T-cell receptor

CD4

CD4

Kinetic-segregation model of T cell activation

Non-receptor tyrosine kinase

Lipid raft

Biochemical cascade

GRB2

T-cell receptor

Spleen7

• ITAM phosphorylation leads to activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and downstream signaling cascades (7). (cellsignal.com)
• This protein may bind zeta-chain (TCR) associated protein kinase 70kDa (ZAP-70) and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and play a role in signal transduction, bone modeling, brain myelination, and inflammation. (genecards.org)
• Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is involved in the development of the adaptive immune system and has been recognized as being important in the function of additional cell types, including platelets, phagocytes, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts, and in the generation of the inflammasome. (biomedcentral.com)
• By using this strategy, NFAT activating molecule 1 (NFAM1) was cloned as an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-bearing cell surface molecule belonging to the Ig superfamily and is predominantly expressed in spleen B and T cells. (pnas.org)
• Inhibitors of tyrosine kinases expressed in lymphocytes, such as spleen tyrosine kinase and Janus kinase, are being tested in autoimmune diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
• Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activation is a key intermediate step in the activation of platelets by the physiologic agonist collagen. (ashpublications.org)
• The phosphorylated ITAM domain recruits LYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase (Lyn) for phosphorylation, and the phosphorylation of Lyn activates spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). (sciencebuzz.com)

Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs6

• These activating receptors do not contain intrinsic kinase activity, but instead associate with transmembrane adaptor molecules containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). (rupress.org)
• LCK then phosphorylates tyrosine residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) of the cytoplasmic tails of the TCR-gamma chains and CD3 subunits, initiating the TCR/CD3 signaling pathway. (genecards.org)
• We have found that a highly conserved region of the cytoplasmic domain of K1 resembles the sequence of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). (asm.org)
• All CD3 chains contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in their cytoplasmic domain. (uniprot.org)
• These receptors consist of transmembrane ligand-binding subunits that are noncovalently associated with signaling subunits that contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in their cytoplasmic domains (Fig. 1a). (schoolbag.info)
• In most analysed species, ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs) or ITAM-like motif-containing proteins exist which contain Ig-V-like, ligand binding domains closely related to that of CEACAM1. (biomedcentral.com)

ITAMs8

• Phosphorylated ITAMs act as docking sites for Syk family tyrosine kinases (Syk in B cells and Zap-70 in T cells). (cellsignal.de)
• ITAMs are present in the cytoplasmic domains of several molecules that serve as signal transducers for immunoreceptors ( 1 - 5 ), including CD3 (γ, δ, ε, and ζ) for TCR, Igα/β for B cell antigen receptor (BCR), FcRγ for Fc receptors, and DAP12 for natural killer (NK) cell receptors. (pnas.org)
• ITAMs are an arrangement of two tyrosines in a peptide with a certain spacing between them. (antievolution.org)
• What makes ITAMs special is that there are proteins such as ZAP70 that contain dual SH2 domains and bind to the ITAM phosphorylated tyrosines as a unit. (antievolution.org)
• Upon engagement of ITAM-coupled receptors, an activation signal cascade is initiated with phosphorylation of specific tyrosines in ITAMs, culminating in the activation of transcription factors including NF-κB, nuclear factor-activated T cells (NFAT), and activating protein-1 (AP-1). (springer.com)
• Upon stimulation, the tyrosine residues within the ITAMs become phosphorylated, permitting the binding of SH2 domain-containing proteins. (asm.org)
• A primary role of the Src family kinases is to phosphorylate two tyrosine residues within the ITAMs of BCR and TCR. (asm.org)
• Thus, ITAMs function as a scaffold to recruit and organize effector molecules upon receptor ligation. (asm.org)

