MedlinePlus

DNA, Mitochondrial

Hearing Loss

RNA, Ribosomal

Aminoglycosides

Hearing Loss, Sensorineural

Cystic Fibrosis

Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (journal)

Circulating mitochondrial DNA

Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup

Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome

Vertebrate mitochondrial code

Phosphate carrier protein, mitochondrial

Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L19

Tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial

Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein

Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier

Mitochondrial thiamine pyrophosphate carrier

Korean skate

Collared owlet

Northern brook lamprey

Genetic history of the African diaspora

Neocaridina davidi

Cosmoscarta

Megabat

Amur sculpin

Amur leopard

Gnomefish

List of sequenced animal genomes

Oxytate

Himalayan wolf

Tor sinensis

Kallima inachus

Lissoclinum fragile

Actias aliena

Quasipaa robertingeri

Bacho Kiro cave

DDX46

Caspase-activated DNase

Prokaryotic DNA replication

Drosophila simulans

Metabolism

Genome size

Water deer

BMF (gene)

Atlantean (film series)

HSPA1B

Marsupial mole

Austin Gallagher

Sparassis

UCL Medical School

Longfin mako shark

Insular India

Nene (bird)

Senescence

Taxonomy of lemurs

Jean-Jacques Cassiman

Chipmunk

History of Madeira

Echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code

Spanish sparrow

UQCRH

Marine mammal

Norwegians

Lutzomyia longipalpis

MtDNA31

• Genetic changes in at least 11 mitochondrial genes have been found to cause mtDNA-associated Leigh syndrome. (nih.gov)
• This genetic material is known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA. (nih.gov)
• PURPOSE This initiative will foster research on molecular, cellular, genetic, and epidemiologic approaches to elucidate the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in heart, blood vessels, blood and lung diseases. (nih.gov)
• Recently, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations have been reported in a variety of cancers. (nature.com)
• Based on the findings, we theorised that the metabolic changes in the tumour spheres probably resulted in mtDNA depletion, as the cells suppressed mitochondrial respiration and switched to an alternative mode of energy production, i.e . glycolysis. (nature.com)
• Then, to ascertain the origin of the variation in mtDNA content, we used MinION, a nanopore sequencer, to sequence the mitochondrial genomes of H103, SAS, and the tumour spheres. (nature.com)
• Project Summary/ Abstract This proposal connects metabolic dysfunction to the regulation of repair following mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage caused by environmental toxicants. (nih.gov)
• We will determine the role and regulation of two DNA glycosylases, NEIL1 and NEIL2, in the repair of mtDNA. (nih.gov)
• To extend to the crustacean class the information concerning the genomic organization of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) a double strategy has been used: Southern blot analysis with cloned Drosophila mtDNA probes and sequence comparison to the Drosophila mtDNA of the sequenced termini of different subclones along the Artemia mitochondrial genome, probably the smallest mtDNA studied at this level to date. (nih.gov)
• Somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been increasingly observed in primary human cancers. (nih.gov)
• Studies reveal that mtDNA play a crucial role in the development of cancer but further work is required to establish the functional significance of specific mitochondrial mutations in cancer and disease progression. (nih.gov)
• The noncoding region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displacement loop (D-loop) has emerged as a mutational hotspot. (aacrjournals.org)
• Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is organized in protein-DNA macro-complexes, called nucleoids. (uni-konstanz.de)
• Average nucleoids contain 2-8 mtDNA molecules, which are organized by the histone like mitochondrial transcription factor A. Besides well-characterized constituents, such as single-stranded binding protein or polymerase γ, various other proteins with illdefined functions have been identified. (uni-konstanz.de)
• Since the mitochondrial matrix protein fumarate hydratase as well as malate dehydrogenase does not co-purify with the nucleoids it is unlikely that association of SOD2 with mtDNA is due to contamination of the nucleoid fraction. (uni-konstanz.de)
• With a modified protocol for the fluorimetric analysis of DNA unwinding-assay significantly higher amounts of the highly mutagenic 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine was found to be generated by peroxynitrite than by superoxide or hydrogen peroxide in a mtDNA model. (uni-konstanz.de)
• Die mitochondriale DNA (mtDNA) ist nicht wie oft beschrieben ein freies Molekül in der mitochondrialen Matrix, sondern ist innerhalb eines Protein-DNA-Komplexes organisiert, welcher als Nukleoid bezeichnet wird und aus 2-8 mtDNA Molekülen zusammengesetzt ist. (uni-konstanz.de)
• Human cells contain numerous mitochondria that harbor multiple copies of their own genome, which consist of a mixture of wild type and variant mtDNA - a condition known as mitochondrial heteroplasmy. (uni.lu)
• Changes in mtDNA copy number and the proportion of variant mtDNA may be related to mental disorders and symptom severity, suggesting an involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction also in PTSD. (uni.lu)
• We extracted DNA from isolated monocytes before and after inpatient treatment and quantified cellular mtDNA using multiplex qPCR. (uni.lu)
• This is Part 1 of a series about mitochondrial DNA, abbreviated as mtDNA, and how to use it successfully for genealogy. (dna-explained.com)
• Approximately 2.4% of the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome exhibits common homoplasmic genetic variation. (ox.ac.uk)
• We analyzed 12,975 whole-genome sequences to show that 45.1% of individuals from 1526 mother-offspring pairs harbor a mixed population of mtDNA (heteroplasmy), but the propensity for maternal transmission differs across the mitochondrial genome. (ox.ac.uk)
• Longley is an associate scientist in the Mitochondrial DNA replication group, led by Bill Copeland, Ph.D. The group studies how replication produces and prevents mtDNA mutations. (nih.gov)
• NIEHS research refining the model of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication suggests a mechanism that leads to deletions in mtDNA, according to Matt Longley, Ph.D., from the NIEHS Mitochondrial DNA Replication Group . (nih.gov)
• His talk was titled 'Single-Molecule Imaging of Mitochondrial DNA Replication Proteins Suggest a Mechanism for mtDNA Deletions. (nih.gov)
• Moreover, mtDNA does not undergo genetic recombination, which helps cells to weed out harmful mutations in nuclear DNA. (nih.gov)
• Longley and colleagues focused on two proteins in the human mtDNA replication process - mitochondrial single-strand DNA binding (mtSSB) protein and Twinkle helicase. (nih.gov)
• Replication requires mtDNA to unwind and unzip into single-stranded DNA. (nih.gov)
• This may be a key factor in forming mtDNA deletions that give rise to mitochondrial diseases. (nih.gov)
• Because the mitochondrial inner membrane is a major site of mitochondrial ROS production [ 10 ], mtDNA is expected to be constantly undergoing oxidative DNA damage such as 8-oxoG. (biomedcentral.com)

