Dopaminergic neurons. Medical search

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.

The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.

A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)

A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.

A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.

A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.

Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A condition caused by the neurotoxin MPTP which causes selective destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Clinical features include irreversible parkinsonian signs including rigidity and bradykinesia (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY). MPTP toxicity is also used as an animal model for the study of PARKINSON DISEASE. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1072; Neurology 1986 Feb;36(2):250-8)

An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.

Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.

A region in the MESENCEPHALON which is dorsomedial to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and ventral to the RED NUCLEUS. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of SCHIZOPHRENIA.

An orphan nuclear receptor that is found at high levels in BRAIN tissue. The protein is believed to play a role in development and maintenance of NEURONS, particularly dopaminergic neurons.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES that plays a role in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.

Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of dopaminergic neurons. They remove DOPAMINE from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS and are the target of DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS.

Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)

Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.

Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.

The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.

A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D1-class receptor genes lack INTRONS, and the receptors stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters.

A family of vesicular amine transporter proteins that catalyze the transport and storage of CATECHOLAMINES and indolamines into SECRETORY VESICLES.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

The founding member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. It was originally characterized as a NERVE GROWTH FACTOR promoting the survival of MIDBRAIN dopaminergic NEURONS, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for PARKINSON DISEASE.

A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Portion of midbrain situated under the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI. The two ventrolateral cylindrical masses or peduncles are large nerve fiber bundles providing a tract of passage between the FOREBRAIN with the HINDBRAIN. Ventral MIDBRAIN also contains three colorful structures: the GRAY MATTER (PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY), the black substance (SUBSTANTIA NIGRA), and the RED NUCLEUS.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

The paired caudal parts of the PROSENCEPHALON from which the THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; EPITHALAMUS; and SUBTHALAMUS are derived.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.

The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.

Agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The most commonly used drugs act on the dopaminergic system in the striatum and basal ganglia or are centrally acting muscarinic antagonists.

A family of homologous proteins of low MOLECULAR WEIGHT that are predominately expressed in the BRAIN and that have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. They were originally isolated from CHOLINERGIC FIBERS of TORPEDO.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic, round to elongated inclusions found in vacuoles of injured or fragmented neurons. The presence of Lewy bodies is the histological marker of the degenerative changes in LEWY BODY DISEASE and PARKINSON DISEASE but they may be seen in other neurological conditions. They are typically found in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but they are also seen in the basal forebrain, hypothalamic nuclei, and neocortex.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.

A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

Transference of brain tissue, either from a fetus or from a born individual, between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.

Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.

Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

A subtype of dopamine D2 receptors that are highly expressed in the LIMBIC SYSTEM of the brain.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.

Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.

A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Transference of fetal tissue between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.

The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.

An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.

Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The largest and most lateral of the BASAL GANGLIA lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and the EXTERNAL CAPSULE. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the LENTIFORM NUCLEUS along with the GLOBUS PALLIDUS.

Mice which carry mutant genes for neurologic defects or abnormalities.

The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals (see ADRENERGIC AGENTS). Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, see ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS) are included here.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.

A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.

Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.

Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.

Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. Calbindins possess a variable number of EF-HAND MOTIFS which contain calcium-binding sites. Some isoforms are regulated by VITAMIN D.

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.

Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive.

A complex group of fibers arising from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus. Some fibers continue into the tegmentum.

A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.

Prominent lobed neuropils found in ANNELIDA and all ARTHROPODS except crustaceans. They are thought to be involved in olfactory learning and memory.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.

Dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions.

Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.

A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.

The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electrical charges.

A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).

A subclass of LIM domain proteins that include an additional centrally-located homeodomain region that binds AT-rich sites on DNA. Many LIM-homeodomain proteins play a role as transcriptional regulators that direct cell fate.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.

A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.

An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.

An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.

Bluish-colored region in the superior angle of the FOURTH VENTRICLE floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY.

A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.

The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)

Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.

A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The act of injuring one's own body to the extent of cutting off or permanently destroying a limb or other essential part of a body.

Hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during NEUROTRANSMISSION. They are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is SEROTONIN.

A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ION EXCHANGE; AIR IONIZATION nor PHONOPHORESIS, none of which requires current.

A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)

Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.

A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

N-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes best known for the ones found in PLANTS.

A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on CELL DIFFERENTIATION or APOPTOSIS. Coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.

A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is found predominantly within NEURONS of the BRAIN, suggesting a role in stress-induced neuronal APOPTOSIS. Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 47 kDa and 52 kDa exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Heterocyclic acids that are derivatives of 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid (isonicotinic acid).

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA.

The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-A RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-A RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A CELL LINE derived from a PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA of the rat ADRENAL MEDULLA. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, making the line a useful model system for NERVE CELL differentiation.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).

Subcellular structures found in nerve cell bodies and DENDRITES. They consist of granular endoplasmic reticulum (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH) and RIBOSOMES.

Drugs that bind to and activate nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC). Nicotinic agonists act at postganglionic nicotinic receptors, at neuroeffector junctions in the peripheral nervous system, and at nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system. Agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing blocking agents are included here because they activate nicotinic receptors, although they are used clinically to block nicotinic transmission.

Motivation deficit in ADHD is associated with dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway. (1/670)

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Comparison of the temporal programs regulating tyrosine hydroxylase and enkephalin expressions in TIDA neurons of lactating rats following pup removal and then pup return. (2/670)

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Enhanced dopamine transporter activity in middle-aged Gdnf heterozygous mice. (3/670)

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Differential glutamate AMPA-receptor plasticity in subpopulations of VTA neurons in the presence or absence of residual cocaine: implications for the development of addiction. (4/670)

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Enhanced survival of dopaminergic neuronal transplants in hemiparkinsonian rats by the p53 inactivator PFT-alpha. (5/670)

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Convergent processing of both positive and negative motivational signals by the VTA dopamine neuronal populations. (6/670)

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Dkk1 regulates ventral midbrain dopaminergic differentiation and morphogenesis. (7/670)

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JNK isoforms differentially regulate neurite growth and regeneration in dopaminergic neurons in vitro. (8/670)

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No data available that match "dopaminergic neurons"

Dopaminergic neurons -- RDoC Element. Type of Element: Cell. The following construct(s)/subconstruct(s) refer to this element ...