Antigen receptors3

• Stimulation of antigen receptors in T and B cells leads to the activation of the Src and Syk families of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK). (rupress.org)
• Thus, the lymphocyte antigen receptors use similar models of membrane-bound antigen receptors linked to signal-transducing accessory chains. (cellsignal.de)
• Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) bearing an antigen-binding domain linked in cis to the cytoplasmic domains of CD3ζ and costimulatory receptors have provided a potent method for engineering T-cell cytotoxicity toward B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. (aacrjournals.org)

Residues12

• Tyr525 and Tyr526 are located in the activation loop of the Syk kinase domain and phosphorylation at these residues (equivalent to Tyr519/520 of mouse Syk) is essential for Syk function (8). (cellsignal.com)
• PTKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to tyrosine (tyr) residues in protein substrates. (umbc.edu)
• Following engagement of TCR, the Zap70 undergoes phosphorylation on multiple tyrosine residues that are implicated in the regulation of its catalytic activity and interaction with signaling effector molecules downstream of the TCR. (jimmunol.org)
• Among the earliest detectable effects in engaged T cells are the phosphorylation of multiple cellular substrates on tyrosine residues, including the cytoplasmic tails of the TCR subunits ( 3 , 4 , 5 ). (jimmunol.org)
• The reversible phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues directly controls many cellular processes, leading to the activation of a coordinated network of additional phosphorylation events across multiple proteins over time. (mcponline.org)
• The ITAM motif is based on four residues. (antievolution.org)
• Furthermore, tyrosine residues of the putative ITAM of K1 were phosphorylated upon stimulation, and this allowed subsequent binding of SH2-containing proteins. (asm.org)
• The 10 copies of this motif within the cytoplasmic domains of the TCR:CD3 complex become phosphorylated on the conserved tyrosine residues when the TCR: peptide(MHC) interaction occurs, this allows a docking site for adaptor molecules which cause the mitogenic effects which result in polyclonal T-cell expansion. (careersuccessions.com)
• chain, this additional docking results in receptor clustering (Lipid raft) which promotes the recruitment of signalling proteins such as the Linker protein of Activated T-cells (LAT), this becomes phosphorylated by ZAP-70, these phosphorylated tyrosine residues become docking sites for enzymes bearing Sh2 domains which will subsequently cause the downstream signalling to occur. (careersuccessions.com)
• A cholesterol-regulated Protein phosphatase 2A ( PP2A catalytic )/ Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 7 ( HePTP ) complex dephosphorylates both the phosphotyrosine and the phosphothreonine residues in the activation loop of ERK1/2 due to the combined activities of the serine/threonine phosphatase PP2A catalytic and the tyrosine phosphatase HePTP [ 3 ]. (bio-rad.com)
• All isoforms of FcγRII (A, B and C) bind the Fc domain of IgG via a highly conserved extracellular domain and rely on phosphorylation of their conserved, cytoplasmic tyrosine residues for signal generation. (biologists.org)
• two conserved tyrosine residues of FcγRIIA/C are arranged in a so-called immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). (biologists.org)

Inhibitors9

• This blockage is associated with impaired phosphorylation of Syk, Vav1, JNK, and p38, which mimics data obtained using inhibitors of the src-family kinases (SFK). (rupress.org)
• This invention relates to inhibitors of the family tyrosine kinase, and particularly, inhibitors of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK). (google.com)
• Inhibition of Src-kinases by inhibitors PP1 and PP2 did not reduce SLP-76 phosphorylation in S2 cells, suggesting an ITAM and SYK dependent, but Src-kinase independent signaling pathway. (readbyqxmd.com)
• The Src family kinase inhibitors prevented Syk phosphorylation and its ubiquitination, indicating that the process is downstream of Src kinases. (ashpublications.org)
• The ubiquitination of Syk did not cause degradation of the protein as evidenced by the lack of effect of proteasomal and lysosomal inhibitors. (ashpublications.org)
• Using samples from patients with CLL, we compared the effects of both BTK inhibitors on biologic activity, chemokine production, cell migration, BTK phosphorylation, and downstream signaling in primary CLL lymphocytes and on normal T-cell signaling to determine the effects on other kinases. (aacrjournals.org)
• Knock down with siRNA and gene expression profiling in the presence of selective kinase inhibitors showed that proximal kinases Lck and PKCθ are crucial signaling hubs during T helper cell activation, revealing a clear role for Lck in Th1 development and for PKCθ in both Th1 and Th2 development. (biomedcentral.com)
• The similar reduction of FcγRII cap formation correlated with inhibition of receptor phosphorylation was achieved with the use of PP1 and herbimycin A, specific inhibitors of Src family tyrosine kinases. (biologists.org)
• Several factors, including the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region gene ( IGHV ) mutational status, genomic changes, patient age and the presence of comorbidities, should be considered when defining the optimal management strategies, which include chemotherapy, chemoimmunotherapy and/or drugs targeting B cell receptor signalling or inhibitors of apoptosis, such as BCL-2. (medicalcases.info)

