DNA Tumor Viruses
Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse
Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming
Simian virus 40
Polyomavirus
Tumor Virus Infections
Cell Transformation, Viral
Adenovirus E1A Proteins
Retinoblastoma Protein
Oncogene Proteins, Viral
Antigens, Viral, Tumor
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
Polyomavirus Infections
Papillomaviridae
Molecular Sequence Data
Cell Line, Transformed
Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental
Polyomaviridae
Vaccinia virus
Cell Cycle
Virus Replication
Transfection
Base Sequence
Amino Acid Sequence
DNA-Binding Proteins
Receptors, Virus
Repressor Proteins
Avian leukosis virus
Transcription Factors
Virus Shedding
Tumor Markers, Biological
Avian Sarcoma Viruses
Defective Viruses
Tumor Burden
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Virus Assembly
Neoplasms, Experimental
Measles virus
Sindbis Virus
Yaba monkey tumor virus
Rauscher Virus
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
Alpharetrovirus
Rabies virus
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype
Gammaretrovirus
Genes, Retinoblastoma
Transcription, Genetic
Wilms Tumor
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Retroviridae
Hepatitis B virus
Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype
West Nile virus
Genes, Tumor Suppressor
Moloney murine leukemia virus
RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
RNA, Messenger
Respiratory Syncytial Viruses
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Proviruses
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Cells, Cultured
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Virus Activation
Carcinoid Tumor
Mice, Inbred BALB C
Mechanisms by which DNA tumor virus oncoproteins target the Rb family of pocket proteins. (1/15)
Small DNA tumor viruses have evolved different mechanisms to abrogate the function of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (pRb). Studies of these viruses have been invaluable in uncovering the central role of the Rb family of pocket proteins in cell cycle control. While the molecular mechanisms by which the viral oncoproteins inactivate the Rb family are still being elucidated, it is clear that targeting of this family is required both for viral replication and for virus-induced transformation of mammalian cells. This review compares and contrasts the approaches DNA tumor viruses have evolved to antagonize Rb family members--ranging from relatively simple equilibrium dissociation of pRb from cellular pRb-binding factors to chaperone-mediated alterations in pocket protein stability and phosphorylation levels. The review will focus on the viral oncoproteins adenovirus E1A, human papillomavirus E7 and the large T antigens of several polyomaviruses. An understanding of these mechanisms may provide further insight into the regulation and functions of Rb family members as well as uncover new targets for the development of novel anti-viral agents, particularly against human papillomavirus, which is a significant cause of human cancer. (+info)PP2A fulfills its promises as tumor suppressor: which subunits are important? (2/15)
Reversible phosphorylation of proteins, catalyzed by kinases and phosphatases, is a key regulatory mechanism in the control of multiple cellular signal transduction pathways. Uncontrolled regulation by the altered phosphorylation state of the components of these pathways often leads to increased cell proliferation and cell transformation. Many viruses encode oncogenic proteins, required for their efficient viral replication, which deregulate the activity of host cell proteins. This might program cells to a malignant state, underlying the molecular mechanism of tumor formation and cancer development. Recent studies reveal a role for a specific form of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in viral-induced cell transformation by interaction with the small t antigen (ST) of the DNA tumor simian virus 40 (SV40). (+info)Five DNA tumor viruses undetectable in human retinoblastomas. (3/15)
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a childhood eye cancer that arises when a retinal cell lacks a functional RB gene. Recent data indicate the transforming proteins of adenovirus, papillomavirus, and the polyomaviruses BK and JC all can bind to the product of the RB gene. Furthermore, adenovirus 12, JC virus, and simian virus 40 are able to induce RB-like tumors in rodents. In view of these findings, 50 human RBs were tested for the presence of five human DNA tumor viruses: adenovirus 12, BK virus, JC virus, and human papillomaviruses 16 and 18. Using the polymerase chain reaction, no viral sequences were detected in 50 RB DNAs. These data provide no evidence that these viruses have an etiologic role in human RB. (+info)Protein phosphatases and DNA tumor viruses: transformation through the back door? (4/15)
Cellular transformation by many oncogenic viruses is mediated by alterations in signal transduction pathways that control normal growth and proliferation. Common targets for many transforming viruses are pathways regulated by protein phosphorylation. The biochemical control of proteins in these pathways is a dynamic process that is regulated by the relative activities of protein kinases and phosphatases. Although there are numerous examples of viral oncogenes that encode protein kinases (Hunter, 1991), until recently there has been no evidence linking altered phosphatase activity to transformation. In this review we describe a novel mechanism, utilized by small DNA tumor viruses, in which viral oncogenes bind to and regulate a cellular protein serine/threonine phosphatase. The currently available evidence indicates that alteration of phosphatase activity and subsequent changes in phosphorylation levels is an important step in transformation by these viruses. (+info)Evidence for a structural relationship between BRCT domains and the helicase domains of the replication initiators encoded by the Polyomaviridae and Papillomaviridae families of DNA tumor viruses. (5/15)
(+info)Manipulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by small DNA tumor viruses. (6/15)
(+info)The common mechanisms of transformation by the small DNA tumor viruses: The inactivation of tumor suppressor gene products: p53. (7/15)
(+info)Adenoviral E1A function through Myc. (8/15)
(+info)DNA tumor viruses are a group of viruses that contain double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) as their genetic material and are capable of causing cancer in humans. These viruses typically infect specific cell types and can alter the normal regulation of the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.
There are several families of DNA tumor viruses, including:
1. Papillomaviridae: This family includes human papillomavirus (HPV), which is associated with cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.
2. Herpesviridae: This family includes Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
3. Adenoviridae: This family includes adenoviruses, which can cause respiratory infections and are associated with some rare forms of cancer.
4. Polyomaviridae: This family includes simian virus 40 (SV40) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), which are associated with certain types of cancer.
5. Hepadnaviridae: This family includes hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is associated with liver cancer.
DNA tumor viruses can cause cancer by several mechanisms, including integrating their genetic material into the host cell's DNA, expressing oncogenes that promote cell growth and division, and inhibiting tumor suppressor genes that regulate the cell cycle. Understanding how these viruses contribute to cancer development is important for developing preventative measures and treatments for virus-associated cancers.
Medical Definition:
Mammary tumor virus, mouse (MMTV) is a type of retrovirus that specifically infects mice and is associated with the development of mammary tumors or breast cancer in these animals. The virus is primarily transmitted through mother's milk, leading to a high incidence of mammary tumors in female offspring.
MMTV contains an oncogene, which can integrate into the host's genome and induce uncontrolled cell growth and division, ultimately resulting in the formation of tumors. While MMTV is not known to infect humans, it has been a valuable model for studying retroviral pathogenesis and cancer biology.
Oncogenic viruses are a type of viruses that have the ability to cause cancer in host cells. They do this by integrating their genetic material into the DNA of the infected host cell, which can lead to the disruption of normal cellular functions and the activation of oncogenes (genes that have the potential to cause cancer). This can result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, ultimately leading to the formation of tumors. Examples of oncogenic viruses include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It is important to note that only a small proportion of viral infections lead to cancer, and the majority of cancers are not caused by viruses.
Polyomavirus transforming antigens refer to specific proteins expressed by polyomaviruses that can induce cellular transformation and lead to the development of cancer. These antigens are called large T antigen (T-Ag) and small t antigen (t-Ag). They manipulate key cellular processes, such as cell cycle regulation and DNA damage response, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and malignant transformation.
The large T antigen is a multifunctional protein that plays a crucial role in viral replication and transformation. It has several domains with different functions:
1. Origin binding domain (OBD): Binds to the viral origin of replication, initiating DNA synthesis.
2. Helicase domain: Unwinds double-stranded DNA during replication.
3. DNA binding domain: Binds to specific DNA sequences and acts as a transcriptional regulator.
4. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) binding domain: Recruits PP1 to promote viral DNA replication and inhibit host cell defense mechanisms.
5. p53-binding domain: Binds and inactivates the tumor suppressor protein p53, promoting cell cycle progression and preventing apoptosis.
6. Rb-binding domain: Binds to and inactivates the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), leading to deregulation of the cell cycle and uncontrolled cell growth.
The small t antigen shares a common N-terminal region with large T antigen but lacks some functional domains, such as the OBD and helicase domain. Small t antigen can also bind to and inactivate PP1 and pRb, contributing to transformation. However, its primary role is to stabilize large T antigen by preventing its proteasomal degradation.
Polyomavirus transforming antigens are associated with various human cancers, such as Merkel cell carcinoma (caused by Merkel cell polyomavirus) and some forms of brain tumors, sarcomas, and lymphomas (associated with simian virus 40).
Simian Virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. It is a DNA virus that has been extensively studied in laboratory settings due to its ability to transform cells and cause tumors in animals. In fact, SV40 was discovered as a contaminant of poliovirus vaccines that were prepared using rhesus monkey kidney cells in the 1950s and 1960s.
SV40 is not typically associated with human disease, but there has been some concern that exposure to the virus through contaminated vaccines or other means could increase the risk of certain types of cancer, such as mesothelioma and brain tumors. However, most studies have failed to find a consistent link between SV40 infection and cancer in humans.
The medical community generally agrees that SV40 is not a significant public health threat, but researchers continue to study the virus to better understand its biology and potential impact on human health.
Polyomavirus is a type of double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the family Polyomaviridae. These viruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with an icosahedral symmetry. They have a relatively simple structure and contain a circular genome.
Polyomaviruses are known to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and birds. In humans, polyomaviruses can cause asymptomatic infections or lead to the development of various diseases, depending on the age and immune status of the host.
There are several types of human polyomaviruses, including:
* JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV), which can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients. JCV is associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare but often fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, while BKV can cause nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis.
* Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), which is associated with Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare but aggressive form of skin cancer.
* Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSV), which is associated with trichodysplasia spinulosa, a rare skin disorder that affects immunocompromised individuals.
Polyomaviruses are typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected bodily fluids. Once inside the host, they can establish latency in various tissues and organs, where they may remain dormant for long periods of time before reactivating under certain conditions, such as immunosuppression.
Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. There are currently no vaccines available to prevent polyomavirus infections, although research is ongoing to develop effective vaccines against some of the more pathogenic human polyomaviruses.
A tumor virus infection is a condition in which a person's cells become cancerous or transformed due to the integration and disruption of normal cellular functions by a viral pathogen. These viruses are also known as oncoviruses, and they can cause tumors or cancer by altering the host cell's genetic material, promoting uncontrolled cell growth and division, evading immune surveillance, and inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Examples of tumor viruses include:
1. DNA tumor viruses: These are double-stranded DNA viruses that can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).
2. RNA tumor viruses: Also known as retroviruses, these single-stranded RNA viruses can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Tumor virus infections are responsible for approximately 15-20% of all cancer cases worldwide, making them a significant public health concern. Prevention strategies, such as vaccination against HPV and HBV, have been shown to reduce the incidence of associated cancers.
Cell transformation, viral refers to the process by which a virus causes normal cells to become cancerous or tumorigenic. This occurs when the genetic material of the virus integrates into the DNA of the host cell and alters its regulation, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division. Some viruses known to cause cell transformation include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and certain types of herpesviruses.
Adenovirus E1A proteins are the early region 1A proteins encoded by adenoviruses, a group of viruses that commonly cause respiratory infections in humans. The E1A proteins play a crucial role in the regulation of the viral life cycle and host cell response. They function as transcriptional regulators, interacting with various cellular proteins to modulate gene expression and promote viral replication.
