DNA Primers
Templates, Genetic
Base Sequence
HIV Reverse Transcriptase
A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process.
RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
Ribonuclease H
Euplotes
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Telomerase
Aphidicolin
An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.
DNA, Single-Stranded
DNA Polymerase I
A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in prokaryotes and may be present in higher organisms. It has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activity, but cannot use native double-stranded DNA as template-primer. It is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents and is active in both DNA synthesis and repair. EC 2.7.7.7.
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Nucleotides
Substrate Specificity
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Mutation
Binding Sites
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
HIV-1
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique
Technique that utilizes low-stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments. RAPD technique may be used to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyze mixed genome samples, and create specific probes.
Sensitivity and Specificity
Cloning, Molecular
RNA, Transfer, Lys
Amino Acid Sequence
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
DNA, Ribosomal
Transcription, Genetic
DNA Primase
Methacrylates
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Dental Bonding
Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
Resin Cements
Dental cements composed either of polymethyl methacrylate or dimethacrylate, produced by mixing an acrylic monomer liquid with acrylic polymers and mineral fillers. The cement is insoluble in water and is thus resistant to fluids in the mouth, but is also irritating to the dental pulp. It is used chiefly as a luting agent for fabricated and temporary restorations. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p159)
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Oligonucleotides
Oligonucleotide Probes
Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.
Taq Polymerase
DNA Fingerprinting
A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
DNA Probes
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
Microsatellite Repeats
Genotype
RNA, Bacterial
DNA, Complementary
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Shear Strength
The internal resistance of a material to moving some parts of it parallel to a fixed plane, in contrast to stretching (TENSILE STRENGTH) or compression (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH). Ionic crystals are brittle because, when subjected to shear, ions of the same charge are brought next to each other, which causes repulsion.
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Blotting, Southern
Genetic Markers
Restriction Mapping
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Polymorphism, Genetic
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
DNA, Ribosomal Spacer
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
Dentin-Bonding Agents
RNA Nucleotidyltransferases
Gene Library
Activation of systemic acquired silencing by localised introduction of DNA. (1/43244)
BACKGROUND: In plants, post-transcriptional gene silencing results in RNA degradation after transcription. Among tobacco transformants carrying a nitrate reductase (Nia) construct under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S-Nia2), one class of transformants spontaneously triggers Nia post-transcriptional gene silencing (class II) whereas another class does not (class I). Non-silenced plants of both classes become silenced when grafted onto silenced stocks, indicating the existence of a systemic silencing signal. Graft-transmitted silencing is maintained in class II but not in class I plants when removed from silenced stocks, indicating similar requirements for spontaneous triggering and maintenance. RESULTS: Introduction of 35S-Nia2 DNA by the gene transfer method called biolistics led to localised acquired silencing (LAS) in bombarded leaves of wild-type, class I and class II plants, and to systemic acquired silencing (SAS) in class II plants. SAS occurred even if the targeted leaf was removed 2 days after bombardment, indicating that the systemic signal is produced, transmitted and amplified rapidly. SAS was activated by sense, antisense and promoterless Nia2 DNA constructs, indicating that transcription is not required although it does stimulate SAS. CONCLUSIONS: SAS was activated by biolistic introduction of promoterless constructs, indicating that the DNA itself is a potent activator of post-transcriptional gene silencing. The systemic silencing signal invaded the whole plant by cell-to-cell and long-distance propagation, and reamplification of the signal. (+info)Impaired translesion synthesis in xeroderma pigmentosum variant extracts. (2/43244)
Xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV) cells are characterized by a cellular defect in the ability to synthesize intact daughter DNA strands on damaged templates. Molecular mechanisms that facilitate replication fork progression on damaged DNA in normal cells are not well defined. In this study, we used single-stranded plasmid molecules containing a single N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) adduct to analyze translesion synthesis (TLS) catalyzed by extracts of either normal or XPV primary skin fibroblasts. In one of the substrates, the single AAF adduct was located at the 3' end of a run of three guanines that was previously shown to induce deletion of one G by a slippage mechanism. Primer extension reactions performed by normal cellular extracts from four different individuals produced the same distinct pattern of TLS, with over 80% of the products resulting from the elongation of a slipped intermediate and the remaining 20% resulting from a nonslipped intermediate. In contrast, with cellular extracts from five different XPV patients, the TLS reaction was strongly reduced, yielding only low amounts of TLS via the nonslipped intermediate. With our second substrate, in which the AAF adduct was located at the first G in the run, thus preventing slippage from occurring, we confirmed that normal extracts were able to perform TLS 10-fold more efficiently than XPV extracts. These data demonstrate unequivocally that the defect in XPV cells resides in translesion synthesis independently of the slippage process. (+info)Overexpression of CuZn superoxide dismutase protects RAW 264.7 macrophages against nitric oxide cytotoxicity. (3/43244)
Initiation of nitric oxide (NO.)-mediated apoptotic cell death in RAW 264.7 macrophages is associated with up-regulation of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD; SOD2) and down-regulation of cytosolic copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD; SOD1) at their individual mRNA and protein levels. To evaluate the decreased CuZnSOD expression and the initiation of apoptosis we stably transfected macrophages to overexpress human CuZnSOD. Individual clones revealed a 2-fold increase in CuZnSOD activity. Expression of a functional and thus protective CuZnSOD was verified by attenuated superoxide (O2(.)-)-mediated apoptotic as well as necrotic cell death. In this study we showed that SOD-overexpressing macrophages (R-SOD1-12) were also protected against NO.-initiated programmed cell death. Protection was substantial towards NO. derived from exogenously added NO donors or when NO. was generated by inducible NO synthase activation, and was evident at the level of p53 accumulation, caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. Stimulation of parent and SOD-overexpressing cells with a combination of lipopolysaccharide and murine interferon gamma produced equivalent amounts of nitrite/nitrate, which ruled out attenuated inducible NO. synthase activity during protection. Because protection by a O2(.)--scavenging system during NO. -intoxication implies a role of NO. and O2(.)- in the progression of cell damage, we used uric acid to delineate the role of peroxynitrite during NO.-elicited apoptosis. The peroxynitrite scavenger uric acid left S-nitrosoglutathione or spermine-NO-elicited apoptosis unaltered, blocking only 3-morpholinosydnonimine-mediated cell death. As a result we exclude peroxynitrite from contributing, to any major extent, to NO. -mediated apoptosis. Therefore protection observed with CuZnSOD overexpression is unlikely to stem from interference with peroxynitrite formation and/or action. Unequivocally, the down-regulation of CuZnSOD is associated with NO. cytotoxicity, whereas CuZnSOD overexpression protects macrophages from apoptosis. (+info)Co-expression of glutathione S-transferase with methionine aminopeptidase: a system of producing enriched N-terminal processed proteins in Escherichia coli. (4/43244)
