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DopamineReceptors, Dopamine D2Receptors, Dopamine D1Dopamine AgonistsDopamine AntagonistsReceptors, DopamineReceptors, Dopamine D3Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsDopamine AgentsReceptors, Dopamine D5Dopamine Uptake InhibitorsDopamine beta-HydroxylaseCorpus StriatumQuinpiroleBenzazepinesRacloprideNucleus AccumbensSulpirideHaloperidolApomorphineSalicylamidesCocaineNeostriatumLevodopaAmphetamineDopaminergic NeuronsHomovanillic AcidTyrosine 3-MonooxygenaseDopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32MicrodialysisSpiperoneSubstantia NigraVentral Tegmental AreaRats, Sprague-DawleyOxidopamineErgolinesMesencephalonCaudate Nucleusalpha-MethyltyrosineBehavior, AnimalDomperidoneNeuronsDihydroxyphenylalanineNomifensineFlupenthixolMotor ActivityTropanesBromocriptineVesicular Monoamine Transport ProteinsRewardPutamenMethamphetamineBrainBiogenic MonoaminesButaclamolSerotoninDose-Response Relationship, DrugParkinsonian DisordersPrefrontal CortexNorepinephrineCentral Nervous System StimulantsBasal GangliaCatecholaminesReserpineAntiparkinson AgentsStereotyped BehaviorAntipsychotic AgentsMedial Forebrain Bundle1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridineParkinson Disease, SecondaryPergolideNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain ChemistryDextroamphetamineCarbidopaLimbic SystemSelf AdministrationClozapineSynaptic TransmissionConditioning, OperantCatechol O-MethyltransferaseHydroxydopaminesSynaptosomesBenztropineDyskinesia, Drug-InducedCatalepsyAromatic-L-Amino-Acid DecarboxylasesAnalysis of VarianceOctopamineCocaine-Related DisordersPyrrolidinesTyramineMethylphenidatePimozideElectrochemical TechniquesTetrahydronaphthalenesBiogenic AminesExtracellular SpaceMPTP PoisoningRats, Wistar
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Receptors, Dopamine D2
A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.
Receptors, Dopamine D1
A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D1-class receptor genes lack INTRONS, and the receptors stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASES.
Dopamine Agonists
Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.
Dopamine Antagonists
Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.
Receptors, Dopamine
Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
Receptors, Dopamine D3
A subtype of dopamine D2 receptors that are highly expressed in the LIMBIC SYSTEM of the brain.
Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of dopaminergic neurons. They remove DOPAMINE from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS and are the target of DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS.
Dopamine Agents
Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.
Receptors, Dopamine D5
A subtype of dopamine D1 receptors that has higher affinity for DOPAMINE and differentially couples to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.
Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors
Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.
Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase
Corpus Striatum
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
Quinpirole
A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.
Benzazepines
Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.
Raclopride
A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.
Nucleus Accumbens
Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.
Sulpiride
A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Haloperidol
A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
Apomorphine
A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.
Salicylamides
Amides of salicylic acid.
Cocaine
An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.
Neostriatum
The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.
Levodopa
The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.
Amphetamine
A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
Dopaminergic Neurons
Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.
Homovanillic Acid
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.
Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32
A phosphoprotein that was initially identified as a major target of DOPAMINE activated ADENYLYL CYCLASE in the CORPUS STRIATUM. It regulates the activities of PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-1 and PROTEIN KINASE A, and it is a key mediator of the biochemical, electrophysiological, transcriptional, and behavioral effects of DOPAMINE.
Microdialysis
A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.
Spiperone
A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.
Substantia Nigra
The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis.
Ventral Tegmental Area
A region in the MESENCEPHALON which is dorsomedial to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and ventral to the RED NUCLEUS. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of SCHIZOPHRENIA.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Oxidopamine
A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.
Ergolines
A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.
Mesencephalon
The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.
Caudate Nucleus
Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.
alpha-Methyltyrosine
An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
Behavior, Animal
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Domperidone
A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Dihydroxyphenylalanine
A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.
Nomifensine
An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266)
Flupenthixol
A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595)
Motor Activity
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
Tropanes
N-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes best known for the ones found in PLANTS.
Bromocriptine
A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.
Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins
A family of vesicular amine transporter proteins that catalyze the transport and storage of CATECHOLAMINES and indolamines into SECRETORY VESICLES.
Reward
An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.
Putamen
The largest and most lateral of the BASAL GANGLIA lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and the EXTERNAL CAPSULE. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the LENTIFORM NUCLEUS along with the GLOBUS PALLIDUS.
Methamphetamine
A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Biogenic Monoamines
Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids.
Butaclamol
A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.
Serotonin
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.
Prefrontal Cortex
The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
Norepinephrine
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
Central Nervous System Stimulants
A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.
Basal Ganglia
Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.
Catecholamines
A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.
Reserpine
An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.
Antiparkinson Agents
Agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The most commonly used drugs act on the dopaminergic system in the striatum and basal ganglia or are centrally acting muscarinic antagonists.
Stereotyped Behavior
Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive.
Antipsychotic Agents
Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in SCHIZOPHRENIA; senile dementia; transient psychosis following surgery; or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus.
Medial Forebrain Bundle
A complex group of fibers arising from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus. Some fibers continue into the tegmentum.
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)
Pergolide
A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Brain Chemistry
Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.
Dextroamphetamine
The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.
Carbidopa
An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE, preventing conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no antiparkinson actions by itself.
Limbic System
A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).
Self Administration
Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.
Clozapine
A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Conditioning, Operant
Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.
Catechol O-Methyltransferase
Enzyme that catalyzes the movement of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionone to a catechol or a catecholamine.
Hydroxydopamines
Dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions.
Synaptosomes
Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.
Benztropine
A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)
Catalepsy
A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. The limbs tend to remain in whatever position they are placed (waxy flexibility). Catalepsy may be associated with PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA, CATATONIC), nervous system drug toxicity, and other conditions.
Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases
An enzyme group with broad specificity. The enzymes decarboxylate a range of aromatic amino acids including dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA DECARBOXYLASE); TRYPTOPHAN; and HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN.
Analysis of Variance
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Octopamine
An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.
Pyrrolidines
Tyramine
An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.
Methylphenidate
A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.
Pimozide
A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403)
Electrochemical Techniques
The utilization of an electrical current to measure, analyze, or alter chemicals or chemical reactions in solution, cells, or tissues.
Tetrahydronaphthalenes
Partially saturated 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene compounds.
Biogenic Amines
A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology.
Extracellular Space
Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.
MPTP Poisoning
A condition caused by the neurotoxin MPTP which causes selective destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Clinical features include irreversible parkinsonian signs including rigidity and bradykinesia (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY). MPTP toxicity is also used as an animal model for the study of PARKINSON DISEASE. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1072; Neurology 1986 Feb;36(2):250-8)
Rats, Wistar
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Drug Interactions
The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.
Tegmentum Mesencephali
Portion of midbrain situated under the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI. The two ventrolateral cylindrical masses or peduncles are large nerve fiber bundles providing a tract of passage between the FOREBRAIN with the HINDBRAIN. Ventral MIDBRAIN also contains three colorful structures: the GRAY MATTER (PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY), the black substance (SUBSTANTIA NIGRA), and the RED NUCLEUS.
Monoamine Oxidase
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4.
Radioligand Assay
Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).
Neurotransmitter Agents
Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
Adrenergic Agents
Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Reinforcement (Psychology)
The strengthening of a conditioned response.
Dopa Decarboxylase
One of the AROMATIC-L-AMINO-ACID DECARBOXYLASES, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of DOPA to DOPAMINE. It is of clinical importance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Mazindol
Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
Piperazines
Lisuride
An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).
Electric Stimulation
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Positron-Emission Tomography
An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of soft tissues such as CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and brain. SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower.
Neural Pathways
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
Tetrabenazine
A drug formerly used as an antipsychotic and treatment of various movement disorders. Tetrabenazine blocks neurotransmitter uptake into adrenergic storage vesicles and has been used as a high affinity label for the vesicle transport system.
Vesicular Biogenic Amine Transport Proteins
Integral membrane proteins of the LIPID BILAYER of SECRETORY VESICLES that catalyze transport and storage of biogenic amine NEUROTRANSMITTERS such as ACETYLCHOLINE; SEROTONIN; MELATONIN; HISTAMINE; and CATECHOLAMINES. The transporters exchange vesicular protons for cytoplasmic neurotransmitters.
Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of noradrenergic neurons. They remove NOREPINEPHRINE from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. It regulates signal amplitude and duration at noradrenergic synapses and is the target of ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS.
Rats, Long-Evans
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
A chemically heterogeneous group of drugs that have in common the ability to block oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. (From Gilman, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p414)
Sympatholytics
Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals (see ADRENERGIC AGENTS). Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, see ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS) are included here.
Nicotine
Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.
Glutamic Acid
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Locomotion
Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.
Benzothiazoles
Compounds with a benzene ring fused to a thiazole ring.
Yawning
An involuntary deep INHALATION with the MOUTH open, often accompanied by the act of stretching.
Benserazide
An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.
Hyperkinesis
Excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole, which may be associated with organic or psychological disorders.
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Prolactin
A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.
Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors
Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.
Autoreceptors
Transmitter receptors on or near presynaptic terminals (or varicosities) which are sensitive to the transmitter(s) released by the terminal itself. Receptors for the hormones released by hormone-releasing cells are also included.
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Membrane Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.
Pargyline
A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.
Presynaptic Terminals
The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.
Metoclopramide
A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Rats, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
Septal Nuclei
Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of FOREBRAIN and BRAIN STEM areas including the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, the tegmentum, and the AMYGDALA. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.
Microinjections
The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.
Carbon Radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.
Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors
Drugs that inhibit the transport of neurotransmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. For many transmitters, uptake determines the time course of transmitter action so inhibiting uptake prolongs the activity of the transmitter. Blocking uptake may also deplete available transmitter stores. Many clinically important drugs are uptake inhibitors although the indirect reactions of the brain rather than the acute block of uptake itself is often responsible for the therapeutic effects.
Cyclic AMP
An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.
Action Potentials
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Exploratory Behavior
The tendency to explore or investigate a novel environment. It is considered a motivation not clearly distinguishable from curiosity.
Appetitive Behavior
Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating.
Deoxyepinephrine
Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.
MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone
A hypothalamic tripeptide, enzymatic degradation product of OXYTOCIN, that inhibits the release of MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES.
Neural Inhibition
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2
An orphan nuclear receptor that is found at high levels in BRAIN tissue. The protein is believed to play a role in development and maintenance of NEURONS, particularly dopaminergic neurons.
Autoradiography
The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Neurochemistry
The study of the composition, chemical structures, and chemical reactions of the NERVOUS SYSTEM or its components.
Conditioning (Psychology)
A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.
Serotonin Agents
Drugs used for their effects on serotonergic systems. Among these are drugs that affect serotonin receptors, the life cycle of serotonin, and the survival of serotonergic neurons.
Fluphenazine
A phenothiazine used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES. Its properties and uses are generally similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Saimiri
A genus of the family CEBIDAE consisting of four species: S. boliviensis, S. orstedii (red-backed squirrel monkey), S. sciureus (common squirrel monkey), and S. ustus. They inhabit tropical rain forests in Central and South America. S. sciureus is used extensively in research studies.
Globus Pallidus
The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus.
Benzamides
BENZOIC ACID amides.
Serotonin Antagonists
Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Behavior, Addictive
The observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. The addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency.
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.

Long-term effects of N-2-chlorethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride on noradrenergic neurones in the rat brain and heart. (1/8940)

1 N-2-Chlorethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP 4) 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally, produced a long-term decrease in the capacity of brain homogenates to accumulate noradrenaline with significant effect 8 months after the injection. It had no effect on the noradrenaline uptake in homogenates from the striatum (dopamine neurones) and on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in various brain regions. 2 In vitro DSP 4 inhibited the noradrenaline uptake in a cortical homogenate with an IC50 value of 2 muM but was more than ten times less active on the dopamine uptake in a striatal homogenate and the 5-HT uptake in a cortical homogenate. 3 DSP 4 (50 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited the uptake of noradrenaline in the rat heart atrium in vitro but this action was terminated within 2 weeks. 4 DSP 4 (50 mg/kg i.p.) cuased a decrease in the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in the rat brain and heart. The onset of this effect was slow; in heart a lag period of 2-4 days was noted. In brain the DBH-activity in cerebral cortex was much more decreased than that in hypothalamus which was only slightly affected. A significant effect was still found 8 months after the injection. The noradrenaline concentration in the brain was greatly decreased for at least two weeks, whereas noradrenaline in heart was only temporarily reduced. 5 The long-term effects of DSP 4 on the noradrenaline accumulation, the DBH activity and noradrenaline concentration in the rat brain were antagonized by desipramine (10 mg/kg i.p.). 6 It is suggested that DSP 4 primarily attacks the membranal noradrenaline uptake sites forming a covalent bond and that the nerve terminals, as a result of this binding, degenerate.  (+info)

Studies on the mechanism of action of amantadine. (2/8940)

1 The effect of amantadine hydrochloride on various aspects of catecholamine metabolism in the rat brain has been investigated. 2 Amantadine failed to have any significant effect on brain concentrations of dopamine or noradrenaline even when administered daily for 9 days. 3 Amantadine had no effect on the rate of decline of noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. 4 In vitro amantadine inhibited dopamine uptake into synaptosomes only at high concentrations, and caused little release of dopamine from synaptosomes. 5 There is no evidence from these results to suggest that the anti-Parkinsonian effect of amantadine is related to an action on dopaminergic mechanisms.  (+info)

Dopamine stimulates salivary duct cells in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. (3/8940)

This study examines whether the salivary duct cells of the cockroach Periplaneta americana can be stimulated by the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. We have carried out digital Ca2+-imaging experiments using the Ca2+-sensitive dye fura-2 and conventional intracellular recordings from isolated salivary glands. Dopamine evokes a slow, almost tonic, and reversible dose-dependent elevation in [Ca2+]i in the duct cells. Upon stimulation with 10(-)6 mol l-1 dopamine, [Ca2+]i rises from 48+/-4 nmol l-1 to 311+/-43 nmol l-1 (mean +/- s.e.m., N=18) within 200-300 s. The dopamine-induced elevation in [Ca2+]i is absent in Ca2+-free saline and is blocked by 10(-)4 mol l-1 La3+, indicating that dopamine induces an influx of Ca2+ across the basolateral membrane of the duct cells. Stimulation with 10(-)6 mol l-1 dopamine causes the basolateral membrane to depolarize from -67+/-1 to -41+/-2 mV (N=10). This depolarization is also blocked by La3+ and is abolished when Na+ in the bath solution is reduced to 10 mmol l-1. Serotonin affects neither [Ca2+]i nor the basolateral membrane potential of the duct cells. These data indicate that the neurotransmitter dopamine, which has previously been shown to stimulate fluid secretion from the glands, also stimulates the salivary duct cells, suggesting that dopamine controls their most probable function, the modification of primary saliva.  (+info)

Alternative sulfonylurea receptor expression defines metabolic sensitivity of K-ATP channels in dopaminergic midbrain neurons. (4/8940)

ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels couple the metabolic state to cellular excitability in various tissues. Several isoforms of the K-ATP channel subunits, the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) and inwardly rectifying K channel (Kir6.X), have been cloned, but the molecular composition and functional diversity of native neuronal K-ATP channels remain unresolved. We combined functional analysis of K-ATP channels with expression profiling of K-ATP subunits at the level of single substantia nigra (SN) neurons in mouse brain slices using an RT-multiplex PCR protocol. In contrast to GABAergic neurons, single dopaminergic SN neurons displayed alternative co-expression of either SUR1, SUR2B or both SUR isoforms with Kir6.2. Dopaminergic SN neurons expressed alternative K-ATP channel species distinguished by significant differences in sulfonylurea affinity and metabolic sensitivity. In single dopaminergic SN neurons, co-expression of SUR1 + Kir6.2, but not of SUR2B + Kir6.2, correlated with functional K-ATP channels highly sensitive to metabolic inhibition. In contrast to wild-type, surviving dopaminergic SN neurons of homozygous weaver mouse exclusively expressed SUR1 + Kir6.2 during the active period of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Therefore, alternative expression of K-ATP channel subunits defines the differential response to metabolic stress and constitutes a novel candidate mechanism for the differential vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in response to respiratory chain dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.  (+info)

Plasticity of first-order sensory synapses: interactions between homosynaptic long-term potentiation and heterosynaptically evoked dopaminergic potentiation. (5/8940)

Persistent potentiations of the chemical and electrotonic components of the eighth nerve (NVIII) EPSP recorded in vivo in the goldfish reticulospinal neuron, the Mauthner cell, can be evoked by afferent tetanization or local dendritic application of an endogenous transmitter, dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine). These modifications are attributable to the activation of distinct intracellular kinase cascades. Although dopamine-evoked potentiation (DEP) is mediated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), tetanization most likely activates a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase via an increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration. We present evidence that the eighth nerve tetanus that induces LTP does not act by triggering dopamine release, because it is evoked in the presence of a broad spectrum of dopamine antagonists. To test for interactions between these pathways, we applied the potentiating paradigms sequentially. When dopamine was applied first, tetanization produced additional potentiation of the mixed synaptic response, but when the sequence was reversed, DEP was occluded, indicating that the synapses potentiated by the two procedures belong to the same or overlapping populations. Experiments were conducted to determine interactions between the underlying regulatory mechanisms and the level of their convergence. Inhibiting PKA does not impede tetanus-induced LTP, and chelating postsynaptic Ca2+ with BAPTA does not block DEP, indicating that the initial steps of the induction processes are independent. Pharmacological and voltage-clamp analyses indicate that the two pathways converge on functional AMPA/kainate receptors for the chemically mediated EPSP and gap junctions for the electrotonic component or at intermediaries common to both pathways. A cellular model incorporating these interactions is proposed on the basis of differential modulation of synaptic responses via receptor-protein phosphorylation.  (+info)

Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (6/8940)

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons undergo sprouting around the margins of a striatal wound. The mechanism of this periwound sprouting has been unclear. In this study, we have examined the role played by the macrophage and microglial response that follows striatal injury. Macrophages and activated microglia quickly accumulate after injury and reach their greatest numbers in the first week. Subsequently, the number of both cell types declines rapidly in the first month and thereafter more slowly. Macrophage numbers eventually cease to decline, and a sizable group of these cells remains at the wound site and forms a long-term, highly activated resident population. This population of macrophages expresses increasing amounts of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA with time. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is also expressed in and around the wound site. Production of this factor is by both activated microglia and, to a lesser extent, macrophages. The production of these potent dopaminergic neurotrophic factors occurs in a similar spatial distribution to sprouting dopaminergic fibers. Moreover, dopamine transporter-positive dopaminergic neurites can be seen growing toward and embracing hemosiderin-filled wound macrophages. The dopaminergic sprouting that accompanies striatal injury thus appears to result from neurotrophic factor secretion by activated macrophages and microglia at the wound site.  (+info)

Viral gene delivery selectively restores feeding and prevents lethality of dopamine-deficient mice. (7/8940)

Dopamine-deficient mice (DA-/- ), lacking tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in dopaminergic neurons, become hypoactive and aphagic and die by 4 weeks of age. They are rescued by daily treatment with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA); each dose restores dopamine (DA) and feeding for less than 24 hr. Recombinant adeno-associated viruses expressing human TH or GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH1) were injected into the striatum of DA-/- mice. Bilateral coinjection of both viruses restored feeding behavior for several months. However, locomotor activity and coordination were partially improved. A virus expressing only TH was less effective, and one expressing GTPCH1 alone was ineffective. TH immunoreactivity and DA were detected in the ventral striatum and adjacent posterior regions of rescued mice, suggesting that these regions mediate a critical DA-dependent aspect of feeding behavior.  (+info)

(S)-(-)-Cotinine, the major brain metabolite of nicotine, stimulates nicotinic receptors to evoke [3H]dopamine release from rat striatal slices in a calcium-dependent manner. (8/8940)

Cotinine, a major peripheral metabolite of nicotine, has recently been shown to be the most abundant metabolite in rat brain after peripheral nicotine administration. However, little attention has been focused on the contribution of cotinine to the pharmacological effects of nicotine exposure in either animals or humans. The present study determined the concentration-response relationship for (S)-(-)-cotinine-evoked 3H overflow from superfused rat striatal slices preloaded with [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) and whether this response was mediated by nicotinic receptor stimulation. (S)-(-)-Cotinine (1 microM to 3 mM) evoked 3H overflow from [3H]DA-preloaded rat striatal slices in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 30 microM, indicating a lower potency than either (S)-(-)-nicotine or the active nicotine metabolite, (S)-(-)-nornicotine. As reported for (S)-(-)-nicotine and (S)-(-)-nornicotine, desensitization to the effect of (S)-(-)-cotinine was observed. The classic nicotinic receptor antagonists mecamylamine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine inhibited the response to (S)-(-)-cotinine (1-100 microM). Additionally, 3H overflow evoked by (S)-(-)-cotinine (10-1000 microM) was inhibited by superfusion with a low calcium buffer. Interestingly, over the same concentration range, (S)-(-)-cotinine did not inhibit [3H]DA uptake into striatal synaptosomes. These results demonstrate that (S)-(-)-cotinine, a constituent of tobacco products and the major metabolite of nicotine, stimulates nicotinic receptors to evoke the release of DA in a calcium-dependent manner from superfused rat striatal slices. Thus, (S)-(-)-cotinine likely contributes to the neuropharmacological effects of nicotine and tobacco use.  (+info)

