the Lexicon Plus®, a proprietary database of Cerner Multum, Inc. (The previous Ambulatory Care Drug Database , used prior to the 2006 survey year data, was based on the Food and Drug Administration's National Drug Code Directory). (cdc.gov)

Such network models should also include the cancer signalling pathways to elucidate the mechanisms of action, by which a quantitative prediction of a multi-targeted drug or drug combination can be made and tested in follow-up biological experiments. (bioconductor.org)

Used in fixed combination with dapagliflozin (Qtern ) or with dapagliflozin and extended-release metformin hydrochloride (Qternmet XR) as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (drugs.com)

Attendees will also have the opportunity to learn about best practices and innovative solutions for making combination products more sustainable, including a case study on a pre-filled autoinjector. (vonlanthenevents.com)
The Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness at Johns Hopkins University has led a study into prescription drug use of multiple concurrent central nervous system (CNS)-active drugs. (learnteethwhitening.com)
It might not even be possible to perform a study with some of the drug combinations due to patient safety and ethical concerns under good clinical practice guidelines. (learnteethwhitening.com)
The study identified patients who may be getting stimulants or other psychiatric drugs as part of a prescribing cascade. (learnteethwhitening.com)

Findings show that a new treatment combination (moxidectin and albendazole) is inferior compared to the current recommended treatment combination (ivermectin and albendazole). (swisstph.ch)

We definitely need more data with that particular combination, but it looked interesting. (curetoday.com)
After a follow-up of 11.5 months, the data revealed durvalumab in combination with oleclumab reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 56%, and in combination with monalizumab by 35%, when compared to durvalumab alone. (ynhh.org)
The models shall integrate genotypic, phenotypic and clinical data of cancer patients to establish biomarkers predictive of drug or drug combination responses. (bioconductor.org)
Drugs reported in NAMCS and NHAMCS are coded twice: first "as entered" on the survey data collection form, using an NCHS-assigned 5-digit code, and second using a corresponding 6-digit generic-equivalent code based on the Multum classification. (cdc.gov)
Please note that the primary purpose of this system is to facilitate the identification of drug codes used in NAMCS and NHAMCS by data users. (cdc.gov)

It is important to note that the drug database as well as the Multum classification can change over time. (cdc.gov)

More than half of prescription drug manufacturers have complied, but some combination drugs with high levels of acetaminophen remain on the market. (stromlaw.com)
This is a relatively safe drug that can be safely recommended to bodybuilding beginners for a gradual build-up of high-quality and relief mass. (redcrosslaunion.org.ph)

Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how this drug affects you. (medlineplus.gov)

One expert discusses the significance of newer drugs and the role they play in helping patients with relapsed or refractory disease. (curetoday.com)
Patients with mantle cell lymphoma may have new hope in drug combinations, according to Dr. Timothy Fenske, an associate professor at the Medical College of Wisconsin. (curetoday.com)
Fenske explained that the drug showed a 75% overall response rate in an early phase trial that included 20 or 30 patients with mantle cell lymphoma. (curetoday.com)
The conference will also cover the topic of cross-organisational evaluation and selection of drug delivery systems (DDS) technologies and suppliers, which is crucial for ensuring the best possible outcomes for patients and the environment. (vonlanthenevents.com)
Manufacturer states that the fixed combination of dapagliflozin, saxagliptin, and extended-release metformin hydrochloride (Qternmet XR) is intended for use only in patients currently receiving metformin. (drugs.com)
Used in combination with metformin (separately or as fixed combination of saxagliptin and extended-release metformin), a sulfonylurea, a thiazolidinedione (e.g., a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ [PPAR- γ ] agonist), or insulin for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients who do not achieve adequate glycemic control with diet, exercise, and metformin, sulfonylurea, thiazolidinedione monotherapy, and/or insulin. (drugs.com)
The timing of when the patients took the drugs cannot be ascertained. (cdc.gov)
Other changes will also be required in various other sections of the prescribing information to educate clinicians, patients, and caregivers about the risks of these drugs. (medlineplus.gov)

These are called combination drugs , and the FDA released a statement this week that it would start cracking down on prescription drug manufacturers that put more than 325 mg of acetaminophen in their painkillers. (stromlaw.com)
Utilizing prescription drug claims for US adults aged 19 to 64 from a commercial insurance claims database with over 9.1 million continuously enrolled adults, stimulant use was defined as adults filling one or more stimulant prescriptions in a single year. (learnteethwhitening.com)

Drostanolone Enanthate - 200 ZPHC Zhengzhou (masteron enanthate) is a drug with a moderate anabolic effect and weak androgenic activity. (redcrosslaunion.org.ph)

A moderate risk of allergic response to this drug exists. (medscape.com)

Led by Dr Jennifer Durrant, Global Head of Medicinal and Biologics, who worked on the BSI General Devices team for over nine years previously, the team has over 55 years' combined experience in drug development, Good Manufacturing Procedures (GMP) systems and controls, and Quality by Design (QBD). (bsigroup.com)
While these drugs show mostly good results in other parasitic worm infections, they are unsatisfactory in Trichuris trichiura infections," said Jennifer Keiser, Head of the Helminth Drug Development unit at Swiss TPH. (swisstph.ch)