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/rdoc/units/cells/150870

... resulting in an ipsilateral loss of striatal dopamine and of dopaminergic perikarya. A concomitant reduction of displaceable ... Autoradiographic evidence for nicotine receptors on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons Brain Res. 1985 Dec 2;348 ... Thus, nicotine receptors appear to be located on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons at the level of perikarya ... resulting in an ipsilateral loss of striatal dopamine and of dopaminergic perikarya. A concomitant reduction of displaceable ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4075093/?dopt=Abstract

... and are in physical contact with tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons, which inhibit prolactin secretion. Prolactin ... Kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) regulate prolactin secretion, ... Interactions between Kisspeptin Neurons and Hypothalamic Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurons in Aged Female Rats Acta ... These results suggest that the contacts between TIDA neurons and kisspeptin neurons are maintained after reproductive ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28127107/

Role of supraspinal dopaminergic neurons during maturation of zebrafish motor behaviour Author: Ramadhan, Raad ISNI: 0000 0004 ... Studies of both developing and adult zebrafish suggest a role for dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in regulating spinal motor ... knockdown of D4 receptors or ablation of diencephalon DAergic neurons (DDNs) markedly alters the frequency of immature forms of ... supraspinal dopaminergic neurons ; zebrafish motor behaviour ; Thesis ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.819481

The cells were assigned to 3 groups: (1) control: primary cultured neurons; (2) 6-OHDA: primary cultured neurons and 6-OHDA; ... Topiramate was shown to provide protection to dopaminergic neurons exposed to 6-OHDA by reducing cell apoptosis and enhancing ... the morphology and development of dopaminergic neurons was observed. Hoechst33258 and propidium iodide (PI) double staining was ... Compared with the 6-OHDA group, there were more neurons with greater cell viability in the 6-OHDA plus TPM group.Conclusions: ...

https://www.medscimonit.com/abstract/index/idArt/881122

"Dopaminergic Neurons" by people in this website by year, and whether "Dopaminergic Neurons" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Dopaminergic Neurons" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Dopaminergic Neurons" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Dopaminergic Neurons". ...

https://profiles.umassmed.edu/display/28828398

... is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by alterations in the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways ... Synapsin III Regulates Dopaminergic Neuron Development in Vertebrates Gaia Faustini 1 , Francesca Longhena 1 , Alessia Muscò 1 ... Synapsin III Regulates Dopaminergic Neuron Development in Vertebrates Gaia Faustini et al. Cells. 2022. . ... wt untreated neurons, ** p , 0.01, Syn III ko vs. wt DA-treated neurons, one-way ANOVA + Newman-Keuls). (K,L) The treatment of ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36497160

Occurrence of neuronal inclusions combined with increased nigral expression of alpha-synuclein within dopaminergic neurons ... Overexpression of alpha-synuclein in rat substantia nigra results in loss of dopaminergic neurons, phosphorylation of alpha- ... Occurrence of neuronal inclusions combined with increased nigral expression of alpha-synuclein within dopaminergic neurons ... "Occurrence of Neuronal Inclusions Combined With Increased Nigral Expression of Alpha-synuclein Within Dopaminergic Neurons ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/15833595/Occurrence_of_neuronal_inclusions_combined_with_increased_nigral_expression_of_alpha_synuclein_within_dopaminergic_neurons_following_treatment_with_amphetamine_derivatives_in_mice_

A key feature of Parkinsons disease is the dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Besides ... Colchicine Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in a Rat Model of Parkinsons Disease. Author(s): Mohamed Salama, Amr Ellaithy, Basem ... Keywords: Colchicine, Parkinsons disease, neuroprotection, anti-apoptotic, rotenone, dopaminergic neurons, efflux system, anti ... Keywords: Colchicine, Parkinsons disease, neuroprotection, anti-apoptotic, rotenone, dopaminergic neurons, efflux system, anti ...

http://www.eurekaselect.com/article/47844

Long-range synaptic and local receptor-mediated control of dopaminergic neuron excitability - dendrites, soma and axons ... NIH Directors Seminar: Long-range synaptic and local receptor-mediated control of dopaminergic neuron excitability - dendrites ...

https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=45656

We tested integration of inhibitory synaptic inputs onto SNc neurons from genetically defined populations in dorsal striatum ( ... dopaminergic neurons respond to aversive stimuli with inhibitory pauses in firing followed by transient rebound activation. ... Functional Dissection of Basal Ganglia Inhibitory Inputs onto Substantia Nigra Dopaminergic Neurons Rebekah C Evans 1 , Emily L ... Synapsin III Regulates Dopaminergic Neuron Development in Vertebrates. Faustini G, Longhena F, Muscò A, Bono F, Parrella E, La ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=32937133

Uncovering Molecular Cascades Involved in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Specification. *Awatramani, Rajeshwar (PD/PI) ...

https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/projects/uncovering-molecular-cascades-involved-in-midbrain-dopaminergic-n-6

Role of the AIS in the control of spontaneous frequency of dopaminergic neurons (Meza et al 2017). VTA neurons: ... A dopaminergic (DA) neuron model with a morphologicaly realistic dendritic architecture. The model captures several salient ... Role of the AIS in the control of spontaneous frequency of dopaminergic neurons (Meza et al 2017) ... Role of the AIS in the control of spontaneous frequency of dopaminergic neurons (Meza et al 2017) ...

https://senselab.med.yale.edu/ModelDB/ShowModel.cshtml?model=127507&file=%2FKuznetsovaEtAl2010%2Fcabal.mod

https://senselab.med.yale.edu/ModelDB/ShowModel?model=127507&file=%2FKuznetsovaEtAl2010%2Ffixnseg.hoc

This work thus identifies for the first time a population of dopaminergic neurons that regulates motor behavior capable of ... Motor Behavior Mediated by Continuously Generated Dopaminergic Neurons in the Zebrafish Hypothalamus Recovers After Cell ... Motor Behavior Mediated by Continuously Generated Dopaminergic Neurons in the Zebrafish Hypothalamus Recovers After Cell ... Title : Motor Behavior Mediated by Continuously Generated Dopaminergic Neurons in the Zebrafish Hypothalamus Recovers After ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/39521

BookRole of glutamate N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor surface trafficking in the firing pattern of midbrain dopaminergic neurons ... Résumé / Abstract : Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons play several key functions in the brain such as the processing of ... Role of glutamate N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor surface trafficking in the firing pattern of midbrain dopaminergic neurons / ... Because these processes have in common to modify the firing activity of midbrain DA neurons, it is of crucial importance to ...

https://www.sudoc.fr/225772280

Functionality of spines and filopodia-like processes located on dendrites of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Friday, September ... In midbrain dopamine neurons, anatomical evidence for the presence of dendritic spines has been mixed with some studies ... Here, we report that dendritic spines of highly variable length were present on dopamine neurons visualized in live slices as ... observing the presence of spine-like processes while others concluding that dopamine neurons are largely aspiny. Furthermore, ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/2015/posters/functionality-spines-and-filopodia-processes-located-dendrites-midbrain

In this study, we determined the extent to which 27-OHC regulates α-syn levels in human dopaminergic neurons, the cell type in ... Human primary dopaminergic neuronal precursor cells were cultured and differentiated into human dopaminergic neurons according ... Human dopaminergic neurons express Tyrosine Hydroxylase. Bright field microscopy of human dopaminergic neuronal precursor cells ... suggesting that these neurons are predominantly of dopaminergic origin. (D) is immunostaining with the neuron specific β-III ...