We describe here an Escherichia coli expression system that produces recombinant proteins enriched in the N-terminal processed form, by using glutathione S-transferase cGSTM1-1 and rGSTT1-1 as models, where c and r refer to chick and rat respectively. Approximately 90% of the cGSTM1-1 or rGSTT1-1 overexpressed in E. coli under the control of a phoA promoter retained the initiator methionine residue that was absent from the mature isoenzymes isolated from tissues. The amount of initiator methionine was decreased to 40% of the expressed cGSTM1-1 when the isoenzyme was co-expressed with an exogenous methionine aminopeptidase gene under the control of a separate phoA promoter. The recombinant proteins expressed were mainly methionine aminopeptidase. The yield of cGSTM1-1 was decreased to 10% of that expressed in the absence of the exogenous methionine aminopeptidase gene. By replacing the phoA with its natural promoter, the expression of methionine aminopeptidase decreased drastically. The yield of the co-expressed cGSTM1-1 was approx. 60% of that in the absence of the exogenous methionine aminopeptidase gene; approx. 65% of the initiator methionine residues were removed from the enzyme. Under similar conditions, N-terminal processing was observed in approx. 70% of the recombinant rGSTT1-1 expressed. By increasing the concentration of phosphate in the growth medium, the amount of initiator methionine on cGSTM1-1 was decreased to 14% of the overexpressed isoenzymes, whereas no further improvement could be observed for rGSTT1-1. The initiator methionine residue does not affect the enzymic activities of either cGSTM1-1 or rGSTT1-1. However, the epoxidase activity and the 4-nitrobenzyl chloride-conjugating activity of the purified recombinant rGSTT1-1 are markedly higher that those reported recently for the same isoenzyme isolated from rat livers. (+info)Differential regulation of the human nidogen gene promoter region by a novel cell-type-specific silencer element. (5/43244)
Transfection analyses of the human nidogen promoter region in nidogen-producing fibroblasts from adult skin revealed multiple positive and negative cis-acting elements controlling nidogen gene expression. Characterization of the positive regulatory domains by gel mobility-shift assays and co-transfection studies in Drosophila SL2 cells unequivocally demonstrated that Sp1-like transcription factors are essential for a high expression of the human nidogen gene. Analysis of the negative regulatory domains identified a novel silencer element between nt -1333 and -1322, which is bound by a distinct nuclear factor, by using extracts from adult but not from embryonal fibroblasts. In embryonal fibroblasts, which express significantly higher amounts of nidogen mRNA as compared with adult fibroblasts, this inhibitory nidogen promoter region did not affect nidogen and SV40 promoter activities. The silencer element seems to be active only in nidogen-producing cells. Therefore this regulatory element might function in vivo to limit nidogen gene expression in response to external stimuli. However, none of the identified regulatory elements, including the silencer, contribute significantly to cell-specific expression of the human nidogen gene. Instead we provide evidence that gene expression in epidermal keratinocytes that are not producing nidogen is repressed by methylation-specific and chromatin-dependent mechanisms. (+info)Role of retinoid receptors in the regulation of mucin gene expression by retinoic acid in human tracheobronchial epithelial cells. (6/43244)
To investigate which retinoid receptors are critical in the regulation by all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) of the mucin genes MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B in cultured normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTBE) cells, we used pan-RAR-, pan-RXR- and RAR- isotype (alpha, beta and gamma)-selective agonists and RARalpha- and RARgamma-selective antagonists (RAR is RA receptor and RXR is retinoid X receptor). RAR-, RARalpha- and RARgamma-selective agonists strongly induced mucin mRNAs in a dose-dependent manner, while the RARbeta-selective retinoid only weakly induced mucin gene expression at very high concentrations (1 microM). The pan-RXR-selective agonist by itself did not induce mucin gene expression, but acted synergistically with suboptimal concentrations of the pan-RAR agonist. A retinoid with selective anti-activator-protein-1 activity only marginally induced mucin gene expression. The RARalpha antagonist strongly inhibited mucin gene induction and mucous cell differentiation caused by RA and by the RARalpha- and RARgamma-selective retinoids. In contrast, the RARgamma antagonist only weakly inhibited RARalpha-selective-retinoid-induced mucin gene expression, but completely blocked mucin gene expression induced by the RARgamma-selective retinoid. Our studies indicate that RARalpha is the major retinoid receptor subtype mediating RA-dependent mucin gene expression and mucous cell differentiation, but that the RARgamma isotype can also induce mucin genes. Furthermore these studies suggest that RARbeta is probably not (directly) involved in RA-induced mucin gene expression. (+info)Differential regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor fms-like-tyrosine kinase is mediated by nitric oxide in rat renal mesangial cells. (7/43244)
Under conditions associated with local and systemic inflammation, mesangial cells and invading immune cells are likely to be responsible for the release of large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) in the glomerulus. To further define the mechanisms of NO action in the glomerulus, we attempted to identify genes which are regulated by NO in rat glomerular mesangial cells. We identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor fms-like tyrosine kinase (FLT-1) to be under the regulatory control of exogenously applied NO in these cells. Using S-nitroso-glutathione (GSNO) as an NO-donating agent, VEGF expression was strongly induced, whereas expression of its FLT-1 receptor simultaneously decreased. Expressional regulation of VEGF and FLT-1 mRNA was transient and occurred rapidly within 1-3 h after GSNO treatment. Expression of a second VEGF-specific receptor, fetal liver kinase-1 (FLK-1/KDR), could not be detected. The inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta mediated a moderate increase in VEGF expression after 24 h and had no influence on FLT-1 expression. In contrast, platelet-derived growth factor-BB and basic fibroblast growth factor had no effect on VEGF expression, but strongly induced FLT-1 mRNA levels. Obviously, there is a differential regulation of VEGF and its receptor FLT-1 by NO, cytokines and growth factors in rat mesangial cells. (+info)Comparison of the fibrin-binding activities in the N- and C-termini of fibronectin. (8/43244)
Fibronectin (Fn) binds to fibrin in clots by covalent and non-covalent interactions. The N- and C-termini of Fn each contain one non-covalent fibrin-binding site, which are composed of type 1 (F1) structural repeats. We have previously localized the N-terminal site to the fourth and fifth F1 repeats (4F1.5F1). In the current studies, using proteolytic and recombinant proteins representing both the N- and C-terminal fibrin-binding regions, we localized and characterized the C-terminal fibrin-binding site, compared the relative fibrin-binding activities of both sites and determined the contribution of each site to the fibrin-binding activity of intact Fn. By fibrin-affinity chromatography, a protein composed of the 10F1 repeat through to the C-terminus of Fn (10F1-COOH), expressed in COS-1 cells, and 10F1-12F1, produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, displayed fibrin-binding activity. However, since 10F1 and 10F1.11F1 were not active, the presence of 12F1 is required for fibrin binding. A proteolytic fragment of 14.4 kDa, beginning 14 residues N-terminal to 10F1, was isolated from the fibrin-affinity matrix. Radio-iodinated 14.4 kDa fibrin-binding peptide/protein (FBP) demonstrated a dose-dependent and saturable binding to fibrin-coated wells that was both competitively inhibited and reversed by unlabelled 14.4 kDa FBP. Comparison of the fibrin-binding affinities of proteolytic FBPs from the N-terminus (25.9 kDa FBP), the C-terminus (14.4 kDa) and intact Fn by ELISA yielded estimated Kd values of 216, 18 and 2.1 nM, respectively. The higher fibrin-binding affinity of the N-terminus was substantiated by the ability of both a recombinant 4F1.5F1 and a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to this site to maximally inhibit biotinylated Fn binding to fibrin by 80%, and by blocking the 90% inhibitory activity of a polyclonal anti-Fn, by absorption with the 25.9 kDa FBP. We propose that whereas the N-terminal site appears to contribute to most of the binding activity of native Fn to fibrin, the specific binding of the C-terminal site may strengthen this interaction. (+info)
PCR Primer Design Tools Review
Primer Design Guide for PCR :: Learn Designing Primers for PCR
Difference between revisions of Designing primers - OpenWetWare
Designing primers - OpenWetWare
Primer3 - PCR primer design tool download | SourceForge.net
Primer specificity
BOMBSHELL: WHO Coronavirus PCR Test Primer Sequence is Found in All Human DNA
Oligos/Primers/Probes | Oligonukleotidy / primery / sondy
Sequencing Primers and Plasmids - Molecular Biology - BioForum
The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5 terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers...