There are two major E1A protein isoforms, 289R and 243R, which differ in their amino-terminal regions due to alternative splicing of the E1A mRNA. The 289R isoform contains an additional 46 amino acids at its N-terminus compared to the 243R isoform. Both isoforms share conserved regions, including a strong transcriptional activation domain and a binding domain for cellular proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, such as retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and p300/CBP.
The interaction between E1A proteins and pRb is particularly important because it leads to the release of E2F transcription factors, which are essential for the initiation of viral DNA replication. By binding and inactivating pRb, E1A proteins promote the expression of cell cycle-regulated genes that facilitate viral replication in dividing cells.
In summary, adenovirus E1A proteins are multifunctional regulatory proteins involved in the control of viral gene expression and host cell response during adenovirus infection. They manipulate cellular transcription factors and pathways to create a favorable environment for viral replication.
Retinoblastoma Protein (pRb or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle and preventing uncontrolled cell growth. It is encoded by the RB1 gene, located on chromosome 13. The retinoblastoma protein functions as a regulatory checkpoint in the cell cycle, preventing cells from progressing into the S phase (DNA synthesis phase) until certain conditions are met.
When pRb is in its active state, it binds to and inhibits the activity of E2F transcription factors, which promote the expression of genes required for DNA replication and cell cycle progression. Phosphorylation of pRb by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) leads to the release of E2F factors, allowing them to activate their target genes and drive the cell into S phase.
Mutations in the RB1 gene can result in the production of a nonfunctional or reduced amount of pRb protein, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and an increased risk of developing retinoblastoma, a rare form of eye cancer, as well as other types of tumors.
Oncogene proteins, viral, are cancer-causing proteins that are encoded by the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of certain viruses. These viral oncogenes can be acquired through infection with retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), and certain types of papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses.
When these viruses infect host cells, they can integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome, leading to the expression of viral oncogenes. These oncogenes may then cause uncontrolled cell growth and division, ultimately resulting in the formation of tumors or cancers. The process by which viruses contribute to cancer development is complex and involves multiple steps, including the alteration of signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
Examples of viral oncogenes include the v-src gene found in the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which causes chicken sarcoma, and the E6 and E7 genes found in human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are associated with cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers. Understanding viral oncogenes and their mechanisms of action is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat virus-associated cancers.
Antigens are substances that trigger an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies. Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other molecules found on the surface of cells or viruses.
Viral antigens are antigens that are present on the surface of viruses. When a virus infects a cell, it may display viral antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This can alert the immune system to the presence of the virus and trigger an immune response.
Tumor antigens are antigens that are present on the surface of cancer cells. These antigens may be unique to the cancer cells, or they may be similar to antigens found on normal cells. Tumor antigens can be recognized by the immune system as foreign, leading to an immune response against the cancer cells.
It is important to note that not all viral infections lead to cancer, and not all tumors are caused by viruses. However, some viruses have been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with an increased risk of cervical, anal, and oral cancers. In these cases, the virus may introduce viral antigens into the cells it infects, leading to an altered presentation of tumor antigens on the surface of the infected cells. This can potentially trigger an immune response against both the viral antigens and the tumor antigens, which may help to prevent or slow the growth of the cancer.
Neoplastic cell transformation is a process in which a normal cell undergoes genetic alterations that cause it to become cancerous or malignant. This process involves changes in the cell's DNA that result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, loss of contact inhibition, and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.
Neoplastic transformation can occur as a result of various factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, viral infections, chronic inflammation, and aging. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which regulate cell growth and division.
The transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells is a complex and multi-step process that involves multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. It is characterized by several hallmarks, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, enabling replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, activation of invasion and metastasis, reprogramming of energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction.
Neoplastic cell transformation is a fundamental concept in cancer biology and is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. It also has important implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as identifying the specific genetic alterations that underlie neoplastic transformation can help guide targeted therapies and personalized medicine approaches.
Tumor suppressor protein p53, also known as p53 or tumor protein p53, is a nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer development and maintaining genomic stability. It does so by regulating the cell cycle and acting as a transcription factor for various genes involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death), DNA repair, and cell senescence (permanent cell growth arrest).
In response to cellular stress, such as DNA damage or oncogene activation, p53 becomes activated and accumulates in the nucleus. Activated p53 can then bind to specific DNA sequences and promote the transcription of target genes that help prevent the proliferation of potentially cancerous cells. These targets include genes involved in cell cycle arrest (e.g., CDKN1A/p21), apoptosis (e.g., BAX, PUMA), and DNA repair (e.g., GADD45).
Mutations in the TP53 gene, which encodes p53, are among the most common genetic alterations found in human cancers. These mutations often lead to a loss or reduction of p53's tumor suppressive functions, allowing cancer cells to proliferate uncontrollably and evade apoptosis. As a result, p53 has been referred to as "the guardian of the genome" due to its essential role in preventing tumorigenesis.
Polyomavirus infections refer to the infectious diseases caused by polyomaviruses, a type of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that are capable of infecting humans and animals. There are several different types of polyomaviruses that can cause infection, including JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV), KI virus (KIV), WU virus (WUV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV).
Infection with these viruses typically occurs during childhood and is usually asymptomatic or associated with mild respiratory illness. However, in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients, polyomavirus infections can lead to more serious complications, including nephropathy (BKV), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (JCV), and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCPyV).
Diagnosis of polyomavirus infections typically involves the detection of viral DNA or antigens in clinical samples, such as blood, urine, or tissue biopsies. Treatment is generally supportive and aimed at managing symptoms, although antiviral therapy may be used in some cases. Prevention strategies include good hygiene practices and avoiding close contact with individuals who are known to be infected.
A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.
Papillomaviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that primarily infect the epithelial cells of mammals, birds, and reptiles. The name "papillomavirus" comes from the Latin word "papilla," which means nipple or small projection, reflecting the characteristic wart-like growths (papillomas) that these viruses can cause in infected host tissues.
The family Papillomaviridae includes more than 200 distinct papillomavirus types, with each type being defined by its specific DNA sequence. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are the most well-studied members of this family, are associated with a range of diseases, from benign warts and lesions to malignant cancers such as cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.
Papillomaviruses have a circular, double-stranded DNA genome that is approximately 8 kbp in size. The viral genome encodes several early (E) proteins involved in viral replication and oncogenesis, as well as late (L) proteins that form the viral capsid. The life cycle of papillomaviruses is tightly linked to the differentiation program of their host epithelial cells, with productive infection occurring primarily in the differentiated layers of the epithelium.
In summary, Papillomaviridae is a family of DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells and can cause a variety of benign and malignant diseases. Human papillomaviruses are a significant public health concern due to their association with several cancer types.
RNA viruses are a type of virus that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material, as opposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA viruses replicate by using an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate their RNA genome.
There are several different groups of RNA viruses, including:
1. Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that is complementary to the mRNA and must undergo transcription to produce mRNA before translation can occur. Examples include influenza virus, measles virus, and rabies virus.
2. Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that can serve as mRNA and can be directly translated into protein after entry into the host cell. Examples include poliovirus, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses.
3. Double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome consisting of double-stranded RNA and use a complex replication strategy involving both transcription and reverse transcription. Examples include rotaviruses and reoviruses.
RNA viruses are known to cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as hepatitis C, polio, and COVID-19. Due to their high mutation rates and ability to adapt quickly to new environments, RNA viruses can be difficult to control and treat with antiviral drugs or vaccines.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
A "cell line, transformed" is a type of cell culture that has undergone a stable genetic alteration, which confers the ability to grow indefinitely in vitro, outside of the organism from which it was derived. These cells have typically been immortalized through exposure to chemical or viral carcinogens, or by introducing specific oncogenes that disrupt normal cell growth regulation pathways.
Transformed cell lines are widely used in scientific research because they offer a consistent and renewable source of biological material for experimentation. They can be used to study various aspects of cell biology, including signal transduction, gene expression, drug discovery, and toxicity testing. However, it is important to note that transformed cells may not always behave identically to their normal counterparts, and results obtained using these cells should be validated in more physiologically relevant systems when possible.
'Mammary neoplasms, experimental' is not a recognized medical term. However, I can provide definitions for the individual terms:
1. Mammary: Pertaining to the breast or mammary glands in females, which are responsible for milk production.
2. Neoplasms: Abnormal growths of tissue, also known as tumors or masses, that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
3. Experimental: Relating to a scientific experiment or study, typically conducted in a controlled setting to test hypotheses and gather data.
In the context of medical research, 'experimental mammary neoplasms' may refer to artificially induced breast tumors in laboratory animals (such as rats or mice) for the purpose of studying the development, progression, treatment, and prevention of breast cancer. These studies can help researchers better understand the biology of breast cancer and develop new therapies and strategies for its diagnosis and management.
Polyomaviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that can infect various species, including humans. In humans, the most well-known polyomaviruses are JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV), which can cause severe disease in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Polyomaviruses have a circular, double-stranded DNA genome that is encapsidated in an icosahedral capsid made up of 72 capsomeres. The virions are typically 40-45 nanometers in diameter.
In immunocompetent individuals, polyomavirus infection usually occurs during childhood and is asymptomatic or causes mild symptoms. However, in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients, polyomaviruses can cause severe disease, including nephropathy (BKV) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (JCV).
It's worth noting that recent studies have identified several new human polyomaviruses, such as trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), which have been linked to specific diseases. However, more research is needed to fully understand the clinical significance of these newly discovered viruses.
Vaccinia virus is a large, complex DNA virus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. It is the virus used in the production of the smallpox vaccine. The vaccinia virus is not identical to the variola virus, which causes smallpox, but it is closely related and provides cross-protection against smallpox infection.
The vaccinia virus has a unique replication cycle that occurs entirely in the cytoplasm of infected cells, rather than in the nucleus like many other DNA viruses. This allows the virus to evade host cell defenses and efficiently produce new virions. The virus causes the formation of pocks or lesions on the skin, which contain large numbers of virus particles that can be transmitted to others through close contact.
Vaccinia virus has also been used as a vector for the delivery of genes encoding therapeutic proteins, vaccines against other infectious diseases, and cancer therapies. However, the use of vaccinia virus as a vector is limited by its potential to cause adverse reactions in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions.
The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. It consists of four main phases: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase.
During the G1 phase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for DNA replication. In the S phase, the cell's DNA is copied, resulting in two complete sets of chromosomes. During the G2 phase, the cell continues to grow and produces more proteins and organelles necessary for cell division.
The M phase is the final stage of the cell cycle and consists of mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division). Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter nuclei, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm and creates two separate daughter cells.
The cell cycle is regulated by various checkpoints that ensure the proper completion of each phase before progressing to the next. These checkpoints help prevent errors in DNA replication and division, which can lead to mutations and cancer.
Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:
1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.
The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Transfection is a term used in molecular biology that refers to the process of deliberately introducing foreign genetic material (DNA, RNA or artificial gene constructs) into cells. This is typically done using chemical or physical methods, such as lipofection or electroporation. Transfection is widely used in research and medical settings for various purposes, including studying gene function, producing proteins, developing gene therapies, and creating genetically modified organisms. It's important to note that transfection is different from transduction, which is the process of introducing genetic material into cells using viruses as vectors.