https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12868-018-0420-5

Adolescent stress-induced epigenetic control of dopaminergic neurons via glucocorticoids. Minae Niwa, Hanna Jaaro-Peled, ... In a mouse model of this phenomenon, a mild isolation stress affects the mesocortical projection of dopaminergic neurons in ... Adolescent stress-induced epigenetic control of dopaminergic neurons via glucocorticoids. / Niwa, Minae; Jaaro-Peled, Hanna; ... In a mouse model of this phenomenon, a mild isolation stress affects the mesocortical projection of dopaminergic neurons in ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/adolescent-stress-induced-epigenetic-control-of-dopaminergic-neur-3

Tag Archive for: Dopaminergic Neurons. You are here: Home1 / Dopaminergic Neurons ... Here we report that CB2Rs are expressed in ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons and functi… ...

https://www.cannabisclinicians.org/tag/dopaminergic-neurons/

BDNF is a neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Nature, Vol. 350. pp. 230-232. ... Here we report the effects of BDNF on the survival of dopaminergic neurons of the developing substantia nigra. ... BDNF seems to be a trophic factor for mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, increasing their survival, including that of neuronal ... A protein partially purified from bovine striatum, a target of nigral dopaminergic neurons, with characteristics apparently ...

https://edoc.unibas.ch/3500/

Dopaminergic Neuron Induction Mechanisms The success of emerging CRT for PD will depend on other issues, such as the ... These studies have suggested that approximately 100,000 dopaminergic neurons need to be present within the grafted striatum to ... it was demonstrated by several clinical studies performed in the 1990s that replacement of lost dopaminergic neurons in the ... Moreover, mutant Wnt mice showed a loss of most midbrain DA neurons and ectopic expression of Wnt-1 and -5a in NSCs lead to DA ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/748970_8

... dopaminergic neurons at 4 weeks, DA6W: Dopaminergic neurons at 6 weeks). (E,G) Bar charts showing the average expression levels ... Chen, E. S., Lauinger, N., Rocha, C., Rao, T. & Durcan, T. M. Generation of dopaminergic or cortical neurons from neuronal ... Generation of cortical and dopaminergic neurons. The induction of cortical progenitors was performed as described previously25 ... DA-NPCs were subsequently differentiated into dopaminergic neurons (DANs), with immunostaining and qPCR analysis performed at ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99727-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=17e91102-6924-4a6e-8ffb-606161c2db99

The transcription factor Pax6 regulates survival of dopaminergic olfactory bulb neurons via crystallin αA. Neuron. 2010 Nov 18; ... The transcription factor Pax6 regulates survival of dopaminergic olfactory bulb neurons via crystallin αA. In: Neuron. 2010 ; ... The transcription factor Pax6 regulates survival of dopaminergic olfactory bulb neurons via crystallin αA. Neuron, 68(4), 682- ... The transcription factor Pax6 regulates survival of dopaminergic olfactory bulb neurons via crystallin αA, Neuron, vol. 68, no ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-transcription-factor-pax6-regulates-survival-of-dopaminergic--2

The inhibition of porin in dopaminergic neurons among others result in reduced lifespan and age-dependent loss in climbing ... This enhancement of the α-synuclein-induced phenotypes observed in neurons was demonstrated in the neuron rich eye, where the ... The UAS/Gal4 expression system was exploited with directed expression in neurons achieved with the use of the Dopa ... The expression of α-synuclein in neuronal populations that include dopamine producing neurons under the control of Ddc-Gal4 ...

https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-016-0300-1/figures/2

... Academic Article ...

https://research.umh.es/vivo/individual?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.umh.es%2Fvivo%2Fpub%2Farticulo%2F180869

Development and activity-dependent plasticity of olfactory bulb dopaminergic neurons. Add to your list(s) Download to your ... Development and activity-dependent plasticity of olfactory bulb dopaminergic neurons ...

http://www.talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/106291

... ... which arises as a result of the progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons in the substantia nigra. The severity ... With regard to PD, it would be interesting to know if these neurons have differentiated toward a midbrain or even mDA neuronal ... Rat ES cells have been reported to differentiate into neurons by means of adjusting the level of MEK/ERK inhibition. ...

https://studenttheses.uu.nl/handle/20.500.12932/14302

Dopaminergic neurons projecting to M1 are located in VTA. For the hemisphere analyzed, 48% of TH-positive midbrain neurons were ... Retrograde tracing identified dopaminergic neurons in VTA that projected to M1. A small number of these neurons was also found ... Destroying dopaminergic neurons in VTA depletes M1 of dopaminergic terminals and prevents motor skill learning. Considering the ... 1982) The organization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mesencephalo-cortical neurons in the rat. Brain Res 238:421-425. ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/31/7/2481?ijkey=b9c86dcf9ad4bebe245c3b3aa8d49558d477f423&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons - neurons that communicate by releasing a major chemical messenger in the brain called dopamine. (infinitenest.org)
KEY RESULTS: Both pioglitazone and GW855266X protected against 6-OHDA induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and depletion of striatal dopamine when administered orally twice daily for either 1) 7 day prior to and 7 days post lesioning or 2) for 7 days starting 2 days post lesioning when neurons will be severely traumatized. (ox.ac.uk)
Most PD medications currently available relieve motor symptoms, compensatingfor the loss of dopaminergic neurons. (neuramedy.com)
Parkinson's disease (PD) might be a mutual neurodegenerative disease considered by a movement disorder containing rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, and second-leading reason of dementia and is categorized by an advanced loss of dopaminergic neurons within the neural structure alongside the occurrence of intraneuronal α-synuclein-positive enclosures. (stmjournals.in)

We conclude that both the asymmetric terminal and symmetric en passant synapses take origin from a single nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal population and that dopaminergic transmitter markers occur only in one of these synaptic types in the rat striatum. (nih.gov)
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by alterations in the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. (bvsalud.org)

In this study, we induced α-synuclein aggregation in human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons using fibrils generated de novo or amplified in the presence of brain homogenates from Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy. (ox.ac.uk)
Identification of bioactive metabolites in human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons with PARK2 mutation: Altered mitochondrial and energy metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)

Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). (nature.com)
The progressive and selective degeneration of mDA neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) reduces nigrostriatal DA transmission, leading to the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). (nature.com)
The present study examined whether crosstalk between cannabinoid (CB) and transient potential receptor vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) could contribute to the survival of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). (hindawi.com)
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and dopamine deficiency in the striatum (STR), consequently resulting in motor dysfunction [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
This characterization of the way in which different subpopulations of neurons are created, albeit in a simple precursor to the human hypothalamus, could help in the fight against human diseases involving dopaminergic deficiencies such as Parkinson's disease. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
The guidance cues to be tested regulate the orientation the axons (communication cables) of developing and regenerating neurons, which controls neural network formation, necessary for stem cell therapy to benefit patients with Parkinson's disease. (dana.org)
Parkinson's disease progressively depletes neurons that use the transmitter dopamine to communicate with one anther. (dana.org)
If improper activation of one or both signals occurs, this information will help to identify the proteins that are necessary to effectively guide the axons of stem cell-derived neurons to their appropriate targets in Parkinson's disease. (dana.org)
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressively debilitating neurological disorder that results from the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the ventral midbrain. (dana.org)
Phenotypic manifestation of α-synuclein strains derived from Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy in human dopaminergic neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
α-Synuclein is critical in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and related disorders, yet it remains unclear how its aggregation causes degeneration of human dopaminergic neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
Our study demonstrates how Parkinson's disease-associated genes influence the phenotypic manifestation of strains in human neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
Researchers have devised a new method to generate dopamine-producing neurons from skin cells of Parkinson's disease patients, a process that could be used to better study the molecular mechanisms of the disease and develop new treatments. (infinitenest.org)
Using the new method, the researchers generated dopaminergic neurons from 18 Parkinson's patients, and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. (infinitenest.org)
Compared with healthy controls, neurons from Parkinson's patients had impaired stress-induced autophagy, a natural recycling process in which cells degrade unnecessary or damaged components. (infinitenest.org)
Notably, neurons obtained from both healthy and Parkinson's disease patients exhibited characteristics related to the age of the patient. (infinitenest.org)
Ventral midbrain (VM) dopaminergic (DA) neurons, which project to the dorsal striatum via the nigrostriatal pathway, are progressively degenerated in Parkinson's disease (PD). (ucc.ie)
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by dopaminergic neuron-specific degeneration in the substantia nigra. (elsevier.com)
Neural grafting techniques may have clinical application in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and a single graft can cause significant behavioral recovery in rodent models of striatal dopaminergic denervation. (elsevier.com)
Immature Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Derived from Floor-Plate Method Improve Cell Transplantation Therapy Efficacy for Parkinson's Disease. (omicsdi.org)
Recent reports have indicated human embryonic stem cells-derived midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons as proper cell resources for use in Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy. (omicsdi.org)
Illustration of Parkinson's disease which makes the brain gradually loosing dopaminergic neurons like a tree its leaves. (unibas.ch)
Preclinical evaluation of the therapeutic potential of dopamine (DA) neuron alternative in Parkinson's illness (PD) has primarily been carried out in the 6-hydroxydopamine toxin model. (g2reports.com)
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, affectingmotor and non-motor functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.The incidence of PD is one of the highest among all neurological disorders. (neuramedy.com)
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid prevents MPTP-induced dopaminergic cell death in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. (wehaveparkinsons.com)
Parkinson's disease is thought to be a progressive neurodegenerative disorder where the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra part of the brain are destroyed. (naturalpathhealthcenter.com)

Our data demonstrate that chronic stimulation of DA D2 receptors does not impair survival or differentiation of cultured fetal dopaminergic neurons. (vumc.nl)
Two related members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, BMP2 and growth/differentiation factor (GDF) 5, which signal via a canonical Smad 1/5/8 signalling pathway, have been shown to have neurotrophic effects on midbrain DA neurons both in vitro and in vivo, and may function to regulate VM DA neuronal development. (ucc.ie)
Taken together, these experiments identify GDF5 and BMP2 as novel regulators of midbrain DA neuronal induction and differentiation, and demonstrate that their effects on DA neurons are mediated by canonical BMPR-Smad signalling. (ucc.ie)
Our proprietary transcription factor-based stem cell differentiation method produces neurons without a genetic footprint. (elixirgensci.com)
Midbrain Cues Dictate Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Towards Functional Dopaminergic Neurons. (manipal.edu)
2011) Nucleotides affect neurogenesis and dopaminergic differentiation of mouse fetal midbrain-derived neural precursor cells. (jenabioscience.com)
Comparative study of efficacy of dopaminergic neuron differentiation between embryonic stem cell and protein-based induced pluripotent stem cell. (omicsdi.org)
mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and protein-based iPS cells (P-iPSCs) generated by non-viral methods, into midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons, and then compared the efficiency of DA neuron differentiation from these two cell types. (omicsdi.org)
Here, we transplanted three types of mDA cells, DA progenitors (differentiated in vitro for 16 days [D16]), immature DA neurons (D25), and DA neurons (D35), into PD mice and found that all three types of cells showed high viability and strong neuronal differentiation in vivo. (omicsdi.org)
Additionally, we found de novo DNA methylation during in vitro differentiation for hundreds of genes specifically in lineage-committed neural precursors that persisted in iPSC-derived DA neurons. (omicsdi.org)

In contrast, fine structural immunohistochemical studies with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine have consistently labeled primarily symmetric synapses en passant within the striatum. (nih.gov)
Thus, we suggest that single dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra make two types of synaptic contact with striatal cells: 1) symmetric synapses en passant, which can be stained with tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine and which contact dendritic spine necks, and 2) asymmetric terminal boutons of unknown chemical nature which end on dendritic spine heads. (nih.gov)
MPTP induced a significant loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and glial activation in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (STR) as visualized by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or macrophage antigen complex-1 (MAC-1) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunocytochemistry, respectively. (hindawi.com)
To complete this study, we will use novel fluorescence biosensors to visualize in live developing neurons tyrosine phosphorylation and Cdc42 activity. (dana.org)
In Aim 1, we will examine whether localized changes in tyrosine phosphorylation and Cdc42 activity correlate with chemotropic turning of growth cones of primary embryonic neurons in gradients of Netrin and Slit. (dana.org)
We used tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity (ir) to ensure that the neurons detected synthesize DA endogenously. (umn.edu)
Cultured dopaminergic neurons, as visualized by tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry, became more differentiated in the course of cultivation time and exhibited specific high-affinity uptake for [3H]DA. (vumc.nl)
Daily treatment of these cultures for 7 days with LY 171555 or sulpiride did not lead to any change in protein content, the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons, or the uptake capacity for [3H]DA. (vumc.nl)
Nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons as well as oxidative markers 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and striatal dopamine levels were quantified for assessment of the neuroprotective efficacy of diapocynin. (springer.com)
Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis showed enhanced expression of mature neuronal marker Map2ab and dopaminergic-neuronal markers [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), En1, Nurr1 and Pitx3], with nearly 77% of the induced DPSCs positive for TH. (manipal.edu)
The transcription factor REST up-regulates tyrosine hydroxylase and antiapoptotic genes and protects dopaminergic neurons against manganese toxicity. (meharryresearch.org)
Then, brain of the animals was perfused to assess survival of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in substantia nigra by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. (bvsalud.org)

Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic (DA) neurons display a peculiar electrical phenotype characterized in vitro by a spontaneous tonic regular activity (pacemaking activity), a broad action potential (AP) and a biphasic postinhibitory response. (univ-amu.fr)
Primary cultures of rat ventral mesencephalon were used to elucidate the role of chronic stimulation of dopamine (DA) D2 autoreceptors in the development of fetal dopaminergic neurons in vitro. (vumc.nl)
We find that dopaminergic neurons in vitro establish a distinctive axonal arbor compared to glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons in both size and propensity of terminals to avoid direct contact with target neurons. (ulaval.ca)
IPSC-derived mDA neuron-like cells have been generated, however, detailed genetic and epigenetic characterization of strictly purified in vitro generated DA neurons has so far lagged behind. (omicsdi.org)
ABSTRACT: Burst firing of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta can be induced in vitro by the glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate. (physiomeproject.org)

In this study we investigated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) and different neural progenitor states to characterize the expression of the plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs) during human neural development and in mature mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons. (frontiersin.org)
Here, by studying zebrafish embryos exposed to Syn III gene knock-down (KD), Syn III knock-out (ko) mice and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived neurons subjected to Syn III RNA interference , we found that Syn III governs the earliest stages of dopaminergic neurons development and that this function is conserved in vertebrates . (bvsalud.org)
Quick-Neuron™ Dopaminergic - mRNA Kit This kit differentiates human pluripotent stem cells into dopaminergic neurons in 10 days using synthetic mRNA. (elixirgensci.com)
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells are of substantial interest because of their instrumental value for PD therapy. (omicsdi.org)

Recent evidence suggests that glial cell activation and its inflammatory response may contribute to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. (springer.com)

To determine whether PDF+ neurons synapse with dopaminergic axons, Potdar and Vasu used a GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) experiment. (eneuro.org)
When the two GFP fragments were expressed in PDF+ and dopaminergic neurons, staining with an anti-GFP antibody revealed colocalization in the ascending portion of small lateral ventral neuron (s-LNv) dorsal projections, confirming synaptic connections ( Fig. 1 ). (eneuro.org)
The membrane properties and the synaptic control of the neurons in the lamprey basal ganglia output stages are investigated and electrophysiological and immunohistochemical studies to investigate morphology and physiology properties are combined. (semanticscholar.org)
Paired whole-cell recordings are used to show that inhibitory synaptic potentials generated from single interneurons are sufficiently powerful to delay or entirely block the generation of action potentials in a large number of projection neurons simultaneously. (semanticscholar.org)
Dopaminergic neurons establish a distinctive axonal arbor with a majority of non-synaptic terminals. (ulaval.ca)
While most dopaminergic varicosities are active and contain exocytosis proteins like synaptotagmin 1, only ~20% of these are synaptic. (ulaval.ca)
2019. Isoflurane Inhibits Dopaminergic Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis Coupled to Ca2.1 and Ca2.2 in Rat Midbrain Neurons. . (cornell.edu)
When an electric current "fires" across the surface of a neuron, it causes some of the vesicles to migrate to the synapses and release their NT contents into the synaptic gap [see Figure 1]. (antiaging-nutrition.com)

TRPV1 is widely present in various neurons and glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) in the nigrostriatal pathway in vivo [ 10 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
In adult retinas, microglia maintain the normal structure and function of neurons and other glial cells, but the mechanism underlying this process is not well-understood. (researchgate.net)
Neuron-derived alpha-synuclein also reacts with TLR2 on neighboring glial cells,resulting in inflammation ofthe brain parenchyma. (neuramedy.com)

Knockout of DJ-1 in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons enhance fibril-induced aggregation and neuronal death. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, we investigated association between dopaminergic neuronal death, as the main pathophysiological mechanism underlying PD, and serum levels of glucose, FFA and IL-1ß in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) animal model of PD. (bvsalud.org)

The human brain is exceedingly complex, consisting of various regions with particular functions and approximately 100 billion neurons. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
In a new study reported in Genes and Development , a research team centered at University of Tsukuba has developed a novel approach for revealing how the brain forms via the creation of different types of neurons using a sea squirt, a simple organism that is a precursor to the vertebrates. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
The sea squirt is a useful model for studying brain development as it presents some basic features of all vertebrates at an early evolutionary stage, while having a central nervous system containing only 177 neurons. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
Kappa opioid receptor-mediated regulation of dopaminergic neurons in the rat brain. (aspetjournals.org)
In addition, we found a novel dopaminergic cluster, C4, located above the dorsomedial border of the lobula, which innervates the visual neuropils of the bee brain. (umn.edu)
The profuse dopaminergic innervation of the entire bee brain and the specific connectivity of DA neurons, with visual, olfactory and gustatory circuits, provide a foundation for a deeper understanding of how these sensory modules are modulated by DA, and the DA-dependent value-based associations that occur during associative learning. (umn.edu)
Here we selectively activated THVTA neurons in transgenic rats and measured resulting changes in whole-brain activity using stimulus-evoked functional magnetic resonance imaging. (elsevier.com)
However, brain-wide voxel-based principal component analysis of the same data set revealed that dopaminergic modulation activates several additional anatomically distinct regions throughout the brain, not typically associated with dopamine release events. (elsevier.com)
These data suggest that modulation of THVTA neurons can impact brain dynamics across many distributed anatomically distinct regions, even those that receive little to no direct THVTA input. (elsevier.com)
Brain tissue was fixed following α-synuclein overexpression for immunofluorescence studies of dopaminergic neurons which were quantified by the HALO image analysis platform . (indicalab.com)
Pech U, Pooryasin A, Birman S, Fiala A (2013): Localization of the contacts between Kenyon cells and aminergic neurons in the Drosophila melanogaster brain using splitGFP reconstitution. (uni-goettingen.de)
It is a chronic and progressive disease that affects the dopaminergic neurons in a specific area of the brain, called the substantia nigra (6,7). (who.int)
The brain alone is made up of tens of millions of neurons, of which there are several types, as well as numerous other cell types, such as glia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. (labiotech.eu)
A typical brain has roughly 100 billion neurons. (unist.ac.kr)
Excitotoxins are biochemical substances (usually amino acids, amino acid analogs, or amino acid derivatives) that can react with specialized neuronal receptors - GLU receptors - in the brain or spinal cord in such a way as to cause injury or death to a wide variety of neurons (1-3, 8-10). (antiaging-nutrition.com)
Our studies show that alterations of dopaminergic signaling in the brain affects liver metabolism in a circadian manner. (yidashuzi.com)
These results highlight the important connectivity between single type of neurons and metabolism and show how psychoactive drugs impact physiology through direct brain-liver connections," says Emiliana Borrelli, PhD, professor of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics at UCI School of Medicine, who, for this study, collaborated with the late Paolo Sassone-Corsi, PhD, professor of Biological Chemistry at UCI. (yidashuzi.com)
Going beyond current studies on substance use disorders, which focus on the impact of addictive drugs on the brain, this new research highlights an existing connection between specific neurons and peripheral organs. (yidashuzi.com)
These results uncover a strict communication between neurons/brain areas and liver metabolism as well as the association between substance use and systemic deficits," said Borrelli. (yidashuzi.com)
Pitolisant is an H3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist mediated at the presynaptic level through the activation of histaminergic neurons in the brain. (medscape.com)