Lymphocytes8

• The T-cell receptor , or TCR , is a molecule found on the surface of T cells , or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (wikipedia.org)
• Signaling by the antigen receptor of T lymphocytes initiates different developmental transitions, each of which require the tyrosine kinase ZAP70. (embopress.org)
• Here, in naive T lymphocytes, we compare the signaling capacities of the ζ and γ subunits within single-chain variable domain (scFv) chimeric receptors recognizing the carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA). (jimmunol.org)
• Indeed lymphocytes lacking CD45 show significant hyporesponsiveness to antigen receptor cross-linking attributed to a failure to appropriately activate SFK ( 29 ). (rupress.org)
• Belkina NV, Liu Y, Hao JJ, Karasuyama H, Shaw S. LOK is a major ERM kinase in resting lymphocytes and regulates cytoskeletal rearrangement through ERM phosphorylation. (springer.com)
• In contrast, off-target effects on SRC-family kinases were more pronounced with ibrutinib than acalabrutinib in healthy T lymphocytes. (aacrjournals.org)
• Key words: self-tolerance, T cell receptor, B cell receptor, autoimmunopathogenesis, apoptosis Introduction T lymphocytes are credited with determining the functional outcome of immune responses and form important components of the adaptive immune system. (healthdocbox.com)
• Most of the cytokine receptors whose ligands regulate proliferation and differentiation in the hematopoietic and some hormones as well as the antigen-specific receptors on T- and B-lymphocytes fall into a class of heterogenous receptors that lack an obvious catalytic domain. (healthdocbox.com)

Phosphorylate1

• receptors phosphorylate reviewed in download Инструкция по взаимодействию и технология работы членов экипажа самолета Ил 76 (Ил 76Т) sites against extracellular significant genes. (familie-walther.eu)

Motif12

• This gene encodes a transmembrane signaling polypeptide which contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in its cytoplasmic domain. (genecards.org)
• Each of these polypeptides contains at least one immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) (2). (cellsignal.com)
• These data, supported by analogous findings after CD16 and NKG2D stimulation of CD45 −/− primary NK cells, place CD45 upstream of SFK in NK cells after stimulation via immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-containing receptors. (rupress.org)
• Analysis of sequence elements responsible for the signaling properties of the transducing subunits of BCR and TCR has led to the identification of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) ( 3 , 8 , 36 , 37 ). (asm.org)
• These observations provide the first direct evidence of an essential role for the immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (ITAM) in signalling by a non‐immune receptor stimulus. (embopress.org)
• Syk assembles into signalling complexes at the plasma membrane via interaction between its tandem Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and a tyrosine‐phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (ITAM). (embopress.org)
• 9-11 Initially the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) of the FcRγ-chain becomes phosphorylated by an Src family kinase, Fyn and/or Lyn. (ashpublications.org)
• Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type ( RPTPRR ) and Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 5 ( STEP ) retain ERK1/2 in the cytoplasm in an inactive form by association through a kinase interaction motif and tyrosine dephosphorylation. (bio-rad.com)
• The conformational changes of Igα and Igβ lead to the phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) domains of Igα and Igβ. (sciencebuzz.com)
• This receptor complex serves to link CD36 to the adaptor FcRγ, which bears an immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Human CEACAM3 is one such protein which can function as a CEACAM1 decoy receptor in granulocytes by mediating the uptake and destruction of specific bacterial pathogens via its ITAM-like motif. (biomedcentral.com)
• In addition, the repetitive sequences within gene families enhance the probability of recombination which can change the function of a gene dramatically within a short period of time through, for example, the exchange of cytoplasmic signalling motif-coding regions of transmembrane protein genes. (biomedcentral.com)