DNA replication is the biological process by which DNA makes an identical copy of itself during cell division. It is a fundamental mechanism that allows genetic information to be passed down from one generation of cells to the next. During DNA replication, each strand of the double helix serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. This results in the creation of two identical DNA molecules. The enzymes responsible for DNA replication include helicase, which unwinds the double helix, and polymerase, which adds nucleotides to the growing strands.
Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.
Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.
Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
DNA-binding proteins are a type of protein that have the ability to bind to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material of organisms. These proteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as regulation of gene expression, DNA replication, repair and recombination.
The binding of DNA-binding proteins to specific DNA sequences is mediated by non-covalent interactions, including electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. The specificity of binding is determined by the recognition of particular nucleotide sequences or structural features of the DNA molecule.
DNA-binding proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, such as transcription factors, histones, and restriction enzymes. Transcription factors are a major class of DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences in the promoter region of genes and recruiting other proteins to modulate transcription. Histones are DNA-binding proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes, the basic unit of chromatin structure. Restriction enzymes are DNA-binding proteins that recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences, and are widely used in molecular biology research and biotechnology applications.
Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.
The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:
1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.
Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.
Virus receptors are specific molecules (commonly proteins) on the surface of host cells that viruses bind to in order to enter and infect those cells. This interaction between the virus and its receptor is a critical step in the infection process. Different types of viruses have different receptor requirements, and identifying these receptors can provide important insights into the biology of the virus and potential targets for antiviral therapies.
Repressor proteins are a type of regulatory protein in molecular biology that suppress the transcription of specific genes into messenger RNA (mRNA) by binding to DNA. They function as part of gene regulation processes, often working in conjunction with an operator region and a promoter region within the DNA molecule. Repressor proteins can be activated or deactivated by various signals, allowing for precise control over gene expression in response to changing cellular conditions.
There are two main types of repressor proteins:
1. DNA-binding repressors: These directly bind to specific DNA sequences (operator regions) near the target gene and prevent RNA polymerase from transcribing the gene into mRNA.
2. Allosteric repressors: These bind to effector molecules, which then cause a conformational change in the repressor protein, enabling it to bind to DNA and inhibit transcription.
Repressor proteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as development, metabolism, and stress response, by controlling gene expression patterns in cells.
Viral genes refer to the genetic material present in viruses that contains the information necessary for their replication and the production of viral proteins. In DNA viruses, the genetic material is composed of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, while in RNA viruses, it is composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.
Viral genes can be classified into three categories: early, late, and structural. Early genes encode proteins involved in the replication of the viral genome, modulation of host cell processes, and regulation of viral gene expression. Late genes encode structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or envelope. Some viruses also have structural genes that are expressed throughout their replication cycle.
Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. By targeting specific viral genes, researchers can develop drugs that inhibit viral replication and reduce the severity of viral infections. Additionally, knowledge of viral gene sequences can inform the development of vaccines that stimulate an immune response to specific viral proteins.
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is a type of retrovirus that primarily affects chickens and other birds. It is responsible for a group of diseases known as avian leukosis, which includes various types of tumors and immunosuppressive conditions. The virus is transmitted horizontally through the shedder's dander, feathers, and vertical transmission through infected eggs.
There are several subgroups of ALV (A, B, C, D, E, and J), each with different host ranges and pathogenicity. Some strains can cause rapid death in young chickens, while others may take years to develop clinical signs. The most common form of the disease is neoplastic, characterized by the development of various types of tumors such as lymphomas, myelomas, and sarcomas.
Avian leukosis virus infection can have significant economic impacts on the poultry industry due to decreased growth rates, increased mortality, and condemnation of infected birds at processing. Control measures include eradication programs, biosecurity practices, vaccination, and breeding for genetic resistance.
Transcription factors are proteins that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by controlling the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). They function by binding to specific DNA sequences, known as response elements, located in the promoter region or enhancer regions of target genes. This binding can either activate or repress the initiation of transcription, depending on the properties and interactions of the particular transcription factor. Transcription factors often act as part of a complex network of regulatory proteins that determine the precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development, differentiation, and homeostasis in an organism.
A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.
An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.
Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.
Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.
It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.
A plant virus is not defined in medical terms, as viruses are typically considered within the context of living organisms and plants are not classified as such. However, I can provide a general virology definition for you:
Plant viruses are small infectious agents that consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They infect various plant species, causing a wide range of symptoms and diseases, which can result in significant economic losses in agriculture and horticulture. Plant viruses lack the ability to replicate outside a host cell, and they rely on the host's metabolic machinery for their reproduction. They can be transmitted through various means, such as insect vectors, seeds, or mechanical contact.
Virus shedding refers to the release of virus particles by an infected individual, who can then transmit the virus to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, fecal matter, or bodily fluids. This occurs when the virus replicates inside the host's cells and is released into the surrounding environment, where it can infect other individuals. The duration of virus shedding varies depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response. It's important to note that some individuals may shed viruses even before they show symptoms, making infection control measures such as hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and social distancing crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body and their presence can indicate the presence of certain types of cancer or other conditions. Biological tumor markers refer to those substances that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer or certain benign (non-cancerous) conditions. These markers can be found in various bodily fluids such as blood, urine, or tissue samples.
Examples of biological tumor markers include:
1. Proteins: Some tumor markers are proteins that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to the presence of cancer. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by normal prostate cells and in higher amounts by prostate cancer cells.
2. Genetic material: Tumor markers can also include genetic material such as DNA, RNA, or microRNA that are shed by cancer cells into bodily fluids. For example, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is genetic material from cancer cells that can be found in the bloodstream.
3. Metabolites: Tumor markers can also include metabolic products produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer. For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is released into the bloodstream when cancer cells break down glucose for energy.
It's important to note that tumor markers are not specific to cancer and can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions as well. Therefore, they should not be used alone to diagnose cancer but rather as a tool in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations.
Avian sarcoma viruses (ASVs) are a group of retroviruses that primarily infect birds and cause various types of tumors, particularly sarcomas. These viruses contain an oncogene, which is a gene that has the ability to transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The oncogene in ASVs is often derived from cellular genes called proto-oncogenes, which are normally involved in regulating cell growth and division.
ASVs can be divided into two main types: non-defective and defective. Non-defective ASVs contain a complete set of viral genes that allow them to replicate independently, while defective ASVs lack some of the necessary viral genes and require assistance from other viruses to replicate.
One well-known example of an avian sarcoma virus is the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which was first discovered in chickens by Peyton Rous in 1910. RSV causes a highly malignant form of sarcoma in chickens and has been extensively studied as a model system for cancer research. The oncogene in RSV is called v-src, which is derived from the normal cellular gene c-src.
Avian sarcoma viruses have contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and have provided valuable insights into the role of oncogenes in tumorigenesis.
A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.
Defective viruses are viruses that have lost the ability to complete a full replication cycle and produce progeny virions independently. These viruses require the assistance of a helper virus, which provides the necessary functions for replication. Defective viruses can arise due to mutations, deletions, or other genetic changes that result in the loss of essential genes. They are often non-infectious and cannot cause disease on their own, but they may interfere with the replication of the helper virus and modulate the course of infection. Defective viruses can be found in various types of viruses, including retroviruses, bacteriophages, and DNA viruses.
Viral diseases are illnesses caused by the infection and replication of viruses in host organisms. These infectious agents are obligate parasites, meaning they rely on the cells of other living organisms to survive and reproduce. Viruses can infect various types of hosts, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, causing a wide range of diseases with varying symptoms and severity.
Once a virus enters a host cell, it takes over the cell's machinery to produce new viral particles, often leading to cell damage or death. The immune system recognizes the viral components as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response can result in inflammation, fever, and other symptoms associated with viral diseases.
Examples of well-known viral diseases include:
1. Influenza (flu) - caused by influenza A, B, or C viruses
2. Common cold - usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses
3. HIV/AIDS - caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
4. Measles - caused by measles morbillivirus
5. Hepatitis B and C - caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively
6. Herpes simplex - caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
7. Chickenpox and shingles - both caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
8. Rabies - caused by rabies lyssavirus
9. Ebola - caused by ebolaviruses
10. COVID-19 - caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Prevention and treatment strategies for viral diseases may include vaccination, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms while the immune system fights off the infection.
DNA viruses are a type of virus that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. These viruses replicate by using the host cell's machinery to synthesize new viral components, which are then assembled into new viruses and released from the host cell.
DNA viruses can be further classified based on the structure of their genomes and the way they replicate. For example, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses have a genome made up of two strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses have a genome made up of a single strand of DNA.
Examples of DNA viruses include herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, human papillomavirus, and adenoviruses. Some DNA viruses are associated with specific diseases, such as cancer (e.g., human papillomavirus) or neurological disorders (e.g., herpes simplex virus).
It's important to note that while DNA viruses contain DNA as their genetic material, RNA viruses contain RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. Both DNA and RNA viruses can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, animals, and plants.
Tumor burden is a term used to describe the total amount of cancer in the body. It can refer to the number of tumors, the size of the tumors, or the amount of cancer cells in the body. In research and clinical trials, tumor burden is often measured to assess the effectiveness of treatments or to monitor disease progression. High tumor burden can cause various symptoms and complications, depending on the type and location of the cancer. It can also affect a person's prognosis and treatment options.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine, a type of small signaling protein involved in immune response and inflammation. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although other cell types such as T-cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells can also produce it.
TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against infection and tissue injury by mediating inflammatory responses, activating immune cells, and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain types of cells. It does this by binding to its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are found on the surface of many cell types.
In addition to its role in the immune response, TNF-α has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, as well as cancer, where it can promote tumor growth and metastasis.
Therapeutic agents that target TNF-α, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, have been developed to treat these conditions. However, these drugs can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects, so their use must be carefully monitored.
Virus assembly, also known as virion assembly, is the final stage in the virus life cycle where individual viral components come together to form a complete viral particle or virion. This process typically involves the self-assembly of viral capsid proteins around the viral genome (DNA or RNA) and, in enveloped viruses, the acquisition of a lipid bilayer membrane containing viral glycoproteins. The specific mechanisms and regulation of virus assembly vary among different viral families, but it is often directed by interactions between viral structural proteins and genomic nucleic acid.
Retroviridae infections refer to diseases caused by retroviruses, which are a type of virus that integrates its genetic material into the DNA of the host cell. This allows the virus to co-opt the cell's own machinery to produce new viral particles and infect other cells.
Some well-known retroviruses include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), which can cause certain types of cancer and neurological disorders.
Retroviral infections can have a range of clinical manifestations depending on the specific virus and the host's immune response. HIV infection, for example, is characterized by progressive immunodeficiency that makes the infected individual susceptible to a wide range of opportunistic infections and cancers. HTLV infection, on the other hand, can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma or tropical spastic paraparesis, a neurological disorder.
Prevention and treatment strategies for retroviral infections depend on the specific virus but may include antiretroviral therapy (ART), vaccination, and behavioral modifications to reduce transmission risk.
Experimental neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that are induced and studied in a controlled laboratory setting, typically in animals or cell cultures. These studies are conducted to understand the fundamental mechanisms of cancer development, progression, and potential treatment strategies. By manipulating various factors such as genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and pharmacological interventions, researchers can gain valuable insights into the complex processes underlying neoplasm formation and identify novel targets for cancer therapy. It is important to note that experimental neoplasms may not always accurately represent human cancers, and further research is needed to translate these findings into clinically relevant applications.