BOMBSHELL: WHO Coronavirus PCR Test Primer Sequence is Found in All Human DNA - Netnewscy
Why You Need To Start Using a Primer today! - Sarah Hicken
Free Universal Primers - Resources - GENEWIZ
Primer Design with Oligo Primer Analysis Software v. 7
kapa-sybr-fast-qpcr-kits-faq | China-Mainland | Sigma-Aldrich
RT-PCR primer design - PCR, RT-PCR and Real-Time PCR - BioForum
BLAST - PCR Primers Design - DnaTube.com - Scientific Video and Animation Site
gel extraction | Open Notebook Science Network
DNA-Methylated/Non-methylated Control DNA & Primer Set-Genemed Synthesis Inc.
pva primer for concrete
Designing Primers for Targeted Mutagenesis
EMBOSS: eprimer3
EMBOSS: eprimer32
Bacterial identification - PCR primers - unknown target
Bio::PrimerDesigner - search.cpan.org
Makeup Primer, Face Primer & Foundation Primer | Elizabeth Arden
Makeup Primer, Face Primer & Foundation Primer | Elizabeth Arden
DNA Primer Color Studio Professional | COLORSTUDIOMAKEUP
actr10 - PCR Primer Pair - SYBR | PrimePCR | Bio-Rad
ACTR1B - PCR Primer Pair - SYBR | PrimePCR | Bio-Rad
What concentration should be used for the sequencing primer in pyrosequencing? - QIAGEN
Primer-BLAST: A tool to design target-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction | BMC Bioinformatics | Full Text
Reverse Transcription Technology
QuantiTect Primer Assays are bioinformatically validated, genomewide primer sets. What does bioinformatically validated mean?...
Design factors that influence PCR amplification success of cross-species primers among 1147 mammalian primer pairs | BMC...
Plus it
Thermo Scientific™ M13/pUC sequencing primer (-20), 17-mer 10uM, 6nmol Unlabeled Oligonucleotides and Primers
| Fisher...
DNASTAR - PrimerSelect Tutorials - Primer Design Software, Primer Analysis Software | DNASTAR
Working with PCR
molecular genetics - Choosing PCR conditions - Biology Stack Exchange
Nested PCR: Principle and Applications - Learn Microbiology Online
Primer time: a rollercoaster ride through metabarcoding PCR primer design - Biocoenosis
BIRCH - Designing PCR primers to amplify a gene from
genomic DNA
BIRCH - Designing PCR primers to amplify a gene from
genomic DNA
BiSearch: Primer Design and Search Tool
Efficient and Specific Detection of Salmonella in Food Samples Using a stn-Based Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method
Development of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Diagnosis of Avian and Animal Chlamydiosis | Center...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Characterization of Novel Di-, Tri-, and Tetranucleotide Microsatellite Primers Suitable for Genotyping...
RAPD Primer Design from Metagenomes 1.0 - RAPD Primer Design from Metagenomes (RPD-M) scans metagenome sequences identifying...
Species-specific PCR primers for identification of the sibling species Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Chironomus...
Frontiers | Evaluation of Nucleic Acid Isothermal Amplification Methods for Human Clinical Microbial Infection Detection |...
Random Primer DNA Labeling Kit
Molecular identification of some Hoplolaimus species from the USA based on duplex PCR, multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP analysis » ...
Australian Researchers Use Isothermal Amplification Method to Detect Salmonella Subtypes | GenomeWeb
Gene Detection Systems Introduction - Gene Link
Enhanced E. coli for the production of fatty acids and method of producing the same - Patent application
RT² qPCR Primer Assay for Rat Pou2f2
RT² qPCR Primer Assay for Mouse Pou6f1
Author: Saisuk, W. / Publication Year: 2019 - PubAg Search Results
Sequence analysis
Since presently-available DNA sequencing technologies are ill-suited for reading long sequences, large pieces of DNA (such as ... Wooley, JC; Godzik, A; Friedberg, I (Feb 26, 2010). "A primer on metagenomics". PLoS Comput Biol. 6 (2): e1000667. doi:10.1371/ ... Sequence assembly refers to the reconstruction of a DNA sequence by aligning and merging small DNA fragments. It is an integral ... In bioinformatics, sequence analysis is the process of subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to any of a wide range of ...
Maturase K
Universal matK primers can be used for DNA barcoding of angiosperms. LtrA, an open reading frame found in the Lactococcus ... Jing YU, Jian-Hua XU, Shi-Liang ZH (May 2011). "New universal matK primers for DNA barcoding angiosperms". Journal of ...
Thermal cycler
The thermal cycler (also known as a thermocycler, PCR machine or DNA amplifier) is a laboratory apparatus most commonly used to ... This is particularly useful when testing suitable annealing temperatures for PCR primers. ... Later, the PCR process was adapted to the use of thermostable DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus, which greatly simplified ... Weier, HU; Gray, JW (Jul-Aug 1988). "A programmable system to perform the polymerase chain reaction". DNA (Mary Ann Liebert, ...
Phi X 174
Primosomes gives RNA primers for DNA synthesis to strands. ΦX174 is closely related to other microviridae, especially the NC ... The phi X 174 (or ΦX174) bacteriophage is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus that infects Escherichia coli, and the first DNA- ... The DNA is ejected through a hydrophilic channel at the 5-fold vertex. It is understood that H protein resides in this area but ... Nobel prize winner Arthur Kornberg used ΦX174 as a model to first prove that DNA synthesized in a test tube by purified enzymes ...
Mung bean nuclease
Excision of gene coding sequences from genomic DNA. "BRENDA: 3.1.30.1". Eun, HM (1996). "Nucleases". Enzymology primer for ... An excess of the enzyme is required to degrade double-stranded DNA or RNA and DNA-RNA hybrids, and in this case, AT-rich ... Nuclease MB is a specific DNA and RNA exo-endonuclease which will degrade single-stranded extensions from the ends of DNA and ... The enzyme degrades single-stranded DNA or RNA to nucleoside 5'-monophosphates, but does not digest double-stranded DNA, double ...
Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification
Da bei der LAMP vier bis sechs Primer an sechs bis acht DNA-Sequenzen binden,[7] ist das Primerdesign im Vergleich zu anderen ... Die LAMP verwendet eine strangversetzende DNA-Polymerase (z. B. Bst-DNA-Polymerase oder Bst 2.0)[3] und läuft bei einer ... Analog zur qPCR kann die entstehende DNA quantifiziert werden.[10][11] Analog zur Multiplex-PCR können mehrere DNA-Sequenzen ... von DNA.[1] Sie ist eine Variante der isothermalen DNA-Amplifikation.[2] ...
Enterobacter cloacae
DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research. 18, 6531-6535 (1990). ... as well as on DNA-DNA hybridization assays and phenotypic characterizations. The type strain EN-119T was isolated from ... On the basis of DNA relatedness, both organisms could be included in a single taxon. However, the CDC enteric group 69 was ... 8, 281-289 (2002). Ruiz J. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones: target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA gyrase ...
Variants of PCR
Two sets of primers are used in two successive reactions. In the first PCR, one pair of primers is used to generate DNA ... January 1988). "Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase". Science. 239 (4839): 487-91 ... Two amplifications are then carried out on the bisulfite-treated DNA: One primer set anneals to DNA with cytosines ( ... uses a recombinase to specifically pair primers with double-stranded DNA on the basis of homology, thus directing DNA synthesis ...
Oxidase test
Universal primer cocktails for fish DNA barcoding. Molecular Ecology Notes. 7, 544-54. Prince C. 2009. Practical Manual of ...
Hyperthermophile
"Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase". Science. 239 (4839): 487-91. Bibcode: ...
History of wildlife tracking technology
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or ... the development and use of evolutionarily conserved sets of PCR primers. the use of microsatellite loci that vary among ... The marker could be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change, known as a single ... the development of advanced DNA sequencing techniques. Many things utilized for studying larger organisms has not been possible ...
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
An additional pair of "loop primers" can further accelerate the reaction. The amount of DNA produced in LAMP is considerably ... The larger number of primers per target in LAMP increases the likelihood of primer-primer interactions for multiplexed target ... Because LAMP uses 4 (or 6) primers targeting 6 (or 8) regions within a fairly small segment of the genome, and because primer ... open-source or commercial software packages are generally used to assist with LAMP primer design, although the primer design ...
Sequence-related amplified polymorphism
"DNA Polymorphisms Amplified by Arbitrary Primers Are Useful as Genetic Markers". Nucleic Acids Research. 18 (22): 6531-6535. ... Books Kidwell, K. K.; Osborn, T. C. (1992). "Simple Plant DNA Isolation Procedures". In Beckman, J. S.; Osborn, T. C. (eds.). ... Doyle, J. J.; Doyle, J. L. (1987). "A Rapid DNA Isolation Procedure for Small Quantities of Fresh Leaf Tissue". Phytochemical ... Sharma, R.; Mahla, R. H.; Mohapatra, T.; Bhargava, C. S.; Shama, M. M. (2003). "Isolating Plant Genomic DNA Without Liguid ...
Sequence-controlled polymer
"Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase". Science. 239 (4839): 487-491. Bibcode: ... DNA, based on A-T, C-G base pairs, are formed in well-aligned sequences. Through precise sequences of DNA, 20 amino acids are ... At first, taking DNA or RNA as templates, scientists developed a series of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based polymers, without ... In nature, DNA, RNA, proteins and other macromolecules can also be recognized as sequence-controlled polymers for their well- ...
Eimeria
of the domestic fowl using DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers". Parasitology Research. 79 (2): 98-102. doi: ... DNA assays and recombinant DNA techniques. PCR has proven most useful for outbreak surveillance. Prior to these methods, ...
Computational epigenetics
MethPrimerDB Contains 259 primer sets from human, mouse and rat for DNA methylation analysis. The Histone Database Contains 254 ... "methPrimerDB: the DNA methylation analysis PCR primer database". Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2010-01-29 ... MethyLogiX DNA methylation database Contains DNA methylation data of human chromosomes 21 and 22, male germ cells and late- ... The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory Contains DNA methylation data of human chromosomes 21, 22, male germ cells and DNA ...
In silico PCR
These tools are used to optimize the design of primers for target DNA or cDNA sequences. Primer optimization has two goals: ... The last 10-12 bases at the 3' end of a primer are sensitive to initiation of polymerase extension and general primer stability ... On the other hand, FastPCR, a commercial application, allows simultaneous testing of a single primer or a set of primers ... nor should the primer pairs bind to conserved regions of a gene family. If the selectivity is poor, a set of primers will ...
Arbuscular mycorrhiza
... more on AM fungal specific primers below) 2 μl template DNA PCR: Run on an MWG AG Biotech Primus 96 Plus thermocycler 15 ... "Kruger" primers yielded relatively higher diversity parameters than other comparable primers (LSU, ITS2) "Kruger" primers ... primer utilizes the partial SSU and the ITS. Currently, there is no consensus as to which primers or primer sets, being used ... and repeatable primers or primer sets. Currently there are four common AM fungal specific markers/primers used in genetic ...
Thermus aquaticus
"Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase". Science. 239 (4839): 487-91. Bibcode: ... DNA polymerase ("Taq pol")[edit]. Further information: Taq polymerase. DNA polymerase was first isolated from T. aquaticus in ... The first polymerase enzyme isolated from T. aquaticus in 1974 was a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase,[8] used in the process of ... It is the source of the heat-resistant enzyme Taq DNA polymerase, one of the most important enzymes in molecular biology ...
Thermal cycler
The thermal cycler (also known as a thermocycler, PCR machine or DNA amplifier) is a laboratory apparatus most commonly used to ... This is particularly useful when testing suitable annealing temperatures for PCR primers. Weier, HU; Gray, JW (Jul-Aug 1988). " ... The earliest thermal cyclers were designed for use with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I. Since this enzyme is destroyed ... Later, the PCR process was adapted to the use of thermostable DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus, which greatly simplified ...
Cornell University
Padmanabhan, R.; Wu, Ray (1972). "Use of oligonucleotides of defined sequences as primers in DNA sequence analysis". ... Plant genetics pioneer Ray Wu invented the first method for sequencing DNA, considered a major breakthrough in genetics as it ... Wu, Ray (April 19, 1972). "Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of DNA". Nature. 236 (68): 198-200. doi:10.1038/newbio236198a0. PMID ...
Recombinase polymerase amplification
Finally, the strand displacing polymerase begins DNA synthesis where the primer has bound to the target DNA. By using two ... for rapid detection of viral genomic DNA or RNA, pathogenic bacterial genomic DNA, as well as short length aptamer DNA. The ... "Rapid PCR". Dna.utah.edu. Retrieved 2014-06-21. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "PCR primers work using standard RPA ... Recombinases are capable of pairing oligonucleotide primers with homologous sequence in duplex DNA. SSB bind to displaced ...
Nested polymerase chain reaction
The target DNA undergoes the first run of polymerase chain reaction with the first set of primers, shown in green. The ... Conventional PCR requires primers complementary to the termini of the target DNA. The amount of product from the PCR increases ... A commonly occurring problem is primers binding to incorrect regions of the DNA, giving unexpected products. This problem ... Polymerase chain reaction itself is the process used to amplify DNA samples, via a temperature-mediated DNA polymerase. The ...