Researchers will use "fluorescence imaging biosensors" to visualize biochemical signals within neurons derived from embryonic stem cells to test whether these neurons respond appropriately to molecular guidance cues. (dana.org)
For cell therapy to succeed, new DA neurons derived from embryonic stem cells (ESC) must respond appropriately to extracellular guidance information. (dana.org)
However, a recent study using dopaminergic neurons derived from embryonic stem cells found that these neurons do not respond to chemotropic gradients of Netrin or Slit. (dana.org)
In Aim 2, we will perform similar experiments using dopaminergic neurons derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. (dana.org)
This chapter demonstrates that mesencephalic tissue from embryonic porcine litters provides a viable source of dopaminergic tissue that is appropriately integrated into the chronically immunosuppressed rat host. (elsevier.com)
The results demonstrate that xenografts of embryonic porcine dopaminergic neurons survive, when transplanted into chronically immunosuppressed hosts from a widely divergent phylogenetic order. (elsevier.com)
Our data clearly demonstrates for the first time that DPSCs in the presence of embryonic midbrain cues show efficient propensity towards functional dopaminergic cell-type. (manipal.edu)

Current experimental studies, such as the development of neuroprotective agents on dopamine neurons through regulating glial activation and preventing production of neurotoxic inflammatory molecules, have provided opportunities to develop innovative strategies for PD therapy [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)

Given that more than 95% of the nigrostriatal projection arises from dopamine fluorescent neurons, it would appear that both the asymmetric and symmetric terminals belong to the same type of neuron. (nih.gov)
If a particular type of neuron, or astrocytes, or microglia cannot be produced, then the disease cannot be studied. (labiotech.eu)

Key findings for PARK2 KO cells were confirmed using patient-specific iPSC-derived neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
Quick-Neuron™ Dopaminergic - Human iPSC-derived Neurons display typical neurite outgrowth and express a variety of neuronal markers, such as TUBB3 (pan-neuronal) and TH (dopaminergic). (elixirgensci.com)
When thawed and maintained according to the instructions in the user guide, the iPSC-derived neurons are viable long-term and are suitable for a variety of characterization and neurotoxicity assays. (elixirgensci.com)

Researchers have been experimenting with stem cell therapy to determine whether the stem cell-derived neurons can effectively be reincorporated into the correct neural networks. (dana.org)

Thus, our results suggest that changes in dopamine signaling in specific striatal neurons evoke major changes in liver physiology. (yidashuzi.com)

Indeed, the metabolic disturbances observed between normal mice and those with an impaired dopamine D2 receptor signaling in striatal medium spiny neurons is greatly enhanced by cocaine, a substance of abuse and psychomotor stimulant, as shown in the pie charts. (yidashuzi.com)
By analyzing the liver metabolome of mice deficient in the expression of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in striatal medium spiny neurons, the researchers found profound changes in the liver circadian metabolome compared to control mice. (yidashuzi.com)
D2R signaling in medium spiny neurons is key for striatal output and is essential for regulating the first response to the cellular and rewarding effects of cocaine," said Borrelli. (yidashuzi.com)
This study shows that dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) play a key role in regulating diurnal liver metabolic activities. (yidashuzi.com)

Drosophila Fer2 is a prime example of a developmental transcription factor required for the birth and maintenance of midbrain DA neurons. (nature.com)
Our results reveal the essential and conserved role of Fer 2 homologs in the mitochondrial maintenance of midbrain DA neurons, opening new perspectives for modeling and treating PD. (nature.com)
By activating, modulating and/or inhibiting various components of the BMP-Smad signalling pathway, this research demonstrated that GDF5- and BMP2-induced neurite outgrowth from midbrain DA neurons is dependent on BMP type I receptor activation of the Smad signalling pathway. (ucc.ie)

ZIGMOND, M.J. Evidence for two functionally distinct subpopulations of neurons within the striatum and their differential sensitivity to dopamine. (bvsalud.org)

Two extracellular factors that guide fetal DA neurons are Netrin and Slit. (dana.org)

We further show that conditional ablation of Nato3 , a mouse homolog of Fer2 , in differentiated DA neurons causes mitochondrial abnormalities and locomotor impairments in aged mice. (nature.com)
By contrast, treatment with capsaicin (a specific TRPV1 agonist) increased the survival of dopamine neurons in the SN and their fibers and dopamine levels in the STR in MPTP mice. (hindawi.com)
Moreover, treatment with anandamide (an endogenous agonist for both CB and TRVP1) rescued nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and reduced gliosis-derived neuroinflammatory responses in MPTP mice. (hindawi.com)
However, to the best of our knowledge, marked alterations in biochemical and morphological setup of midbrain dopaminergic pathways by gintonin in MPTP mice model have not been previously reported. (elsevier.com)
Isoflurane Modulates Hippocampal Cornu Ammonis Pyramidal Neuron Excitability by Inhibition of Both Transient and Persistent Sodium Currents in Mice. (cornell.edu)
Isoflurane Suppresses Hippocampal High-frequency Ripples by Differentially Modulating Pyramidal Neurons and Interneurons in Mice. (cornell.edu)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Dose-dependent response of central dopaminergic systems to metoclopramide in mice. (who.int)

The interaction between cortical and dopaminergic inputs to CD neurons may underlie the behavioral adaptation toward purposeful saccades, which reflects working memory, expectation, and attention. (semanticscholar.org)
Transcription Factor 4 loss-of-function is associated with deficits in progenitor proliferation and cortical neuron content. (cocites.com)
This is the result of the spontaneously occurring wave oscillations that account for the intracellular recordings from thalamic and cortical neurons. (alchetron.com)