Plasma membrane8

• Assembles into signaling complexes with activated receptors at the plasma membrane via interaction between its SH2 domains and the receptor tyrosine-phosphorylated ITAM domains. (abcam.com)
• This protein undergoes a continuous cycle of de- and re-palmitoylation, which regulates its rapid exchange between the plasma membrane and the Golgi apparatus. (nih.gov)
• We show that the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and a protein tyrosine kinase, Lck, have a patchy plasma membrane distribution in Jurkat T cells at reduced temperatures, although they have a continuous distribution at physiological temperature (37°C). GM1 displays a patchy distribution at reduced temperature after Triton X-100 extraction. (biologists.org)
• Receptors on the plasma membrane of phagocytes can be divided into nonopsonic or opsonic receptors. (hindawi.com)
• These cells abundantly express FcεRI (~200,000 receptors per cell) at the plasma membrane, where they bind allergen-specific IgE with high affinity (K D ~ 10 -10 M) (2), sensitizing the cell and priming it to respond rapidly during subsequent exposure. (schoolbag.info)
• The activation of both BCR and T cell receptor (TCR) induces the dephosphorylation of ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins that are the linkers between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton and induces the detachment of ERM from the actin cytoskeleton [21- (sciencebuzz.com)
• Lyn was displaced from DRMs under the influence of DL-α-hydroxymyristic acid and 2-bromopalmitic acid, agents blocking N-terminal myristoylation and palmitoylation of proteins, respectively, and after disruption of DRM integrity by depletion of plasma membrane cholesterol withβ -cyclodextrin. (biologists.org)
• On the other hand, the actin cytoskeleton in monocytic cells can also serve as a driving force for translocation of FcγRII clusters (patches) in the plane of the plasma membrane and subsequent assembly of receptor caps ( Kwiatkowska and Sobota, 1999b ). (biologists.org)

Signals11

• The TCRαβ dimer recognizes antigenic peptides, while the associated signaling chains transduce signals with their cytoplasmic ITAM domains. (cellsignal.de)
• Immunoreceptors such as T-cell receptors (TCRs), B-cell receptors (BCRs), some members of Fc receptors (FcRs), and activating NK receptors (NKRs) transduce activation signals by associating with signaling chains (e.g. (springer.com)
• These results demonstrate that the KSHV transforming protein K1 contains a functional ITAM in its cytoplasmic domain and that it can transduce signals to induce cellular activation. (asm.org)
• Activation of mouse platelets by collagen is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins including the Fc receptor γ‐chain, the tyrosine kinase Syk and phospholipase Cγ2, suggesting that collagen signals in a manner similar to that of immune receptors. (embopress.org)
• B-cell receptor (BCR) signals promote survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, and it is believed that overexpressed and constitutively active Lyn mediates this signaling. (aacrjournals.org)
• When antigen presenting cells (APCs) activate T-cell receptor (TCR), TCR-mediated signals are transmitted across the cell membrane by the CD3 chains CD3D, CD3E, CD3G and CD3Z. (uniprot.org)
• Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream . (apexbt.com)
• At the cellular level, these strategies involve a large array of receptors (TLRs) and sensors ( STING axis and inflammasomes ) that induce inflammatory signals and antigen clearance. (cisbio.com)
• Integrins also play a major role in T-cell activation by providing co-stimulatory signals that synergize with early signals initiated by the TCR (T-cell receptor). (biochemj.org)
• Therefore, Rictor is critical for B cell survival signals initiated via Phosphotidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) . (sciencebuzz.com)
• these rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton help to transport clusters of T cell receptors to the center of the synapse and enable the T cell receptors to transmit signals that lead to the T cell being activated. (elifesciences.org)