Molecular diagnostics
PCR is a method that a template DNA is amplified using synthetic primers, a DNA polymerase, and dNTPs. The mixture is cycled ... With rising government support in DNA molecular diagnostics, it is expected that an increasing number of clinical DNA detection ... a high temperature for denaturing double-stranded DNA into single-stranded molecules and a low temperature for the primer to ... end of primer. Many different companies have developed diagnostics tests based on ARMS PCR primers. For instance, Qiagen ...
ARNr 16S, a enciclopedia libre
"Primers, 16S ribosomal DNA - François Lutzoni's Lab". lutzonilab.net. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 2012-12-27.. ... O par cebador ou primer máis común foi concibido por Weisburg et al.[5] e denomínase actualmente 27F e 1492R; porén, para ... James, Greg (15 May 2018). "Universal Bacterial Identification by PCR and DNA Sequencing of 16S rRNA Gene". PCR for Clinical ... Kolbert CP, Persing DH (June 1999). "Ribosomal DNA sequencing as a tool for identification of bacterial pathogens". Current ...
Transferase
... end of an existing DNA molecule. Terminal transferase is one of the few DNA polymerases that can function without an RNA primer ... a DNA methyltransferase is a transferase that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA acceptor. In practice, many ... Terminal transferases are transferases that can be used to label DNA or to produce plasmid vectors. It accomplishes both of ... In the EC system of classification, the accepted name for RNA Polymerase is DNA-directed RNA polymerase. Described primarily ...
Haplogroup G-M201
British Isles DNA Project Haplogroup G Project in Family Tree DNA G Arabia Project in Family Tree DNA. ... forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc.....reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg.....the mutation involves a change from ... populations of Europe Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East Y-DNA ... "ISOGG 2015 Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree". isogg.org. Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Shen P, Mirazón Lahr M, Foley RA, Oefner PJ, ...
Apis mellifera macedonica
"Primer directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with thermostable DNA polymerase". Science. 239 (238): 487-491. doi:10.1126/ ... Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Lynch, M.; Crease, T.J. (1990). "The Analysis of Population Survey Data of DNA sequence ... and Cyprus analyzing mitochondrial DNA segments and finding differences in enzymatic restrictions, resulting in Apis mellifera ...
Gibson assembly
SGI-DNA Gibson Assembly Cloning Guide. *Gibson Assembly Primer Design Tool. *Gibson Assembly Site Directed Mutagenesis Primer ... The DNA polymerase incorporates nucleotides to fill in any gaps.. *The DNA ligase covalently joins the DNA of adjacent segments ... It requires that the DNA fragments contain ~20-40 base pair overlap with adjacent DNA fragments. These DNA fragments are mixed ... This DNA assembly method has many advantages compared to conventional restriction enzyme/ligation cloning of recombinant DNA. ...
Pirej - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
Je odličen primer neoklasične arhitekture tega območja. Po odločilnem obdobju za Grčijo leta 1912-1922 je Pirej doživel ... pristanišče je bilo tudi dopolnjeno in posodobljeno s poglabljanjem dna, gradnjo Kraljevega pristanišča, Trumba Pier, in ...
Hermafrodit - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
Primer so ustnače[1]. Pri sesalcih[uredi , uredi kodo]. Pri višjih vretenčarjih lahko pojav razdelimo na genetsko pogojen - ... Vzrok je kritični izbris 11,7-kb elementa DNA, ki vsebuje predvsem ponavljajoča zaporedja. Interseksualnost je recesivna dedna ... Primer je oranžna klovnovska ribica (Amphiprion ocellaris), ki zivi v majhnih skupinah z eno samico. Če ta pogine, eden od ...
Svinčev(II) oksid - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
S kislinami tvori Pb2+ soli, ki nastanejo preko klastrov, na primer [Pb6O(OH)6]4+. Z močnimi bazami tvori soli plumbite:[8] ... Zmes PbO in glicerina se strdi v trden vodoodporen cement, ki se je včasih uporabljal za tesnenje stranic in dna akvarijev in ...
Lyme disease
Disease Primers. 2: 16090. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.90. PMC 5539539. PMID 27976670.. ... The examination of preserved museum specimens has found Borrelia DNA in an infected Ixodes ricinus tick from Germany that dates ... Except for one study in Europe,[229] much of the data implicating lizards is based on DNA detection of the spirochete and has ... Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for Lyme disease have also been developed to detect the genetic material (DNA) of the ...
Genome - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The genome of an organism is the whole of its hereditary information encoded in its DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). This ... A primer of genome science. 2nd ed. Sinauer Assoc.. *Gregory T.R. (ed) 2005. The evolution of the genome. Elsevier. ... Note: The DNA from a single human cell has a length of ~1.8 m (but at a width of ~2.4 nanometers). ... However, no single haploid chromosome set defines even the DNA of a species. Because of the huge variety of alleles carried by ...
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Repetitive DNA sequences must be blocked by adding short fragments of DNA to the sample. The probe is then applied to the ... Bacterial FISH probes are often primers for the 16s rRNA region. FISH is widely used in the field of microbial ecology, to ... Preparation and hybridization process - DNA[edit]. Scheme of the principle of the FISH Experiment to localize a gene in the ... Preparing DNA probes for one species and performing FISH with this probe allows one to visualize the distribution of this ...
Amelogenin
Two bands of DNA, at 106bps and 112bps, are resolved if both the AMELX and AMELY versions of the gene are present (i.e. the ... Mutation in regions of AMELY intron 1 commonly used as primer annealing sites may disable PCR amplification. A 6bp insertion to ... sample is from a male) or one band of DNA, at 106bps, if the AMELX version only is present (i.e. the sample is from a female).[ ...
Bioinformática, a enciclopedia libre
2004). Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists: A Primer. Academic Press. ISBN 0127784608.. *↑ Meijer, G. A.; et al. (1997). " ... 1993) A Hidden Markov Model that finds genes in E. coli DNA ... Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and ... "PRIMER: Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society: The Human Genome Project and Beyond" (pdf) (en inglés). Consultado o 1 ... "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors". Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 74 (12). ...
Picornavirus
Virus RNA polymerases use VPg as primer. VPg as primer uses both minus and plus strand RNA synthesis. Picornavirus replication ... and a poliovirus clone was the first infectious DNA clone made of an RNA virus in animals. Along with rhinovirus, poliovirus ... end that is used as a primer for transcription by RNA polymerase.This primer is called VPg genome range between 2-3 kb. VPg ... The VPgpUpUOH primer is transferred to the 3' end of the RNA template for elongation, which can continue by addition of ...
更年期 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
... www.intechopen.com/books/dna-repair/meiosis-as-an-evolutionary-adaptation-for-dna-repair (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) ... A primer for the perimenopausal. The North American Menopause Society. [2013-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2013-04-10).. ... Harris Bernstein, Carol Bernstein and Richard E. Michod (2011). Meiosis as an Evolutionary Adaptation for DNA Repair. Chapter ... Impairment of BRCA1-related DNA double-strand break repair leads to ovarian aging in mice and
Cell biology
For this process the cell goes through the steps of the cell cycle and development which involves cell growth, DNA replication ... "Science Primer".. *^ "Cell Biology , Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2018-06-10 ... DNA replication, damage and repair - are considered to be the interphase portion of the cycle. While the M phase (mitosis and ...