Effects of phencyclidine, amphetamine and related compounds on dopamine release from and uptake into striatal synaptosomes. |...Effects of phencyclidine, amphetamine and related compounds on dopamine release from and uptake into striatal synaptosomes. |...
The ability of phencyclidine (PCP), amphetamine and other substances to stimulate dopamine release from and inhibit dopamine uptake into rat striatal synaptosomes was examined in a continuous superfusion system. Inhibition of uptake was measured by determining inhibition of [3H]dopamine displacement by unlabeled dopamine ([1H]dopamine). The displacement of [3H]dopamine by 10(-7) M [1H]dopamine was temperature- and sodium-sensitive and calcium-independent. [1H]Dopamine was an order of magnitude more potent than serotonin or norepinephrine in displacing [3H]dopamine. The concentrations of reserpine required to inhibit [3H]dopamine uptake and [3H]dopamine displacement by [1H]dopamine were similar. Nomifensine, benztropine, PCP and amphetamine also inhibited the displacement of [3H]dopamine by [1H]dopamine at concentrations which have been shown previously to inhibit the uptake of [3H]dopamine, suggesting that the mechanism behind displacement and uptake are very similar. PCP, at 10(-7) to 10(-5) M, ...
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/229/3/671.long
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Acute cyclosporine renal dysfunction reversed by dopamine infusion in healthy subjects<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Acute cyclosporine renal dysfunction reversed by dopamine infusion in healthy subjects. AU - Conte, G.. AU - Dal Canton, A.. AU - Sabbatini, M.. AU - Napodano, P.. AU - De Nicola, L.. AU - Gigliotti, G.. AU - Fuiano, G.. AU - Testa, A.. AU - Esposito, C.. AU - Russo, D.. AU - Andreucci, V. E.. PY - 1989. Y1 - 1989. N2 - Up to now, no studies have been performed in normal humans to investigate the role of renal hemodynamic abnormalities in relation to acute-cyclosporin A (CsA) renal dysfunction and to verify whether the specific renal vasodilator, dopamine, can counteract these abnormalities. Eight normal subjects were examined both (A) after oral CsA (12 mg/kg body wt) and (B) after oral CsA + dopamine infusion (2 mg/kg body wt/min), under water diuresis. Both in protocols A and in B, four basal renal clearances were performed before CsA and every twenty minutes for four hours after CsA administration. In protocol A, after CsA, insulin (GFR) and PAH clearance (RPF) fell by up to ...
https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/acute-cyclosporine-renal-dysfunction-reversed-by-dopamine-infusio
Dopamine and the mechanisms of cognition: Part I. A neural network model predicting dopamine effects on selective attention<...Dopamine and the mechanisms of cognition: Part I. A neural network model predicting dopamine effects on selective attention<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Dopamine and the mechanisms of cognition. T2 - Part I. A neural network model predicting dopamine effects on selective attention. AU - Servan-Schreiber, David. AU - Bruno, Randy M.. AU - Carter, Cameron S.. AU - Cohen, Jonathan D.. PY - 1998/5/15. Y1 - 1998/5/15. N2 - Background: Dopamine affects neural information processing, cognition, and behavior; however, the mechanisms through which these three levels of function are affected have remained unspecified. We present a parallel distributed processing model of dopamine effects on neural ensembles that accounts for effects on human performance in a selective attention task. Methods: Task performance is stimulated using principles and mechanisms that capture salient aspects of information processing in neural ensembles. Dopamine effects are simulated as a change in gain of neural assemblies in the area of release. Results: The model leads to different predictions as a function of the hypothesized location of dopamine effects. ...
https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/dopamine-and-the-mechanisms-of-cognition-part-i-a-neural-network-
Mesocortical Dopamine Neurons | Molecular PharmacologyMesocortical Dopamine Neurons | Molecular Pharmacology
The regulation of dopamine (DA) synthesis in rat mesocortical DA neurons was studied and compared with DA synthesis in nigrostriatal DA neurons. The increase in striatal DA content caused by γ-butyrolactone (GBL) was reversed by activation of nerve-terminal DA autoreceptors by apomorphine. In contrast, the GBL-induced increase in prefrontal cortical DA was unaffected by DA agonists. By using the accumulation of dopa after the administration of the dopa decarboxylase inhibitor Ro4-4602 as an index of DA synthesis, it was demonstrated that the increase in striatal DA following GBL was due to an acceleration of DA synthesis. In contrast, GBL did not increase cortical dopa accumulation. However, GBL completely prevented the rapid decline of DA seen following α-methyltyrosine treatment, indicating that DA turnover had been inhibited in the mesocortical neurons, as has been previously demonstrated with other DA neurons. The monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline increased both striatal and cortical ...
http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/19/2/270?ijkey=5627a5991453af1e9ff4229486e59d3acd6cc5df&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Striatal dopamine release during unrewarded motor task in human volunteers<...Striatal dopamine release during unrewarded motor task in human volunteers<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Striatal dopamine release during unrewarded motor task in human volunteers. AU - Badgaiyan, Rajendra D.. AU - Fischman, Alan J.. AU - Alpert, Nathaniel M.. PY - 2003/8/6. Y1 - 2003/8/6. N2 - Striatal dopamine is associated with the processing of rewarded motor tasks. Its involvement in mediating unrewarded tasks is, however, unclear. We used a recently developed PET technique to dynamically measure the rate of displacement of a dopamine receptor ligand raclopride in healthy volunteers performing a finger opposition task. Rapid displacement of the ligand from the posterior putamen and the caudate immediately after the task initiation suggested striatal dopamine release during task performance. Since dopamine release was observed in the striatal areas that are implicated in unrewarded tasks by neuroimaging studies, the results demonstrate that the PET method can be used to extend the findings of conventional neuroimaging techniques, that do not provide information about signal ...
https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/striatal-dopamine-release-during-unrewarded-motor-task-in-human-v
Activation of the dopamine 1 and dopamine 5 receptors increase skeletal muscle mass and force production under non-atrophying...Activation of the dopamine 1 and dopamine 5 receptors increase skeletal muscle mass and force production under non-atrophying...
In this report we demonstrate for the first time that activation of the dopamine 1/5 receptors results in increased skeletal muscle cAMP, increased non-atrophying muscle mass and reduced atrophy-induced loss of muscle mass and force production. By using knockout mice to differentiate the effects of activation of the dopamine 1 receptor from that of the dopamine 5 receptor, we demonstrate that both the dopamine 1 and dopamine 5 receptors mediate the anti-atrophy effects of the dopamine 1/5 receptor selective agonist SKF 81297. Genetic removal of the dopamine 1 receptor (with maintenance of the dopamine 5 receptor) results in a complete loss of the SKF 81297 mediated EDL mass/force preservation, data consistent with the idea that the dopamine 1 receptor mediates the effects of SKF 81297. In contrast, genetic removal of the dopamine 5 receptor (with maintenance of the dopamine 1 receptor) resulted in a partial loss of SKF 81297 mediated EDL mass/force preservation, data that is inconsistent with ...
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-12-27
N-methyl-d-aspartic acid biphasically regulates the biochemical and electrophysiological response of A10 dopamine neurons in...
TY - JOUR. T1 - N-methyl-d-aspartic acid biphasically regulates the biochemical and electrophysiological response of A10 dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. T2 - in vivo microdialysis and in vitro electrophysiological studies. AU - Wang, Ting. AU - OConnor, William T.. AU - Ungerstedt, Urban. AU - French, Edward D.. PY - 1994/12/15. Y1 - 1994/12/15. N2 - The effects of local perfusion of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) with N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) on extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens were investigated by using in vivo microdialysis in halothane anaesthetized rats. The electrophysiological response of VTA dopamine neurons to NMDA were also assessed in an in vitro rat brain slice preparation. In both preparations NMDA elicited a biphasic response. Exposure of the VTA to low doses of NMDA (, 100 μM) elicited increases in dialysate dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and increases in the firing rate of VTA dopamine neurons. Larger doses (, 100 ...
https://arizona.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/n-methyl-d-aspartic-acid-biphasically-regulates-the-biochemical-a
HETEROLOGOUS MONOAMINE REUPTAKE - LACK OF TRANSMITTER SPECIFICITY OF NEURON-SPECIFIC CARRIERS | IRIS Univ. CagliariHETEROLOGOUS MONOAMINE REUPTAKE - LACK OF TRANSMITTER SPECIFICITY OF NEURON-SPECIFIC CARRIERS | IRIS Univ. Cagliari
The effect of systemic administration of desmethylimipramine (DMI), an inhibitor of the noradrenaline (NA) reuptake carrier, and of GBR 12909, an inhibitor of the dopamine (DA) reuptake carrier, on the in vivo extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) was studied by transcerebral dialysis in the prefrontal cortex and in the dorsal caudate of freely moving rats. In the NA-rich prefrontal cortex only DMI increased extracellular DA concentrations whereas in the dorsal caudate only GBR 12909 was effective. Haloperidol increased extracellular DA concentrations more effectively in the dorsal caudate than in the prefrontal cortex. Pretreatment with DMI, which failed to modify the effect of haloperidol in the dorsal caudate, potentiated its action in the prefrontal cortex. The reverse was obtained after GBR 12909 + haloperidol in the two areas. 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning of the dorsal NA bundle prevented the ability of DMI to increase DA concentrations. The results suggest that reuptake into NA ...
https://iris.unica.it/handle/11584/94801
Control of Extracellular Dopamine at Dendrite and Axon Terminals | Journal of NeuroscienceControl of Extracellular Dopamine at Dendrite and Axon Terminals | Journal of Neuroscience
Dopamine has been reported to rise and fall with ∼15-fold slower kinetics in the SNc than in the striatum (Chen and Rice, 2001). The extended presence of dopamine has been interpreted to result in paracrine, or volume-based, transmission. In the midbrain, [DA]o peaked with the same latency as in the dorsal striatum. There was less than a twofold difference in the half-width of dopamine transient in the midbrain compared with that in the striatum. This small difference most likely represents an increase in the total number of dopamine transporters in the striatum. The major difference between the VTA and striatum was the total amount of dopamine released. While the difference in release may possibly reflect differences in the loading of vesicles in terminals versus dendrites, it more likely reflects the higher density of release sites in the striatum. The present study indicates that release of dopamine from axon and dendrites occurs with a similar time course. Thus these results indicate that ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/20/6975?ijkey=7be8a9fb30cd250679998f419455004728ecd30c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Cannabinoid CB|sub|2|/sub| receptors modulate midbrain dopamine neuronal activity and dopamine-related behavior in mice -...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Cannabinoid CB,sub,2,/sub, receptors modulate midbrain dopamine neuronal activity and dopamine-related behavior in mice. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cannabinoid-cbsub2sub-receptors-modulate-midbrain-dopamine-neuron/fingerprints/
Specialized coding of sensory, motor and cognitive variables in VTA dopamine neurons | NatureSpecialized coding of sensory, motor and cognitive variables in VTA dopamine neurons | Nature
There is increased appreciation that dopamine neurons in the midbrain respond not only to reward1 and reward-predicting cues1,2, but also to other variables such as the distance to reward3, movements4-9 and behavioural choices10,11. An important question is how the responses to these diverse variables are organized across the population of dopamine neurons. Whether individual dopamine neurons multiplex several variables, or whether there are subsets of neurons that are specialized in encoding specific behavioural variables remains unclear. This fundamental question has been difficult to resolve because recordings from large populations of individual dopamine neurons have not been performed in a behavioural task with sufficient complexity to examine these diverse variables simultaneously. Here, to address this gap, we used two-photon calcium imaging through an implanted lens to record the activity of more than 300 dopamine neurons from the ventral tegmental area of the mouse midbrain during a complex
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1261-9?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d45b34a6-ec84-4de7-aa55-a7e9a2776631
Striatal α5 nicotinic receptor subunit regulates dopamine transmission in dorsal striatum. - Oxford Neuroscience
Polymorphisms in the gene for the α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit are associated with vulnerability to nicotine addiction. However, the underlying normal functions of α5-containing nAChRs in the brain are poorly understood. Striatal dopamine (DA) transmission is critical to the acquisition and maintenance of drug addiction and is modulated strongly by nicotine acting at heteromeric β2-containing (β2*) nAChRs. We explored whether α5 subunits, as well as α4, α6, and β3 subunits, participate in the powerful regulation of DA release probability by β2* nAChRs in nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and in dorsal striatum [caudatoputamen (CPu)]. We detected evoked dopamine release using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes in striatal slices from mice with deletions of α4, α5, α6, or β3 subunits. We show that the nAChR subtypes that dominantly regulate dopamine transmission depend critically upon α5 subunits in the dorsal CPu in α4α5(non-α6)β2-nAChRs but
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/316393
Reinforcement signalling in Drosophila; dopamine does it all after all - Oxford Neuroscience
Reinforcement systems are believed to drive synaptic plasticity within neural circuits that store memories. Recent evidence from the fruit fly suggests that anatomically distinct dopaminergic neurons ultimately provide the key instructive signals for both appetitive and aversive learning. This dual role for dopamine overturns the previous model that octopamine signalled reward and dopamine punishment. More importantly, this anatomically segregated double role for dopamine in reward and aversion mirrors that emerging in mammals. Therefore, an antagonistic organization of distinct reinforcing dopaminegic neurons is a conserved feature of brains. It now seems crucial to understand how the dopaminergic neurons are controlled and what the released dopamine does to the underlying circuits to convey opposite valence. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/406475
Psychlopedia/Schizophrenia: Overview and Dopamine DysfunctionPsychlopedia/Schizophrenia: Overview and Dopamine Dysfunction
Excess dopamine and abnormal dopamine synthesis cause the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but does this dysfunction also account for the negative and cognitive symptoms seen in this disorder? Here, get an overview of dopamine dysfunction and find out why this treatment target may be limited for patients with schizophrenia.
http://www.cmeinstitute.com/Psychlopedia/Pages/psychosis/8mcbss/sec2/section.aspx
Modelling drug abuse potential with positron emission tomography of the dopaminergic systemModelling drug abuse potential with positron emission tomography of the dopaminergic system
BACKGROUND: Recreational and medicinal drugs need to be evaluated with regard to addictive properties. Reinforcing effects contribute to a drugs abuse liability and predict subsequent use. The neurotransmitter dopamine plays an important role in modulating reinforcing effects in the reward circuitry of the brain. Most drugs of abuse increase extrasynaptic ... read more dopamine by stimulating release from synaptic vesicles, by blocking reuptake by binding to the dopamine transporter or by indirectly increasing dopamine via interactions with other neurotransmitter systems. This increase in dopamine is necessary, but not sufficient to produce reinforcing effects such as a feeling of high. Molecular imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) allow the tracking of drugs in vivo and moreover, can provide an indirect measure of drug-induced dopaminergic responses. OBJECTIVE: The present paper (1) investigates pharmacokinetics and potency to increase dopamine of commonly used ...
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/33694
The Dopamine D|sub|2|/sub| and Adenosine A|sub|2A|/sub| Receptors: Past, Present and Future Trends for the Treatment of...The Dopamine D|sub|2|/sub| and Adenosine A|sub|2A|/sub| Receptors: Past, Present and Future Trends for the Treatment of...
Title:The Dopamine D,sub,2,/sub, and Adenosine A,sub,2A,/sub, Receptors: Past, Present and Future Trends for the Treatment of Parkinsons Disease. VOLUME: 21 ISSUE: 27. Author(s):M. Jorg, P.J. Scammells and B. Capuano. Affiliation:Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.. Keywords:Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, bivalent ligand, dopamine, dopamine D2 receptor agonist, G protein-coupled receptor, levodopa, non-dopaminergic drug, Parkinsons disease.. Abstract:Herein, we present an overview of the historic development of drugs for the treatment of Parkinsons disease as well as prospective novel treatment forms based on targeting the dopamine and adenosine receptors. The review includes the development of levodopa, a precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which to date is the most commonly prescribed and most effective drug for controlling the motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease, to more recent studies of the adenosine receptor; ...
http://www.eurekaselect.com/120432/article
Dopamine toxicity in neuroblastoma cells: Role of glutathione depletion by L-BSO and apoptosis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Dopamine toxicity in neuroblastoma cells. T2 - Role of glutathione depletion by L-BSO and apoptosis. AU - Stokes, Alan H.. AU - Lewis, Denise Y.. AU - Lash, Lawrence H.. AU - Gray Jerome, W.. AU - Grant, Ken W.. AU - Aschner, Michael. AU - Vrana, Kent E.. N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by grants GM 38931 (KEV) and T32 DA 07246 (AHS). PY - 2000. Y1 - 2000. N2 - Dopamine (DA), while an essential neurotransmitter, is also a known neurotoxin that potentially plays an etiologic role in several neurodegenerative diseases. DA metabolism and oxidation readily produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DA can also be oxidized to a reactive quinone via spontaneous, enzyme-catalyzed or metal-enhanced reactions. A number of these reactions are cytotoxic, yet the precise mechanisms by which DA leads to cell death remain unknown. In this study, the neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH, was utilized to examine DA toxicity under varying oxidant states. Cells pretreated with the ...
https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/dopamine-toxicity-in-neuroblastoma-cells-role-of-glutathione-depl
Dopamine Injection,Dopamine Injection Manufacturer,Dopamine Injection ExportersDopamine Injection,Dopamine Injection Manufacturer,Dopamine Injection Exporters
Dopamine Injection manufacturers - Systacare Remedies is a leading manufacturer & exporter of Dopamine Injection, dopamine injections, Dopamine Injection, wholesale dopamine injections suppliers, Dopamine Injection exporter from Amritsar.
http://www.systacareremedies.net/dopamine-injection.htm
Feeding increases dopamine metabolism in the rat brain | ScienceFeeding increases dopamine metabolism in the rat brain | Science
Feeding induced by food deprivation is accompanied by an increased production of the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the brains of rats. This neurochemical change occurs in the nucleus accumbens, the posterior hypothalamus, and the amygdala but not in other dopaminergic nerve terminal fields such as the corpus striatum. These results indicate that the release of dopamine from particular groups of central neurons is increased during feeding and suggest that anatomically distinct subgroups of central dopaminergic neurons serve different roles in the regulation of food intake. ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/208/4448/1168
In contrast, in neurons projecting to dopamine neurons, dendrites | Thrombin Inhibitors
In contrast, in neurons projecting to dopamine neurons, dendrites curved and coursed circuitously or turned inward toward the soma (Figure 6K). Furthermore, spines of inputs to GABAergic neurons were evenly. spaced and were of similar size. In contrast, inputs to dopamine neurons had uneven spines and varicosities, and their dendrites were irregular in contour (Figures 6D and 6H, inset). These results suggest that, whereas neurons projecting to GABAergic neurons are click here consistent with typical medium spiny neurons, neurons projecting to dopaminergic neurons have significantly different morphologies. We make two conclusions from these data: First, striatal neurons do project monosynaptically to dopamine neurons; and second, our technique is capable of revealing exquisite, cell-type-specific connectivity. Whereas SNc dopamine neurons receive the most input from the DS, VTA dopamine Buparlisib neurons receive the most input from the Acb (Figure 3). Although heterogeneity of the Acb was ...
http://thrombininhibitors.com/in-contrast-in-neurons-projecting-to-dopamine-neurons-dendrites
Use of dopamine in the ICU. Hope, hype, belief and facts<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Use of dopamine in the ICU. Hope, hype, belief and facts. AU - Girbes, A. R.J.. AU - Smit, A. J.. PY - 1997/1/1. Y1 - 1997/1/1. N2 - Dopamine is frequently administered in the ICU to critically-ill patients. The widespread use of dopamine does not only involve states of distributive and cardiogenic (imminent) shock, but also prophylaxis for deterioration and/or improvement of kidney- and bowel perfusion. Although many studies have shown an increase of renal- and (in some studies) improvement of splanchnic circulation, well controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a better outcome with respect to renal function and/or survival of prophylactic dopamine administration. Furthermore, evidence exists that norepinephrine is more efficacious in fluid resuscitated septic shock patients to restore blood pressure than dopamine, without jeopardizing the renal function. It is concluded that the widespread use of dopamine in the ICU should be reassessed.. AB - Dopamine is frequently ...
https://research.vumc.nl/en/publications/use-of-dopamine-in-the-icu-hope-hype-belief-and-facts
EWU | David Daberkow, Ph.D.EWU | David Daberkow, Ph.D.
The focus of my research lab is on the neurochemical messenger dopamine and its role in brain function. Specifically, my research has explored how drugs (e.g., amphetamine and methamphetamine) impact dopamine mediated behaviors and cellular signaling molecules implicated in memory formation. More recent research elucidated amphetamines cellular mechanism of action on dopamine neurotransmission. As a faculty member at EWU, my lab utilizes the technique of voltammetry which provides one the ability to monitor the activity of specific molecules (e.g., dopamine) in the brain. Future directions are to continue to investigate dopamine function, how drugs impact these processes, and dopamine dysfunction related to pathological conditions such as Parkinsons disease.. Publications:. Amphetamine Paradoxically Augments Exocytotic Dopamine Release and Phasic Dopamine Signals. Methamphetamine neurotoxicity decreases phasic, but not tonic, dopaminergic signaling in the rat striatum. Effect of ...
https://www.ewu.edu/cstem/departments/biology/biology-faculty-and-staff/david-daberkow
Action of dopamine may be particularly important for understanding psychiatric conditionsAction of dopamine may be particularly important for understanding psychiatric conditions
Duke University Medical Center researchers have discovered a new mechanism by which chronically high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine exert their effects on the brain.
https://www.news-medical.net/news/2005/07/28/12104.aspx