Catalytic6

• Catalytic domain of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Zeta-chain-associated protein of 70kDa. (umbc.edu)
• The PTKc family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other kinases such as protein serine/threonine kinases, RIO kinases, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). (umbc.edu)
• Zap-70 is a member of the Syk subfamily of kinases, which are cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) tyr kinases containing two Src homology 2 (SH2) domains N-terminal to the catalytic tyr kinase domain. (umbc.edu)
• The transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is expressed on all hematopoietic cells including NK cells and appears to function by dephosphorylating the COOH-terminal tyrosine of SFKs, leading to a conformation that favors autophosphorylation of the catalytic tyrosine ( 26 - 28 ). (rupress.org)
• PP2A catalytic dephosphorylates and blocks activation of both ERK1/2 and its upstream kinase, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 ( MEK1(MAP2K1) ), determining the kinetics of MAPK cascades [ 4 ], [ 5 ]. (bio-rad.com)
• Cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (composed of regulatory PKA-reg (cAMP-dependent) and catalytic PKA-cat (cAMP-dependent) subunits) phosphorylates HePTP reducing its binding to ERK1/2 which causes ERK1/2 release and activation [ 6 ]. (bio-rad.com)

Ligand8

• Adapter protein which non-covalently associates with activating receptors found on the surface of a variety of immune cells to mediate signaling and cell activation following ligand binding by the receptors (PubMed:9490415, PubMed:9655483, PubMed:10604985). (genecards.org)
• TYROBP is tyrosine-phosphorylated in the ITAM domain following ligand binding by the associated receptors which leads to activation of additional tyrosine kinases and subsequent cell activation (PubMed:9490415). (genecards.org)
• Chimeric receptors comprising the γ and ζ cytoplasmic signaling chains fused to an extracellular ligand-binding domain of a heterologous receptor or single-chain Ab have served as effective tools for elucidating and comparing the structure-function relationship of these TCR-ζ and Fc receptor for IgE (FcεRI)-γ subunits ( 11 , 12 , 13 ). (jimmunol.org)
• We have identified the Fyn- and SLP-76-associated protein Fyb/SLAP as a new ligand for Ena/ vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) homology 1 (EVH1) domains. (rupress.org)
• Emphasis is laid on the role of T and B cell receptor/ligand interactions, functions and malfunctions due to structural and quantitative alterations in T- B- cell cluster of antigen determinants. (healthdocbox.com)
• Using a combination of phosphoprotein isolation, mass spectrometry, super-resolution imaging and gene silencing we have determined that the receptor induces ligand internalization through a heteromeric complex consisting of CD36, β 1 and/or β 2 integrins, and the tetraspanins CD9 and/or CD81. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• The resulting formation of CD36 clusters initiates signal transduction and internalization of receptor-ligand complexes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Our analysis of the substitution rates within the nucleotide sequence which codes for the ligand binding domain of CEACAM1 indicates that the selection for diversification is, perhaps, a consequence of the exploitation of CEACAM1 by a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens as their cellular receptor. (biomedcentral.com)

Extracellular3

• How TREM2 contributes to disease function is currently an active area of research (4,5), but might drive a number of microglial cellular functions ranging from microgliosis, phagocytosis, and cytokine release via a variety of signaling cascades triggered by TREM2.The TREM2 receptor is a single-pass type I membrane glycoprotein that consists of an extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. (cellsignal.com)
• Collagen is an abundant extracellular matrix protein present in blood vessel subendothelium. (embopress.org)
• TCR stimulation recruits ESC proteins to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase). (biochemj.org)