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction - විකිපීඩියා
මෙහිදී RNA, DNA (මෙම විෂයේ දී complementary DNA හෝ cDNA නමින් හැඳින්වේ) බවට reverse transcription කිරීම සහ අවශ්ය DNA ඉලක්ක ... Database of validated PCR primer sets (website critique). *Animation to illustrate RT-PCR procedure, from Cold Spring Harbor ...
Retrovirus
The 3' end includes 3 regions, which are PPT (polypurine tract), U3, and R. The PPT is a primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis ... This DNA can be incorporated into host genome as a provirus that can be passed on to progeny cells. The retrovirus DNA is ... PBS (primer binding site) consists of 18 bases complementary to 3' end of tRNA primer. L region is an untranslated leader ... It has been speculated that the RNA to DNA transcription processes used by retroviruses may have first caused DNA to be used as ...
Sitosina Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas
Sitosina (C) merupakan salah satu daripada bes nitrogen dalam DNA dan RNA bersama adenina, guanina dan timina serta urasil ... 4.45 (sekunder), 12.2 (primer)[1] Kerentanan magnetik (χ). -55.8·10−6 cm3/mol ...
RNA world
Main articles: RNA and DNA. The major difference between RNA and DNA is the presence of a hydroxyl group at the 2'-position of ... The longest primer extension performed by a ribozyme polymerase was 20 bases.[29] In 2016, researchers reported the use of in ... This forces an RNA double helix to change from a B-DNA structure to one more closely resembling A-DNA. ... DNA and proteins seemed the dominant macromolecules in the living cell, with RNA only aiding in creating proteins from the DNA ...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Disease Primers. 3 (17071): 17071. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.71. PMID 28980624.. *^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v van ... The zebrafish has transparent embryos that can be injected with DNA or RNA and has a lifespan of up to two years.[79] Induced ...
Človeška ribica - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
2017). "Environmental DNA in subterranean biology: range extension and taxonomic implications for Proteus". Scientific Reports ... kot primer za redukcijo telesnih struktur zaradi neuporabe.[35] ... Using Environmental DNA". PLoS ONE. Vol. 12 no. 1. str. ...
Ubikinon - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
Primer: Študija na 23 pacientih s kroničnim srčnim popuščanjem. Kontrolna skupina je prejemala 100 mg CoQ10 4 tedne. VO2 in od ... CoQ10 je prav tako zelo učinkovit pri zaščiti celic (keratinocitov) pred oksidativnimi poškodbami DNA, ki so inducirane z ... Signifikantno je upadla oksidativna poškodba DNA v keratinocitih. Ubikinon lahko upočasni izgubo hialuronske kisline in vpliva ... pri MPTP modelnih miših ter zmanjšala lipidno peroksidacijo in oksidativne poškodbe DNA v striatumu pri podganah z 3- ...
Atlantski ocean - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
Pelagični sedimenti, ki vsebujejo ostanke organizmov, ki so se potopili do dna oceana, vključujejo rdeče gline in globigerine, ... Več lokalnih posebnih vremenskih primerov je mogoče najti kot je na primer Azorski anticiklon, Benguelski tok in Nor'easter. ... Zajema večino oceanskega dna in sega v debelini od 60-3.300 metrov, so najdebelejši v konvergenčnih pasovih, predvsem na ... Glavna značilnost batimetrije (meritve oceanskega dna) je podmorsko gorovje imenovano Srednjeatlantski hrbet. [3] Ta sega od ...
铂 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
順鉑,又稱順式-二氯二氨合鉑(II),是含鉑(II)、呈平面正方形結構的化療藥物。同類藥物還包括卡鉑(Carboplatin)和奧沙利鉑。這些化合物能夠交叉鏈接DNA,並通過相似的反應路徑產生烷化劑,殺死細胞。[37] ... Platinum primer. Diamond Cutters International. [2011-06-18].. *^ Unknown Facts
Glossary of biology
primer. A short strand of RNA or DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.. progeny. Any genetic descendant or ... DNA. See deoxyribonucleic acid.. DNA replication. The chemical duplication or copying of a DNA molecule; the process of ... DNA sequencing. The process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.. drug. Any substance that ... One of the four nucleobases used in the nucleic acid DNA (but not in RNA). It is represented in DNA sequences by the letter T. ...
Plant virus
3% require a reverse transcriptase enzyme to convert between RNA and DNA. 17% of plant viruses are ssDNA and very few are dsDNA ... 2001). "In vivo analysis of the TSWV cap-snatching mechanism: single base complementarity and primer length requirements". The ...
Category:Bioinformatics software
Primer Premier. *List of software for protein model error verification. *List of protein secondary structure prediction ... Comparison of DNA melting prediction software. *COMPLEAT (Bioinformatics tool). *Computational Resource for Drug Discovery ...
Minimal residual disease
DNA-based tests[edit]. These are based on detecting a leukaemic specific DNA sequence. Generally this is achieved through the ... From this sequence, PCR primers are designed that will only amplify the specific leukemic clone from the patient. ... Both the DNA and RNA based tests require that a pathologist examine the bone marrow to determine which leukaemic specific ... The DNA sequence chosen may contribute to the genesis of the leukaemia, or may simply be linked to it. ...
Biologija - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
Na primer, zaporedje DNK, ki kodira insulin za človeka, prav tako kodira inzulin, če ga vstavimo v druge organizme, kot so to ... Eden od njih so primerjave zaporedij DNA, kjer sodeluje z molekularno biologijo in genomiko, po drugi pa s primerjavo fosilov ...
Chikungunya
RT-PCR using nested primer pairs is used to amplify several chikungunya-specific genes from whole blood, generating thousands ... a nonstructural protein that degrades RBP1 and turns off the host cell's ability to transcribe DNA.[51] NS2 interferes with the ...
Anti-nuclear antibody
The 60kDa DNA/RNA binding protein and 52kDa T-cell regulatory protein are the best characterised antigens of anti-Ro antibodies ... by R. A. (2000). Immunofluorescence in clinical immunology : a primer and atlas. Basel [u.a.]: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3764361822 ... Presence of high DNA-binding and low C3 levels have been shown to have extremely high predictive value (94%) for the diagnosis ... Anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies are highly associated with SLE. They are a very specific marker for the ...
Hepadnaviridae
... and DNA-dependent-DNA-polymerase activity (used to create cccDNA from pdsDNA in the first step of the replication cycle). ... or 4-nucleotide primer.[5] Most hepadnaviruses will only replicate in specific hosts, and this makes experiments using in vitro ... Based on the presence of viral genomes in bird DNA it appears that the Hepatoviruses evolved ,82 million years ago.[6] Birds ... HBV was identified as a new DNA virus in the 1960s, followed a couple of decades later by the discovery of the flavivirus ...