Measles virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of measles, a highly contagious infectious disease characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a red, blotchy rash. The virus primarily infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream.
The genome of the measles virus is approximately 16 kilobases in length and encodes for eight proteins: nucleocapsid (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin (H), large protein (L), and two non-structural proteins, V and C. The H protein is responsible for binding to the host cell receptor CD150 (SLAM) and mediating viral entry, while the F protein facilitates fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.
Measles virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected individuals. The virus can remain airborne for up to two hours in a closed space, making it highly contagious. Measles is preventable through vaccination, which has led to significant reductions in the incidence of the disease worldwide.
Sindbis virus is an alphavirus that belongs to the Togaviridae family. It's named after the location where it was first isolated, in Sindbis, Egypt, in 1952. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes and can infect a wide range of animals, including birds and humans. In humans, Sindbis virus infection often causes a mild flu-like illness characterized by fever, rash, and joint pain. However, some people may develop more severe symptoms, such as neurological disorders, although this is relatively rare. There is no specific treatment for Sindbis virus infection, and management typically involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be no established medical definition for "Yaba monkey tumor virus." It appears that this term may be a combination of the Yaba monkey tumor (a type of benign tumor observed in primates) and a virus. However, it is not a recognized term in virology or oncology.
Yaba monkey tumor is caused by the Yaba monkey tumor virus (YMTV), which is a member of the Poxviridae family and the Orthopoxvirus genus. It primarily affects non-human primates but can also incidentally infect humans, causing self-limiting papular or nodular skin lesions.
If you have any specific concerns about a medical condition or virus, I would be happy to help if you could provide more context or clarify the term in question.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be no established medical definition or recognition of a "Rauscher Virus" in human or veterinary medicine. It is possible that you may have misspelled or misremembered the name of a specific virus or medical term. If you have more information or context about where this term was used, I'd be happy to help you further research the topic.
'Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype' is a specific subtype of the influenza A virus that causes flu in humans and animals. It contains certain proteins called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) on its surface, with this subtype specifically having H1 and N1 antigens. The H1N1 strain is well-known for causing the 2009 swine flu pandemic, which was a global outbreak of flu that resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. This subtype can also cause seasonal flu, although the severity and symptoms may vary. It is important to note that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and new strains or subtypes can emerge over time, requiring regular updates to vaccines to protect against them.
An alpharetrovirus is a type of retrovirus, which is a group of viruses that integrate their genetic material into the DNA of the host cell. Alpharetroviruses are characterized by their ability to cause persistent infections and are associated with various diseases in animals. One well-known example of an alpharetrovirus is the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which was the first retrovirus to be discovered and is known to cause cancer in chickens.
Alpharetroviruses have a complex structure, consisting of an outer envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes, and an inner core that contains the viral RNA genome and associated enzymes. The viral RNA genome contains three main genes: gag, pol, and env, which encode for the structural proteins, enzymes, and envelope proteins of the virus, respectively.
Alpharetroviruses are transmitted through various routes, including horizontal transmission (from host to host) and vertical transmission (from parent to offspring). They can cause a range of diseases, depending on the specific virus and the host species. In addition to RSV, other examples of alpharetroviruses include the avian leukosis virus, which causes tumors and immunosuppression in birds, and the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, which causes a wasting disease in sheep.
It's worth noting that while alpharetroviruses are associated with diseases in animals, there are no known alpharetroviruses that infect humans. However, understanding the biology and behavior of these viruses in animal hosts can provide valuable insights into retroviral replication and pathogenesis, which may have implications for human health.
Rabies is a viral disease that affects the nervous system of mammals, including humans. It's caused by the rabies virus (RV), which belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and genus Lyssavirus. The virus has a bullet-shaped appearance under an electron microscope and is encased in a lipid envelope.
The rabies virus primarily spreads through the saliva of infected animals, usually via bites. Once inside the body, it travels along nerve fibers to the brain, where it multiplies rapidly and causes inflammation (encephalitis). The infection can lead to symptoms such as anxiety, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, paralysis, coma, and ultimately death if left untreated.
Rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear, but prompt post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which includes vaccination and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin, can prevent the disease from developing when administered after an exposure to a potentially rabid animal. Pre-exposure vaccination is also recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure, such as veterinarians and travelers visiting rabies-endemic areas.
"Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype" is a specific subtype of the Influenza A virus that is often found in avian species (birds) and can occasionally infect humans. The "H5N1" refers to the specific proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) found on the surface of the virus. This subtype has caused serious infections in humans, with high mortality rates, especially in cases where people have had close contact with infected birds. It does not commonly spread from person to person, but there is concern that it could mutate and adapt to efficiently transmit between humans, which would potentially cause a pandemic.
A gammaretrovirus is a type of retrovirus, which is a virus that contains RNA as its genetic material and uses the reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome. Gammaretroviruses are enveloped viruses, meaning they have a lipid membrane derived from the host cell. They are also classified as simple retroviruses because their genome only contains the genes gag, pol, and env.
Gammaretroviruses are known to cause diseases in animals, including leukemias and immunodeficiencies. One example of a gammaretrovirus is the feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which can cause a variety of symptoms in cats, including anemia, lymphoma, and immune suppression.
Gammaretroviruses have also been implicated in some human diseases, although they are not thought to be major causes of human disease. For example, the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that is closely related to gammaretroviruses and can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/ HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).
It's important to note that the classification of retroviruses has evolved over time, and some viruses that were once classified as gammaretroviruses are now considered to be part of other retrovirus genera.
Retinoblastoma genes, often referred to as RB1, are tumor suppressor genes that play a critical role in regulating cell growth and division. When functioning properly, these genes help prevent the development of cancer by ensuring that cells divide and grow in a controlled manner.
Mutations in the Retinoblastoma gene can lead to retinoblastoma, a rare type of eye cancer that typically affects young children. There are two types of retinoblastoma: hereditary and non-hereditary. Hereditary retinoblastoma is caused by an inherited mutation in the RB1 gene, while non-hereditary retinoblastoma is caused by a mutation that occurs spontaneously during development.
When both copies of the RB1 gene are mutated or inactivated in a retinal cell, it can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division, resulting in the formation of a tumor. Symptoms of retinoblastoma may include an unusual white pupil reflex, crossed eyes, or a lazy eye. If left untreated, retinoblastoma can spread to other parts of the body and be life-threatening.
It is important to note that mutations in the RB1 gene can also increase the risk of developing other types of cancer, such as lung, breast, and bladder cancer, later in life.
Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.
During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.
Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.
Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children. It occurs in the cells of the developing kidneys and is named after Dr. Max Wilms, who first described this type of tumor in 1899. Wilms tumor typically develops before the age of 5, with most cases occurring in children under the age of 3.
The medical definition of Wilms tumor is:
A malignant, embryonal kidney tumor originating from the metanephric blastema, which is a mass of undifferentiated cells in the developing kidney. Wilms tumor is characterized by its rapid growth and potential for spread (metastasis) to other parts of the body, particularly the lungs and liver. The tumor usually presents as a large, firm, and irregular mass in the abdomen, and it may be associated with various symptoms such as abdominal pain, swelling, or blood in the urine.
Wilms tumor is typically treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for children with Wilms tumor has improved significantly over the past few decades due to advances in treatment methods and early detection.
Repetitive sequences in nucleic acid refer to repeated stretches of DNA or RNA nucleotide bases that are present in a genome. These sequences can vary in length and can be arranged in different patterns such as direct repeats, inverted repeats, or tandem repeats. In some cases, these repetitive sequences do not code for proteins and are often found in non-coding regions of the genome. They can play a role in genetic instability, regulation of gene expression, and evolutionary processes. However, certain types of repeat expansions have been associated with various neurodegenerative disorders and other human diseases.
Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses that primarily use RNA as their genetic material. The name "retrovirus" comes from the fact that these viruses reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which then becomes integrated into the host cell's genome. This is a unique characteristic of retroviruses, as most other viruses use DNA as their genetic material.
Retroviruses can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immunodeficiency syndromes like AIDS. They have a lipid membrane envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes, which allow them to attach to and enter host cells. Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is then integrated into the host genome by the enzyme integrase.
Retroviruses can remain dormant in the host genome for extended periods of time, and may be reactivated under certain conditions to produce new viral particles. This ability to integrate into the host genome has also made retroviruses useful tools in molecular biology, where they are used as vectors for gene therapy and other genetic manipulations.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family and causes the infectious disease known as hepatitis B. This virus primarily targets the liver, where it can lead to inflammation and damage of the liver tissue. The infection can range from acute to chronic, with chronic hepatitis B increasing the risk of developing serious liver complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.
The Hepatitis B virus has a complex life cycle, involving both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases. It enters hepatocytes (liver cells) via binding to specific receptors and is taken up by endocytosis. The viral DNA is released into the nucleus, where it is converted into a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) form, which serves as the template for viral transcription.
HBV transcribes several RNAs, including pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), which is used as a template for reverse transcription during virion assembly. The pgRNA is encapsidated into core particles along with the viral polymerase and undergoes reverse transcription to generate new viral DNA. This process occurs within the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte, resulting in the formation of immature virions containing partially double-stranded DNA.
These immature virions are then enveloped by host cell membranes containing HBV envelope proteins (known as surface antigens) to form mature virions that can be secreted from the hepatocyte and infect other cells. The virus can also integrate into the host genome, which may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic cases.
Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids containing the virus, such as through sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. Prevention strategies include vaccination, safe sex practices, and avoiding needle-sharing behaviors. Treatment for hepatitis B typically involves antiviral medications that can help suppress viral replication and reduce the risk of liver damage.
"Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype" is a specific subtype of the influenza A virus that causes respiratory illness and is known to circulate in humans and animals, including birds and pigs. The "H3N2" refers to the two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). In this subtype, the H protein is of the H3 variety and the N protein is of the N2 variety. This subtype has been responsible for several influenza epidemics and pandemics in humans, including the 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemic. It is one of the influenza viruses that are monitored closely by public health authorities due to its potential to cause significant illness and death, particularly in high-risk populations such as older adults, young children, and people with certain underlying medical conditions.
West Nile Virus (WNV) is an Flavivirus, which is a type of virus that is spread by mosquitoes. It was first discovered in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937 and has since been found in many countries throughout the world. WNV can cause a mild to severe illness known as West Nile fever.
Most people who become infected with WNV do not develop any symptoms, but some may experience fever, headache, body aches, joint pain, vomiting, diarrhea, or a rash. In rare cases, the virus can cause serious neurological illnesses such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). These severe forms of the disease can be fatal, especially in older adults and people with weakened immune systems.
WNV is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, but it can also be spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. There is no specific treatment for WNV, and most people recover on their own with rest and supportive care. However, hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito activity hours.
Tumor suppressor genes are a type of gene that helps to regulate and prevent cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled manner. They play a critical role in preventing the formation of tumors and cancer. When functioning properly, tumor suppressor genes help to repair damaged DNA, control the cell cycle, and trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis) when necessary. However, when these genes are mutated or altered, they can lose their ability to function correctly, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of tumors. Examples of tumor suppressor genes include TP53, BRCA1, and BRCA2.
The Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) is a type of retrovirus, specifically a gammaretrovirus, that is commonly found in mice. It was first discovered and isolated by John Moloney in 1960. Mo-MLV is known to cause various types of cancerous conditions, particularly leukemia, in susceptible mouse strains.
Mo-MLV has a single-stranded RNA genome that is reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA upon infection of the host cell. This viral DNA then integrates into the host's genome and utilizes the host's cellular machinery to produce new virus particles. The Mo-MLV genome encodes for several viral proteins, including gag (group-specific antigen), pol (polymerase), and env (envelope) proteins, which are essential for the replication cycle of the virus.
Mo-MLV is widely used in laboratory research as a model retrovirus to study various aspects of viral replication, gene therapy, and oncogenesis. It has also been engineered as a vector for gene delivery applications due to its ability to efficiently integrate into the host genome and deliver large DNA sequences. However, it is important to note that Mo-MLV and other retroviruses have the potential to cause insertional mutagenesis, which can lead to unintended genetic alterations and adverse effects in some cases.
RNA-directed DNA polymerase is a type of enzyme that can synthesize DNA using an RNA molecule as a template. This process is called reverse transcription, and it is the mechanism by which retroviruses, such as HIV, replicate their genetic material. The enzyme responsible for this reaction in retroviruses is called reverse transcriptase.
Reverse transcriptase is an important target for antiretroviral therapy used to treat HIV infection and AIDS. In addition to its role in viral replication, RNA-directed DNA polymerase also has applications in molecular biology research, such as in the production of complementary DNA (cDNA) copies of RNA molecules for use in downstream applications like cloning and sequencing.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.
Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSV) are a common type of virus that cause respiratory infections, particularly in young children and older adults. They are responsible for inflammation and narrowing of the small airways in the lungs, leading to breathing difficulties and other symptoms associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
The term "syncytial" refers to the ability of these viruses to cause infected cells to merge and form large multinucleated cells called syncytia, which is a characteristic feature of RSV infections. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, and it can also survive on surfaces for several hours, making transmission easy.
RSV infections are most common during the winter months and can cause mild to severe symptoms depending on factors such as age, overall health, and underlying medical conditions. While RSV is typically associated with respiratory illnesses in children, it can also cause significant disease in older adults and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, there is no vaccine available for RSV, but antiviral medications and supportive care are used to manage severe infections.
Nucleic acid hybridization is a process in molecular biology where two single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) with complementary sequences pair together to form a double-stranded molecule through hydrogen bonding. The strands can be from the same type of nucleic acid or different types (i.e., DNA-RNA or DNA-cDNA). This process is commonly used in various laboratory techniques, such as Southern blotting, Northern blotting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microarray analysis, to detect, isolate, and analyze specific nucleic acid sequences. The hybridization temperature and conditions are critical to ensure the specificity of the interaction between the two strands.
A provirus is a form of the genetic material of a retrovirus that is integrated into the DNA of the host cell it has infected. Once integrated, the provirus is replicated along with the host's own DNA every time the cell divides, and it becomes a permanent part of the host's genome.
The process of integration involves the reverse transcription of the retroviral RNA genome into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, followed by the integration of the resulting double-stranded proviral DNA into the host chromosome by the enzyme integrase.
Proviruses can remain dormant and inactive for long periods of time, or they can become active and produce new viral particles that can infect other cells. In some cases, proviruses can also disrupt the normal functioning of host genes, leading to various diseases such as cancer.
Gene expression regulation, viral, refers to the processes that control the production of viral gene products, such as proteins and nucleic acids, during the viral life cycle. This can involve both viral and host cell factors that regulate transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modifications of viral genes.
Viral gene expression regulation is critical for the virus to replicate and produce progeny virions. Different types of viruses have evolved diverse mechanisms to regulate their gene expression, including the use of promoters, enhancers, transcription factors, RNA silencing, and epigenetic modifications. Understanding these regulatory processes can provide insights into viral pathogenesis and help in the development of antiviral therapies.
"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.
Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.
It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.
Promoter regions in genetics refer to specific DNA sequences located near the transcription start site of a gene. They serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and various transcription factors that regulate the initiation of gene transcription. These regulatory elements help control the rate of transcription and, therefore, the level of gene expression. Promoter regions can be composed of different types of sequences, such as the TATA box and CAAT box, and their organization and composition can vary between different genes and species.
Mammary glands are specialized exocrine glands found in mammals, including humans and other animals. These glands are responsible for producing milk, which is used to nurse offspring after birth. The mammary glands are located in the breast region of female mammals and are usually rudimentary or absent in males.
In animals, mammary glands can vary in number and location depending on the species. For example, humans and other primates have two mammary glands, one in each breast. Cows, goats, and sheep, on the other hand, have multiple pairs of mammary glands located in their lower abdominal region.
Mammary glands are made up of several structures, including lobules, ducts, and connective tissue. The lobules contain clusters of milk-secreting cells called alveoli, which produce and store milk. The ducts transport the milk from the lobules to the nipple, where it is released during lactation.
Mammary glands are an essential feature of mammals, as they provide a source of nutrition for newborn offspring. They also play a role in the development and maintenance of the mother-infant bond, as nursing provides opportunities for physical contact and bonding between the mother and her young.
Viral activation, also known as viral reactivation or virus reactivation, refers to the process in which a latent or dormant virus becomes active and starts to replicate within a host cell. This can occur when the immune system is weakened or compromised, allowing the virus to evade the body's natural defenses and cause disease.
In some cases, viral activation can be triggered by certain environmental factors, such as stress, exposure to UV light, or infection with another virus. Once activated, the virus can cause symptoms similar to those seen during the initial infection, or it may lead to new symptoms depending on the specific virus and the host's immune response.
Examples of viruses that can remain dormant in the body and be reactivated include herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It is important to note that not all viruses can be reactivated, and some may remain dormant in the body indefinitely without causing any harm.
A carcinoid tumor is a type of slow-growing neuroendocrine tumor that usually originates in the digestive tract, particularly in the small intestine. These tumors can also arise in other areas such as the lungs, appendix, and rarely in other organs. Carcinoid tumors develop from cells of the diffuse endocrine system (also known as the neuroendocrine system) that are capable of producing hormones or biologically active amines.
Carcinoid tumors can produce and release various hormones and bioactive substances, such as serotonin, histamine, bradykinins, prostaglandins, and tachykinins, which can lead to a variety of symptoms. The most common syndrome associated with carcinoid tumors is the carcinoid syndrome, characterized by flushing, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and wheezing or difficulty breathing.
Carcinoid tumors are typically classified as functional or nonfunctional based on whether they produce and secrete hormones that cause symptoms. Functional carcinoid tumors account for approximately 30% of cases and can lead to the development of carcinoid syndrome, while nonfunctional tumors do not produce significant amounts of hormones and are often asymptomatic until they grow large enough to cause local or distant complications.
Treatment options for carcinoid tumors depend on the location, size, and extent of the tumor, as well as whether it is functional or nonfunctional. Treatment may include surgery, medications (such as somatostatin analogs, chemotherapy, or targeted therapies), and radiation therapy. Regular follow-up with imaging studies and biochemical tests is essential to monitor for recurrence and assess treatment response.
BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.
BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.
One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.
BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.
Mouse mammary tumor virus
John Tooze
Co-carcinogen
List of Cornell University alumni (natural sciences)
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
Viral transformation
Oncovirus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Gene expression
Howard Martin Temin
David Baltimore
SV40 large T antigen
Transgene (company)
Keith Yamamoto
Human satellite II
Dicer
Baey Yam Keng
Yaba monkey tumor virus
Alan Ming-ta Wu
Lex van der Eb
Bovine leukemia virus
Oncolytic adenovirus
Gene therapy
Joseph Sambrook
Tumor antigen
Maurice Green (virologist)
Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis
Reticuloendotheliosis virus
Anticancer gene
Bernice Eddy
Harrison Echols
DNA tumor virus | Virology Blog
ICGEB Arturo Falaschi Conference "ICGEB DNA Tumour Virus Meeting"
Table 2 - Bovine Leukemia Virus DNA in Human Breast Tissue - Volume 20, Number 5-May 2014 - Emerging Infectious Diseases...
Elucidating the cellular entry mechanism of DNA tumor viruses! | Cell & Developmental Biology | Michigan Medicine | University...
Analysis of avian leukosis virus DNA and RNA in bursal tumors: Viral gene expression is not required for maintenance of the...
Mouse mammary tumor virus - Wikipedia
Story Section: From Phage MS2 to Tumor Virus SV40, 1962-1970 / Exhibit Tags: phage - Daniel Nathans - Profiles in Science...
Epstein-Barr virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with AIDS-related primary lymphoma of the central nervous system
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Persistent hepatitis C virus infection in vitro: coevolution of virus and host
cGAS | Virology Blog
Lecture: Lec 2 - The 3 Rs of DNA: Molecules to Medicine - DnaTube.com - Scientific Video and Animation Site
The diagnostic value of circulating tumor DNA in hepatitis B virus induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and...
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Epigenetic Regulation of Viral Biological Processes
Malignant Nasopharyngeal Tumors: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Dendritic Cells in Oncolytic Virus-Based Anti-Cancer Therapy
Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg: Seminars
Genetic encoding of DNA nanostructures and their self-assembly in living bacteria | Nature Communications
PolitiFact | No, the COVID-19 vaccines don't contain 'monkey virus DNA'
Life Illuminated: Selected Papers from Cold Spring HarborVolume 2, 1972-1994
Life Illuminated: Selected Papers from Cold Spring HarborVolume 2, 1972-1994
Free Science and Video Lectures Online!: March 2007 Lecture Archive
PRB2 | Cancer Genetics Web
Human cancers aren't contagious, but dogs and other animals aren't so lucky
Antitumor Activity of 2′,3′-Dideoxycytidine Nucleotide Analog Against Tumors Up-Regulating DNA Polymerase β | Molecular...