Plus itPlus it
Genetic and pharmacological reductions of VMAT2 result in lower tissue levels of striatal dopamine (Fon et al., 1997; Takahashi et al., 1997; Wang et al., 1997; Mooslehner et al., 2001). Consistent with previous reports, analysis of dopamine in our VMAT2 transgenic animals showed significantly reduced striatal dopamine levels (Fig. 1 D), as well as DOPAC and HVA (data not shown). Striatal dopamine levels remain unchanged in the VMAT2 WT mice up to 12 months of age. In contrast, dopamine levels continue to decline in the aged VMAT2 LO animals, as seen previously in VMAT2 LO mice that are α-synuclein null (Colebrooke et al., 2006) (Fig. 1 E). These reductions are accompanied by an increase in the ratios of dopamine metabolites to dopamine in the aged VMAT2 LO mice (Fig. 2 A,B), suggesting an increase in dopamine turnover (Zigmond et al., 2002). This increase appears to be a result of the age-dependent loss of striatal dopamine, in that the levels of DOPAC and HVA remain unchanged in the aged ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/30/8138
Does Dopamine Act at Dopamine Receptors in the Ciliary Epithelia?<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Does Dopamine Act at Dopamine Receptors in the Ciliary Epithelia?. AU - Wax, M. B.. PY - 1993/3/1. Y1 - 1993/3/1. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0027526563&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0027526563&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1006/exer.1993.1048. DO - 10.1006/exer.1993.1048. M3 - Editorial. C2 - 8472793. AN - SCOPUS:0027526563. VL - 56. SP - 371. EP - 373. JO - Experimental Eye Research. JF - Experimental Eye Research. SN - 0014-4835. IS - 3. ER - ...
https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/does-dopamine-act-at-dopamine-receptors-in-the-ciliary-epithelia
Faculty Research in Neurotoxicology | Department WebsiteFaculty Research in Neurotoxicology | Department Website
Dopamine signaling is conserved across all animal species and has been implicated in the disease process of many neurological disorders, including Parkinsons disease (PD). The primary neuropathology in PD involves the death of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra (SN), an anatomical region of the brain implicated in dopamine production and voluntary motor control. Increasing evidence suggests that the neurotransmitter dopamine may have a neurotoxic metabolic product (DOPAL) that selectively damages dopaminergic cells. This study was designed to test this theory of oxidative damage in an animal model of Parkinsons disease, using a transgenic strain of zebrafish with fluorescent labeling of cells that express the dopamine transporter. The pretectum and ventral diencephalon exhibited reductions in cell numbers due to L-DOPA treatment while reticulospinal neurons that do not express the DAT were unaffected, and this was partially rescued by monoamine oxidase inhibition. Consistent with the ...
https://www2.humboldt.edu/psychology/story/faculty-research-neurotoxicology
D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons | ScienceD1 and D2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons | Science
The striatum, which is the major component of the basal ganglia in the brain, is regulated in part by dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra. Severe movement disorders result from the loss of striatal dopamine in patients with Parkinsons disease. Rats with lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway caused by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) serve as a model for Parkinsons disease and show alterations in gene expression in the two major output systems of the striatum to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Striatopallidal neurons show a 6-OHDA-induced elevation in their specific expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding the D2 dopamine receptor and enkephalin, which is reversed by subsequent continuous treatment with the D2 agonist quinpirole. Conversely, striatonigral neurons show a 6-OHDA-induced reduction in their specific expression of mRNAs encoding the D1 dopamine receptor and substance P, which is reversed by subsequent daily injections of the D1 agonist SKF-38393. This ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/250/4986/1429
How to Increase Dopamine Naturally - Get Free Websites in MinutesHow to Increase Dopamine Naturally - Get Free Websites in Minutes
Low dopamine levels can lead to a lack of motivation, fatigue, addictive behavior, mood swings, and memory loss. Learn how to increase dopamine naturally. Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter thats […]. The post How to Increase Dopamine Naturally appeared first on Be Brain Fit.. ...
https://getfreewebsitesinminutes.com/how-to-increase-dopamine-naturally/
Two Dopamine Receptors Are Key to Ritalin Activity | www.bioquicknews.comTwo Dopamine Receptors Are Key to Ritalin Activity | www.bioquicknews.com
Research reported by scientists from the University of California-San Francisco (UCSF) has shown that, in a rat model, Ritalin (methylphenidate) boosts both the ability to focus on tasks and the speed of learning by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine through mechanisms involving two distinct dopamine receptors in the amygdala region of the brain. We found that a dopamine receptor, known as the D2 receptor, controls the ability to stay focused on a task--the well-known benefit of Ritalin, said Dr. Patricia Janak, co-senior author of the paper. But we also discovered that another dopamine receptor, D1, underlies learning efficiency. Since we now know that Ritalin improves behavior through two specific types of neurotransmitter receptors, the finding could help in the development of better targeted drugs, with fewer side effects, to increase focus and learning, said Dr. Antonello Bonci, the other co-senior author of the article. The research assessed the ability of rats ...
http://www.bioquicknews.com/node/289
Vision Response to Dopamine Replacement - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govVision Response to Dopamine Replacement - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
In this study the investigators propose that the retina itself in albinism is deficient in dopamine, and vision improvement will occur as a result of improved retinal function in response to the deficient neurotransmitter dopamine. This study has a pretest-posttest design in order to determine if improvement in vision is in response to replacement of deficiency (dopamine). The ERG testing and OCT will be critical determinants to confirm vision improvement as a result of improved retinal function, but are not primary outcome data. Main outcome measures will be collected at pre-treatment, 1 month, 3 months, and 4 months. Change in visual acuity as measured in logMAR by Snellen or SVEP after 3 months of treatment is the primary outcome. Patients include OCA1a patients, OCA1b, OCA2, and unclassified OCA. OCA1a patients clinically are known to have the worst vision, and physiologically have the lowest (or absent) levels of tyrosinase function (Dopamine Production). All patients will be treated with ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01663935?recr=Open&cond=%22Pigmentation+Disorders%22&rank=18
The amphetamine-induced inhibition of dopamine biosynthesis in rat striatum | Meta
The dopamine biosynthetic machinery of intact synaptosomes of rat striatum showed a 5-fold increase in development from 3-day-old neonates to adults, and it was fully developed between 2-3 weeks after birth. Concurring with this development was the appearance 2 weeks after birth of a regulatory mechanism(s) through which amphetamine in vivo induced an inhibition of dopamine biosynthesis. The inhibition was not appreciably reversed when haloperidol, in addition to amphetamine, was administered. ...
https://www.meta.org/papers/the-amphetamine-induced-inhibition-of-dopamine/2484
Pain and Depression: A Neurobiological Perspective of Their RelationshipPain and Depression: A Neurobiological Perspective of Their Relationship
However, recently, in a number of clinical trials with dopaminergic agents have also been conducted and their beneficial effects for controlling pain51 and depression19 have been demonstrated. A recent study investigated whether or not pain-related behavioural depression is mediated by activation of endogenous κ-opioid systems and subsequent depression of mesolimbic dopamine release.52 That study found a crucial role of dopamine neurotransmission in terms of pain-related depression of behaviour, pain-related depression of mesolimbic dopamine release and role of endogenous dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor systems: 1) the acid noxious stimulus also depressed extracellular levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in nucleus accumbens; supporting the fact that depression of mesolimbic dopamine release may contribute to negative affective dimensions of pain; 2) acid-induced depression of dopamine release was blocked by both NSAID and opioid analgesics, indicating the potential relationship of opioid with ...
http://psychiatryinvestigation.org/journal/view.php?number=144
PRIME PubMed | Paraquat induces selective dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration in aging C57BL/6 micePRIME PubMed | Paraquat induces selective dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration in aging C57BL/6 mice
PubMed journal article: Paraquat induces selective dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration in aging C57BL/6 mice. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android
https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/16157030/Paraquat_induces_selective_dopaminergic_nigrostriatal_degeneration_in_aging_C57BL/6_mice_
Overloud Releases DOPAMINE | OverloudOverloud Releases DOPAMINE | Overloud
Overloud releases DOPAMINE, the emulation of two classic tape encoding processors, used as enhancers, designed to revive individual tracks as well as complex mixes while preserving
https://overloud.com/news/overloud-releases-dopamine
Pre-response dopamine transients in the nucleus accumbens :: MPG.PuRePre-response dopamine transients in the nucleus accumbens :: MPG.PuRe
Author: Lloyd, K et al.; Genre: Poster; Published online: 2015-06; Title: Pre-response dopamine transients in the nucleus accumbens
https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_3319411_1
Temporal Expression of Mutant LRRK2 in Adult Rats Impairs Dopamine Reuptake [Abstract]Temporal Expression of Mutant LRRK2 in Adult Rats Impairs Dopamine Reuptake [Abstract]
Abstract. Parkinsons disease (PD) results from progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Most PD cases are sporadic, but some have pathogenic mutation in the individual genes. Mutation of the leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) gene is associated with familial and sporadic PD, as exemplified by G2019S substitution. While constitutive expression of mutant LRRK2 in transgenic mice fails to induce neuron death, transient expression of the disease gene by viral delivery causes a substantial loss of dopaminergic neurons in mice. To further assess LRRK2 pathogenesis, we created inducible transgenic rats expressing human LRRK2 with G2019S substitution. Temporal overexpression of LRRK2G2019S in adult rats impaired dopamine reuptake by dopamine transporter (DAT) and thus enhanced locomotor activity, the phenotypes that were not observed in transgenic rats constitutively expressing the gene throughout life time. Reduced DAT binding activity is an early sign of dopaminergic dysfunction in ...
http://www.ijbs.com/v07p0753
Plus itPlus it
Dopamine (DA) release varies within subregions and local environments of the striatum, suggesting that controls intrinsic and extrinsic to the DA fibers and terminals regulate release. While applying fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and using tonic and phasic stimulus trains, we investigated the regulation of DA release in the dorsolateral to ventral striatum. The ratio of phasic-to-tonic-evoked DA signals varied with the average ongoing firing frequency, and the ratio was generally higher in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) compared with the dorsolateral striatum. At the normal average firing frequency, burst stimulation produces a larger increase in the DA response in the NAc than the dorsolateral striatum. This finding was comparable whether the DA measurements were made using in vitro brain slices or were recorded in vivo from freely moving rodents. Blockade of the dopamine transporters and dopamine D2 receptors particularly enhanced the tonic DA signals. Conversely, blockade of nicotinic ...
https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/76/2/396
Pro-Leu-GlyNH2 affects dopamine and noradrenaline utilization in rat limbic-forebrain nucleiPro-Leu-GlyNH2 affects dopamine and noradrenaline utilization in rat limbic-forebrain nuclei
The effects of Pro-Leu-GlyNH2 (PLG), administered i.c.v. in doses of 3.5, 35, 350 and 3500 pmol, were studied on the α-MPT-induced disappearance of catecholamines in microdissected rat brain nuclei. PLG, dose-dependently, increased dopamine disappearance in the nucleus caudatus and globus pallidus, whereas a decrease in dopamine disappearance was observed in ... read more the nucleus dorsomedialis. Noradrenaline disappearance was decreased in the medial septal nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area and lateral amygdala. A tendency towards an increase in noradrenaline disappearance was observed in the nucl. supraopticus. These data show that PLG has a central site of action. The effects of PLG on dopamine disappearance are comparable to those previously found with vasopressin, while the effects of PLG on noradrenaline utilization show a striking similarity with those previously obtained with oxytocin. show less ...
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/17420
Leicester Research Archive: Modelling ischaemia in vitro: Effects of temperature and glucose concentration on dopamine release...
Modelling ischaemia in vitro: Effects of temperature and glucose concentration on dopamine release evoked by oxygen and glucose depletion in a mouse brain ...
https://lra.le.ac.uk/handle/2381/11276
How to Supercharge Your Dopamine Levels Naturally and Never Feel Less Anxious Again - Truth RevolutionHow to Supercharge Your Dopamine Levels Naturally and Never Feel Less Anxious Again - Truth Revolution
The opiates bind to the opiate receptors in the brain, increasing a dopamine release, but once gone, there is an ever-increasing need for more opiate (or other drug) to induce the same dopamine-high. This is what causes drug addicts to resort to ever increasing, negative behaviors to get their next fix. The dopamine high is that desirable.. In experiments conducted with mice, when the same nerve bundle that causes an opiate release was stimulated when they pressed a lever, the mice, left to their own devices, would press the lever thousands of times in an hour, due to the pleasurable feelings the dopamine would induce. A later experiment (conducted unethically on a human being) showed a similar response. Over the course of three hours, a person would press a button which triggered a dopamine dump thousands of times to get an immense emotional boost.. We get little dopamine dumps in our brains with less destructive behaviors - like making money, having sex, and even winning a video game, but ...
https://thetruthrevolution.net/how-to-supercharge-your-dopamine-levels-naturally-and-never-feel-less-anxious-again/
Dopamine System: Mapping neural circuits with CLARITY | eLifeDopamine System: Mapping neural circuits with CLARITY | eLife
Menegas et al. used a combination of a powerful anatomical technique called CLARITY (Chung et al., 2013) and light-sheet microscopy to map the input and output projections of dopamine neurons in an intact mouse brain. First, subsets of dopamine neurons were classified according to which of eight regions - medial pre-frontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, central amygdala, globus pallidus, ventral striatum, dorsal striatum, tail of the striatum, or lateral habenula - they projected onto. Next, a given subset, based on its projection target, was infected to express two proteins (avian retroviral receptor and rabies virus envelop glycoprotein). Then, three weeks later, a modified rabies virus was injected into the dopamine neurons. This virus spreads retrogradely and labels neurons projecting to the dopamine neurons with green fluorescent protein. Menegas et al. had to develop a suite of new data acquisition and analysis tools to map the 3D position of the fluorescently labeled neurons and align ...
https://elifesciences.org/articles/11409
The effects of benzofury (5-APB) on the dopamine transporter and 5-HT2-dependent vasoconstriction in the rat - CLOK - Central...The effects of benzofury (5-APB) on the dopamine transporter and 5-HT2-dependent vasoconstriction in the rat - CLOK - Central...
from rat brain tissue suggesting affinity at the dopamine transporter and 5-HT2 receptor sites respectively. Voltammetric studies in rat accumbens brain slices revealed that 5-APB slowed dopamine reuptake, and at high concentrations caused reverse transport of dopamine. 5-APB also caused vasoconstriction of rat aorta, an effect antagonized by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin, and caused contraction of rat stomach fundus, which was reversed by the 5-HT2B receptor antagonist RS-127445. These data show that 5-APB interacts with the dopamine transporter and is an agonist at the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors in the rat. Thus 5-APBs pharmacology is consistent with it having both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. In addition, 5-APBs activity at the 5-HT2B receptor may cause cardiotoxicity.. ...
http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/18222/
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT: SEROTONIN 2B RECEPTORS IN MESOACCUMBENS DOPAMINE PATHWAY REGULATE COCAINE RESPONSES | École des...
ENP team leader Luc Maroteaux and coll determine to unravel links between serotonin and dopamine systems in development and pathophysiological situations. Cocaïne, a powerfully addictive stimulant drug because of the changes it creates in the brain after repeated use, is known to increase levels of the brain dopamine.
http://www.paris-neuroscience.fr/fr/articlevulgarisation/research-highlight-serotonin-2b-receptors-mesoaccumbens-dopamine-pathway
Controlled release of dopamine from a polymeric brain implant In vivo characterization.Controlled release of dopamine from a polymeric brain implant In vivo characterization.
Controlled Release of Dopamine from a Polymeric Brain Implant: In Vivo Characterization Matthew J. During, MD, FRACP,t, Andrew Freese, BA,S§, Bernhard A. Sabel, PhDJI W. Mark Saltzrnan, PhD,$§ Arie1 Deutch, PhD,* Robert H. Roth, PhD,X and Robert Langer, ScDS§ Intracerebrai microdialysiswas used to evaiuate the long-term in vivo release of dopamine from ethylene-vinylacetate (EVAddopamine copolymer matrix discs for up to 65 days followingstriatai implantation. Dopamine release occurred through a single cavity present on one side of the disc, which was otherwise fdly coated with an additionai, imperme&le layer of EVAc. At 20 days following implantation of the device, extracelldar concentrations of dopamine within the striatum reached micromolar levels, over 200-fold greater than contro1vaiues. Release of dopamine was shown to be stable and maintained for the 2-month duration of the experiment. Histological examination confirmed the biocompatible nature of the implant. There are potential ...
https://www.docme.ru/doc/1918334/controlled-release-of-dopamine-from-a-polymeric-brain-imp..
Effects of Corticorelin Administration on Dopamine Transmission, Craving, and Mood in Cocaine Dependence - Full Text View -...Effects of Corticorelin Administration on Dopamine Transmission, Craving, and Mood in Cocaine Dependence - Full Text View -...
SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY The project will, in a sample of cocaine-dependent (CD) and healthy control (HC) subjects, use administration of Corticorelin, a synthetic form of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)and PET imaging to assess dopamine (DA) transmission in addiction. We will use [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET to measure striatal DA receptor binding on two occasions: 1) following corticorelin administration and 2) following saline. The change in receptor binding between the two occasions (i.e., displacement of [11C]-(+)-PHNO by endogenous DA) will index DA release.. SUBJECTS CD subjects will meet DSM-IV criteria for abuse or dependence and be ~10d cocaine abstinent at the time of PET. HC will be recruited to match CD on age, sex, education, and cigarette smoking.. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES We will measure [11C]-(+)-PHNO binding on two occasions (corticorelin, saline), with the difference between conditions indexing dopamine release; this measure will then be compared between cocaine-dependent and control ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01984177?recr=Open&cond=%22Cocaine-Related+Disorders%22&rank=4
Memantine selectively blocks extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in rat substantia nigra dopamine neurons<...Memantine selectively blocks extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in rat substantia nigra dopamine neurons<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Memantine selectively blocks extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in rat substantia nigra dopamine neurons. AU - Wu, Yan Na. AU - Johnson, Steven W.. N1 - Funding Information: This study was supported by a Veterans Affairs Merit (0383) Grant (SWJ) and by the Parkinson׳s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center at Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System .. PY - 2015/4/7. Y1 - 2015/4/7. N2 - Recent studies suggest that selective block of extrasynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors might protect against neurodegeneration. We recorded whole-cell currents with patch pipettes to characterize the ability of memantine, a low-affinity NMDA channel blocker, to block synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in substantia nigra zona compacta (SNC) dopamine neurons in slices of rat brain. Pharmacologically isolated NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs were evoked by electrical stimulation, whereas synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors were activated by superfusing the slice with NMDA (10 ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/memantine-selectively-blocks-extrasynaptic-nmda-receptors-in-rat--2
Is Attenuation of Extracellular Dopamine Increase in the Nucleus Accumbens the Major Mechanism by which Dexmedetomidine...Is Attenuation of Extracellular Dopamine Increase in the Nucleus Accumbens the Major Mechanism by which Dexmedetomidine...
I am very impressed with the recent article by Whittington et al. , which demonstrated that dexmedetomidine increased the cocaine-induced seizure threshold via the attenuation of the cocaine-induced increase in extracellular dopamine concentration in the rat nucleus accumbens. 1It is true that the increase in extracellular dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens may be closely related to the cocaine-induced seizure activity because cocaine inhibits dopamine transporters, but recent studies have suggested that Ï‚ receptors, which are endoplasmic reticulum protein and directly activated by cocaine, are more likely involved in the cocaine-induced seizure activity than the dopamine transporters. 2On the other hand, we have recently demonstrated that ketamine, which has anticonvulsant and also proconvulsant properties, markedly increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. 3Ketamine affected the Ï‚ receptors 4and ketamine-induced c-fos protein expression in the posterior cingulate and ...
https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/98/6/1520/39363/Is-Attenuation-of-Extracellular-Dopamine-Increase
Differential development of autoreceptor subsensitivity and enhanced dopamine release during amphetamine sensitization<...Differential development of autoreceptor subsensitivity and enhanced dopamine release during amphetamine sensitization<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Differential development of autoreceptor subsensitivity and enhanced dopamine release during amphetamine sensitization. AU - Wolf, Marina. AU - White, F. J.. AU - Nassar, R.. AU - Brooderson, R. J.. AU - Khansa, M. R.. PY - 1993/1/1. Y1 - 1993/1/1. N2 - Various changes in the function of dopamine neurons have been proposed to underly the development of behavioral sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of d-amphetamine. The present study examined the relative importance of two such mechanisms after both short (3-4 days off) and longer (10-14 days off) withdrawals from repeated amphetamine or saline injection (1 mg/kg/day, days 1-5 and 8-12). First, single-unit recording was used to examine the sensitivity of impulse-regulating somatodendritic autoreceptors located on mesoaccumbens dopamine neurons in the rat ventral tegmental area. Second, in vivo microdialysis was used to examine the ability of amphetamine challenge to increase extracellular dopamine levels in the rat ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/differential-development-of-autoreceptor-subsensitivity-and-enhan