PCR amplification of megabase DNA with tagged random primers (T-PCR). - PubMed - NCBI
Additonal protocol-Alkali hydrolysis of BAC DNA before random-primer labelling
Patent US5350672 - Specific DNA primers and method to use same detect Eperythrozoon suis - Google Patents
The present invention provides these E. suis primers and a method to use these primers in a PCR protocol to provide a highly ... suis specific primers in PCR with DNA from swine blood increases the sensitivity of current DNA hybridization protocols for ... These primers are capable of effectively hybridizing and serving as primers for the thermostable DNA polymerase used in the ... Saiki, Randall K., Primer Directed Enzymatic Amplification of DNA With a Thermostable DNA Polymerase, Science 239:487 491 (1988 ...
Template and primer requirements for DNA Pol θ-mediated end joining | PNAS
Template and primer requirements for DNA Pol θ-mediated end joining Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from ... Template and primer requirements for DNA Pol θ-mediated end joining. Peng He and Wei Yang ... Polθ requires a minimum of 2 bp and optimally 4 bp between a template/primer pair for efficient and processive DNA synthesis. ... DNA Pol θ shares structural homology with the high-fidelity replicases, and its polymerase domain (Polθ) has been shown to ...
BIRCH - Designing PCR primers to amplify a gene from
genomic DNA
... region are shown in the Forward primer and Reverse Primer boxes.. In the Primer Parameters section, we set the Minimum PCR ... those primers are. Therefore, you need to make a special note of the primer data from the Primer-BLAST results.. ... see the sequences of the primers, as well as other data on the PCR primers. For comparison, results for Primer pairs 2 and 3 ... How does Primer-BLAST work?. The search for primers is essentially a 2-step process:. 1. Use the Primer3 program to design ...
Pre-synthesized DNA Primers & Oligos | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US
... including random primers and hexamers, oligo (dT) primers, and sequencing primers. These products are commonly used in a ... Learn about the different pre-synthesized DNA primers and oligos that are available, ... pre-designed DNA primers and oligos. These products include random primers, Oligo (dT) primers, gene specific primers for ... Sequencing primers. Short RNA or DNA oligonucleotides are often used as primers in PCR reactions to amplify a specific target ...
PCR Primers for Metazoan Mitochondrial 12S Ribosomal DNA Sequences
In this study we designed a set of PCR primers for the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA sequence based on 64 complete ... Conclusions/Significance Newly designed 12S ribosomal DNA primers have considerable potential for metazoan metagenetic analysis ... These regions were used to design a primer pair that flanks a more variable region in the gene. Then all of the complete ... Unlike microbial studies, where analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence is standard, the best gene for metazoan metagenetics ...
Plasmid DNA Sequencing with Universal Primers - Molecular Biology
Big peaks for a short time, then nothing - too much DNA.. Nothing - bad primer, loss of DNA, bad cycling conditions.. If your ... Plasmid DNA Sequencing with Universal Primers - (Mar/08/2007 ). Hi all, Ive been having some trouble with sequencing. The gene ... The next important thing the amount of DNA and Big Dye terminator in used. The amount of DNA I use is about 400- 500ng.. ... The DNA has to be the cleanest you can possibly get it to be. No RNA , no proteins, removal of phenol must be complete, if your ...
What are the general recommendations for designing primers for bisulfite-treated/deaminated DNA? | NEB
We recommend designing long (~26-35) oligonucleotide primers to amplify bisulfite treated/deaminated DNA. Because bisulfite DNA ... Home FAQs What are the general recommendations for designing primers for bisulfite-treated/deaminated DNA? ... Note that since the DNA strands are no longer complementary after bisulfite-treatment/deamination, an individual primer set ... The first primer should be designed to anneal to the converted target sequence. The second primer should be designed to anneal ...
Will the 5'→3' flap endonuclease activity of Taq DNA Polymerase degrade primers? | NEB
It will degrade a secondary primer if bound to the same strand (e.g. a mutagenesis primer). ... The exonuclease will only degrade double stranded DNA that it encounters while extending a DNA fragment. ... Taq DNA Polymerase with Standard Taq (Mg-free) Buffer, Taq DNA Polymerase with ThermoPol® II (Mg-free) Buffer, Crimson Taq DNA ... Crimson Taq DNA Polymerase with (Mg-free) Buffer, Taq DNA Polymerase with ThermoPol® Buffer, Taq DNA Polymerase with Standard ...
TAIL-PCR primer design cloning Ecker and Alonso T-DNA lines
... vijay at ust.hk vijay at ust.hk Mon Sep 2 04:29:48 EST 2002 *Next ... Would anyone please suggest me the three primers for the TAIL reactions or the protocol from their own lab. Here is the vector ... student working now to clone a T-DNA insertion mutant of Cis-cinnamic acid.The mutant is isolated from Ecker and Alonso ... insertional line CS75100.I would like to design the primers for both Left and Right borders of the vector pROK2 for TAIL-PCR. ...
A GoTaq® PCR Primer: From Basic to RT-qPCR DNA Amplification
... primer annealing and primer extension (Figure 1). The initial step denatures the target DNA by heating it to 94°C or higher. ... serving as primers for the DNA polymerase. Finally, the synthesis of new DNA begins as the reaction temperature is raised to ... and the DNA polymerase can extend the annealed primers to produce primer dimer, which often appears as a diffuse band of ... A typical amplification reaction includes target DNA, a thermostable DNA polymerase, two oligonucleotide primers, ...
Custom DNA Primers 0413 | Thermo Fisher Scientific
Molecular basis for stool-based DNA tests for colorectal cancer: a primer for clinicians. - PubMed - NCBI
designing MSP primers (dimers NOOOOOOOO!) - DNA Methylation and Epigenetics - BioForum
These primers are going to be the death of me. Im using MethPrimer to design them, but the primer dimer problem is endless, ... Is there ever a point where you just deal with primer dimers? I saw some posts about formamide but wasnt sure if it applied. ... posted in DNA Methylation and Epigenetics: designing MSP for a USF site in my gene of interest. ... Primer dimmer is a big issue for MSP or any bisulfite based PCR because the low sequence complexity of the modified DNA. You ...
Primer-DNA RNA? - Biology-Online
... relating to PCR-DNA amlification it refers to the DNA primer. First of all why is this the case - DNA relpication:RNA primer, ... No DNA polymerase can. But they could start with DNA primers if such thing was available (and they do when repairing DNA). When ... DNA primer? Secondly when I look at the definition for a primer - it states that it is an RNA stand...so whats with the DNA ... RNA primers could be used but they are unstable and Rnases are frequent and really hard to get rid of, while DNA is easy to ...
Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - Hoffman Modulation Contrast Photomicrography...
This page illustrates high molecular weight calf thymus DNA in a liquid crystalline phase viewed under a combination of crossed ... Liquid Crystalline DNA. DNA undergoes a series of liquid crystalline phase transitions when it is compressed in vivo into ... DNA is a very unusual molecule that is shaped like a very long piece of string. The diameter of the DNA molecule is about 25-30 ... In addition, it is important to the cell to be able to access the DNA molecule for the purposes of genetic control, routine ...