Molecule5

• One molecule that may be subject to regulation by membrane proximity is the non‐receptor tyrosine kinase ZAP70, which has diverse roles in signaling by the antigen receptor. (embopress.org)
• In particular, we have cloned an ITAM + molecule, NFAM1 (NFAT activating molecule 1). (pnas.org)
• The encoded protein is a key signaling molecule in the selection and maturation of developing T-cells. (genecards.org)
• Studies with mutant Jurkat T cells implicate the Src family kinase Lck as the responsible enzyme and its activity in this process is influenced by the functional integrity of the downstream signaling molecule ZAP-70. (rupress.org)
• Some surface receptors such as G-protein-coupled receptors represent another class of molecule that can be inhibited by small-molecule compounds. (biomedcentral.com)

Substrates2

• The activated ZAP-70 phosphorylates several downstream substrates. (movd2016.org)
• The domains are frequently found as repeats in a single protein sequence and will then often bind both mono- and di-phosphorylated substrates. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Cascades2

• The subsequent induction of multiple downstream signaling cascades leads to cell activation and stimulation of critical biological effector functions such as cytolysis, cytokine release, and phagocytosis ( 8 , 10 , 11 ). (jimmunol.org)
• This initiates the activation of downstream signaling cascades, such as the activation of Brutons tyrosine kinase (Btk) and phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [1- (sciencebuzz.com)

INHIBITOR3

• MAP or ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126, p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Bisindolylmaleimide I and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3- kinase) inhibitor LY294002 were added to cell cultures. (ubc.ca)
• Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type E ( PTPR-epsilon ) is also a physiological inhibitor of ERK signaling by protecting cells from prolonged ERK1/2 activation in the cytosol [ 11 ]. (bio-rad.com)
• Ibrutinib is an oral, first-in-class Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with previously treated and untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). (aacrjournals.org)

Membrane17

• Following a structural change in another viral protein (gp41), HIV inserts a fusion peptide into the host cell that allows the outer membrane of the virus to fuse with the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
• The encoded protein may associate with the killer-cell inhibitory receptor (KIR) family of membrane glycoproteins and may act as an activating signal transduction element. (genecards.org)
• The B cell receptor (BCR) is composed of a membrane-bound antibody (immunoglobulin or Ig) flanked by Igα/Igβ (CD79A/CD79B) heterodimers. (cellsignal.de)
• The T cell receptor (TCR) consists of a membrane-bound αβ heterodimer (TCRαβ), four CD3 chains (two CD3ε, one CD3γ, one CD3δ), and a ζ−chain homodimer. (cellsignal.de)
• Plexins are single membrane-spanning signaling proteins encompassing Plexin A1, A2, A3, and A4. (cellsignal.com)
• ZAP70 SH2 domains are not required for signaling when the kinase is artifically recruited to the membrane, indicating that the SH2 domains function solely in recruitment and not in kinase activation. (embopress.org)
• CARMA1 is a member of CARD-containing membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family and was found to be a binding partner of BCL10 via CARD-CARD interaction (Bertin et al. (springer.com)
• The membrane-binding domains of the 4.1 proteins are closely related, both in sequence and in structure, to the N-terminal domains of ezrin, radixin, and moesin (the ERM proteins), and are therefore commonly referred to as the FERM domains.15C17 Both 4.1 and ERM proteins bind to numerous transmembrane proteins through this domain name. (movd2016.org)
• ERM proteins regulate the linkage of cortical actin to membrane-associated proteins in cellular substructures by directly binding to both. (springer.com)
• The FERM domain: a unique module involved in the linkage of cytoplasmic proteins to the membrane. (springer.com)
• accessibility of TP53 at metabolism protein S46 mediates part of Professional irreversible vaults however than tyrosine membrane binding rafts. (evakoch.com)
• Stimulated changes in membrane architecture, which includes protein and lipid segregation within membranes as well as membrane trafficking, regulate these cellular responses. (schoolbag.info)
• Finally, we discuss cross-correlation microscopy methods, application of antigen-patterned surfaces, and fluorescence-based trafficking assays to study dynamics of stimulated proteins interactions and membrane trafficking. (schoolbag.info)
• In this article, we discuss molecular biology tools that are being applied to the study of protein trafficking and membrane compartmentalization. (schoolbag.info)
• We then conclude this article by discussing spectrofluorometric methods used to study protein colocalization and membrane trafficking in living cells. (schoolbag.info)
• Both soluble and membrane-bound antigens are recognized by the multichain immune recognition receptor (MIRR) family of antigen-binding receptors. (schoolbag.info)
• After crosslinking, FcγRII was found to be recruited to detergent-resistant membrane domains (DRMs), rafts, where it coexisted with Lyn kinase and underwent tyrosine phosphorylation. (biologists.org)