The 10-month progression free survival rate was 64.8% for the durvalumab plus oleclumab combination and 72.7% for durvalumab plus monalizumab, versus 39.2% with durvalumab alone. (ynhh.org)

Select a drug class to see which specific drugs in that class were most commonly found. (cdc.gov)
Combinations of drugs found in the patient's blood may not be representative of the drug(s) they intended to take. (cdc.gov)

The level of a drug in the blood or other body fluid or tissue. (aidsmap.com)
group 2 of these imidazole drugs on the control of received 25 mg/kg Cimetidine and 5 blood glucose level by glyburide, using mg/kg glyburide, while group 3 received animal model. (who.int)

Nor, despite promising studies in monkeys, have dual combinations previously worked in humans. (aidsmap.com)

The latest combination has alerted the DEA to issue a public safety alert . (womiowensboro.com)

After one half-life, the concentration of a drug in the body amounts to half the starting dose of any drug to be eliminated from the body. (aidsmap.com)

Introduced by the European Commission under the Medical Devices Regulation (MDR), Article 117 requires manufacturers placing drug-device combination products onto the market as an integral device and marketing them as a "medicinal product" to seek a Notified Body Opinion (NBOp). (bsigroup.com)
What are the Market trends influencing the progress of the Dolutegravir and Its Combination Drug industry worldwide? (reportsinsights.com)
The report is distributed over 15 Chapters to display the analysis of the global Dolutegravir and Its Combination Drug Market. (reportsinsights.com)

Visit our drug-device combination products webpage for more information on seeking an NBOp from BSI. (bsigroup.com)
The 5th Drug-Device Combinations & Sustainability Conference is a premier event that will bring together experts from the drug delivery field to discuss the latest developments and challenges in the regulatory environment for drug-device combinations and sustainability of products. (vonlanthenevents.com)
This conference will provide an excellent opportunity for attendees to gain a deeper understanding of the current situation in the field of drug-device combinations and sustainability of products, and to hear from leading experts in the industry. (vonlanthenevents.com)
Additionally, the conference will include discussions on the regulatory environment for drug-device combinations, including paperless submission requirements, legislation, and the introduction of new products. (vonlanthenevents.com)
It offers a great opportunity to expand your knowledge and network with other professionals in the industry, and to learn about cutting-edge solutions for making combination products more sustainable. (vonlanthenevents.com)

Each sample can test positive for multiple drug classes and for multiple specific drugs. (cdc.gov)
A single sample can be counted in multiple combinations. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy5

Organisms7

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs109

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science2

Health Care10

Geographicals1

Persistent damage to Enterocytozoon bieneusi, with persistent symptomatic relief, after combined furazolidone and albendazole in AIDS patients. (1/7446)

Emergent immunoregulatory properties of combined glucocorticoid and anti-glucocorticoid steroids in a model of tuberculosis. (2/7446)

Precocious estrus and reproductive ability induced by PG 600 in prepuberal gilts. (3/7446)

Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 correct osteopetrosis in mice with osteopetrosis mutation. (4/7446)

Transforming growth factor-alpha acting at the epidermal growth factor receptor reduces infarct volume after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. (5/7446)

Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and clonidine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine. (6/7446)

Persistent induction of apoptosis and suppression of mitosis as the basis for curative therapy with S-1, an oral 5-fluorouracil prodrug in a colorectal tumor model. (7/7446)

Growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 infusion synchronizes growth hormone, thyrotrophin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness. (8/7446)

No images available that match "drug combinations"

Drug Combinations

Drug Synergism

Drug Therapy, Combination

Drug Interactions

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols

Proguanil

Methenamine

Antimalarials

Dapsone

Artemisinins

Drug Therapy

Antineoplastic Agents

Atovaquone

Cell Line, Tumor

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor

Methylthioinosine

Cyclopentolate

Drug Antagonism

Tropicamide

Cellophane

Sulfamethoxazole

Pyrimethamine

Mefloquine

Drug Resistance

Pharmaceutical Preparations

Inhibitory Concentration 50

Drug Evaluation, Preclinical

Floxuridine

Sulfadoxine

Cisplatin

Pyrazines

Molecular Targeted Therapy

Rifampin

Nanoconjugates

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Amodiaquine

Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Cell Survival

Amikacin

Chloroquine

Phentermine

Fluorouracil

Sesquiterpenes

Boronic Acids

Doxorubicin

Naphthoquinones

Antifungal Agents

Apoptosis

Fluorenes

Pyrimidines

Deoxycytidine

Piperazines

Treatment Outcome

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

Niacinamide

Drug Resistance, Neoplasm

Antitubercular Agents

Plasmodium falciparum

Pharmacology

Drug Administration Schedule

Trimethoprim

Drug Design

Systems Biology

Neoplasms

Amphotericin B

Anti-HIV Agents

Parasitic Sensitivity Tests

Vincristine

Phenylurea Compounds

Cytarabine

Quinolines

Malaria, Falciparum

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Medetomidine

Quinazolines

Drug Resistance, Multiple

Paclitaxel

Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic

Nitroimidazoles