Mechanisms of DNA Repair
Study Undermines XMRV Connection to Human Disease | National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Modulation of Androgen Receptor Transactivation by Gelsolin | Cancer Research | American Association for Cancer Research
Cancer Genes | CancerQuest
Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 Å resolution | Learn Science at Scitable
Viral16
- In parallel, as the virus became more aggressive, cells that were resistant to infection emerged, displaying escape mechanisms operative at the level of viral entry, HCV RNA replication, or both. (nih.gov)
- At Aarhus University in Denmark, Vincent speaks with Trine Mogensen, Søren Paludan, Ole Søgaard, and Madalina Carter-Timofte about their careers and their work on sensing herpesviral DNA, immunodeficiencies that predispose to severe viral infections, and the path to a cure for HIV/AIDS. (virology.ws)
- Most cells encountered by viruses are not dividing, and hence do not efficiently support viral DNA synthesis. (virology.ws)
- Now an interdisciplinary research team from the Technical University of Munich, the Helmholtz Zentrum München and the Brandeis University (USA) is proposing a novel strategy for the treatment of acute viral infections: The team has developed nanostructures made of DNA, the substance that makes up our genetic material, that can trap viruses and render them harmless ( Nature Materials , 'Programmable icosahedral shell system for virus trapping' ). (nanowerk.com)
- Majumder and his colleagues recently showed that MVM expresses one protein called NS1 that binds to the viral DNA before transporting it to DNA break sites. (uwhealth.org)
- Because the techniques Majumder's lab uses can detect viral DNA that has not integrated into the host genome, researchers can detect the cellular sites where viruses can localize to set up replication factories without integrating. (uwhealth.org)
- They create hybrid DNA molecules between the host and viral DNA and use high-throughput sequencing to then identify the viral zip codes. (uwhealth.org)
- Majumder's lab has developed additional imaging techniques to study how viral genomes localize to DNA breaks and how this might drive cancer progression. (uwhealth.org)
- The presence of miRNAs in viruses brings forth the idea that when a viral infection penetrates a host cell the virus uses miRNAs to suppress the cells' defense systems by inhibiting the production of important proteins in the host. (thefutureofthings.com)
- It may open a new direction for anti-viral therapy aiming to inhibit viral miRNA and thus stopping a virus from reproducing. (thefutureofthings.com)
- Another possible direction of research is suppressing specific genes involved in tumor development by using synthetic or viral miRNA. (thefutureofthings.com)
- Our team uses environmental DNA to study endangered sea turtles and the viral tumors to which they are susceptible. (thepanamanews.com)
- DNA can be extracted from acceptable specimen types including, but not limited to, lesion fluid on a dry swab, lesion fluid swab in viral transport media, lesion fluid on a slide, crust, or lesion roof. (cdc.gov)
- Neither tumor exhibited viral integration. (bvsalud.org)
- BACKGROUND: Insects are an important reservoir of viral biodiversity, but the vast majority of viruses associated with insects have not been discovered. (bvsalud.org)
- However, insect genomes frequently contain transcribed endogenous viral elements (EVEs) with significant homology to exogenous viruses, complicating the use of RNAseq for viral discovery. (bvsalud.org)
Oncogenes3
- The TWiVome reveal the first eukaryotic genes found in a bacteriophage of Wolbachia, and how DNA tumor virus oncogenes antagonize sensing of cytoplasmic DNA by the cell. (virology.ws)
- Oncogenes of DNA tumor viruses encode proteins that cause cells to divide incessantly, eventually leading to formation of a tumor. (virology.ws)
- A useful analogy to consider when thinking about tumor suppressors and oncogenes is an automobile. (cancerquest.org)
Replication16
- ATP-dependent recognition of eukaryotic origins of DNA replication by a multiprotein complex. (cshlpress.com)
- Damage to DNA is caused by the incorporation of incorrect nucleotide bases during DNA replication and the chemical changes caused by spontaneous mutation or exposure to environmental factors such as radiation. (news-medical.net)
- The third excision mechanism is called mismatch repair and occurs when mismatched bases are incorporated into the DNA strand during replication and are not removed by proofreading DNA polymerase. (news-medical.net)
- Cell division and DNA replication are crucial parts of life. (cshl.edu)
- The origin recognition complex (too small to be seen in this picture) is responsible for coordinating many parts of this DNA replication process. (cshl.edu)
- Researchers have visualized the structure of this complex, dissected its mechanisms in starting DNA replication, and discovered other roles the ORC plays. (cshl.edu)
- Origin recognition complexes (ORCs) initiate the task of DNA replication throughout an entire genome in a controlled, temporal pattern. (cshl.edu)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) President and CEO Bruce Stillman and other CSHL scientists have been working for decades to understand the intricacies of ORC, DNA replication, and cell division. (cshl.edu)
- In the 1980s, researchers who wanted to understand DNA replication in animals used viruses as a simplified model system. (cshl.edu)
- The SV40 T-antigen, the first protein the virus makes inside a host cell, is needed for the very first step of replication of the virus DNA. (cshl.edu)
- The Stillman lab searched for the protein(s) that start cell chromosome duplication, rather than virus genome replication. (cshl.edu)
- Completing the ring triggers is an essential step in the process of beginning DNA replication. (cshl.edu)
- Not only are ORC proteins involved in DNA replication, but they also help divide the chromosomes equally into the two new cells. (cshl.edu)
- A fundamental virology background will be achieved by understanding the diversity of viruses, their replication strategies and their interactions with the host in disease. (uoguelph.ca)
- They found that MVM sets up replication centers in regions prone to undergoing DNA damage - where cancers can arise. (uwhealth.org)
- Since these areas need to recruit DNA repair and replication proteins more frequently, Majumder adds that they could offer a virus more opportunity to hijack those processes for its own ends. (uwhealth.org)
Cause tumors2
- But one of the study's authors told PolitiFact this is not the same as simian virus 40, or SV40, which can cause tumors in monkeys. (politifact.com)
- At CSHL, Stillman worked with a simian tumor virus-SV40-that could cause tumors when introduced into rodents. (cshl.edu)
Virology3
- In cooperation with the team of Prof. Ulrike Protzer, head of the Institute for Virology at TUM and director of the Institute for Virology at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, the team tested the virus traps on adeno-associated viruses and hepatitis B virus cores. (nanowerk.com)
- Morris Animal Foundation has a long history of funding innovative research in feline virology, including studies that led to the development of the first feline leukemia virus vaccine. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- With a robust virology program on campus - including research from Paul Lambert, PhD , and Dan Loeb, PhD , on the roles of HPV and hepatitis B respectively - Majumder also hopes to expand these studies into tumor viruses. (uwhealth.org)
Solid tumors4
- A phase I/II trial investigating safety and efficacy of autologous TAC01-HER2 in relapsed or refractory solid tumors. (newswise.com)
- Purpose Treating solid tumors with cancer immunotherapy (CIT) can result in unconventional responses and overall survival (OS) benefits that are not adequately captured by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1. (medscape.com)
- Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1 end points, originally developed to evaluate the benefit of chemotherapeutic and targeted agents, are accepted measures of clinical efficacy in advanced solid malignancies. (medscape.com)
- Immune-related response criteria (irRC) were developed based on experience with ipilimumab (anti-cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte-4) in melanoma to better capture the response to CIT per changes in tumor biology and the long-termeffects of CITon solid tumors and to enable additional adaptations as the field evolved. (medscape.com)
Suppressor genes2
- This is in contrast with tumor suppressor genes which must BOTH be defective to lead to abnormal cell division. (cancerquest.org)
- Tumor suppressor genes normally suppress the development of cancers by coding for proteins that repair damaged DNA or suppress the growth of cancerous cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Sequences8
- Homologous recombination involves the exchange of nucleotide sequences to repair damaged bases on both strands of DNA through the utilization of a sister chromatid. (news-medical.net)
- Classical nonhomologous end joining connects the break ends without a homologous template through the use of short DNA sequences called microhomologies. (news-medical.net)
- Genetic comparison of the PreXMRV-1 and PreXMRV-2 sequences revealed that each has a long stretch of DNA that's nearly identical to XMRV. (nih.gov)
- The research team found evidence of sequences from the 2 mouse viruses in commercial laboratory reagents. (nih.gov)
- We then sift through the haystack to look for genetic sequences that look like viruses - the needles. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- They are RNA sequences transcribed from DNA but not translated into protein and are first created as a long strand and then diced in the cell nucleus by special enzymes into tiny strands. (thefutureofthings.com)
- One bladder cancer, arising in a 52-year-old man with a CD4 count of 271 cells/mm3, manifested diverse Alphatorquevirus DNA and RNA sequences. (bvsalud.org)
- A second cancer arising in a 58-year-old male former smoker (CD4 count of 227 cells/mm3) also showed Alphatorquevirus and Gammatorquevirus DNA sequences. (bvsalud.org)
Proteins7
- T-antigen hijacks other proteins from the infected cell to replicate the virus genome. (cshl.edu)
- The human ORC consists of six proteins when fully assembled into a ring around a stretch of DNA . (cshl.edu)
- When the ORC1 protein binds to DNA, it recruits CDC6, a protein that regulates and recruits other proteins, to a liquid phase and completes the ORC ring. (cshl.edu)
- His early research includes seminal work done in 1989, demonstrating the importance of cell cycle proteins in the functioning of DNA tumor viruses. (newswise.com)
- These viruses can make proteins that interfere with our DNA repair mechanisms. (nutritionfacts.org)
- However, this DNA still needs access to essential proteins so that it can replicate, make proteins to carry out life processes, and repair itself when subjected to damage. (uwhealth.org)
- Using these tools, we hope to be able to develop a comprehensive picture of where tumor viruses localize, how they hijack cellular proteins, and how they can cause cancer," Majumder said. (uwhealth.org)
Simian vi2
- Simian virus 40, or SV40, is a tumor-causing virus found in monkeys. (politifact.com)
- Transcription of simian virus 40. (cshlpress.com)
Hepatitis B vir2
- We performed a meta-analysis on the diagnostic utility of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) levels in patients with hepatitis B virus-induced HCC. (e-jlc.org)
- 2 Of the several risk factors, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the most important, being associated with approximately 54% of HCC cases worldwide 3 and 62.2% of HCC cases in Korea. (e-jlc.org)
Genetic10
- But when Murchison sequenced the tumor cells, their genetic makeup didn't match the DNA of their hosts. (popsci.com)
- The team did a genetic search in the strains of mice previously used for xenografting the prostate tumor cells. (nih.gov)
- The scientists postulate that genetic recombination between these 2 viruses generated XMRV while human prostate tumor cells were being grown in a mouse. (nih.gov)
- An interdisciplinary research team at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) has now developed a new approach: they engulf and neutralize viruses with nano-capsules tailored from genetic material using the DNA origami method. (nanowerk.com)
- A lot of the genetic material in the tumor is going to be the cat's own DNA. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- The application of DNA analyses in forensic genetic studies will be illustrated. (uu.se)
- Human DNA can be sequenced from small amounts of water, sand and air in the environment to potentially extract identifiable information like genetic lineage, gender, and health risks, according to our new research. (thepanamanews.com)
- Because each person has a unique genetic code, DNA can be used to identify individual people. (thepanamanews.com)
- Genetic sequencing technology used to decode DNA has improved rapidly in recent years, and it is now possible to easily sequence the DNA of every organism in a sample from the environment. (thepanamanews.com)
- Our team dubs inadvertent retrieval of human DNA from environmental samples "human genetic bycatch. (thepanamanews.com)
Cancers12
- She wants to know if they've seen any dogs harboring ugly genital tumors, contagious lumps that contain one of the more bizarre cancers in the world. (popsci.com)
- Closely related murine leukemia viruses are known to cause cancers and other diseases in mice. (nih.gov)
- Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major cellular component of tumor microenvironment in most solid cancers. (elifesciences.org)