Immune11

• The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) protein is an innate immune receptor that is expressed on the cell surface of microglia (3). (cellsignal.com)
• Upon stimulation by fungal proteins, CLEC7A together with SYK activates immune cells inducing the production of ROS. (abcam.com)
• The direction and magnitude of an immune response are determined by the behavior of individual lymphocyte clones bearing distinct Ag receptors and their mutual interactions. (pnas.org)
• i'm not an expert on signal transduction, but it seems pretty clear that A74 is involved in immune-related signal transduction, and that tyrosine phosphorylation of the ITAM is part of it. (antievolution.org)
• Those receptors and sensors are shared among most unspecified immune cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer or mastocytes. (cisbio.com)
• This generates a diverse repertoire of antigen-specific receptors with varying specificities, this provides the versatility that is needed for the recognition of nearly all pathogens including altered self-cells seen in cancer and thus required for normal immune system functioning. (careersuccessions.com)
• The specificity of T-cell-mediated immune responses is dependent upon the T-cell receptor (TCR) on CD4 helper or CD8 cytotoxic T cells. (healthdocbox.com)
• Cells of the immune system detect and respond to the presence of foreign antigens by signaling through an array of receptors, which include the multichain immune recognition receptor (MIRR) family. (schoolbag.info)
• Immune cells express a variety of receptors to detect foreign antigens and respond in a selective manner to clear pathogens and infected cells from the body. (schoolbag.info)
• Immune cells known as T cells recognize infection through a protein on their surface known as the T cell receptor. (elifesciences.org)
• As part of the activation process, the T cell spreads over the surface of the cell that is displaying foreign proteins to form an extensive interface known as an immune synapse. (elifesciences.org)

Phosphatase2

• Ly49 receptors, upon tyrosine phosphorylation, are thought to recruit both Src homology 2-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1) and Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5′-phosphatase (SHIP), whereas NK cell licensing is known to be SHP1-independent. (ubc.ca)
• Insights into the suppressor of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling-1 (Sts-1)-mediated regulation of TCR signaling through the use of novel substrate-trapping Sts-1 phosphatase variants. (nih.gov)

Mediates4

• Also mediates cell activation through association with activating receptors of the CD200R family (By similarity). (genecards.org)
• Non-receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates signal transduction downstream of a variety of transmembrane receptors including classical immunoreceptors like the B-cell receptor (BCR). (abcam.com)
• Upon P58(IPK modification, receptor phosphorylation lipoprotein dimethylselenide( GM-CSFR), a motility of degradation( CSF2RA) and IL17( CSF2RB) mitosis, mediates a regulating syndrome that namely so mediates route, eco-friendliness and such dehydrogenase of fatty sterols but can post-transcriptionally promote complex turn into essential requirements and its protein via 3-like reactions. (evakoch.com)
• Although increased affinity mediates adhesion, LFA-1 cross-linking induced the association and activation of the protein-tyrosine kinases FAK1/PYK1 that phosphorylated LAT selectively on a single Y-171 site for the binding to adaptor complex GRB-2-SKAP1. (readbyqxmd.com)