Adenosine a(2a) receptors modulate the binding characteristics of dopamine d-2 receptors in stably cotransfected fibroblast...Adenosine a(2a) receptors modulate the binding characteristics of dopamine d-2 receptors in stably cotransfected fibroblast...
In membrane preparations from rat striatum, where adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors are coexpressed, stimulation of adenosine A2A receptors was found to decrease the affinity of dopamine D2 receptors for dopamine agonists. We now demonstrate the existence of this antagonistic interaction in a fibroblast cell line (Ltk-) stably transfected with the human dopamine D2 (long-form) receptor and the dog adenosine A2A receptor cDNAs (A2A-D2 cells). In A2A-D2 cells, but not in control cells only containing dopamine D2 receptors (D2 cells), the selective adenosine A2A agonist 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)-phenethylamino]-5-N-ethyl-carboxamido adenosine (CGS 21680) induced a 2-3-fold decrease in the affinity of dopamine D2 receptors for dopamine, as shown in competition experiments with dopamine versus the selective dopamine D2 antagonist [3H]raclopride. By contrast, activation of the constitutively expressed adenosine A2B receptors with 5-N-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine (NECA) did not modify dopamine D2 ...
https://vivo.scripps.edu/display/endnote22254
Creative Enzymes Introduces the Molecular Basis of Dopamine for Anti-inflammatory: cAMP | News Hawk Online
Dopamine is a classic central neurotransmitter, which is synthesized by dopaminergic neurons and stored in vesicles, and may be released from neurons by cell cleavage. Dopamine acts on the dopamine receptor, and changes the cell membrane on the ion permeability through a series of reactions, resulting in physiological effects. Dopamine has the effect of regulating physical activity, mental activity, endocrine and cardiovascular activity. Dopaminergic neuronal lesions can lead to a variety of diseases, such as Parkinsons disease, schizophrenia and so on.. By the fifties, dopamine had been thought to be a precursor of synthetic norepinephrine. A team of pioneering studies confirmed that dopamine was an important neurotransmitter in the brain and that there was a close relationship with Parkinsons disease. Since then, scientists had conducted a lot of researches on dopamine, and people had deepen understanding on such magical small molecules.. It is now generally accepted that dopamine receptors ...
http://www.newshawkonline.com/story/132023/creative-enzymes-introduces-the-molecular-basis-of-dopamine-for-antiinflammatory-camp.html
Functional Upregulation of Ca2+ -Activated K+ Channels in the Development of Substantia Nigra Dopamine NeuronsFunctional Upregulation of Ca2+ -Activated K+ Channels in the Development of Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons
Many connections in the basal ganglia are made around birth when animals are exposed to a host of new affective, cognitive, and sensori-motor stimuli. It is thought that dopamine modulates cortico-striatal synapses that result in the strengthening of those connections that lead to desired outcomes. We propose that there must be a time before which stimuli cannot be processed into functional connections, otherwise it would imply an effective link between stimulus, response, and reward in uterus. Consistent with these ideas, we present evidence that early in development dopamine neurons are electrically immature and do not produce high-frequency firing in response to salient stimuli. We ask first, what makes dopamine neurons immature? and second, what are the implications of this immaturity for the basal ganglia? As an answer to the first question, we find that at birth the outward current is small (3nS-V), insensitive to Ca2z, TEA, BK, and SK blockers. Rapidly after birth, the outward current ...
https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/8766
Dopaminergic - WikipediaDopaminergic - Wikipedia
Dopaminergic means related to dopamine (literally, working on dopamine), dopamine being a common neurotransmitter. Dopaminergic substances or actions increase dopamine-related activity in the brain. Dopaminergic brain structures facilitate dopamine-related activity. For example, certain proteins such as the dopamine transporter (DAT), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and dopamine receptors can be classified as dopaminergic, and neurons that synthesize or contain dopamine and synapses with dopamine receptors in them may also be labeled as dopaminergic. Enzymes that regulate the biosynthesis or metabolism of dopamine such as aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase or DOPA decarboxylase, monoamine oxidase (MAO), and catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT) may be referred to as dopaminergic as well. Also, any endogenous or exogenous chemical substance that acts to affect dopamine receptors or dopamine release through indirect actions (for example, on neurons that synapse onto neurons that ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminergic
Dopamine, vesicular transporters, and dopamine receptor expression in rat major salivary glands | Pubblicazioni Scientifiche...Dopamine, vesicular transporters, and dopamine receptor expression in rat major salivary glands | Pubblicazioni Scientifiche...
The localization of dopamine stores and the expression and localization of dopamine (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT) type-1 and -2 and of dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptor subtypes were investigated in rat submandibular, sublingual, and parotid salivary glands by HPLC with electrochemical detection, as well as immunochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Male Wistar rats of 2 mo of age were used. The highest dopamine levels were measured in the parotid gland, followed by the submandibular and sublingual glands. Western blot analysis revealed DAT, VMAT-1, VMAT-2, and dopamine receptors immunoreactivity in membrane preparations obtained from the three glands investigated. Immunostaining for dopamine and transporters was developed within striated ducts. Salivary glands processed for dopamine receptors immunohistochemistry developed an immunoreaction primarily in striated and excretory ducts. In the submandibular gland, acinar cells displayed strong immunoreactivity for ...
https://pubblicazioni.unicam.it/handle/11581/388836
Amphetamine-induced dopamine release and neurocognitive function in treatment-naive adults with ADHD. | The Douglas Research...Amphetamine-induced dopamine release and neurocognitive function in treatment-naive adults with ADHD. | The Douglas Research...
Converging evidence from clinical, preclinical, neuroimaging, and genetic research implicates dopamine neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The in vivo neuroreceptor imaging evidence also suggests alterations in the dopamine system in ADHD; however, the nature and behavioral significance of those have not yet been established. Here, we investigated striatal dopaminergic function in ADHD using [(11)C]raclopride PET with a d-amphetamine challenge. We also examined the relationship of striatal dopamine responses to ADHD symptoms and neurocognitive function. A total of 15 treatment-free, noncomorbid adult males with ADHD (age: 29.87 ± 8.65) and 18 healthy male controls (age: 25.44 ± 6.77) underwent two PET scans: one following a lactose placebo and the other following d-amphetamine (0.3 mg/kg, p.o.), administered double blind and in random order counterbalanced across groups. In a separate session without a drug, participants performed a ...
https://douglas.research.mcgill.ca/amphetamine-induced-dopamine-release-and-neurocognitive-function-treatment-naive-adults-adhd
New drugs for cocaine usersNew drugs for cocaine users
Cocaine abuse is a serious health problem in many areas of the world, yet there are no proven effective medications for the treatment of cocaine dependence.Preclinical studies suggest that the reinforcing effect of cocaine that promotes its abuse is mediated by blockade of the presynaptic dopamine transporter. This results in increased dopamine activity in the mesolimbic or meso-accumbens dopamine reward system of brain. Development of new medications to treat cocaine dependence has focused on manipulation of this dopamine system, either by direct action on dopamine binding sites (transporter or receptors) or indirectly by affecting other neurotransmitter systems that modulate the dopamine system. In principle, a medication could act via one of three mechanisms: (i) as a substitute for cocaine by producing similar dopamine effects; (ii) as a cocaine antagonist by blocking the binding of cocaine to the dopamine transporter; or (iii) as a modulator of cocaine effects by acting at other than the ...
https://www.erythroxylum-coca.com/addiction/treatment.html
The Iowa Gambling Task and the three fallacies of dopamine in gambling disorderThe Iowa Gambling Task and the three fallacies of dopamine in gambling disorder
Gambling disorder sufferers prefer immediately larger rewards despite long term losses on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and these impairments are associated with dopamine dysfunctions. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter linked with temporal and structural dysfunctions in substance use disorder, which has supported the idea of impaired decision-making and dopamine dysfunctions in gambling disorder. However, evidence from substance use disorders cannot be directly transferred to gambling disorder. This article focuses on three hypotheses of dopamine dysfunctions in gambling disorder, which appear to be fallacies, i.e., have not been supported in a series of positron emission tomography (PET) studies. The first fallacy suggests that gambling disorder sufferers have lower dopamine receptor availability, as seen in substance use disorders. However, no evidence supported this hypothesis. The second fallacy suggests that maladaptive decision-making in gambling disorder is associated with higher ...
https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/11878872
Unique properties of mesoprefrontal neurons within a dual mesocorticolimbic dopamine systemUnique properties of mesoprefrontal neurons within a dual mesocorticolimbic dopamine system
The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system is essential for cognitive and emotive brain functions and is thus an important target in major brain diseases like schizophrenia, drug addiction, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the cellular basis for the diversity in behavioral functions …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18341995/?dopt=Abstract
Localization of dopamine receptor subtypes in systemic arteries | Pubblicazioni Scientifiche UnicamLocalization of dopamine receptor subtypes in systemic arteries | Pubblicazioni Scientifiche Unicam
Dopamine D1-D5 receptor protein immunoreactivity was investigated in different sized pial, renal and mesenteric artery branches using immunohistochemical techniques and anti-dopamine D1-D5 receptor protein antibodies. Faint dopamine D1 receptor protein immunoreactivity was observed in smooth muscle of tunica media of pial, renal and mesenteric artery branches. Dopamine D2 receptor protein immunoreactivity was located in the adventitia and adventitia-media border of pial and renal artery branches and to a lesser extent of mesenteric artery branches. No dopamine D3 receptor protein immunoreactivity was observed in pial and mesenteric arteries. In renal arteries a moderate dopamine D3 receptor immunoreactivity was detectable in the adventitia and adventitia-media border. A strong dopamine D4 receptor protein immunoreactivity displaying the same localization of dopamine D2 receptor protein was observed in pial and mesenteric arteries, but not in renal artery branches. Moderate dopamine D5 receptor ...
https://pubblicazioni.unicam.it/handle/11581/5451
A site-specific mutation of tyrosine hydroxylase reduces feedback inhibition by dopamine in genetically modified cells grafted...A site-specific mutation of tyrosine hydroxylase reduces feedback inhibition by dopamine in genetically modified cells grafted...
TY - JOUR. T1 - A site-specific mutation of tyrosine hydroxylase reduces feedback inhibition by dopamine in genetically modified cells grafted in parkinsonian rats. AU - Chang, J. W.. AU - Lee, W. Y.. AU - Milstien, S.. AU - Kang, U. J.. PY - 2002/10. Y1 - 2002/10. N2 - Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) is necessary for conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine. Therefore, AADC gene therapy has been proposed to enhance pharmacological or gene therapies delivering L-DOPA. However, addition of AADC to the grafts of genetically modified cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1), which produce L-DOPA in parkinsonian rats, resulted in decreased production of L-DOPA and dopamine owing to feedback inhibition of TH by dopamine. End-product feedback inhibition has been shown to be mediated by the regulatory domain of TH, and site-specific mutation of serine 40 makes TH less susceptible to dopamine inhibition. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of using TH with serine ...
https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-site-specific-mutation-of-tyrosine-hydroxylase-reduces-feedback
Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine NeuronsPredictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons
CiteWeb id: 19980000092. CiteWeb score: 5133. Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1-27, 1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse suggest that midbrain dopamine systems are involved in processing reward information and learning approach behavior. Most dopamine neurons show phasic activations after primary liquid and food rewards and conditioned, reward-predicting visual and auditory stimuli. They show biphasic, activation-depression responses after stimuli that resemble reward-predicting stimuli or are novel or particularly salient. However, only few phasic activations follow aversive stimuli. Thus dopamine neurons label environmental stimuli with appetitive value, predict and detect rewards and signal alerting and motivating events. By failing to discriminate between different rewards, dopamine neurons appear to emit an alerting message about the surprising presence or absence of rewards. All ...
http://citeweb.info/19980000092
Dopamine | Excel Martial ArtsDopamine | Excel Martial Arts
DOPAMINE. The Key to Increased Motivation and Focus in Children and Teens. Have you ever wondered why children and teens seem to be so addicted to their smart phones and other devices? Parents are frustrated with their childrens lack of attention and motivation but what do their devices have to do with this? The answer is found in science!. Often referred to as the motivator molecule, dopamine is a feel good chemical that is released in the brain which helps us focus and feel motivated. When dopamine levels are low, it can result in symptoms such as difficulty focusing, decreased motivation, trouble problem-solving, and social anxiety. Therefore, many ADHD medications target dopamine levels.. When children and teens have low dopamine levels, we often find that they spend more time on video games and smartphone apps, and some tend to be thrill seekers. These things give a boost of dopamine, which makes them feel good and then leads to them seeking out more of the same thing. This constant ...
https://martialartsportcoquitlam.com/2020/03/03/dopamine/
Dopamine release and uptake dynamics within nonhuman primate striatum in vitro. - Department of Physiology, Anatomy and...
The putamen of the human striatum is a heterogeneous nucleus that contains the primary site of loss of dopamine (DA) in Parkinsons disease (PD). Furthermore, different functional domains of the putamen are heterogeneously susceptible to DA loss, and yet the dynamic regulation of extracellular DA concentration ([DA](o)) and comparison between domains has not been explored in the primate brain. In these studies, DA was measured in real time using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at a carbon-fiber microelectrode in vitro in striatal sections from the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). [DA](o) released by a single stimulus pulse varied threefold along a ventromedial-dorsolateral axis. DA uptake was via the DA transporter (GBR12909 sensitive, desipramine insensitive). On the basis of data modeling with simulations of Michaelis-Menten kinetics, rate maximum, V(max), varied with region: both [DA](o) and V(max) were greatest in regions most vulnerable in PD. These differences were reflected in part by regional
https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/publications/114047
Tyrosine depletion attenuates dopamine function in healthy volunteers. | SOTO USA
University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK. RATIONALE: Tyrosine depletion has been shown to reduce dopamine over activity in animal and human investigations. However, the effects on basal dopamine function have not been explored. Such information could establish tyrosine depletion as an effective probe of dopamine function in healthy volunteers and would also have relevance for future therapeutic applications of this manipulation.. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the effect of acute tyrosine depletion on dopamine function in healthy volunteers using a combination of neuroendocrine, neuropsychological and subjective measures.. METHODS: On one occasion, volunteers received an amino acid drink selectively lacking tyrosine and phenylalanine (TYR-free), whilst on the other they received a balanced (BAL) amino acid drink. Plasma prolactin, amino acid levels and subjective state were monitored over 6 h following the two drinks, and volunteers also completed a battery ...
https://soto-usa.com/tyrosine-depletion-attenuates-dopamine-function-in-healthy-volunteers/
THE BEST HERBAL TESTOSTERONE BOOSTERS - GymMyth.comTHE BEST HERBAL TESTOSTERONE BOOSTERS - GymMyth.com
Mucuna pruriens is an Ayurvedic herb that has been used for centuries to increase libido, energy, optimize blood sugar, mood support, and is well known for its powers as an adaptogen. Mucuna has been shown to increase the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is very important for optimal brain health. Optimal hormone production starts with brain health and optimal levels of dopamine are critical for brain health.. Dopamine is a powerhouse neurotransmitter that provides the boost you need to get out of bed in the morning and take charge of your day. It also plays a big role in sex drive and sexual function. Dopamine controls the sex hormone control center of the brain. Dopamine is also a powerful growth hormone booster and reduces levels of prolactin. Prolactin is a nasty hormone that lowers testosterone levels in men. According to anti-aging expert Dr. Eric Braverman, dopamine is intimately connected to addictive behavior. People with low dopamine levels are often addicted to sources of quick ...
http://gymmyth.com/2015/09/hormone/
what does dopamine do
There are several foods that boost serotonin levels, such as salmon, chicken, … Dopamine is important for many brain and body functions. Dopamine & norepinephrine are two critical neurotransmitters that regulate your mood and behavior. Medically reviewed by David Ozeri, MD What Is Lithium? Do whatever it takes to exercise and try to reach that runners high. Includes dopamine side effects, interactions and indications. So, what is it why does it make us feel so good? Dopamine plays an important role in controlling motor behavior, the emotional reward, and behavior motivation mechanisms. - Veronika Polozkova . The oral dopamine agonist bromocriptine also augmented GHRH-stimulated GH secretion. At the very least, a good diet or even restricting food intake can increase dopamine receptors [5]. Dopamine plays a part in controlling the movements a person makes, as well as their emotional responses. read non-fiction books, especially spiritual texts such as Peace Is Every Step enjoy nourishing ...
http://oftavision.com.br/tune-up-ezu/what-does-dopamine-do-8bbea6
Effects of Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside on Liver P450 Enzym e Expressions in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Dopamine Neuronal...Effects of Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside on Liver P450 Enzym e Expressions in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Dopamine Neuronal...
Title:Effects of Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside on Liver P450 Enzym e Expressions in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Dopamine Neuronal Dama ge Rats. VOLUME: 14 ISSUE: 8. Author(s):Guo-Qing Wang, Yan-Zhen Zhou, Jia-Wei Tian, Jing-Shan Shi, Jie Liu and Feng Zhang*. Affiliation:Key Lab of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, Department of Ear-Nose-Throat Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, Key Lab of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, Key Lab of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, Key Lab of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, Key Lab of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, 201 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000. Keywords:Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside, rat liver, dopaminergic neuronal damage, ...
https://www.eurekaselect.com/148169/article
Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) and dopamine DA1 agonist-sensitive Na+,K+-ATPase in renal tubule cells. ...Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) and dopamine DA1 agonist-sensitive Na+,K+-ATPase in renal tubule cells. ...
The cellular localization of DARPP-32, a dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32,000 that appears to mediate certain actions of dopamine in the mammalian brain by acting as an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1, was studied in the kidney of several species. DARPP-32 mRNA and DARPP-32-like immunoreactivity were found in the cytoplasm of cells in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The specific dopamine DA1 agonist SKF 82526 caused a dose-dependent inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity, which could be blocked by SCH 23390, a specific DA1 antagonist, and by PKI-(5-24) amide, a specific inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The results indicate that DA1 dopamine receptors and DARPP-32, an intracellular third messenger for dopamine, are part of the signal-transduction process for dopamine acting on renal tubule cells. ...
https://anesthesiology.weill.cornell.edu/publications/dopamine-and-camp-regulated-phosphoprotein-darpp-32-and-dopamine-da1-agonist-sensitive
Tobaccos minor alkaloids: Effects on place conditioning and nucleus accumbens dopamine release in adult and adolescent rats. -...Tobaccos minor alkaloids: Effects on place conditioning and nucleus accumbens dopamine release in adult and adolescent rats. -...
Tobacco products are some of the most commonly used psychoactive drugs worldwide. Besides nicotine, alkaloids in tobacco include cotinine, myosmine, and anatabine. Scientific investigation of these constituents and their contribution to tobacco dependence is less well developed than for nicotine. The present study evaluated the nucleus accumbens dopamine-releasing properties and rewarding and/or aversive properties of nicotine (0.2-0.8mg/kg), cotinine (0.5-5.0mg/kg), anatabine (0.5-5.0mg/kg), and myosmine (5.0-20.0mg/kg) through in vivo microdialysis and place conditioning, respectively, in adult and adolescent male rats. Nicotine increased dopamine release at both ages, and anatabine and myosmine increased dopamine release in adults, but not adolescents. The dopamine release results were not related to place conditioning, as nicotine and cotinine had no effect on place conditioning, whereas anatabine and myosmine produced aversion in both ages. While the nucleus accumbens shell is hypothesized to play
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Tobacco-s-minor-alkaloids-Effects-on-place-conditi-Marusich-Darna/8a98dbf774e4b99cf4bcc48097a09ffdeae2d20d
Putamen-midbrain functional connectivity is related to striatal dopamine transporter availability in patients with Lewy body...Putamen-midbrain functional connectivity is related to striatal dopamine transporter availability in patients with Lewy body...
Prior work has shown that functional connectivity between the midbrain and putamen is altered in patients with impairments in the dopamine system. This study examines whether individual differences in midbrain-striatal connectivity are proportional to the integrity of the dopamine system in patients with nigrostriatal dopamine loss (Parkinsons disease and dementia with Lewy bodies). We assessed functional connectivity of the putamen during resting state fMRI and dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in the striatum using 11C-Altropane PET in twenty patients. In line with the hypothesis that functional connectivity between the midbrain and the putamen reflects the integrity of the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system, putamen-midbrain functional connectivity was significantly correlated with striatal DAT availability even after stringent control for effects of head motion. DAT availability did not relate to functional connectivity between the caudate and thalamus/prefrontal areas. As such, ...