The researchers took advantage of this simplicity by performing the sequencing of RNA for single cells across whole embryos, revealing that two molecules, Ptf1a and Meis , are vital for the emergence of dopaminergic neurons/coronet cells, a simple early form of the hypothalamus. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
We were able to sequence the RNA from about 5000 cells from sea squirt embryos and identified the particular neurons that we wished to focus on by finding dopaminergic marker genes in their expression profiles," corresponding author Yasunori Sasakura says. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
One gene, Ptf1a , was only expressed in dopaminergic neurons/coronet cells, but not in any other neurons, so we then analyzed it further. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
We then classified the cells expressing Ptf1a into different subgroups and found that those that most completely differentiated into dopaminergic neurons also expressed the gene Meis ," Takeo Horie says. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
They will use fluorescence imaging to determine whether two key biochemical signals are activated normally within dopaminergic neurons derived from stem cells. (dana.org)
Now, a team led by researchers in Sweden devised a way to generate dopaminergic neurons from skin cells directly, without going through the stem cell intermediate. (infinitenest.org)
The nerve cells were obtained by treating skin cells with an optimal combination of factors required for the normal development and function of dopaminergic neurons. (infinitenest.org)
Analyses of the resulting cells showed they were behaving like neurons - they could spontaneously fire electrical signals - and had increased activity of genes related to dopamine, therefore determining the validity of the model. (infinitenest.org)
These defects were not observed in the skin cells before they were converted into neurons, confirming that disease features are observed only in neurons. (infinitenest.org)
Moreover, in neurons derived from skin cells, they detected alpha-synuclein pathology, but not in the neurons derived from iPSC. (infinitenest.org)
Such an understanding would facilitate the generation of transplantable DA neurons from stem cells and the identification of developmentally-relevant neurotrophic factors, the two most promising therapeutic approaches for PD. (ucc.ie)
Several reports have demonstrated the activation of microglial cells and astroglial cells in close proximity to the damaged or dying dopaminergic neurons in SN [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
Ganglion cells are the projection neurons of the retina. (researchgate.net)
While both stem cell types were differentiated to the terminally-matured mDA neurons, P-iPSCs showed higher DA neuron-specific markers' expression than ES cells. (omicsdi.org)
To investigate the mechanism of the superior induction capacity of DA neurons observed in P-iPSCs compared to ES cells, we analyzed histone modifications by genome-wide ChIP sequencing analysis and their corresponding microarray results between two cell types. (omicsdi.org)

Using an approach combining ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and genetic epistasis experiments with PD-linked genes, here we demonstrate that Fer2 controls a transcriptional network to maintain mitochondrial structure and function, and thus confers dopaminergic neuroprotection against genetic and oxidative insults. (nature.com)
However, most gene expression patterns of iPSC-derived DA neurons closely resembled that of primary mdDA neurons with the strongest correlations for mdDA specific genes. (omicsdi.org)
Gene expression of genes in the dopaminergic pathway will be affected by GenX and ADONA. (cdc.gov)

The team showed that blocking this gene's expression led to a failure of these specific neurons to form, while aberrantly expressing this gene throughout the nervous system converted most of the neurons into this specific type. (tsukuba.ac.jp)

The major neuronal type within the NAc is the GABAergic medium spiny neuron (MSN), whose activity is regulated by dopaminergic inputs. (nih.gov)

Moreover, a number of pathological and pharmacological studies on sporadic PD and dopaminergic neurotoxin-induced parkinsonism have hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system all play important roles in the pathogenesis and progress of PD. (elsevier.com)
In this article, we mainly review recent studies on the neurotoxicity of quinone formation as a dopaminergic neuron-specific oxidative stress and its role in the etiology of PD, in addition to several neuroprotective approaches against dopamine quinone-induced toxicity. (elsevier.com)

Full and partial peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-γ agonists, but not δ agonist, rescue of dopaminergic neurons in the 6-OHDA parkinsonian model is associated with inhibition of microglial activation and MMP expression. (ox.ac.uk)
The first section of the wave signifies a down state, which is an inhibition period in which the neurons in the neocortex are silent. (alchetron.com)

The researchers hypothesize that modulation of specific signaling pathways must occur with precise spatial and temporal control, as occurs in developing neurons. (dana.org)
Dynamical Approaches to understanding cholinergic control of nicotine action pathways in the dopaminergic reward circuits. (ens.fr)
Sociosexual investigation in sexually experienced, hormonally manipulated male leopard geckos: relation with phosphorylated DARPP-32 in dopaminergic pathways. (cornell.edu)

One promising treatment of PD patients is stem cell therapy, which requires the integration of new DA neurons into existing circuits. (dana.org)
In addition, they found that activation of dopaminergic circuits by acute cocaine administration reprograms the circadian liver metabolome. (yidashuzi.com)

Survival of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in substantia nigra was assessed by immunohistochemistry. (bvsalud.org)

Our analyses showed that these two transcription factors work in tandem to stimulate production of these neurons, which also has important implications for how the hypothalamus forms in humans. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
However, further analyses showed that decreasing PDFR signaling to dopaminergic neurons increased day-time sleep, whereas increasing PDFR signaling to dopaminergic neurons suppressed day-time sleep and made it fragmented, in addition to delaying sleep onset. (eneuro.org)

Previous studies have shown that anterograde transport of tritiated labeled proteins from the substantia nigra to the striatum over short survival times primarily labels asymmetric synapses (and that these asymmetric synapses are preferentially vulnerable to selective dopaminergic neurotoxins such as 6-hydroxydopamine). (nih.gov)
Applying a standard generalized linear model analysis approach, our results indicate that selective optogenetic stimulation of THVTA neurons enhanced cerebral blood volume signals in striatal target regions in a dopamine receptor-dependent manner. (elsevier.com)
Themain pathological traitsof PD are as follows:(1) selective loss of certain neurons, such as the dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigrapars compacta, (2) neuroinflammation with microglialactivation, and (3) abnormal deposition of specific proteins in the forms of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. (neuramedy.com)

Employing longer survival times (10 days after the nigral isotope injections) in order to enhance the ratio of "en passant" to terminal labeling produced a large increase in the occurrence of radiolabeled striatal axonal varicosities with the result that many symmetric synapses en passant were double-labeled with both the autoradiographic and the immunohistochemical markers. (nih.gov)
We recently demonstrated that TRPV1 activation by CAP increased the survival of nigral dopamine neurons by modulating the M1/M2 microglia/macrophage phenotype in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) injected SN [ 10 ], indicating that TRPV1 is a possible therapeutic target to treat PD. (hindawi.com)

The NTs then diffuse across the gap and "plug in" to receptors on the receiving neuron. (antiaging-nutrition.com)
When enough receptors are simultaneously activated by NTs, the neuron will either "fire" an electric current all over its surface membrane, if the transmitter/receptors are excitatory, or else the neuron will be inhibited from electrically discharging, if the NT/receptors are inhibitory. (antiaging-nutrition.com)
It does not appear to act via the dopaminergic system, but rather, it is theorized to act via GABAb receptors . (medscape.com)
Metoclopramide at these doses induces stereotyped cage climbing behaviour by releasing DA from the mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons with resultant activation of the postsynaptic mesolimbic D 2 DA receptors by the released DA. (who.int)
Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons. (bvsalud.org)

iPSCs can become, for example, glutamatergic neurons or dopaminergic neurons. (labiotech.eu)