- Although we tend to think of viruses causing diseases like the flu or common cold, it's becoming increasingly clear that viruses have strong links to certain cancers, both in people and animals. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- Which viruses can cause cat cancers? (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) also causes a variety of cancers in cats. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- In people, these viruses have been implicated in the development of many cancers. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- If we find new viruses in these cancers, the next steps are to work out if and how these viruses cause cancer so we can design ways to stop them. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- The Foundation has several ongoing studies specifically aimed at determining the role of viruses in cat cancers. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- Chronic infection with hepatitis B or human papilloma virus increases the risk for developing cancers. (uwhealth.org)
- BACKGROUND: People living with HIV (PLWH) have elevated risk for developing virus-related cancers. (bvsalud.org)
- BK polyomavirus and, to a lesser extent, other viruses have been detected in bladder cancers from SOTRs. (bvsalud.org)
Microenvironment1
- However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. (mdpi.com)
Cellular8
- Elucidating the cellular entry mechanism of DNA tumor viruses! (umich.edu)
- The virological and cellular consequences of persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been elusive due to the absence of the requisite experimental systems. (nih.gov)
- It is increasingly clear that DNA viruses exploit cellular epigenetic processes to control their life cycles during infection. (mdpi.com)
- The mechanisms used by certain viruses to dysregulate the host cell through manipulation of epigenetic processes and the role of cellular cofactors such as BRD4 that are known to be involved in epigenetic regulation of host cell pathways will also be covered. (mdpi.com)
- The transforming gene products of these viruses, such as the E1A oncoproteins of adenovirus 5, led to the identification of cellular factor p60, known as cyclin A. This research was the first demonstration of a physical link between cellular transformation and the cell cycle, thereby paving the way for the melding of these two areas of research. (newswise.com)
- to the cellular site of DNA damage, and once it gets to those sites then the virus can replicate," Majumder said. (uwhealth.org)
- Like MVM, both hepatitis B and papilloma viruses localize to DNA breaks, but rather than replicating as a separate entity, these viruses eventually integrate into these cellular sites. (uwhealth.org)
- General tumour theory and tumour classification followed by cellular and molecular mechanisms important for the origin and growth of tumours as well as the body's immune defence against cancer will be discussed. (uu.se)
Cells23
- Integration of avian sarcoma virus DNA in chicken cells. (wikidata.org)
- There he made a series of significant contributions to our understanding of the exocytic and endocytic pathways in neuroendocrine and exocrine cells and the exploitation of these pathways by enveloped animal viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
- Genetically encoding DNA nanostructures provides a route for their production as well as applications in living cells. (nature.com)
- The ability to create nanostructures within living cells using DNA has the potential to be a powerful tool for basic biology, biomedical engineering and medicine ( Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
- Although it may seem counterintuitive that it is difficult to make DNA in cells, the production of short ssDNAs with precisely defined length and sequence has proven challenging. (nature.com)
- I. Separation of the strands of SV40 DNA and hybridization of the separated strands to RNA extracted from lytically infected and transformed cells. (cshlpress.com)
- Rather than rejecting the tumor as an invader, dogs' immune systems will ignore the foreign cells. (popsci.com)
- If you had cancer, those cells would contain your own DNA, and when you died, your cancer would ( usually ) perish with you. (popsci.com)
- DNA polymerase β (Pol β), an error-prone DNA-synthesizing enzyme tightly down-regulated in healthy somatic cells, has been shown to be overexpressed in many human tumors. (aspetjournals.org)
- The virus appears to have infected the human tumor cells while they were in mice. (nih.gov)
- In the laboratory, these viruses can infect cells from other species, including humans. (nih.gov)
- The recombination - a common outcome when cells are infected by 2 or more viruses - likely occurred sometime between 1993 and 1996. (nih.gov)
- The recombined virus then infected the human tumor cells. (nih.gov)
- Please note the cell in the center, where two sets of identical DNA are being pulled apart, preparing to divide into two resulting "daughter" cells. (cshl.edu)
- Using intra-exosomal metabolomics, we provide compelling evidence that CDEs contain intact metabolites, including amino acids, lipids, and TCA-cycle intermediates that are avidly utilized by cancer cells for central carbon metabolism and promoting tumor growth under nutrient deprivation or nutrient stressed conditions. (elifesciences.org)
- Is this shared between different tumor viruses and between different cancer cells? (uwhealth.org)
- Cancer is more likely when DNA damage impairs tumor suppressor gene function, allowing affected cells to multiply continuously. (msdmanuals.com)
- Fourteen tumors were in men, and the median age at diagnosis was 59 years (median CD4 count 460 cells/mm3). (bvsalud.org)
- Epigenetic Alteration of the Cancer-Related Gene TGFBI in B Cells Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus and Exposed to Aflatoxin B1: Potential Role in Burkitt Lymphoma Development. (who.int)
- Laboratory analysis of biopsied samples showed immunostaining and molecular evidence of BK virus DNA in the cancer cells. (cdc.gov)
- NHL is further grouped by how the cells look under the microscope, what type of white blood cell it originates from, what special tests show about it, and whether there are certain DNA changes in the tumor cells themselves. (medlineplus.gov)
- A further 20 blocks from The ISH results were given percentage vanced stages with a likely prevalence samples from normal breast tissues scores based on positive signals and of more aggressive tumour forms were labelled as a control group (i.e. number of cells that gave these signals. (who.int)
SV409
- An Epoch Times article cited an April study, which has not been peer-reviewed, that found part of a DNA sequence called an "SV40 promoter" in two expired Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine vials. (politifact.com)
- Monkey DNA and the SV40 virus also are not listed among the ingredients in the COVID-19 vaccines that federal regulators have approved for use. (politifact.com)
- Monkey DNA and SV40 are not listed among the ingredients for the COVID-19 vaccines manufactured by Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson and Novavax, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (politifact.com)
- African green monkeys were used in early research on the SV40 virus. (politifact.com)
- The study tested four expired vials of the Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines and found elements of the virus, including an "SV40 promoter" in the Pfizer vaccine vials. (politifact.com)
- However, McKernan said they did not find the whole SV40 virus in the vaccines. (politifact.com)
- In this case, the "SV40 promoter" is a DNA sequence that was first identified in the SV40 virus. (politifact.com)
- In the SV40 virus, the SV40 promoter drives the expression of a cancer-causing gene, said Phillip Buckhalts, director of the Cancer Genetics Lab and professor at the University of South Carolina, who was not involved in the study. (politifact.com)
- The part of the SV40 virus that can potentially cause cancer, known as the T-antigen, is not present in the COVID-19 vaccine, Buckhalts said. (politifact.com)
Tissues2
- Dr. Julia Beatty, Professor of Feline Medicine at the University of Sydney and a Foundation-funded researcher, is an expert in feline infectious disease, and much of her research is focused on looking for evidence of virus in cat cancer tissues. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- Only 3 benign breast tumour tissues (12.5%) and none of the healthy breast tissue specimens were HPV-DNA-positive. (who.int)
Benign1
- RESULTS: Fifteen bladder tumors from PLWH (13 carcinomas, 2 benign tumors) were evaluated. (bvsalud.org)
Detection6
- Brianne joins the TWiVMasters to explain how mutations in genes encoding RNA polymerase III predispose children to severe varicella, and detection of an RNA virus by a DNA sensor. (virology.ws)
- It can serve as an auxiliary tool for HCC screening and detection, especially when combined with tumor markers. (e-jlc.org)
- The detection of high-oncogenic HPV genotypes in patients with breast cancer supports the hypothesis of an etiologic role for the virus in breast cancer development. (who.int)
- The lack of detection of BK polyomavirus among bladder tumors from PLWH parallels the lower level of bladder cancer risk seen in PLWH compared with SOTRs, indirectly supporting a role for BK polyomavirus in causing the excess risk in SOTRs. (bvsalud.org)
- Detection of Circulating HPV16 DNA as a Biomarker for Cervical Cancer by a Bead-Based HPV Genotyping Assay. (who.int)
- FFPE lung specimens yielded less detection of virus than FFPE URT specimens by all test methods. (cdc.gov)
Methylation3
- For each type of virus, what is known about the roles of DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and regulatory RNA in epigenetic regulation of the virus infection will be discussed. (mdpi.com)
- one subset of studies analyzed the ctDNA methylation status, and the other subset combined tumor markers and ctDNA assays. (e-jlc.org)
- Methylation of guanine bases produces a change in the structure of DNA by forming a product that is complimentary to thymine rather than cytosine. (news-medical.net)
Molecules4
- Lec 2 - The 3 Rs of DNA: Molecules to Medicine" (September 25, 2009) Gilbert Chu, Stanford School of Medicine Professor of Medicine and Biochemistry, discusses how DNA works and recombination works, and how these great discoveries are both advantageous and problematic for medicinal treatment. (dnatube.com)
- DNA repair can be divided into a set of mechanisms that identify and correct damage in DNA molecules. (news-medical.net)
- Lined on the inside with virus-binding molecules, nano shells made of DNA material bind viruses tightly and thus render them harmless. (nanowerk.com)
- If they were to be lined with virus-binding molecules on the inside, they should be able to bind viruses tightly and thus be able to take them out of circulation. (nanowerk.com)
Infections3
- Nanowerk News ) To date, there are no effective antidotes against most virus infections. (nanowerk.com)
- This assay detects DNA at varying concentrations, providing a qualitative result of either positive, negative, or inconclusive in the identification of Monkeypox virus infections. (cdc.gov)
- CMV shares many attributes with other herpes viruses, including genome, virion structure, and the ability to cause latent and persistent infections. (medscape.com)
Biology5
- Promoters" have long been used in molecular biology to drive gene transcription, the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. (politifact.com)
- Molecular biology experts also told PolitiFact there was no evidence of "monkey virus DNA" in the COVID-19 vaccines. (politifact.com)
- Naama Elefant, a PhD student from the Hebrew University, was named one of this year's winners of the Barenholz Prizes for Creativity and Originality in Applied Computer Science and Computational Biology for the discovery of a new mechanism by which viruses evade the immune system. (thefutureofthings.com)
- The biology of animal viruses / Frank Fenner. (who.int)
- Biology of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex : proceedings of a symposium held in Smolenice, October 11-14, 1960 / edited by Helena Libikova. (who.int)
Cold Spring1
- Abstracts: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories Annual DNA Tumor Virus Meeting 184, 1982. (doctortaylor.com)
Chromatin1
- DNA in chromatin is organized in arrays of nucleosomes 1 .Two copies of each histone protein, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, are assembled into an octamer that has 145?147 base pairs (bp) of DNA wrapped around it to form a nucleosome core (of relative molecular mass 206K). (nature.com)
Cancer29
- The cancer isn't triggered by a virus, the way Human papillomavirus can prompt cervical cancer in people. (popsci.com)
- But in this case, it's a tumor," explains Ní Leathlobhair, a geneticist who is part of the Transmissible Cancer Group at the University of Cambridge. (popsci.com)
- People kept messing with the disease into the beginning of the 20th century, when scientists captured foxes, coyotes, and jackals and injected them with the dog cancer, showing that the tumors could briefly live in other species. (popsci.com)
- At first, researchers suspected a virus was behind the cancer. (popsci.com)
- Changes to the structure of DNA can cause mutations and genomic instability, leading to cancer. (news-medical.net)
- When studying cancer, researchers often graft human tumors onto mice to create what are called xenografts. (nih.gov)
- It also helped to open a very exciting avenue of research involving investigators with expertise in different aspects of growth control and cancer.Giordano's lab also discovered the tumor suppressor gene RB2/p130 and the cell cycle kinases CDK9 and CDK10, two other key players in cell cycle regulation and cell differentiation. (newswise.com)
- What was the response to the revelation that as many as 37 percent of breast cancer cases may be attributable to exposure to bovine leukemia virus, a cancer-causing cow virus found in the milk of nearly every dairy herd in the United States? (nutritionfacts.org)
- The industry pointed out that some women without breast cancer harbored the virus, too. (nutritionfacts.org)