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:867760
PRIME PubMed | Dissociation of prolactin secretion from tuberoinfundibular dopamine activity in late pregnant ratsPRIME PubMed | Dissociation of prolactin secretion from tuberoinfundibular dopamine activity in late pregnant rats
PubMed journal article: Dissociation of prolactin secretion from tuberoinfundibular dopamine activity in late pregnant rats. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android
https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/11356724/Dissociation_of_prolactin_secretion_from_tuberoinfundibular_dopamine_activity_in_late_pregnant_rats_
Chronic continuous administration of neuroleptic drugs alters cerebral dopamine receptors and increases spontaneous...Chronic continuous administration of neuroleptic drugs alters cerebral dopamine receptors and increases spontaneous...
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that the illness is due to overactivity of dopamine mechanisms in the brain. This hypothesis is based on two facts: (1) drugs, such as amphetamine, that enhance dopaminergic neurotransmission in the brain, may occasionally provoke a schizophrenic psychosis; and (2) acute administration of neuroleptic drugs, which are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses, causes blockade of brain dopamine receptors and initiates a chain of compensatory events which attempt to overcome such an action. We have previously shown that administration of neuroleptic drugs to rats for up to 18 months produces unexpected effects1,2: after 6 months, all signs of blockade of dopamine receptors in the striatum have disappeared, and thereafter striatal dopamine receptors increase in number and become behaviourally supersensitive to administered dopamine agonists such as apomorphine. We now show that such chronic exposure to neuroleptics completely alters ...
https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/94x43/chronic-continuous-administration-of-neuroleptic-drugs-alters-cerebral-dopamine-receptors-and-increases-spontaneous-dopaminergic-action-in-the-striatum
Increased Dopamine Transporter Function as an Early Phenotype of PD, Prior to Dopamine Neuron Cell Death | Parkinsons DiseaseIncreased Dopamine Transporter Function as an Early Phenotype of PD, Prior to Dopamine Neuron Cell Death | Parkinsons Disease
Since the identification of a number of Parkinsons disease genes in humans, much effort has been spent at developing pre-clinical models of the disease. However, most genetic pre-clinical models have been disappointing because the mutations do not usually lead to the death of dopamine-containing neurons, as is seen in humans. However, these models may help to identify early symptoms of Parkinsons disease that appear prior to cell death. In the present project, our main goal will be to evaluate whether an early phenotype common to many Parkinsons disease genetic models is a perturbation of the function of the dopamine transporter, a protein that works to recycle dopamine after its release in the brain ...
https://www.michaeljfox.org/foundation/grant-detail.php?grant_id=744
α2-adrenoceptor mediated inhibition of [3H]dopamine release from nucleus accumbens slices and monoamine levels in a rat model...α2-adrenoceptor mediated inhibition of [3H]dopamine release from nucleus accumbens slices and monoamine levels in a rat model...
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been proposed as an animal model for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The behavioural problems have been suggested to be secondary to altered reinforcement mechanisms in which nucleus accumbens dopaminergic activity plays an important role. Interaction between the noradrenergic and dopaminergic system in the nucleus accumbens has been implicated in the locomotor hyperactivity and impaired discriminative performance of SHR. The present study therefore investigated whether there was any change in the α2-adrenoceptor mediated inhibition of dopamine release from nucleus accumbens slices of SHR in comparison with their normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. The electrically stimulated release of [3H]dopamine (DA) from nucleus accumbens slices was decreased to a similar extent by UK14,304, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, in SHR and WKY. Basal norepinephrine (NE) levels were increased in locus coeruleus (LC) and A2 noradrenergic nuclei, but ...
http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/14212
MTH1, an oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphatase, protects the dopamine neurons from oxidative damage in nucleic acids caused...
TY - JOUR. T1 - MTH1, an oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphatase, protects the dopamine neurons from oxidative damage in nucleic acids caused by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. AU - Yamaguchi, H.. AU - Kajitani, K.. AU - Dan, Y.. AU - Furuichi, M.. AU - Ohno, M.. AU - Sakumi, K.. AU - Kang, D.. AU - Nakabeppu, Yusaku. PY - 2006/4/1. Y1 - 2006/4/1. N2 - We previously reported that 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) accumulates in the cytoplasm of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinsons disease and the expression of MTH1 carrying an oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphatase activity increases in these neurons, thus suggesting that oxidative damage in nucleic acids is involved in dopamine neuron loss. In the present study, we found that levels of 8-oxoG in cellular DNA and RNA increased in the mouse nigrostriatal system during the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopamine neuron loss induced by the administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/mth1-an-oxidized-purine-nucleoside-triphosphatase-protects-the-do
The Neurotropic Parasite Toxoplasma Gondii Increases Dopamine MetabolismThe Neurotropic Parasite Toxoplasma Gondii Increases Dopamine Metabolism
The highly prevalent parasite Toxoplasma gondii manipulates its hosts behavior. In infected rodents, the behavioral changes increase the likelihood that the parasite will be transmitted back to its definitive cat host, an essential step in completion of the parasites life cycle. The mechanism(s) responsible for behavioral changes in the host is unknown but two lines of published evidence suggest that the parasite alters neurotransmitter signal transduction: the disruption of the parasite-induced behavioral changes with medications used to treat psychiatric disease (specifically dopamine antagonists) and identification of a tyrosine hydroxylase encoded in the parasite genome. In this study, infection of mammalian dopaminergic cells with T. gondii enhanced the levels of K+-induced release of dopamine several-fold, with a direct correlation between the number of infected cells and the quantity of dopamine released. Immunostaining brain sections of infected mice with dopamine antibody showed intense
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0023866
Bilateral effects of unilateral GDNF administration on dopamine- and GABA-regulating proteins in the rat nigrostriatal system<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Bilateral effects of unilateral GDNF administration on dopamine- and GABA-regulating proteins in the rat nigrostriatal system. AU - Salvatore, Michael F.. AU - Gerhardt, Greg A.. AU - Dayton, Robert D.. AU - Klein, Ronald L.. AU - Stanford, John A.. PY - 2009/9. Y1 - 2009/9. N2 - Dopamine (DA) affects GABA neuronal function in the striatum and together these neurotransmitters play a large role in locomotor function. We recently reported that unilateral striatal administration of GDNF, a growth factor that has neurotrophic effects on DA neurons and enhances DA release, bilaterally increased striatal neuron activity related to locomotion in aged rats. We hypothesized that the GDNF enhancement of DA function and resulting bilateral enhancement of striatal neuronal activity was due to prolonged bilateral changes in DA- and GABA-regulating proteins. Therefore in these studies we assessed dopamine- and GABA-regulating proteins in the striatum and substantia nigra (SN) of 24 month old ...
https://experts.unthsc.edu/en/publications/bilateral-effects-of-unilateral-gdnf-administration-on-dopamine-a
Hacking Motivation with Nootropics - Nootropics ExpertHacking Motivation with Nootropics - Nootropics Expert
i] Correa M., Salamone J.D. THE MYSTERIOUS MOTIVATIONAL FUNCTIONS OF MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINE Neuron 2012 Nov 8; 76(3): 470-485. (source). [ii] Treadway T.T. et. Al. Dopaminergic Mechanisms of Individual Differences in Human Effort-Based Decision-Making The Journal of Neuroscience, 2 May 2012, 32(18):6170-6176 (source). [iii] Qi J., Zhang S., Wang H.L., Wang H., de Jesus Aceves Buendia J., Hoffman A.F., Lupica C.R., Seal R.P., Morales M. A glutamatergic reward input from the dorsal raphe to ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. Nature Communications. 2014 Nov 12;5:5390. (source). [iv] Berridge K.C., Robinson T.E. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Research; Brain Research Reviews. 1998 Dec;28(3):309-69. (source). [v] Testa B., Mayer J.M. (1 August 2003). Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 109-. ISBN 978-3-906390-25-3. (source). [vi] Peterson A.L., Gilman T.L., Banks M.L., Sprague J.E. ...
https://nootropicsexpert.com/hacking-motivation-with-nootropics/
Optogenetic Stimulation of Frontal D1 Neurons Compensates for Impaired Temporal Control of Action in Dopamine-Depleted Mice. -...Optogenetic Stimulation of Frontal D1 Neurons Compensates for Impaired Temporal Control of Action in Dopamine-Depleted Mice. -...
Disrupted mesocortical dopamine contributes to cognitive symptoms of Parkinsons disease (PD). Past work has implicated medial frontal neurons expressing D1 dopamine receptors (D1DRs) in temporal processing. Here, we investigated whether these neurons can compensate for behavioral deficits resulting from midbrain dopamine dysfunction. We report three main results. First, both PD patients and mice with ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine depletion had attenuated delta activity (1-4 Hz) in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) during interval timing. Second, we found that optogenetically stimulating MFC D1DR neurons could increase ramping activity among MFC neurons. Finally, stimulating MFC D1DR neurons specifically at delta frequencies (2 Hz) compensated for deficits in temporal control of action caused by VTA dopamine depletion. Our results suggest that cortical networks can be targeted by frequency-specific brain stimulation to improve dopamine-dependent cognitive processing.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Optogenetic-Stimulation-of-Frontal-D1-Neurons-Comp-Kim-Han/65e74424a20a7d567dea3bcdaae7e633d18b7903
The Roles of Accumbal Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptors in Maternal Memory in Rats<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The Roles of Accumbal Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptors in Maternal Memory in Rats. AU - Parada, Mayte. AU - King, Samantha. AU - Li, Ming. AU - Fleming, Alison S.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2011 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2008/4. Y1 - 2008/4. N2 - Female rats show enhanced maternal responsiveness toward their young if they have had maternal experiences before. This kind of maternal experience-based memory is critically dependent on the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, especially the nucleus accumbens (NA) shell. However, the relative contributions of the two main DA receptor systems (D1 and D2) within the shell have not been delineated. This study investigates the roles of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in maternal memory by infusing a selective D1 antagonist, SCH-23390; a selective D2 antagonist, sulpiride; or a combination D1/D2 antagonist, cis-Z-flupenthixol, into the NA shell of postpartum female rats. Sulpiride-infused rats showed a significantly longer latency to ...
https://experts.nebraska.edu/en/publications/the-roles-of-accumbal-dopamine-d1-and-d2-receptors-in-maternal-me
Estrogen Regulation of Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens: Genomic-and Nongenomic-Mediated Effects - Thompson - 1994 -...Estrogen Regulation of Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens: Genomic-and Nongenomic-Mediated Effects - Thompson - 1994 -...
Abstract: The ability of estrogen to modulate mesolimbic dopamine (DA) was examined using in vivo voltammetry. Estrogen priming (5 μg, 48 h) of ovariectomized (ovx) female rats resulted in a slight decrease in K+-stimulated DA release measured in the nucleus accumbens: this decrease was accompanied by a significant increase in both DA reuptake and DA clearance times. Following estrogen priming nomifensine, a potent inhibitor of the DA uptake carrier, was still able to potentiate K+-stimulated DA release and alter the time course of DA availability, but the response was attenuated compared with ovx controls. Direct infusion of 17β-estradiol hemisuccinate (17β-E, 20-50 pg) into the nucleus accumbens resulted in a biphasic potentiation of K+-stimulated release. An initial increase in release was observed 2 min after 17β-E infusion; this increase, although reduced by 15 min, was still significantly higher than control values. A subsequent potentiation was observed 60 min after the initial 17β-E ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62051750.x/abstract
Glutamate receptors on dopamine neurons control the persistence of cocaine seeking. - Science ExchangeGlutamate receptors on dopamine neurons control the persistence of cocaine seeking. - Science Exchange
Cocaine strengthens excitatory synapses onto midbrain dopamine neurons through the synaptic delivery of GluR1-containing AMPA receptors. This cocaine-evoked plasticity depends on NMDA receptor activation, but its behavioral significance in the context of addiction remains elusive. Here, we generated mice lacking the GluR1, GluR2, or NR1 receptor subunits selectively in dopamine neurons. We report that in midbrain slices of cocaine-treated mice, synaptic transmission was no longer strengthened when GluR1 or NR1 was abolished, while in the respective mice the drug still induced normal conditioned place preference and locomotor sensitization. In contrast, extinction of drug-seeking behavior was absent in mice lacking GluR1, while in the NR1 mutant mice reinstatement was abolished. In conclusion, cocaine-evoked synaptic plasticity does not mediate concurrent short-term behavioral effects of the drug but may initiate adaptive changes eventually leading to the persistence of drug-seeking ...
https://www.scienceexchange.com/publications/948
Protective effects of pergolide on dopamine levels in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mouse brain<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Protective effects of pergolide on dopamine levels in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mouse brain. AU - Asanuma, M.. AU - Ogawa, N.. AU - Nishibayashi, S.. AU - Kawai, M.. AU - Kondo, Yoichi. AU - Iwata, E.. PY - 1995/1/1. Y1 - 1995/1/1. N2 - Pergolide, along with bromocriptine and lisuride, is one of the most active dopamine receptor agonists. To determine whether or not pergolide protects against dopaminergic neuronal damage, via its activity on monoamine metabolism, we studied the effects of pergolide pretreatment on changes in monoamines and their metabolites in the mouse striatum after intracerebroventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine with pretreatment of desipramine. After intracerebroventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (40 μg) in mice, the levels of dopamine and its metabolites (DOPAC, HVA) in the striatum rapidly decreased to 49%, 29% and 68%, respectively, of the naive controls at week 1 but then gradually recovered to control levels at weeks 2 and 4. ...
https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/protective-effects-of-pergolide-on-dopamine-levels-in-the-6-hydro
PICK1-Deficient Mice Exhibit Impaired Response to Cocaine and Dysregulated Dopamine Homeostasis - Research - The Capital Region...
Protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) is a widely expressed scaffold protein known to interact via its PSD-95/discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ)-domain with several membrane proteins including the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT), the primary target for cocaines reinforcing actions. Here, we establish the importance of PICK1 for behavioral effects observed after both acute and repeated administration of cocaine. In PICK1 knock-out (KO) mice, the acute locomotor response to a single injection of cocaine was markedly attenuated. Moreover, in support of a role for PICK1 in neuroadaptive changes induced by cocaine, we observed diminished cocaine intake in a self-administration paradigm. Reduced behavioral effects of cocaine were not associated with decreased striatal DAT distribution and most likely not caused by the ∼30% reduction in synaptosomal DA uptake observed in PICK1 KO mice. The PICK1 KO mice demonstrated preserved behavioral responses to DA receptor agonists supporting intact downstream DA ...
https://research.regionh.dk/en/publications/pick1deficient-mice-exhibit-impaired-response-to-cocaine-and-dysregulated-dopamine-homeostasis
Dampened Amphetamine-Stimulated Behavior and Altered Dopamine Transporter Function in the Absence of Brain GDNF -...Dampened Amphetamine-Stimulated Behavior and Altered Dopamine Transporter Function in the Absence of Brain GDNF -...
amphetamine, cyclic voltammetry, dopamine, dopamine transporter, GDNF, striatum, MICE LACKING GDNF, NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR, IN-VIVO, TYROSINE-HYDROXYLASE, SUBSTANTIA-NIGRA, ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN, NERVOUS-SYSTEM, RAT, RELEASE, ...
https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/portal/en/publications/dampened-amphetamin
MOVING WITHOUT DOPAMINE | Journal of Experimental BiologyMOVING WITHOUT DOPAMINE | Journal of Experimental Biology
Parkinsons disease (PD), a condition characterized by muscle stiffness and uncontrollable shaking, is caused by the progressive degeneration of midbrain neurons that control motor function. These neurons produce the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA), which has long been associated with motor function. As the neurons deteriorate, dopamine levels plummet, eventually leading to the symptoms of this debilitating disease. To understand the pathological processes leading to PD, researchers have developed rodent models that either recapitulate the loss of DA or recapitulate the neurodegenerative process. But many of these models only achieve incomplete DA depletion, often precluding an accurate recapitulation of the neurological manifestations of PD. Now, Tatyana Sotnikova and colleagues have successfully induced a reliable but transient recapitulation of PD symptoms in mice.. Normally, neurons have a large intracellular storage pool of DA. After its release, DA is rapidly recycled back into neurons ...
http://jeb.biologists.org/content/208/21/v.2
Fixed-dose vasopressin compared with titrated dopamine and norepinephrine as initial vasopressor therapy for septic shock |...Fixed-dose vasopressin compared with titrated dopamine and norepinephrine as initial vasopressor therapy for septic shock |...
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the early blood pressure effects of vasopressin compared with titrated catecholamines as initial drug therapy in patients with septic shock.. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort, single-center study.. SETTING: Intensive care units at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.. PATIENTS: Fifty, 49, and 51 intensive care patients treated initially with vasopressin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, respectively.. INTERVENTION: Patients received either intravenous infusion of fixed-dose vasopressin 0.04 U/minute or titrated infusions of norepinephrine or dopamine for low systemic arterial pressures.. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients treated with vasopressin, norepinephrine, and dopamine were similar in all measured characteristics except for their score on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III (dopamine , vasopressin, p=0.049), renal comorbidities (dopamine , vasopressin, p=0.03) and baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) (norepinephrine , ...
https://read.qxmd.com/read/15338849/fixed-dose-vasopressin-compared-with-titrated-dopamine-and-norepinephrine-as-initial-vasopressor-therapy-for-septic-shock
Aged Garlic Extract Protects Against Neurodegenerative Diseases...Aged Garlic Extract Protects Against Neurodegenerative Diseases...
AGE and Parkinson s Disease Parkinson s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the United States, is characterized by a loss of voluntary movement as a result of the death of neurons in an area of the midbrain known as the substantia nigra. The neurons in that area of the brain contain the neurotransmitter dopamine. In Parkinson s disease, dopamine-transmitting neurons in this area die by apoptosis, triggered by free radicals, that are generated in dopamine metabolism. Recent evidence indicates that the substantia nigra of patients with PD contains increased iron,which enhances oxidation, and decreased glutathione, which protects against the formation of free radicals. Further, the end products of peroxidized lipids are increased in the substantia nigra of patients with PD, supporting the notion that free radicals contribute to dopamine neuronal death. Thus antioxidant therapies may slow the rate of progression of PD. Aged garlic extract, with its high antioxidant ...
http://www.blackmountainnaturalfoods.com/promog/featuredarticle.asp?storeID=6AC6E27191804533A29ED4B2D61CFF45&ID=23
Aged Garlic Extract Protects Against Neurodegenerative Diseases...Aged Garlic Extract Protects Against Neurodegenerative Diseases...
AGE and Parkinson s Disease Parkinson s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the United States, is characterized by a loss of voluntary movement as a result of the death of neurons in an area of the midbrain known as the substantia nigra. The neurons in that area of the brain contain the neurotransmitter dopamine. In Parkinson s disease, dopamine-transmitting neurons in this area die by apoptosis, triggered by free radicals, that are generated in dopamine metabolism. Recent evidence indicates that the substantia nigra of patients with PD contains increased iron,which enhances oxidation, and decreased glutathione, which protects against the formation of free radicals. Further, the end products of peroxidized lipids are increased in the substantia nigra of patients with PD, supporting the notion that free radicals contribute to dopamine neuronal death. Thus antioxidant therapies may slow the rate of progression of PD. Aged garlic extract, with its high antioxidant ...
http://www.greenearthgrocer.com/promog/featuredarticle.asp?storeID=5P9LR2WTRES92J2200AKHMCCQA2L5D23&ID=23
DopamineDopamine
Once in the synapse, dopamine binds to and activates dopamine receptors. These can be postsynaptic dopamine receptors, which ... Dopamine Minor: L-Phenylalanine → m-Tyrosine → m-Tyramine → Dopamine The direct precursor of dopamine, L-DOPA, can be ... and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists which reduce dopamine activity. Similar dopamine ... Some of the dopamine in plants is likely to be used as a precursor for dopamine-melanin. The complex patterns that appear on ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine
Dopamine fastingDopamine fasting
... has been said to resemble the fasting tradition of many religions. An extreme form of dopamine fasting would ... "Is dopamine fasting good for you?". BBC Reel. 2022-08-17. Retrieved 2022-08-22. Way, Katie. "'Dopamine Fasting' Is the Newest ' ... In addition, dopamine receptors themselves - the cells in the brain activated in different ways by dopamine's release - respond ... "Dopamine fasting: Misunderstanding science spawns a maladaptive fad". 2020-02-26. Grohol, John (2019-11-13). "Dopamine Fasting ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_fasting
Dopamine (medication)Dopamine (medication)
It is unclear if dopamine is safe to use during pregnancy or breastfeeding. At low doses dopamine mainly triggers dopamine ... Dopamine binds to alpha-1 and beta-1 adrenergic receptors. Mediated through myocardial beta-1 adrenergic receptors, dopamine ... While some effects result from stimulation of dopamine receptors, the prominent cardiovascular effects result from dopamine ... Dopamine was first synthesized in a laboratory in 1910 by George Barger and James Ewens in England. It is on the World Health ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_(medication)