DNA Typing of HLA-B by PCR with Primer Mixes Utilizing Sequence-Specific Primers - Digital Library
This technique involves a one-step PCR reaction utilizing genomic DNA and sequence-specific primers to determine the ... specificity of each allele and to produce a larger primer data base ideal for serological analysis. The application of this ... Chiu, Angela Chen-Yen. DNA Typing of HLA-B by PCR with Primer Mixes Utilizing Sequence-Specific Primers, thesis, August 1997; ... DNA Typing of HLA-B by PCR with Primer Mixes Utilizing Sequence-Specific Primers ...
DNA Labeling Kit | Random Primer Labeling | Bca Polymerase
BcaBEST DNA Labeling Kit. The BcaBEST DNA Labeling Kit is a novel random primer labeling system that uses longer primers (9- ... Unlike E. coli Klenow fragment or modified T7 DNA polymerase, Bca polymerase allows stable polymerization of DNA even for ... Lambda DNA digested with Hind III, 25 ng/µL). Note. The kit name has been changed from "Ladderman Labeling Kit" to "BcaBEST ... In general, probes with specific activities of ,109 dpm/mg DNA obtained with [32P]-alpha-dCTP (~3,000 Ci/mmol, 111 TBq/mmol). ...
A Set of 100 Chloroplast DNA Primer Pairs to Study Population Genetics and Phylogeny in Monocotyledons
Here we developed a new set of 100 primer pairs optimized for amplification in Monocotyledons. Primer pairs amplify coding ( ... we demonstrated that this new set of primers is of great interest for population genetics and we anticipate that it will also ... Chloroplast DNA sequences are of great interest for population genetics and phylogenetic studies. However, only a small set of ... Chloroplast DNA Is the Subject Area "Chloroplast DNA" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...
Early Brown Rot Infections in Sweet Cherry Fruit Are Detected by Monilinia-Specific DNA Primers
... H. Förster and J. E. ... To detect early brown rot infections in fruit, two primer sets that were developed from DNA sequences of either ribosomal DNA ( ... This primer set, however, only detected DNA from some of the California isolates of M. fructicola. This genetic diversity was ... Primers X-09intF3 and X-09R were more sensitive and reliable for detecting small amounts of target DNA either extracted from ...
Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase | Science
Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. By RK Saiki, DH Gelfand, S Stoffel, SJ ... Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. By RK Saiki, DH Gelfand, S Stoffel, SJ ... Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a ... A thermostable DNA polymerase was used in an in vitro DNA amplification procedure, the polymerase chain reaction. The enzyme, ...
DNA (PCR, Real Time PCR): Primers and Oligonucleotides | Scientist Solutions
Home/ Forums/ DNA (PCR, Real Time PCR): Primers and Oligonucleotides. DNA (PCR, Real Time PCR): Primers and Oligonucleotides. ... PCR primers for mycoplasma 16S rRNA gene? (Page: 1, 2, 3, 4) by Jason King » Fri, 11/20/2009 - 12:30 194. by Rahul Date. Sat, ... Exon exon junction primers for RT-PCR by Haritha » Sat, 08/17/2013 - 02:39 2. by elhamzeinali. Wed, 02/10/2016 - 06:19 ... Long Primers not working? by Crystal Ramirez » Tue, 06/14/2016 - 11:51 8. by Ivan Delgado. Thu, 06/16/2016 - 13:10 ...
Primer-BLAST | DNA Sequencing Software - Sequencher from Gene Codes Corporation
Primer-BLAST. You are here. Home » Products » Sequencher » Sequencher Features » Connections » Primer-BLAST ... Your new primers are automatically tagged with a GenBank style feature key that makes them easier to see in an alignment. The ... Use Primer-BLAST to analyze sequences and check specificity.. Parallelize your analyses - use several different sets of ... If you want to learn more about Primer-BLAST, check out the Sequencher Connections tutorial. ...
Use of single-primer DNA amplifications in genetic studies of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) | SpringerLink
A recent approach to detecting genetic polymorphism involves the amplification of genomic DNA using single primers of arbitrary ... Use of single-primer DNA amplifications in genetic studies of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). ... Williams JGK, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV: DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as ... A recent approach to detecting genetic polymorphism involves the amplification of genomic DNA using single primers of arbitrary ...
Photo-cleavable nucleotides for primer free enzyme mediated DNA synthesis - Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry (RSC Publishing)
OH with a photolabile protecting group which can temporarily cease DNA strand growth and can smoothly reinitia ... Photo-cleavable nucleotides for primer free enzyme mediated DNA synthesis A. S. Mathews, H. Yang and C. Montemagno, Org. Biomol ... The synthesised nucleotides are employed for terminating and reinitiating template-less DNA synthesis, using primer independent ... The use of this photolabile nucleotide in one step stop-start DNA synthesis is a novel strategy towards the precise assembly of ...
Cytomegalovirus DNA detection of an immediate early protein gene with nested primer oligonucleotides
The primers sequences were from EcoRI J fragment of Ad169. The first primer set was selected to amplify a 242 bp fragment and ... Cytomegalovirus DNA detection of an immediate early protein gene with nested primer oligonucleotides J Virol Methods. 1991 May; ... The first primer set was selected to amplify a 242 bp fragment and the next primer set was nested within the first and ... With the single PCR system it was possible to detect 100 fg HCMV DNA but with double PCR 5-10 fg were detectable. Specific ...
particleshop - Primers, 16s Ribosomal DNA - François Lutzoni's Lab
Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing Primers<...
Magnetic Primer Designer1
- The following FAQ contains frequently asked questions and answers about the 'A Magnetic Primer Designer' Project Idea and/or Project Kit ( http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/BioChem_p017.shtml?from=AAE ). (sciencebuddies.org)
Template7
- Q: I added 60 pennies to the cup, but the primer strand did not fall off of the DNA template strand. (sciencebuddies.org)
- In this case, we suggest cutting a strip of felt that can be placed between the two strands and testing all of the primers with this strip of felt placed between them and the DNA template strand. (sciencebuddies.org)
- When you pair the primer strand up with the DNA template strand, make sure that the primer strand is not flipping over on itself and creating more than 1 match with the DNA template strand (or the primer strand). (sciencebuddies.org)
- Because magnets like to bond with each other, the primer strand will try to find ways to create extra matches with the DNA template strand (and the primer strand). (sciencebuddies.org)
- The primer strand should be hanging flat against the DNA template strand. (sciencebuddies.org)
- 5 x HOT FIREPol® Blend Master Mix Ready to Load is a premixed ready-to-use solution containing all reagents required for PCR (except template, primers and water). (medibena.at)
- The user simply needs to add water, template and primers. (medibena.at)
Results5
- You will get better results when testing seven different primers compared to testing fewer primers. (sciencebuddies.org)
- Testing seven different primers should let you easily see a trend in your results. (sciencebuddies.org)
- Testing each primer at least three times will help you make sure that your results are repeatable and reproducible. (sciencebuddies.org)
- You may actually notice a little variation in the amount of pennies needed to make the primer fall off when testing a given primer three different times, which is why you will use the average of your results when making a graph. (sciencebuddies.org)
- Even after 18 years, our first batch of FIREPol ® DNA Polymerase gives satisfactory results in PCR. (medibena.at)