Initiates1

• This initiates a series of events which may involve other kinases and adapter proteins leading to tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of PLCγ2. (embopress.org)

Including Bruton's tyrosi1

• Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) . (apexbt.com)

Cascade5

• Thus, ITAM represents a hallmark of signal modules that convert an Ag recognition event to initiate a signal cascade. (pnas.org)
• The computational model describes the behavior of the participants of the fucoidan receptor signaling cascade. (springer.com)
• and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) . (apexbt.com)
• This recognition is achieved thanks to a variety of discrete receptors that distinguish the particle as a target and then initiate a signaling cascade that promotes phagocytosis. (hindawi.com)
• However, it is not known how patched FcγRII induces the signaling cascade(s) that control actin-driven capping of the receptor. (biologists.org)

DAP122

• Upon activation, TREM2 interacts with the tyrosine kinase-binding protein DNAX-activating protein 12 (DAP12, TYROBP) to form a receptor-signaling complex (6). (cellsignal.com)
• In a synthetic biology approach using Schneider (S2) cells, we show that SLP-76 is directly phosphorylated at tyrosines Y113 and Y128 by SYK in the presence of ITAM-containing adapters such as CD3ζ, DAP12, or FcεRγ. (readbyqxmd.com)

Genes4

• This domain occurred 378 times on human genes ( 858 proteins). (umbc.edu)
• Appearance and disappearance of Syk family protein-tyrosine kinase genes during metazoan evolution. (antievolution.org)
• 1. the RAG genes and RSSs were originally a transposon, and the RAG proteins had transposase activity. (antievolution.org)
• The STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING), is a cytoplasmic protein that teams up with the cytoplasmic DNA sensor cGAS to detect floating dsDNA from pathogens or shrinking mitochondria and initiate a signal transduction via TBK1, IRF3 and NF-kB to promote the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and type 1 IFNs (TNF-a, IFN- a, IFN- b). (cisbio.com)

Becomes phosphorylated1

• Once stimulated, the TCR recruits the tyrosine kinase ZAP70, that becomes phosphorylated and activated by LCK. (genecards.org)

Cytoplasmic protein1

• Clone REA111 recognizes Syk, a 72 kDa non-receptor tyrosine kinase cytoplasmic protein. (miltenyibiotec.com)

Ligation1

• TCR ligation also induces a conformational change in CD3ε, such that a proline region is exposed and then associates with the adaptor protein Nck (5). (cellsignal.com)

Adaptor proteins1

• The DD is important for transducing the death signal by recruiting other DD containing adaptor proteins (FADD, TRADD, RIP) to the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), resulting in activation of caspases. (cellsignal.com)

Phosphorylation of tyrosine1

• The BCR-mediated phosphorylation of ezrin negatively regulates activation events such as the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases . (sciencebuzz.com)

Fusion Proteins2

• DNA Constructs and Fusion Proteins. (rupress.org)
• created transgenic mice that portrayed a soluble type II TGF receptor:Fc fusion proteins (Fc:TRII) in order from the mammary gland-selective mouse mammary tumor pathogen (MMTV) promoter/enhancer. (angiogenesis-blog.com)

Adapter1

• The association with the receptor can also be indirect and mediated by adapter proteins containing ITAM or partial hemITAM domains. (abcam.com)

Regulates1

• Bone of TP53( protein) at the green fibril vertebrates S15 and S20 allows a Many number in session receptor as control at these polymerases regulates with signaling of the formin transmembrane MDM2 to TP53. (evakoch.com)

Mediate1

• Here, we show that LFA-1 can mediate both adhesion and de-adhesion, dependent on receptor clustering. (readbyqxmd.com)

Chemokine receptors1

• These co-receptors are chemokine receptors CCR5 or CXCR4. (wikipedia.org)