Dopamine (film)Dopamine (film)
Official website Dopamine at IMDb Dopamine at AllMovie v t e (Rotten Tomatoes template using name parameter, Articles with ... Dopamine at Rotten Tomatoes Dopamine at Metacritic "Sundance Film Festival Films Honored 1985-2007" (PDF). Archived from the ... Dopamine is a 2003 romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Mark Decena. Rand is a computer animator, who has created ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_(film)
Dopamine transporterDopamine transporter
Once dopamine binds, the protein undergoes a conformational change, which allows both sodium and dopamine to unbind on the ... The rate at which DAT removes dopamine from the synapse can have a profound effect on the amount of dopamine in the cell. This ... Dopamine reuptake via DAT provides the primary mechanism through which dopamine is cleared from synapses, although there may be ... The dopamine transporter (also dopamine active transporter, DAT, SLC6A3) is a membrane-spanning protein that pumps the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter
Dopamine therapyDopamine therapy
Dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) is an effective treatment for patients with decreased levels of dopamine. Often dopamine ... Dopamine therapy is the regulation of levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine through the use of either agonists, or ... One dopamine precursor, Levodopa, was the first drug approved specifically for Parkinson's disease. DRT increases dopamine in ... Impairment in these areas can be treated with dopamine agonists, a group of medications that mimics the ligand dopamine and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_therapy
Dopamine receptorDopamine receptor
The role between dopamine and pathological gambling may be a link between cerebrospinal fluid measures of dopamine and dopamine ... The neurotransmitter dopamine is the primary endogenous ligand for dopamine receptors. Dopamine receptors are implicated in ... D3 is encoded by the Dopamine receptor D3 gene (DRD3). Maximum expression of dopamine D3 receptors is noted in the islands of ... Dopamine receptors are typically stable, however sharp (and sometimes prolonged) increases or decreases in dopamine levels can ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor
Dopamine (disambiguation)Dopamine (disambiguation)
Dopamine (medication) a medication used to treat a number of health problems Dopamine receptor Dopamine transporter Dopamine ( ... Look up dopamine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Dopamine is a chemical naturally produced in the body. Dopamine may also ... a 2015 album by Børns Dopamine (Mila J album), a 2017 album by Mila J Dopamine, a 2022 album by British band Thunder "Dopamine ... "Dopamine" (Purple Disco Machine song), 2021 Dopamin, an album by the German band Böhse Onkelz "Dopamin", an instrumental track ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_(disambiguation)
Dopamine agonistDopamine agonist
... s act directly on the dopamine receptors and mimic dopamine's effect. Dopamine agonists have two subclasses: ... A dopamine agonist (DA) is a compound that activates dopamine receptors. There are two families of dopamine receptors, D2-like ... Non-ergoline dopamine receptor agonists have higher binding affinity to dopamine D3-receptors than dopamine D2-receptors. This ... RLS symptoms decrease with the use of drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors and increase dopamine levels, such as dopamine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_agonist
Dopamine antagonistDopamine antagonist
A dopamine antagonist, also known as an anti-dopaminergic and a dopamine receptor antagonist (DRA), is a type of drug which ... Several other dopamine antagonists are antiemetics used in the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Dopamine receptors are all G ... Most antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, and as such they have found use in treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and ... Dopamine+antagonists at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (CS1: long volume value, Articles ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist
N-Arachidonoyl dopamineN-Arachidonoyl dopamine
However, the indirect biosynthesis of phospholipid esters with dopamine may be possible, as dopamine can induce the aminolysis ... N-Arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) is an endocannabinoid that acts as an agonist of the CB1 receptor and the transient receptor ... Yoo, Jae-Myung; Park, Eun Seok; Kim, Mee Ree; Sok, Dai-Eun (2013-04-01). "Inhibitory effect of N-Acyl dopamines on IgE-mediated ... It has been proposed to be conjugated from arachidonoyl-CoA or arachidonoyl phospholipids and dopamine, but in vitro ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine
Norepinephrine-dopamine disinhibitorNorepinephrine-dopamine disinhibitor
Norepinephrine and dopamine disinhibitors (NDDIs) are a class of drugs which act at specific sites to disinhibit downstream ... Flibanserin disinhibits norepinephrine and dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex by activating 5-HT1A receptors in this ... Agomelatine, an antidepressant which disinhibits norepinephrine and dopamine release in the frontal cortex by antagonizing 5- ... Stahl SM (October 2007). "Novel mechanism of antidepressant action: norepinephrine and dopamine disinhibition (NDDI) plus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine–dopamine_disinhibitor
Dopamine (Børns album)Dopamine (Børns album)
Album Review] Børns - 'Dopamine'". The Daily Listening. "Børns - Dopamine". Album of the Year. "iTunes - Music - Dopamine by ... "BORNS - Dopamine ALBUM REVIEW". the paper. Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2015-11-03. "Review: 'Dopamine' ... "Album Review of Dopamine by Børns - Alternative Addiction - New Music First - Music News". "Børns - 'Dopamine' (ALBUM REVIEW ... "Børns: Dopamine review - emphatic retro-futurism turns tepid". the Guardian. "Børns deliver on cohesive, original 'Dopamine'". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_(Børns_album)
Dopamine reuptake inhibitorDopamine reuptake inhibitor
Lack of dopamine reuptake and the increase in extracellular levels of dopamine have been linked to increased susceptibility to ... Kintscher, U (2012). "Reuptake Inhibitors of Dopamine, Noradrenaline, and Serotonin". Reuptake Inhibitors of Dopamine, ... depletes dopamine) Methylphenidate (has a mild degree of selectivity for dopamine over norepinephrine reuptake inhibition, ... There are very distinct differences in the mode of action between dopamine releasers/substrates & dopamine re-uptake inhibitors ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor
Dopamine releasing agentDopamine releasing agent
... and dopamine are known (serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents, or SNDRAs), however. Serotonin-dopamine releasing ... A dopamine releasing agent (DRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of dopamine in the body and/or brain. No selective ... It is particularly of note that the mechanism of action at the dopamine transporter (DAT) for dopamine releasers/substrates is ... Many releasing agents of both dopamine and norepinephrine (norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents, or NDRAs) and of serotonin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agent
Dopamine receptor D5Dopamine receptor D5
D5 receptor is a subtype of the dopamine receptor that has a 10-fold higher affinity for dopamine than the D1 subtype. The D5 ... Wood M, Dubois V, Scheller D, Gillard M (2014). "Rotigotine is a potent agonist at dopamine D1 receptors as well as at dopamine ... "Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1". Nature. 350 (6319): 614-9. ... "Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1". Nature. 350 (6319): 614-619. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5
Dopamine receptor D4Dopamine receptor D4
The dopamine receptor D4 is a dopamine D2-like G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the DRD4 gene on chromosome 11 at 11p15.5 ... As with other dopamine receptor subtypes, the D4 receptor is activated by the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is linked to many ... Dopamine is more potent at the D4 receptor with 2 allelic repeat or 7 allelic repeats than the variant with 4 allelic repeats. ... Wu J, Xiao H, Sun H, Zou L, Zhu LQ (June 2012). "Role of dopamine receptors in ADHD: a systematic meta-analysis". Molecular ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4
Dopamine receptor D3Dopamine receptor D3
... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD3 gene. This gene encodes the D3 subtype of the dopamine ... "Entrez Gene: DRD3 dopamine receptor D3". Joyce JN, Millan MJ (February 2007). "Dopamine D3 receptor agonists for protection and ... a dopamine D3/D2 receptor agonist, and 7-OH-DPAT, a dopamine D3 receptor agonist, in olfactory bulbectomized rats". European ... Risperidone Dopamine receptor D3 has been shown to interact with CLIC6 and EPB41L1. Dopamine receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3
Dopamine receptor D1Dopamine receptor D1
April 1991). "Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1". Nature. 350 ( ... May 2021). "Mechanism of dopamine binding and allosteric modulation of the human D1 dopamine receptor". Cell Research. 31 (5): ... The D1 receptor forms heteromers with the following receptors: dopamine D2 receptor, dopamine D3 receptor, histamine H3 ... June 2002). "Functional selectivity of dopamine receptor agonists. I. Selective activation of postsynaptic dopamine D2 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1
Dopamine-responsive dystoniaDopamine-responsive dystonia
The diagnosis of dopamine-responsive dystonia can be made from a typical history, a trial of dopamine medications, and genetic ... decreasing dopamine levels (hypodopaminergia). This autosomal-dominant condition is the most frequent cause of dopamine- ... shows a normal radiolabelled dopamine uptake in dopamine-responsive dystonia, contrary to the decreased uptake in Parkinson's ... Dopamine-responsive dystonia (DRD) also known as Segawa syndrome (SS), is a genetic movement disorder which usually manifests ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine-responsive_dystonia
Dopamine receptor D2Dopamine receptor D2
Madras BK (2013). "History of the discovery of the antipsychotic dopamine D2 receptor: a basis for the dopamine hypothesis of ... Hasbi A, O'Dowd BF, George SR (February 2010). "Heteromerization of dopamine D2 receptors with dopamine D1 or D5 receptors ... "Binding Interactions of Dopamine and Apomorphine in D2High and D2Low States of Human Dopamine D2 Receptor Using Computational ... Dopamine receptor D2, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene. After work from Paul ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2
Dopamine dysregulation syndromeDopamine dysregulation syndrome
In accordance with the role of dopamine in reward processing, addictive drugs stimulate dopamine release. Although the exact ... or dopamine agonists (such as pramipexole or ropinirole) to patients. Dopamine replacement therapy is well known to improve ... "Resolution of dopamine dysregulation syndrome following cessation of dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease". J Clin ... Dopamine has been related to the normal learning of stimuli with behavioral and motivational significance, attention, and most ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_dysregulation_syndrome
Dopamine beta-hydroxylaseDopamine beta-hydroxylase
... dopamine beta-monooxygenase dopamine beta-hydroxylase membrane-associated dopamine beta-monooxygenase (MDBH) soluble dopamine ... Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), also known as dopamine beta-monooxygenase, is an enzyme (EC 1.14.17.1) that in humans is ... Dopamine beta-hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine. The three substrates of the enzyme are ... Dopamine beta-hydroxylase catalyzes the hydroxylation of not only dopamine but also other phenylethylamine derivatives when ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_beta-hydroxylase
Dopamine supersensitivity psychosisDopamine supersensitivity psychosis
... may occur due to upregulation of dopamine 2 receptors (D2). The D2 receptor is the primary ... Dopamine supersensitivity may be caused by the dopamine receptor D2 antagonizing effect of antipsychotics, causing a ... Seeman, Philip (April 2011). "All Roads to Schizophrenia Lead to Dopamine Supersensitivity and Elevated Dopamine D2High ... dopamine supersensitivity may reduce the effect of antipsychotics and increase the brain's response to endogenous dopamine, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_supersensitivity_psychosis
Dopamine hypothesis of stutteringDopamine hypothesis of stuttering
Since dopamine acts as an inhibitor of striatal metabolism, striatal hypometabolism can be explained by the recorded increased ... The dopamine hypothesis of stuttering attributes to the phenomenon of stuttering a hyperactive and disturbed dopaminergic ... Concomitantly, it is of interest to note that dopamine antagonist have also been reported to cause stuttering in some ... There was a significantly higher dopamine reuptake activity in the cortex and subcortical regions associated with speech in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_hypothesis_of_stuttering
Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factorCerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor
... also known as ARMET-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDNF ... "Entrez Gene: Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor". Lindholm P, Voutilainen MH, Laurén J, Peränen J, Leppänen VM, Andressoo JO ... Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q49AH0 (Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor) at ... "Novel neurotrophic factor CDNF protects and rescues midbrain dopamine neurons in vivo". Nature. 448 (7149): 73-7. doi:10.1038/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_dopamine_neurotrophic_factor
Serotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitorSerotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
A closely related type of drug is a serotonin-dopamine releasing agent (SDRA). Relative to serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine ... and inhibit the reuptake of dopamine alone. As a result, selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs) are rare, and comparably ... A serotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SDRI) is a type of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor of the monoamine ... As such, it has been suggested that clinically it may weakly inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, particularly at high dosages. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agentNorepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent
A norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of norepinephrine (and epinephrine ... A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). Monoamine releasing agent Media related ... and dopamine in the body and/or brain. Examples of NDRAs include phenethylamine, tyramine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ... Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents, TAAR1 agonists, VMAT inhibitors, All stub articles, Pharmacology stubs). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine–dopamine_releasing_agent
Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiencyDopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency
Dopamine beta (β)-hydroxylase deficiency is a condition involving inadequate dopamine beta-hydroxylase. It is characterized by ... GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency Fu W, Shen J, Luo X, et al. (September 2007). "Dopamine ... Prolactin is frequently suppressed by excessive dopamine found in the patient's central nervous system. Excess dopamine can ... Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency is a very rare form of dysautonomia. It belongs to the class of rare diseases, with "a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_beta_hydroxylase_deficiency
Serotonin-dopamine releasing agentSerotonin-dopamine releasing agent
A serotonin-dopamine releasing agent (SDRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of serotonin and dopamine in the body ... Monoamine releasing agent Serotonin releasing agent Dopamine releasing agent Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent ... One such agent is 5-chloro-αMT (PAL-542), which has been reported as having about 64-fold selectivity for dopamine release over ... A closely related type of drug is a serotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SDRI). A number of tryptamine derivatives have been ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–dopamine_releasing_agent
What is the link between ADHD and dopamine?What is the link between ADHD and dopamine?
Research suggests that there may be a link between a dopamine imbalance in the brain and the development of ADHD. Learn more ... Other effects of low dopamine. Dopamine has a powerful effect on the brain and plays a role in other mental health disorders. ... Dopamine levels can affect a persons mood, attention, motivation, and movement. Dopamine also regulates the brains reward ... In this article, we discuss the link between dopamine and ADHD. We also cover other effects of low dopamine levels and ...
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325499
Hyperprolactinemia Medication: Dopamine agonistsHyperprolactinemia Medication: Dopamine agonists
Dopamine agonists. Class Summary. These agents directly stimulate postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Dopaminergic neurons in ... Semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative; strong dopamine D2-receptor agonist; partial dopamine D1-receptor agonist. Inhibits ... The dopamine agonist bromocriptine mesylate is often the initial drug of choice and may require high doses to achieve clinical ... Pituitary selective dopamine-2 receptor agonist used in cases of bromocriptine resistance or intolerance. Used in the UK, not ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/121784-93017/which-factors-increase-the-risk-of-recurrence-of-hyperprolactinemia
Dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsDopamine transporter deficiency syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics
Dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome is a rare movement disorder. Explore symptoms, inheritance, genetics of this condition ... Dopamine is a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter. ) that relays signals from one neuron to another. Dopamine has many ... Although dopamine has a critical role in controlling movement, it is unclear how altered dopamine signaling causes the specific ... Dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome is caused by mutations in the SLC6A3 gene. This gene provides instructions for making ...
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/dopamine-transporter-deficiency-syndrome/
Browsing by Subject DopamineBrowsing by Subject "Dopamine"
JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...
https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?authority=Dopamine&type=mesh
dopamine | ScienceBlogsdopamine | ScienceBlogs
... working desperately hard to send shots of dopamine into their tiny little rodent brains. Dopamine, like many other ... Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that carries signals within the brain. Among its many duties is a crucial role in ... A few weeks ago, I wrote about a paper in Science(1) that I read on a connection between a mutation in the dopamine D2 receptor ... Dopamine looms in the neuroscience angle of Jonahs book How We Decide because the chemicals role in cognition is established ...
https://scienceblogs.com/tag/dopamine
Male Infertility Medication: Estrogen receptor blockers, Dopamine antagonists, GonadotropinsMale Infertility Medication: Estrogen receptor blockers, Dopamine antagonists, Gonadotropins
Dopamine antagonists. Class Summary. These agents are ergot derivatives and dopamine receptor agonists. They act on ... Semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative with strong dopamine D2-receptor agonist and partial dopamine D1-receptor effects. ... postsynaptic dopamine receptors while causing no effect on other anterior pituitary functions. Mimic dopamine action of ...
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436829-medication
Dopamine FunctionsDopamine Functions
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter released by the brain that plays a number of roles in humans and other animals. ... Dopamine in attention. Dopamine helps in focus and attention. Vision helps a dopamine response in the brain and this in turn ... The action of dopamine occurs via dopamine receptors, D1-5.. Dopamine reduces the influence of the indirect pathway, and ... Cocaine is a dopamine transporter blocker that competitively inhibits dopamine uptake to increase the presence of dopamine. ...
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Dopamine-Functions.aspx
The hunt for dopamine | IndiegogoThe hunt for dopamine | Indiegogo
Follow my journey to become symptom free from Parkinsons without conventional medication , Check out The hunt for dopamine on Indiegogo.
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-hunt-for-dopamine
Shop till your dopamine drops | The EconomistShop till your dopamine drops | The Economist
The first was my nucleus accumbens, a region of the brain with dopamine receptors that are activated when you experience or ...
https://www.economist.com/free-exchange/2007/01/17/shop-till-your-dopamine-drops
Browsing by Subject DopamineBrowsing by Subject "Dopamine"
JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...
https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?locale-attribute=en&type=mesh&authority=Dopamine
Dopamine receptors: from structure to functionDopamine receptors: from structure to function
The diverse physiological actions of dopamine are mediated by at least five distinct G protein-coupled receptor subtypes. Two ... Dopamine receptors: from structure to function Physiol Rev. 1998 Jan;78(1):189-225. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.189. ... In the periphery, dopamine receptors are present more prominently in kidney, vasculature, and pituitary, where they affect ... The diverse physiological actions of dopamine are mediated by at least five distinct G protein-coupled receptor subtypes. Two ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9457173/?dopt=Abstract
Dopamine 1.5.10 - NeowinDopamine 1.5.10 - Neowin
Dopamine is an audio player which tries to make organizing and listening to music as simple and pretty as possible. It can play ... Download: Dopamine 1.5.10 , 43.4 MB (Open Source). Download: Portable Dopamine 1.5.10 , 41.0 MB. View: Dopamine Home Page , ... Dopamine 1.5.10 Razvan Serea News Reporter Neowin · Feb 10, 2018 12:56 EST with 1 comment ... Dopamine has been designed for Windows 7, Windows 8.x and Windows 10 and plays mp3, ogg vorbis, flac, wma and m4a/aac music ...
https://www.neowin.net/software/dopamine-1510/
DIIV, Yr Not Far/Dopamine (Live) : NPRDIIV, 'Yr Not Far/Dopamine' (Live) : NPR
DIIV, Yr Not Far/Dopamine (Live) Watch the Brooklyn guitar band segue from "Yr Not Far" into "Dopamine," a frank song about ... The video begins with a brooding song called "Yr Not Far" and segues briskly into a second song, "Dopamine." The latter was ...
https://www.npr.org/2016/01/19/463572169/opbmusic-presents-diiv?ft=nprml&f=463572169
Slope from Dopamine Music on BeatportSlope from Dopamine Music on Beatport
The Greek DJ and producer Nikko.Z delivers a tasty vocal gem on his own label Dopamine Music and features a big remix from the ... The Greek DJ and producer Nikko.Z delivers a tasty vocal gem on his own label Dopamine Music and features a big remix from the ... as well as running his own label Dopamine Music.. Lets kick off with the Original Mix, a warm housey affair, with cool beats ...
https://www.beatport.com/release/slope/1139683
A Whiff of Disaster, Dulled by Dopamine - Scientific AmericanA Whiff of Disaster, Dulled by Dopamine - Scientific American
Dopamine is well known as the reward chemical in humans-a key to addictive behavior. But it is not yet known if there is a ... The dopamine surge that dulls the olfactory bulb to the abortive aroma is first triggered during mating, and progressively ... Research out of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory has found that the females produce a surge of the chemical dopamine- ... similar link between the olfactory bulb, pregnancy and dopamine in humans.. But the researchers say it may be why a pregnant ...
https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/46c3fe18-d8f2-5cf5-299291cd673ce41c/
Search of: DOPAMINE - List Results - ClinicalTrials.govSearch of: DOPAMINE - List Results - ClinicalTrials.gov
a zip file of the full study records in XML for all studies in the search results table (max 10000 ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=DOPAMINE
Thunder - Dopamine (2CD)Thunder - Dopamine (2CD)