Therefore, a better comprehension of the genetic networks controlled by developmental transcription factors in differentiated mDA neurons may advance our molecular understanding of neurodegeneration in PD and open new therapeutic options. (nature.com)
This effect of age and genetic variance on disease pathology has not been recapitulated in cellular models before, and suggests that direct conversion to [dopaminergic neurons] could be used for differential diagnostics, drug screening, and disease modeling of late-onset neurodegenerative diseases," the researchers wrote. (infinitenest.org)
Dopaminergic and neurotrophic genetic polymorphisms modulate the implicit gender-science stereotype. (cdc.gov)

In contrast, these age-related features were not observed in iPSCs-derived dopaminergic neurons. (infinitenest.org)

We found that dopaminergic neurons expressing the OAMB octopamine receptor [6] specifically convey the short-term reinforcing effects of sweet taste [4]. (uni-konstanz.de)
On exposure to midbrain cues (sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor 8 and basic fibroblast growth factor), DPSCs showed upregulation of dopaminergic neuron-specific transcription factors Nuclear Receptor related protein 1 (Nurr1), Engrailed 1 (En1) and paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 3 (Pitx3) as revealed by real-time RT-PCR. (manipal.edu)
2016. α2-Adrenergic Receptor and Isoflurane Modulation of Presynaptic Ca2+ Influx and Exocytosis in Hippocampal Neurons. . (cornell.edu)
A drug called "memantine" which blocks the main GLU-excitotoxicity site in neurons - the NMDA GLU receptor (more on this later) - has been used clinically in Germany with significant success in treating Alzheimer's disease since 1991. (antiaging-nutrition.com)

abstract = "Several neuropsychiatric conditions, such as addiction and schizophrenia, may arise in part from dysregulated activity of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic (THVTA) neurons, as well as from more global maladaptation in neurocircuit function. (elsevier.com)

A dopaminergic neuron of the PPL1 cluster that has sparse terminals in the gamma lobe slice 1 (Aso et al. (virtualflybrain.org)
Treatment with diapocynin also significantly improved locomotor activity, restored dopamine and its metabolites, and protected dopaminergic neurons and their nerve terminals in this pre-clinical model of PD. (springer.com)
Previous ultrastructural examinations of monoamine neuron axon terminals often failed to identify a pre- and postsynaptic coupling, leading to the concept of 'volume' transmission. (ulaval.ca)
The active zone protein bassoon was found to be enriched in dopaminergic terminals that are in proximity to a target cell. (ulaval.ca)

Dysregulation of developmental transcription factors is implicated in dopaminergic neurodegeneration, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. (nature.com)

Here we aimed at characterizing the dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of the honey bee, an insect that serves as an established model for the study of learning and memory. (umn.edu)
however, their ability to differentiate to functional neurons of the central nervous system remains to be studied. (manipal.edu)
This protein, known as PLCγ1, is particularly important in connecting the nerves, so that both the corpus callosum, which connects the cerebral cortex's left and right hemispheres, and the dopaminergic nervous system to function properly. (unist.ac.kr)

VTA neurons: Morphofunctional alterations in acute opiates withdrawal (Enrico et al. (yale.edu)

Under abnormal conditions, alpha-synuclein aggregates are released from neuronsand can reach neighboring neurons, affecting their function and viability. (neuramedy.com)
TLR2 also mediates neuron-to-neuron propagation of alpha-synuclein. (neuramedy.com)

Finally, we found that the proteins neurexin-1α and neuroligin-1 play a critical role in the formation of synapses by dopamine (DA) neurons. (ulaval.ca)

The model captures several salient features of DA neurons under different pharmacological manipulations and exhibits depolarization block for sufficiently high current pulses applied to the soma. (yale.edu)

A dopaminergic (DA) neuron model with a morphologicaly realistic dendritic architecture. (yale.edu)
Trade-off between dendritic democracy and independence in neurons with intrinsic subthreshold membrane potential oscillatio. (ens.fr)
This model provides mechanistic insights and explanations into the origin of a variety of experimentally observed membrane potential firing patterns in dopaminergic neurons, including N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced bursting and its dendritic origin. (physiomeproject.org)

We generated mouse Pitx3gfp/+ iPSC-derived DA neurons that, after fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) allowed comprehensive comparison to mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons from Fac-sorted Pitx3gfp/+ ventral midbrains. (omicsdi.org)
Transgenes used by us are, for example, fluorescent sensor proteins that allow us to monitor the spatio-temporal activity of neurons, or light-sensitive proteins by which neuronal activity can be stimulated through illumination. (uni-goettingen.de)

Anatomy72

Organisms16

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs100

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes27

Disciplines and Occupations2

Health Care1

Motivation deficit in ADHD is associated with dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway. (1/670)

Comparison of the temporal programs regulating tyrosine hydroxylase and enkephalin expressions in TIDA neurons of lactating rats following pup removal and then pup return. (2/670)

Enhanced dopamine transporter activity in middle-aged Gdnf heterozygous mice. (3/670)

Differential glutamate AMPA-receptor plasticity in subpopulations of VTA neurons in the presence or absence of residual cocaine: implications for the development of addiction. (4/670)

Enhanced survival of dopaminergic neuronal transplants in hemiparkinsonian rats by the p53 inactivator PFT-alpha. (5/670)

Convergent processing of both positive and negative motivational signals by the VTA dopamine neuronal populations. (6/670)

Dkk1 regulates ventral midbrain dopaminergic differentiation and morphogenesis. (7/670)

JNK isoforms differentially regulate neurite growth and regeneration in dopaminergic neurons in vitro. (8/670)

No data available that match "dopaminergic neurons"

Dopaminergic Neurons

Neurons

Dopamine

Mesencephalon

Substantia Nigra

Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Parkinson Disease

Oxidopamine

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

Parkinsonian Disorders

Corpus Striatum

Neurons, Afferent

MPTP Poisoning

1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium

Dopamine Agents

Ventral Tegmental Area

Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2

Motor Neurons

alpha-Synuclein

Receptors, Dopamine

Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins

Parkinson Disease, Secondary

Nerve Degeneration

Receptors, Dopamine D2

Dopamine Antagonists

Dopamine Agonists

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Levodopa

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid

Action Potentials

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Brain

Rotenone

Cells, Cultured

Neuroprotective Agents

Immunohistochemistry

Neostriatum

Receptors, Dopamine D1

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Adrenergic Agents

Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Behavior, Animal

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Apomorphine

GABAergic Neurons

Neurotoxins

Paraquat

Rats, Wistar

Synaptic Transmission

Disease Models, Animal

Sulpiride

Tegmentum Mesencephali

Cell Death

Diencephalon

Cell Count

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Quinpirole

Animals, Newborn

Electrophysiology

Axons

Dendrites

Microglia

Homovanillic Acid

Antiparkinson Agents

Synucleins

Cholinergic Neurons

Electric Stimulation

Mice, Transgenic

Synapses

Lewy Bodies

Mice, Knockout

Time Factors

Benzazepines

Haloperidol

Neural Inhibition

Nerve Growth Factors

Motor Activity

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Hippocampus