- So, even though they're harboring this virus in their breast, and feel perfectly fine, the cancer may still be on its way. (nutritionfacts.org)
- Kind of like what you see with cervical cancer, in which the causative virus is not just found in the cancerous tissue, but also the precancerous tissue, and the normal tissue surrounding the malignant tumor. (nutritionfacts.org)
- If bovine leukemia virus is really causing thousands of cases of breast cancer every year, then, hey, since it's a retrovirus, maybe some of the antiretroviral therapies (like some of the AIDS drugs) may be able to counter the virus-but, best to not get infected in the first place. (nutritionfacts.org)
- Nowhere is this more obvious than in cats, where cancer-causing viruses have been recognized for decades. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- How do viruses cause cancer? (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- Feline leukemia (FeLV) virus is one of the best known and well-studied cancer-causing viruses in cats. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- Feline papilloma virus is another virus recently implicated in cancer development, although there remains a lot to learn about this virus. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- This is an active area of research, and more work is being done to try to understand the role these viruses play (if any) in cat cancer. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- Several research teams are examining whether this virus could be a cause of cancer in cats. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- Why the interest in cancer causing viruses? (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- If there are cancer-causing viruses to be found in these cats, we are going to find them," said Dr. Beatty. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- What can I do to prevent my cat from getting infected with a cancer-causing virus? (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- What is Morris Animal Foundation doing to stop cancer-causing viruses? (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
- That relationship between a virus and its infected host cell is complicated, and new UW Carbone Cancer Center member Kinjal Majumder, PhD , studies how these DNA viruses co-opt the host's machinery for their own benefit. (uwhealth.org)
- Using a cancer-cell-targeting type of virus called Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) as their model system, Majumder and his colleagues developed sequencing-based methods to help them identify the invading virus's preferred zip codes within the nucleus. (uwhealth.org)
- L'étude menée en Iraq a utilisé la méthode d'hybridation in situ pour déterminer la fréquence du papillomavirus humain et pour son génotypage dans les échantillons de tissus prélevés auprès de 129 patientes ayant reçu un diagnostic de cancer du sein malin, de 24 patientes porteuses d'une tumeur du sein bénigne et de 20 femmes témoins en bonne santé. (who.int)
- Gene mutations causing cancer may result from the damaging effects of chemicals, sunlight, medications, viruses, or other environmental agents. (msdmanuals.com)
- Cancer has been conquered : the Hasumi cancer virus vaccines (based upon virus causation theory of cancer / Kiichiro Hasumi. (who.int)
- Accuracy of high-risk HPV DNA PCR, p16((INK4a)) immunohistochemistry or the combination of both to diagnose HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancer. (who.int)
- La détection de génotypes du papillomavirus humain hautement oncogènes chez les patientes atteintes de cancer du sein vient appuyer l'hypothèse du rôle étiologique du virus dans l'apparition d'un cancer du sein. (who.int)
Molecular1
- Viruses infecting many organisms will be covered in the context of their global impact on disease and history, beneficial uses of viruses, and their role in advances of molecular theory. (uoguelph.ca)
Immunity1
- [ 6-8 ] This may be due to anticancer immune activity leading to tumor inflammation or the dynamic nature of immunity, which may depend on tumor, host, or environmental factors. (medscape.com)
Suppressors1
- The genes in the second group are called tumor suppressors. (cancerquest.org)
Immune2
- This protein is known to be essential for the immune response against viruses. (thefutureofthings.com)
- But lymphomas may develop in people with weakened immune systems, including people who have had an organ transplant or people with HIV infection or Epstein-Barr virus infection. (medlineplus.gov)
Carcinomas1
- Concordance of p16(INK4a) and E6*I mRNA among HPV-DNA-Positive Oropharyngeal, Laryngeal, and Oral Cavity Carcinomas from the ICO International Study. (who.int)
Infection4
- To assess whether EBV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be used as a tumour marker, CSF samples that had been taken within 180 days before death from 85 patients with HIV infection and neurological disorders at necropsy were examined retrospectively by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for EBV. (nih.gov)
- Collectively, these results reveal the existence of coevolutionary events during persistent HCV infection that favor survival of both virus and host. (nih.gov)
- As such, a negative result from only a whole blood specimen cannot rule out a Monkeypox virus infection. (cdc.gov)
- In the past biennium, working groups have concluded that there is sufficient evidence to classify infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 8 as carcinogenic to humans (IARC 0RQRJUDSKV, Vol. 67 and 70). (who.int)
Sequence3
- Promoters " are parts of DNA that drive gene transcription , the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. (politifact.com)
- The variation in this preference along the length of nucleosomal DNA and the intrinsic sequence-dependent bendability of DNA implies that strong translational settings can also occur. (nature.com)
- TFOT has previously covered a discovery made at UCSD, California, of a DNA sequence that turns on and off gene expression in a cell. (thefutureofthings.com)
Gene2
- A gene is a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and contains the code for a specific protein that functions in one. (msdmanuals.com)
- CDC is aware of three Monkeypox virus (MPXV) cases in California in which preliminary data show a significant deletion in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene. (cdc.gov)
Protein1
- In 1962, the biologist Donald Caspar and the biophysicist Aaron Klug discovered the geometrical principles according to which the protein envelopes of viruses are built. (nanowerk.com)
Synthesis3
- HTBS recruits HIV reverse transcriptase, which nucleates DNA synthesis and is aided in elongation by murine leukemia reverse transcriptase. (nature.com)
- Using in vitro single- and double-stranded DNA synthesis assays, we demonstrated that excess Pol β perturbs the replicative machinery, favors ddC-TP incorporation into DNA, and consequently promotes chain termination. (aspetjournals.org)
- The non-defective strand is used as a template with the damaged DNA on the other strand removed and replaced by the synthesis of new nucleotides. (news-medical.net)
Genome4
- Now this genome has millions of additional mutations, but it still contains the original DNA from that first dog. (popsci.com)
- DNA encodes the cell genome and is therefore a permanent copy of a structure necessary for the correct functioning of a cell. (news-medical.net)
- It is the largest (220 nm in diameter) and most complex herpesvirus, with a 235,000 double-stranded DNA genome. (medscape.com)
- CMV has the largest genome of the herpes viruses. (medscape.com)
Bacteria1
- This course will introduce students to the diversity of microorganisms, including, bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and the impact of microbes on everyday life. (uoguelph.ca)
Mechanism2
- Direct reversal of DNA damage is a mechanism of repair that does not require a template and is applied to two main types of damage. (news-medical.net)
- Nucleotide excision repair is a widespread mechanism for repairing damage to DNA and recognizes multiple damaged bases. (news-medical.net)
Murine2
- The xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was first found in samples from a human prostate tumor in 2006. (nih.gov)
- I developed a complementary approach of epithelial cell and murine models to describe the role of a TLR3 effector, Pellino-1, in controlling the inflammatory response to respiratory viruses (rhinovirus and influenza A). (derby.ac.uk)
Biological1
- The Viruses : biochemical, biological, and biophysical properties / edited by F. M. Burnet, W. M. Stanley. (who.int)
Diagnostic4
- PCR for EBV DNA in CSF was 100% sensitive and 98.5% specific for AIDS-associated primary CNS lymphoma, and may be useful as a diagnostic tumour marker. (nih.gov)
- Circulating tumor DNA has promising diagnostic potential for HCC. (e-jlc.org)
- Applies to all personnel who perform Monkeypox virus diagnostic testing by real-time PCR. (cdc.gov)
- DNA extract solely from whole blood alone is not a suitable specimen for Monkeypox virus diagnostic testing as the viremic phase may have already passed at the time of rash onset. (cdc.gov)
Anticancer1
- Therefore, the use of chain terminator anticancer agents could be suitable for the treatment of tumors with a high level of Pol β. (aspetjournals.org)
Particles2
- To prevent the DNA particles from being immediately degraded in body fluids, the team irradiated the finished building blocks with UV light and treated the outside with polyethylene glycol and oligolysine. (nanowerk.com)
- Histone amino-terminal tails pass over and between the gyres of the DNA superhelix to contact neighbouring particles. (nature.com)
Cell8
- When the phosphorylated form of ddC was electrotransfered into Pol β-transfected melanoma, the cell growth inhibition was strengthened, strongly suggesting that the cytotoxic effect results from incorporation of the chain terminator into DNA. (aspetjournals.org)
- This first category also includes genes that contribute to tumor growth by inhibiting cell death. (cancerquest.org)
- The strategy has already been tested against hepatitis and adeno-associated viruses in cell cultures. (nanowerk.com)
- Stretching out the DNA in all 46 chromosomes packed into one human cell would make a string of DNA two meters long. (cshl.edu)
- The thought had always been that after a virus goes into the nucleus of a host cell it just passively establishes sites where it can replicate," Majumder said. (uwhealth.org)
- A DNA virus that enters a host cell needs to find an appropriate nuclear zip code to successfully express, replicate, and persist over long time," said Majumder, who is also an assistant professor in the Department of Oncology at UW. (uwhealth.org)
- Every cell of the body contains DNA. (thepanamanews.com)
- Cell lines, viruses & antisera. (who.int)
Animal viruses1
- We recovered DNA matching the people, the animal patient and common animal viruses present at the time of collection. (thepanamanews.com)
Double-stranded1
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus and is a member of the Herpesviridae family. (medscape.com)
Infect1
- there are even viruses that infect other viruses! (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
Specimens1
- DNA in clinical specimens by real-time PCR. (cdc.gov)
Species3
- 130 "Biohazard":110 page document produced by National Anti-vivi -section Society in London in 1987.Quotes over 1000 scien -tific papers relating to deliberate transmission of lethal viruses from species to spe -cies in US primate centres in the 1960's and 1970's. (globalchange.com)
- Researchers using eDNA tools usually focus only on the species they're studying and disregard DNA from other species. (thepanamanews.com)
- Our team suspected that the sand and water samples we were using to study sea turtles would also contain DNA from a number of other species - including, of course, humans. (thepanamanews.com)
Marker1
- The AUC of the combined tumor marker and ctDNA assay was 0.848, with an SEN of 0.761 (95% CI, 0.659-0.839) and an SPE of 0.828 (95% CI, 0.692-0.911). (e-jlc.org)
Depend1
- Both histone/histone and histone/DNA interactions depend on the histone fold domains and additional, well ordered structure elements extending from this motif. (nature.com)
Human9
- HHV, human herpes virus. (cdc.gov)
- This review will address epigenetic regulation in members of the polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, human papillomaviruses, hepatitis B, and herpes viruses. (mdpi.com)
- Typically, medical practitioners and researchers obtain human DNA through direct sampling, such as blood tests, swabs or biopsies. (thepanamanews.com)
- What we didn't know was just how informative the human DNA we could extract would be. (thepanamanews.com)
- The researchers were able to collect intact human DNA in water samples from a river in Florida. (thepanamanews.com)
- We found human DNA in all of those locations except the remote island, and these samples were high quality enough for analysis and sequencing. (thepanamanews.com)
- We found human DNA everywhere but in the remote mountain tributary where the river starts, far from human habitation. (thepanamanews.com)
- We're calling for deeper discussion about how to ethically handle human environmental DNA. (thepanamanews.com)
- The other family members include herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1 or HHV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2 or HHV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human herpes virus (HHV)-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8. (medscape.com)
Lymphoma3
- All 17 patients with primary CNS lymphoma had EBV DNA in CSF. (nih.gov)
- EBV DNA was found in CSF from 1 of 68 HIV-infected patients without histologically detectable lymphoma at necropsy. (nih.gov)
- Since the development of the first FeLV vaccine, coupled with better management measures (and an increased understanding of virus transmission), global rates of FeLV-related lymphoma have decreased from 70 percent to 15 percent. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)