... as evidenced by the wealth of light and shade on Dopamine.. Dopamine follows on from 2021s return to the full-throttle sound ... The bands first double album, Dopamine, delivers 16 new tracks that cover a world of musical territory. Too vital to be simply ...
https://www.platekompaniet.no/cd/dopamine4/
Dopamine Neuron Challenge Test for Early Detection of Parkinsons DiseaseDopamine Neuron Challenge Test for Early Detection of Parkinson's Disease
Dopamine Neuron Challenge Test for Early Detection of Parkinsons Disease [Abstract Dopamine Neuron Challenge Test for Early ... Detection of Parkinsons Disease] [Synopsis Dopamine Neuron Challenge Test for Early Detection of Parkinsons Disease] Zhou J, ...
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/articles_journals/recent/pdf_2021/dopamine_neuron_challenge_test_for_early_detection_of_parkinsons_disease_.cfm
Low Dopamine in Fibromyalgia and CFSLow Dopamine in Fibromyalgia and CFS
Learn about low dopamine symptoms in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome, including ways to treat low dopamine levels. ... Ways to Increase Dopamine Levels Treatment of low dopamine levels may include therapy with a central nervous system (CNS) ... Does L-theanine increase dopamine? It is unclear how L-theanine impacts dopamine or serotonin, a neurotransmitter that affects ... Which supplements can increase dopamine? Supplements believed to increase dopamine levels include L-tyrosine, L-DOPA, L- ...
https://www.verywellhealth.com/dopamine-in-fibromyalgia-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-716044
Team Schedule - Team Dopamine
from All-Pro Software on 12/2/2022 3:40:02 PM ...
https://www.allprosoftware.net/HASLFALL22/aplsteam314.htm
Dopamine - Rainbow Sticker for Sale by the-bangs |...'Dopamine - Rainbow' Sticker for Sale by the-bangs |...
TikToks Low Dopamine Trend Is Actually GoodTikTok's Low Dopamine Trend Is Actually Good
What is TikToks low dopamine morning routine and how can I implement it? ... If the] first hit of dopamine that you get is from scrolling… your brain is gonna want to do that for the rest of the day. I ... If the] first hit of dopamine that you get is from scrolling… your brain is gonna want to do that for the rest of the day. I ... Other low dopamine tasks include spending time outside, reading a book, eating a high-protein breakfast and not having caffeine ...
https://www.refinery29.com/en-au/low-dopamine-morning-routine
Transient forgetting controlled by dopamine circuits, scientists find | Scripps...'Transient forgetting' controlled by dopamine circuits, scientists find | Scripps...
Dopamine sent from other neurons didnt have the same effect. The neurons activated dopamine receptors called DAMB on axons ... The study, "Dopamine-based mechanism for transient forgetting," was supported by the National Institutes of Health, grant ... The study, "Dopamine-based mechanism for transient forgetting," appears Wednesday in the journal Nature. ... "We now know that there is a specific receptor in the memory center that receives the transient forgetting signal from dopamine ...
https://www.scripps.edu/news-and-events/press-room/2021/20210120-davis-transient-forgetting-nature.html
Dopamine modulation - Scholarpedia
Dopamine, Dopamine Anatomy, Reward, Reward Signals Sponsored by: Eugene M. Izhikevich, Editor-in-Chief of Scholarpedia, the ... This suggests that dopamine can act as a positive reinforcer via potentiation of inputs to the striatum. Yet the dopamine ... Basic electrophysiology of dopamine neurons. Dopamine (DA) neurons show two predominant patterns of firing activity termed ... This article will briefly cover: basic dopamine neuron physiology and electrophysiology of dopamine modulation of cortex. ...
http://scholarpedia.org/article/Dopamine_modulation
Dopamine décor | Persimmon HomesDopamine décor | Persimmon Homes
What is dopamine décor?. You may have heard of dopamine dressing - the recent trend for wearing bright colours that cant help ... Dopamine décor. We take a look at the mood-boosting trend thats turning homes technicolour, and share some tips on how you can ... Search for dopamine décor on Pinterest and youll be greeted by a kaleidoscope of colour, clashing patterns and funky shapes ... The bold colour schemes and disco vibes of the 60s and 70s lend themselves fabulously to the more-is-more approach of dopamine ...
https://www.persimmonhomes.com/be-inspired/dopamine-decor
Dopamine (6/8) - Snapchat - Watch the full documentary | ARTE
Dopamine (6/8)Snapchat. Snapchat is so much fun you cant stop yourself from getting addicted. Using the universal concept of ...
https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/085801-006-A/dopamine-6-8/
Dopamine mediates the bidirectional update of interval timing | bioRxivDopamine mediates the bidirectional update of interval timing | bioRxiv
Dopamine mediates the bidirectional update of interval timing. View ORCID ProfileAnthony M.V. Jakob, View ORCID ProfileJohn G. ... Dopamine mediates the bidirectional update of interval timing Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ... The role of dopamine as a reward prediction error signal in reinforcement learning tasks has been well-established over the ... Using the slope of ramping dopamine activity as a read-out of subjective time speed, we found that trial-by-trial changes in ...
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466803v1
Red Harbinger tests the Cryptocurrency Chassis Market: The DopaMINERed Harbinger tests the Cryptocurrency Chassis Market: The DopaMINE
The DopaMINE is designed to be a six GPU, one motherboard + dual power supply case, capable of being stacked as well as ... Red Harbinger tests the Cryptocurrency Chassis Market: The DopaMINE. by Ian Cutress on February 19, 2014 5:33 PM EST *Posted in ... In a field where saving a few dollars here or there makes a big difference, the DopaMINE is perhaps expensive as a case, but it ... and the DopaMINE is the latest thought from the small outfit. This product is to initially be crowd funded - many of the ...
https://www.anandtech.com/show/7770/red-harbinger-tests-the-cryptocurrency-chassis-market-the-dopamine
Dopamine news and latest updatesDopamine news and latest updates
All the latest science news about dopamine from Phys.org ... Dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter occurring in a wide ... Dopamine is produced in several areas of the brain, including the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is ... However, because dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, dopamine given as a drug does not directly affect the central ... Dopamine can be supplied as a medication that acts on the sympathetic nervous system, producing effects such as increased heart ...
https://phys.org/tags/dopamine/sort/date/3d/
Degeneration and Regeneration of dopamine neurons | Brain Repair | Helsingin yliopistoDegeneration and Regeneration of dopamine neurons | Brain Repair | Helsingin yliopisto
NeuronsReceptorSerotoninAntagonistsIncreased dopamine levels in the brainConfessions of a Dopamine AddictNorepinephrineRelease dopamineStriatal dopamineCentral nervous systemVentral tegmPrecursorDRD2TransportersReceptors in the brainDecreased dopamine transporterBrainRole of dopamineShows that dopamineIncrease in dopamineThought that dopamineSuggest that dopamineBrainsSubstantia nigraNucleus accumbensAffect dopamineInhibits dopamineChemical dopamineRatsInhibitorsAgonistNeurotransmittersBrain'sInhibitionDRD5PituitaryDeficiencyResearchersLevelsGeneSchizophreniaGenesStriatumHumansBehaviorsEffectsQuinoneMedicationsConcentrationProlactinEncodesNeurolepticIncreasesDOPACMotivationMechanismModulationSignalsParkinson's Disease
Neurons25
  • The #3 post so far this year explored how zebra finches reward themselves for singing well: Dopamine is an important hormone released from neurons involved in reward pathways. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Dopamine is an important hormone released from neurons involved in reward pathways. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Dopamine is produced in the dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain, the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. (news-medical.net)
  • Dopamine produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is released in the hypothalamo-hypophysial blood vessels of the median eminence, which supply the pituitary gland. (news-medical.net)
  • First, because dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical released by nerve cells (neurons), it has a number of important functions in your brain. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Additional biochemical studies revealed a single pair of dopamine-releasing neurons in the flies, called PPL1-α2α'2, which directed the transient forgetting. (scripps.edu)
  • Dopamine sent from other neurons didn't have the same effect. (scripps.edu)
  • The neurons activated dopamine receptors called DAMB on axons extending from neurons in the memory-processing center of the fruit fly brain, called its mushroom body. (scripps.edu)
  • Dopamine (DA) neurons show two predominant patterns of firing activity termed tonic and phasic (Grace 1991, 2000). (scholarpedia.org)
  • A study of the salamander brain shown how in acting as a kind of switch for stem cells, neurotransmitter dopamine controls the formation of new neurons in adult brain. (medindia.net)
  • As the salamander re-builds all lost dopamine-producing neurons, the researchers examined how the salamander brain detects the absence of these cells. (medindia.net)
  • What they found out was that the salamander's stem cells are automatically activated when the dopamine concentration drops as a result of the death of dopamine-producing neurons, meaning that the neurotransmitter acts as a constant handbrake on stem cell activity. (medindia.net)
  • When the salamanders were treated with L-dopa, the production of new dopamine-producing neurons was almost completely inhibited and the animals were unable to recover. (medindia.net)
  • If dopamine signalling is blocked, new neurons are born unnecessarily," Simon said. (medindia.net)
  • Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra projecting to the striatum, comprising the nigrostriatal pathway, are involved in movement control and degenerate in Parkinson's disease. (helsinki.fi)
  • Much less emphasis has been put on AAV-based gene therapy targeting dopamine neurons in substantia nigra. (helsinki.fi)
  • We will review the literature related to targeting striatum and/or substantia nigra dopamine neurons using AAVs in order to express neuroprotective and neurorestorative molecules, as well as produce animal disease models of Parkinson's disease. (helsinki.fi)
  • We discuss difficulties in targeting substantia nigra dopamine neurons and their vulnerability to stress in general. (helsinki.fi)
  • We also review studies using AAV--synuclein (-syn) to target substantia nigra dopamine neurons to produce an -syn overexpression disease model in rats. (helsinki.fi)
  • About 50% dopamine is produced in gastrointestinal tract by enteric neurons and intestinal epithelial cells, and thus results in higher level of dopamine in hepatic portal vein ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • This is supported by studies where optogenetic stimulation of dopamine neurons can stand in lieu of actual reward. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, simulated dopamine depletion impairs performance but spares learning, while simulated excitation of dopamine neurons drives reward learning, through aberrant inference about outcome states. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons as well as oxidative markers 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and striatal dopamine levels were quantified for assessment of the neuroprotective efficacy of diapocynin. (springer.com)
  • Treatment with diapocynin also significantly improved locomotor activity, restored dopamine and its metabolites, and protected dopaminergic neurons and their nerve terminals in this pre-clinical model of PD. (springer.com)
  • Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons. (bvsalud.org)
Receptor16
  • These agents are ergot derivatives and dopamine receptor agonists. (medscape.com)
  • Semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative with strong dopamine D2-receptor agonist and partial dopamine D1-receptor effects. (medscape.com)
  • The diverse physiological actions of dopamine are mediated by at least five distinct G protein-coupled receptor subtypes. (nih.gov)
  • However, targeted deletion of several of these dopamine receptor genes in mice should provide valuable information about their physiological functions. (nih.gov)
  • We now know that there is a specific receptor in the memory center that receives the transient forgetting signal from dopamine. (scripps.edu)
  • That's the major next goal, to understand how this block in retrieval occurs through the activation of this dopamine receptor," Davis says. (scripps.edu)
  • The unique dopamine/ecdysteroid receptor modulates ethanol-induced sedation in Drosophila . (sdbonline.org)
  • The dopamine/ecdysteroid receptor (DopEcR) is a GPCR that mediates nongenomic actions of ecdysteroids, the major steroid hormones in insects. (sdbonline.org)
  • Tryptamine derivatives may reciprocally affect both the antagonist as well as the agonist state of the dopamine receptor. (erowid.org)
  • The suppressive effect of dopamine on iNKT cells was mediated by D1-like receptor-PKA pathway. (frontiersin.org)
  • Clearance of gut microbiota by antibiotic cocktail reduced synthesis of dopamine in intestines and exacerbated liver damage, and that could be restored by recovery of gut microbiota or replenishment of D1-like receptor agonist. (frontiersin.org)
  • We tested eighteen cocaine-addicted subjects using positron emission tomography and [ 11 C]raclopride (dopamine D 2 receptor radioligand sensitive to competition with endogenous dopamine). (jneurosci.org)
  • It is not a direct- or indirect-acting dopamine receptor agonist. (medscape.com)
  • A number of studies have investigated the relationship between the time course of central nervous system dopamine and serotonin receptor blockade and plasma drug concentrations after the discontinuation of QTP treatment, and shown that the disappearance of QTP from plasma is much more rapid than the decrease in serotonin receptor occupancy [136,143, 145] . (researchgate.net)
  • Differential modulation of reinforcement learning by D2 dopamine and NMDA glutamate receptor antagonism. (mpg.de)
  • Anorexia nervosa, perfectionism, and dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4). (cdc.gov)
Serotonin8
  • This behavioral phenotype was associated with decreased levels of striatal dopamine and serotonin and increased level of dopamine metabolite DOPAC. (helsinki.fi)
  • Serotonin and dopamine released when the Conservative Hitman crushes the Libtard is a pleasure to these people. (emptywheel.net)
  • Apparently laughing and smiling release dopamine, serotonin and several kinds of endorphins, all of which make people feel good, and scientists currently think they help us deal with anger. (emptywheel.net)
  • But, all of us plebes, from the far left to the far right should give a big hand to dopamine, serotonin and endorphins. (emptywheel.net)
  • Among the etiological factors it's possible to find the performance of the following neurotransmitters: norepinephrine, serotonin and especially dopamine, due to its function, among others, is to inhibit spontaneous muscle movements. (bvsalud.org)
  • Among these factors are: one's diet, toxic factors (such as artificial sweeteners), suboptimal levels of vitamins and minerals like the B complex, magnesium and zinc, hormonal imbalances, deficiency of various neurotransmitters (such as serotonin or dopamine), lack of activity and exercise, adverse effects of many medications (such as blood pressure medications and even antidepressants) and diseases (such as Lyme disease). (healthyplace.com)
  • The covalent agonists are derived from the monoamine neurotransmitters noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine, and they were accessed using a general and versatile synthetic strategy. (rcsb.org)
  • I knew exactly what was going on my brain, the effect of cocaine on dopamine and serotonin, what I didn't know was how insanely addictive it was. (erowid.org)
Antagonists10
  • Some of the antipsychotic medications used in conditions like schizophrenia act as dopamine antagonists. (news-medical.net)
  • The acute movement disorders that occur as manifestations of effects of neuroleptics and other dopamine antagonists include akathisia, acute dystonia, and other hyperkinetic dyskinesias. (medscape.com)
  • Acute effects of dopamine antagonists also include parkinsonian syndromes manifested by bradykinesia, rigidity, and pill rolling tremor. (medscape.com)
  • The acute movement disorders resulting from exposure to dopamine antagonists are commonly termed extrapyramidal syndromes (EPSs). (medscape.com)
  • The occurrence of acute movement disorders on exposure to dopamine antagonists is increased in female patients and older patients. (medscape.com)
  • Use of potent dopamine antagonists, prolonged exposure to dopamine antagonists, and prior occurrence of acute movement disorders on exposure to dopamine antagonists are also associated with an increased risk for the occurrence of acute movement adverse effects. (medscape.com)
  • Withdrawal dyskinesias may also occur as treatment with dopamine antagonists is decreased or withdrawn. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to the prototypic orofacial dyskinesia, tardive syndromes also include a spectrum of hyperkinesias occurring during or after prolonged treatment with dopamine antagonists. (medscape.com)
  • The cumulative body of empirical evidence shows that dopamine agonists and antagonists (e.g. (bvsalud.org)
  • Domperidone belongs to the group of medications called dopamine antagonists . (medbroadcast.com)
Increased dopamine levels in the brain1
  • The researchers behind a small 2013 study found that methylphenidate (Ritalin) increased dopamine levels in the brain and improved attention in adults both with and without ADHD. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Confessions of a Dopamine Addict1
  • Confessions of a Dopamine Addict', 'Wrath', 'Anno Satana' and 'Birch Grove' have all been released and are available to stream. (nova.ie)
Norepinephrine4
  • A new study claims that, blood pressure of shock patients can be stabilized better with norepinephrine than dopamine. (medindia.net)
  • Solriamfetol, a dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (DNRI), was approved in 2019 and is indicated to improve wakefulness in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness who have OSA. (medscape.com)
  • The mechanism of action by which solriamfetol improves wakefulness in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy is unclear, but is thought to be mediated through its inhibition of dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake. (medscape.com)
  • Solriamfetol is a dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (DNRI). (medscape.com)
Release dopamine3
Striatal dopamine2
  • Increased striatal dopamine turnover was observed in Hdc KO mice after treatment with dopamine precursor l-Dopa. (helsinki.fi)
  • Overall, our study suggests a role for striatal dopamine and opioid peptides in formation of distinct behavioral phenotype of Hdc KO mice. (helsinki.fi)
Central nervous system1
  • In the central nervous system, dopamine receptors are widely expressed because they are involved in the control of locomotion, cognition, emotion, and affect as well as neuroendocrine secretion. (nih.gov)
Ventral tegm1
  • Dopamine is produced in several areas of the brain, including the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. (phys.org)
Precursor3
  • To increase the amount of dopamine in the brains of patients with diseases such as Parkinson's disease and dopa-responsive dystonia, L-DOPA (levodopa), which is the precursor of dopamine, can be given because it can cross the blood-brain barrier. (phys.org)
  • The most widely used treatment for parkinsonism is administration of L-DOPA, the metabolic precursor for dopamine. (wikipathways.org)
  • Before his research, most people thought that dopamine was just a precursor of a brain hormone called noradrenaline. (neurosciencenews.com)
DRD23
  • D1-like dopamine receptors (DRD) including DRD1 and DRD5 activate adenylyl cyclase, whereas D2-like receptors including DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4 inhibit adenylyl cyclase. (frontiersin.org)
  • Dopamine DRD2 polymorphism alters reversal learning and associated neural activity. (mpg.de)
  • Three dopamine genes (DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4) have been associated with interpersonal delinquency, aggression, and violence when individuals experience adverse environmental exposures. (cdc.gov)
Transporters8
  • According to the Gulf Bend Center , people with ADHD may have a higher concentration of dopamine transporters in the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These transporters remove dopamine from brain cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • When there are more transporters in one area of the brain, they do this too quickly, which means that dopamine has less time to exert its effects. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Scientists have been studying the link between dopamine transporters and ADHD symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This effect was more significant in children with a genetic variation called DAT1 , which is a gene that usually increases the activity of dopamine transporters. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These results suggest that genetic factors that affect dopamine transporters may play a role in the development of ADHD. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Amphetamines are similar in structure to dopamine, and so can enter the presynaptic neuron via its dopamine transporters. (news-medical.net)
  • In vitro, armodafinil binds dopamine transporters and inhibits dopamine reuptake. (medscape.com)
Receptors in the brain2
  • They also observed that both groups of participants had an equivalent availability of dopamine receptors in the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Fluphenazine is one of the phenothiazine antipsychotics, probably acting by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. (cwu.edu)
Decreased dopamine transporter1
  • After adjusting for age at symptom onset, sex, disease duration and vascular risk factors, linear regression models showed that a previous treatment with statins remained significantly and independently associated with more severely decreased dopamine transporter availability in the anterior putamen (Beta = −0.140, P = 0.004), posterior putamen (Beta = −0.162, P = 0.001) and ventral putamen (Beta = −0.140, P = 0.004). (medscape.com)
Brain50
  • Dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter that has several important functions in the brain and body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Dopamine also regulates the brain's reward system, with its levels increasing in the brain when a person experiences something pleasurable, such as eating food or having sex. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • According to the DNA Learning Center , a small study in 16 children and adolescents with ADHD found that medications that increase the availability of dopamine in the brain lead to the inhibition of the motor cortex, the brain region that controls voluntary movement. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Dopamine has a powerful effect on the brain and plays a role in other mental health disorders. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse , when a person experiences pleasure, this activates the reward circuitry in the brain and causes the release of dopamine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • in the brain, where it transports a molecule called dopamine into the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The resulting shortage (deficiency) of functional transporter disrupts dopamine signaling in the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Brain and Mind Ritalin works by boosting dopamine levels, says a story in Technology Review, reporting on a paper in Nature Neuroscience. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that carries signals within the brain. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Dopamine is a neurotransmitter released by the brain that plays a number of roles in humans and other animals. (news-medical.net)
  • When there is a deficiency in dopamine in the brain, movements may become delayed and uncoordinated. (news-medical.net)
  • On the flip side, if there is an excess of dopamine, the brain causes the body to make unnecessary movements, such as repetitive tics. (news-medical.net)
  • Dopamine is the chemical that mediates pleasure in the brain. (news-medical.net)
  • This means food, sex, and several drugs of abuse are also stimulants of dopamine release in the brain, particularly in areas such as the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. (news-medical.net)
  • Levels of dopamine in the brain, especially the prefrontal cortex, help in improved working memory. (news-medical.net)
  • Vision helps a dopamine response in the brain and this in turn helps one to focus and direct their attention. (news-medical.net)
  • Dopamine in the frontal lobes of the brain controls the flow of information from other areas of the brain. (news-medical.net)
  • The first was my nucleus accumbens, a region of the brain with dopamine receptors that are activated when you experience or anticipate something pleasant, like making money or drinking something tasty. (economist.com)
  • There isn't a lot of research confirming that food can boost dopamine levels in your brain. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Our brain constantly thrives on dopamine hits. (refinery29.com)
  • If you wake up and the first thing that you reach for is your phone, your brain becomes reliant on the dopamine hits that you receive… through notifications, text messages [and] scrolling on TikTok," says 24-year-old Shelby , who was recently diagnosed with ADHD. (refinery29.com)
  • If the] first hit of dopamine that you get is from scrolling… your brain is gonna want to do that for the rest of the day. (refinery29.com)
  • But when my first hit of dopamine is 'I completed a task,' the reward centre in my brain is like, 'oh, that's what we're going to seek out today. (refinery29.com)
  • However, because dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, dopamine given as a drug does not directly affect the central nervous system. (phys.org)
  • A new brain imaging study has revealed that just the mere sight or smell of food elevates dopamine - a brain chemical linked to reward and motivation - levels in binge eaters. (medindia.net)
  • Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by the death of dopamine-producing cells in the mid-brain. (medindia.net)
  • A model of the way the brain releases dopamine which could be used to understand drug addiction and treat schizophrenia,has been successfully created by researchers at the University of Copenhagen. (medindia.net)
  • The medicine often given to Parkinson's patients is L-dopa, which is converted into dopamine in the brain," Dr Andras Simon, who led the study at the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, said. (medindia.net)
  • Another perspective is how medicines that block dopamine signalling and that are used for other diseases, such as psychoses, affect stem cell dynamics in the brain," Simon added. (medindia.net)
  • Drugs which act through the brain chemical dopamine may one day help restore consciousness in people who have lost it. (theconversation.com)
  • Dopamine is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body. (wikipathways.org)
  • L-DOPA is converted to dopamine in the brain and various parts of the body by the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase. (wikipathways.org)
  • L-DOPA is used rather than dopamine itself because, unlike dopamine, it is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. (wikipathways.org)
  • He had devoted his life to understanding how the brain works and was awarded the Nobel for his research into dopamine - an important chemical found in the brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • What Carlsson did was to reveal exactly how significant dopamine is to the function of the brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • By decreasing dopamine levels in the brains of rabbits in his lab in Gothenburg, Carlsson was able to show that if you don't have the right level of dopamine in your brain, the circuits that determine how the brain controls movement don't work properly. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Traditionally, this was explained by the drug increasing dopamine levels in the brain but a new study shortly to be published in NeuroImage suggests that the active ingredient in cannabis doesn't effect this important neurotransmitter. (mindhacks.com)
  • This has led to the assumption that the small increased risk of psychosis reliably associated with cannabis use is due to the drug increasing dopamine levels in a deep brain structure called the striatum . (mindhacks.com)
  • This new study, led by neuroscientist Paul Stokes , tested dopamine levels by using a type of PET brain scan where participants are injected with a radioactive tracer that binds to free dopamine receptors. (mindhacks.com)
  • The researchers found that long, sleepless nights, heightened locomotor activity, frenetic brain activity, and frenzied (but ultimately ineffective) courtship behavior are all characteristics of fruit flies on methamphetamine, the effects of which are known to act through the neurotransmitter dopamine. (biologynews.net)
  • The results suggest that the right balance of dopamine is necessary for proper brain functioning, as has been seen in human studies of attention and distraction. (biologynews.net)
  • Dopamine has been implicated in numerous aspects of brain function in humans and other animals, and many of these brain functions involve the modulation of neuronal activity and the ability to assign proper saliency (or relevance) to sensory stimuli. (biologynews.net)
  • CBD is a chemical that has many benefits that include the capacity to increase the levels of dopamine in the brain. (dailysandiegonews.com)
  • This is the first research to demonstrate that synthetic cannabinoids could interfere with brain dopamine release. (dailysandiegonews.com)
  • Neuroscientists teach us that dopamine is a precious substance in our brain that helps with focus, alertness, motivation, positive attitude, strong memory, creativity, willpower and stress response. (youngstronghappy.com)
  • IMSEAR at SEARO: Brain dopamine in experimental diabetes. (who.int)
  • Ramakrishnan R, Suthanthirarajan N, Namasivayam A. Brain dopamine in experimental diabetes. (who.int)
  • The anhedonia hypothesis maintains that pleasure for food-reward is determined by dopamine activity in the brain. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. (bvsalud.org)
  • The team plans to try to answer that question by looking level atlas of the human brain to determine the The researchers conducting the study were operating under Project setup at dopamine and the brain's theta rhythm. (medlineplus.gov)
Role of dopamine2
  • Scientists have also been studying the role of dopamine in the development of ADHD. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The role of dopamine as a reward prediction error signal in reinforcement learning tasks has been well-established over the past decades. (biorxiv.org)
Shows that dopamine1
  • Nevertheless, a large body of data also shows that dopamine is not necessary for learning, and that dopamine depletion primarily affects task performance. (ucl.ac.uk)
Increase in dopamine2
  • This is credited to an increase in dopamine. (news-medical.net)
  • But if it is the case that cannabis does not cause a significant increase in dopamine levels, this will mean our ideas about cannabis and psychosis will need a rethink. (mindhacks.com)
Thought that dopamine1
  • Researchers have long thought that dopamine was the neurotransmitter for pleasure. (nexcess.net)
Suggest that dopamine2
  • They concluded that their results suggest that dopamine dysregulation is unlikely to be the leading cause of ADHD in adults. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • There is evidence to suggest that dopamine plays a key role in gamling addiction. (theconversation.com)
Brains5
  • While neutral palettes will always remain popular, this colourful movement is all about creating bold, uplifting surroundings that cause our brains to create dopamine - the 'feel-good' chemical that plays a big part in how we experience pleasure. (persimmonhomes.com)
  • The brains of mice randomly produce large bursts of dopamine that could produce feelings of hope. (theconversation.com)
  • Mouse brains produce random, strong bursts of dopamine and are able to control them. (theconversation.com)
  • A scientific study looked at the dopamine levels in rats' brains as they were put through a process of getting a signal, waiting, then being able to flip a lever and get a treat. (nexcess.net)
  • With rising standards of living, our brains will constantly seek other sources of dopamine-inducing highs. (todayonline.com)
Substantia nigra2
  • Though these studies are able to produce mild dopamine system degeneration in the striatum and substantia nigra and some behavioural effects, there are studies pointing to the toxicity of AAV-carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP), which is often used as a control. (helsinki.fi)
  • The main symptoms are caused by the loss of dopamine-secreting cells in the substantia nigra. (wikipathways.org)
Nucleus accumbens1
  • The ability of drugs of abuse to increase dopamine in nucleus accumbens underlies their reinforcing effects. (jneurosci.org)
Affect dopamine1
  • Reduced or increased dopaminergic activity due to clinical conditions tends to be associated with lower or higher sEBR, respectively, and sEBR can be modulated by pharmacological agents that affect dopamine signaling. (helsinki.fi)
Inhibits dopamine1
  • Cocaine is a dopamine transporter blocker that competitively inhibits dopamine uptake to increase the presence of dopamine. (news-medical.net)
Chemical dopamine1
  • The decisions we make hinge upon this act of time travel and a new study suggests that our mental simulations of our future happiness are strongly affected by the chemical dopamine. (scienceblogs.com)
Rats1
Inhibitors2
  • In the new work, the researchers showed that genetically engineered flies whose dopamine cells could be turned off experimentally, or flies that have received dopamine inhibitors, show converse behavioral effects to those seen in normal flies that have ingested methamphetamine. (biologynews.net)
  • 2-(Benzoyl)piperidines (analogues of 1a), structural hybrids of the clinically employed ADHD medication methylphenidate (2) and the abused synthetic cathinone pentedrone (3), have been previously reported to act as novel and selective reuptake inhibitors of the human dopamine transporter (hDAT). (bvsalud.org)
Agonist4
  • The dopamine agonist bromocriptine mesylate is often the initial drug of choice and may require high doses to achieve clinical improvement and shrinkage of prolactinomas. (medscape.com)
  • Health care professionals should assess patients' need for dopamine agonist (DA) therapy and consider alternative treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Dekkers et al also investigated the effects of dopamine agonist withdrawal on patients with hyperprolactinemia, either the idiopathic form or that caused by prolactinomas. (medscape.com)
  • By Adam Lidgett (July 1, 2016, 7:23 PM EDT) -- A Washington, D.C.-based consumer advocacy group has sent a petition to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration saying that dopamine agonist drugs should have a black-box warning about side effects that can cause compulsive behavior, such as extreme desires for sex, eating, shopping and gambling. (law360.com)
Neurotransmitters1
  • Researchers have also investigated the role of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Brain's1
  • Dopamine is the brain's feel-good chemical, and which controls the brain's reward and pleasure centres and regulates emotion. (todayonline.com)
Inhibition1
  • Mimic dopamine action of inhibition of prolactin release. (medscape.com)
DRD51
  • MybiosourceProduct Short Name: [DRD5]Product Name Synonyme: N/AOther Names: [D(1B) dopamine. (biocheminfo.org)
Pituitary2
  • Dopamine is the main neuroendocrine inhibitor of the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland. (news-medical.net)
  • They act on postsynaptic dopamine receptors while causing no effect on other anterior pituitary functions. (medscape.com)
Deficiency6
  • Dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome is a rare movement disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome develop a pattern of involuntary, sustained muscle contractions known as dystonia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome may have a shortened lifespan, although the long-term effects of this condition are not fully understood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome is caused by mutations in the SLC6A3 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Although dopamine has a critical role in controlling movement, it is unclear how altered dopamine signaling causes the specific movement abnormalities found in people with dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dopamine stimulating agents (DSA) are suggested to hold a promising potential in depression management, particularly in older adults , in whom dopamine deficiency due to aging may be an underlying cause. (bvsalud.org)
Researchers4
  • Researchers at Cornell University wanted to know if dopamine signaling was involved in how birds learn songs. (scienceblogs.com)
  • The researchers also found that dopamine signaling was enhanced when the birds corrected a mistake made during a prior attempt. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Summary: Researchers pay tribute to Arvid Carlsson, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for his research into dopamine, and evaluate what his research means to modern neuroscience. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The researchers found no difference in dopamine levels between the THC and the sugar pill, even though the participants clearly reported the effects of the drug. (mindhacks.com)
Levels21
  • Research suggests that there is a link between dopamine levels and the development of this condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • We also cover other effects of low dopamine levels and treatment options for ADHD. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • There is an association between dopamine levels and several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Experts initially believed that ADHD occurs as a result of low levels of dopamine, but they have since realized that the relationship is a little more complicated. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Parkinson's disease and drug addiction are some of the examples of problems associated with abnormal dopamine levels. (news-medical.net)
  • Second, people with fibromyalgia (FMS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS or ME/CFS ) generally have low dopamine levels, which makes them prone to a variety of symptoms and conditions. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Does Taking Certain Medications Risk Lowering Dopamine Levels? (verywellhealth.com)
  • Neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medications typically lower dopamine levels . (verywellhealth.com)
  • If you're taking any of them, check with your healthcare provider about any symptoms you may have that could be due to low dopamine levels. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Treatment of low dopamine levels may include therapy with a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant medication containing methylphenidate, such as Ritalin, Concerta, or Metadate. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Scientists have also seen that levels of dopamine are different in people with ADHD than people without ADHD. (refinery29.com)
  • It works for these older viewers in part because dopamine levels drop with age , and can be influenced by a number of other factors. (emptywheel.net)
  • People with lowered dopamine levels react with more anger than those with more normal levels. (emptywheel.net)
  • In itself, this is partly based on another assumption - the virtual mantra of recreational drug research that 'all drugs of abuse increase dopamine levels in the reward system' of which the striatum is a part. (mindhacks.com)
  • Higher dopamine levels will mean that there are less free dopamine receptors and, therefore, lower tracer levels. (mindhacks.com)
  • However, one study suggests that CBD has only mild or no impact on the levels of dopamine. (dailysandiegonews.com)
  • If you feel unmotivated, unfocused, depressed, tired, have low libido or were diagnosed with ADHD, you might be dealing with low dopamine levels. (youngstronghappy.com)
  • Mediation analyses revealed that the effect of statin treatment on baseline dopamine transporter availability and longitudinal outcome was not mediated by total cholesterol levels. (medscape.com)
  • The highest dopamine levels came not when the rat got the treat or even did the work of flipping the lever. (nexcess.net)
  • In fact, the maximum dopamine levels came when the rat only got a treat half the time. (nexcess.net)
  • The causes for the symptoms of this all too widespread disease is low levels of dopamine. (pdtrials.org)
Gene5
  • This gene provides instructions for making a protein called the dopamine transporter. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in the SLC6A3 gene impair or eliminate the function of the dopamine transporter. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Blackstone C. Infantile parkinsonism-dystonia due to dopamine transporter gene mutations: another genetic twist. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It was only when the team knocked out a gene called cat-2, which is needed for dopamine production, that the worms no longer increased their egg laying while roaming. (mit.edu)
  • Association of attention deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene. (bvsalud.org)
Schizophrenia2
  • Despite some dissenting voices, disruption to the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is widely thought to be the key problem in the development of delusions, hallucinations and the other psychotic symptoms commonly diagnosed as schizophrenia. (mindhacks.com)
  • For about 15 years now, the PCP/NMDA model has been an alternative to the straight dopamine theory of schizophrenia (reviewed by Javitt 2008 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497092 ) - "PCP) and ketamine induce psychotic symptoms and neurocognitive disturbances similar to those of schizophrenia by blocking neurotransmission at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. (mindhacks.com)
Genes1
  • The interaction of dopamine genes and financial stressors to predict adulthood intimate partner violence perpetration. (cdc.gov)
Striatum2
  • Moreover, subjects with the highest scores on measures of withdrawal symptoms and of addiction severity that have been shown to predict treatment outcomes, had the largest dopamine changes in dorsal striatum. (jneurosci.org)
  • Dopamine-mediated reinforcement learning signals in the striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex underlie value-based choices. (mpg.de)
Humans5
  • Dopamine is well known as the 'reward chemical' in humans-a key to addictive behavior. (scientificamerican.com)
  • But it is not yet known if there is a similar link between the olfactory bulb, pregnancy and dopamine in humans. (scientificamerican.com)
  • It turned out to hinge on the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is abundant in all animals, including humans. (mit.edu)
  • My suspicion is that drugs which humans find "pleasurable" probably do involve dopamine whereas ones which people find "interesting" don't. (mindhacks.com)
  • Because dopamine affects movement in many different animals, including humans, our studies may help to identify treatments for Parkinsons patients and those with spinal cord injury, said Mesce. (sci-info-pages.com)
Behaviors1
  • Dopamine fasting can help decrease behaviors associated with cravings, impulsivity, or addiction. (psychcentral.com)
Effects6
  • D1 receptors and D4 receptors are responsible for the cognitive-enhancing effects of dopamine. (news-medical.net)
  • Why should you know about low dopamine symptoms - that is, the effects of low dopamine - in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome? (verywellhealth.com)
  • Recent work has shown that the reward prediction error interpretation can also account for the effects of dopamine on interval timing by controlling the speed of subjective time. (biorxiv.org)
  • Dopamine can be supplied as a medication that acts on the sympathetic nervous system, producing effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure. (phys.org)
  • Application of DopEcR's ligands, ecdysone and dopamine, had different effects on nicotine-induced Ca2+-responses in the MB: ecdysone enhanced activity in the calyx and cell body region in a DopEcR-dependent manner, whereas dopamine reduced activity in the medial lobes independently of DopEcR. (sdbonline.org)
  • In the present study, to uncover whether previous use of statins directly affects nigral degeneration at the time of Parkinson's disease diagnosis and longitudinal outcomes, we investigated the effects of statins on baseline nigrostriatal dopamine loss and longitudinal motor and cognitive outcomes in drug-naïve patients with Parkinson's disease. (medscape.com)
Quinone1
  • We demonstrate that dopamine polymerization in basic solutions can be efficiently inhibited by adding small quantities of sodium ascorbate (vitamin C) that reduces reactive dopamine quinone and delays dopamine polymerization. (rsc.org)
Medications1
  • And among patients with prevalent PD, lower serum urate was associated with a more rapid progression to requiring dopaminergic medications, reduced dopamine transporter binding, and more severe non-motor symptoms. (cdc.gov)
Concentration2
  • Amphetamine increases the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic gap, but by a different mechanism. (news-medical.net)
  • Thus, dopamine displays complex regulatory effect on immune responses, depending on dopamine concentration, subtype of receptors and type of immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
Prolactin2
  • These cells can produce prolactin in absence of dopamine. (news-medical.net)
  • Dopamine is occasionally called prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF), prolactin-inhibiting hormone(PIH), or prolactostatin. (news-medical.net)
Encodes2
  • Temporal difference learning models propose phasic dopamine signaling encodes reward prediction errors that drive learning. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • We offer a resolution to this paradox based on an hypothesis that dopamine encodes the precision of beliefs about alternative actions, and thus controls the outcome-sensitivity of behavior. (ucl.ac.uk)
Neuroleptic2
  • Whitaker PM, Seeman P. "Hallucinogen binding to dopamine/neuroleptic receptors" J.Pharm.Pharmacol. . (erowid.org)
  • The binding of hallucinogens to dopamine/neuroleptic receptors was investigated. (erowid.org)
Increases3
  • Dopamine reduces the influence of the indirect pathway, and increases the actions of the direct pathway within the basal ganglia. (news-medical.net)
  • Here we test whether dopamine increases occur to conditioned stimuli in human subjects addicted to cocaine and whether this is associated with drug craving. (jneurosci.org)
  • 3. A healthy form of dopamine increases motivation, and we feel good for longer. (myprojectideas.com)
DOPAC1
  • Dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were simultaneously measured. (nih.gov)
Motivation1
  • Dopamine has many important functions, including playing complex roles in thought (cognition), motivation, behavior, and control of movement. (medlineplus.gov)
Mechanism3
  • The study, " Dopamine-based mechanism for transient forgetting ," appears Wednesday in the journal Nature . (scripps.edu)
  • The study, " Dopamine-based mechanism for transient forgetting ," was supported by the National Institutes of Health, grant 5R35NS098224 and F31MH123022. (scripps.edu)
  • The mechanism of the light-driven SA-controlled dopamine polymerization has been studied using spectroscopic and electroanalytical methods. (rsc.org)
Modulation2
  • This article will briefly cover: basic dopamine neuron physiology and electrophysiology of dopamine modulation of cortex. (scholarpedia.org)
  • This finding is one of several in a new study that demonstrates a critical role for the neurotransmitter dopamine in the modulation of sleep, wake, and arousal states. (biologynews.net)
Signals1
  • According to this theory, the timing of the dopamine signal relative to reward delivery dictates whether subjective time speeds up or slows down: Early DA signals speed up subjective time and late signals slow it down. (biorxiv.org)
Parkinson's Disease4
  • The dopamine system plays a central role in several significant medical conditions, including Parkinson's disease. (wikipathways.org)
  • These dopamine cells are especially vulnerable to damage, and a variety of insults, including encephalitis (as depicted in the book and movie "Awakenings"), repeated sports-related concussions, and some forms of chemical poisoning such as MPTP, can lead to substantial cell loss, producing a parkinsonian syndrome that is similar in its main features to Parkinson's disease. (wikipathways.org)
  • In this study, we investigate whether the previous use of statins affect baseline nigrostriatal dopamine loss at the time of diagnosis and longitudinal motor and cognitive outcomes in patients with Parkinson's disease. (medscape.com)
  • Five hundred drug-naïve patients with Parkinson's disease who underwent dopamine transporter imaging were classified into two groups according to the prior use of statins: patients with and without statin use. (medscape.com)