Genomes9

• They contain their own genomes, consisting of circular DNA molecules that encode proteins important for cellular respiration and energy production. (nih.gov)
• They found that when enzymes crucial for DNA replication encountered a G4 structure, they often failed to work properly, leading to errors in the newly formed DNA resulting in damaged mitochondrial genomes. (nih.gov)
• The development of cancer involves the accumulation of various genetic alterations, which are present in both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. (aacrjournals.org)
• The scientists used genome-wide association studies, which involve scanning genomes-entire sets of DNA-to find small differences between people who have a disorder and people who don't. (nih.gov)
• Stress, especially chronic stress, affects mitochondrial activity and their efficiency in duplicating their genomes. (uni.lu)
• Number of mitochondrial genomes in a cell and the degree of heteroplasmy may serve as an indicator of mitochondrial allostatic load. (uni.lu)
• This review examines the cellular effects of persistent damage to mitochondrial genomes and discusses the very different cell fates that occur in response to different kinds of damage. (imrpress.com)
• see the cover) analyzed complete mitochondrial genomes from present-day dogs and wolves, as well as 18 fossil canids dating from 1000 to 36,000 years ago from the Old and New Worlds. (researchgate.net)
• Comparison of the mitochondrial genomes of C. cayetanensis isolates from the United States and China showed only minor sequence variations ( 12 ). (cdc.gov)

Mitochondria14

• Because mitochondria can be passed from one generation to the next only through egg cells (not through sperm cells), only females pass Mitochondrial DNA-associated Leigh syndrome to their children. (nih.gov)
• Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the nucleus, mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA. (nih.gov)
• Their work addresses a longstanding, fundamental question about how eggs contain healthy, vital mitochondria, thereby preventing the transmission of defective mitochondria that could cause mitochondrial diseases. (nih.gov)
• Mitochondria are unique in that they contain their own DNA that is inherited solely through the female germline, or in other words, solely from mothers. (nih.gov)
• But tiny structures called mitochondria in cells also contain some DNA. (nih.gov)
• NIH-funded researchers developed a technique for exchanging DNA between egg cell nuclei while leaving mitochondria behind. (nih.gov)
• Unlike other organelles, mitochondria have their own specialized DNA. (nih.gov)
• The lack of certain DNA repair mechanisms means that mitochondria cannot always fix the damage caused by exposures. (nih.gov)
• While these organelles have efficient base excision removal of oxidative DNA lesions and alkylation damage, many DNA repair systems that work on nuclear DNA damage are not active in mitochondria. (imrpress.com)
• What is the fate of DNA damage in the mitochondria that cannot be repaired or that overwhelms the repair system? (imrpress.com)
• DNA polymerase β, the key BER DNA polymerase, was enriched in the cytoplasm of hippocampal neurons in six-month-old transgenic mice and localized with and within mitochondria. (biomedcentral.com)
• DNA base excision repair (BER) is the prominent DNA repair pathway for the repair of oxidative DNA lesions [ 2 ] and probably the most important DNA repair pathway in human mitochondria [ 4 , 78 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• Mitochondrial diseases are caused by defects in mitochondria, which are energy factories found inside almost all the cells in the body. (nih.gov)
• The symptoms of mitochondrial disease vary, because a person can have a unique mixture of healthy and defective mitochondria, with a unique distribution in the body. (nih.gov)

Depletion1

• Mitofusin 2 mutations affect mitochondrial function by mitochondrial DNA depletion. (portugene.com)

Mutations in human2

• Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human cancer. (nih.gov)
• Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human colonic crypt stem cells. (mitokor.com)

Nuclear8

• The base excision repair (BER) pathway mends damaged bases in both nuclear and mitochondrial compartments. (nih.gov)
• Together, our findings support the model of an SDH/succinate/TET axis and a role for succinate as a retrograde signaling molecule of mitochondrial origin that significantly perturbs nuclear epigenetic reprogramming and introduce MnSOD as a governor of the SDH/succinate/TET axis. (scientificarchives.com)
• reported that MNRR1, a nuclear DNA (nDNA)-encoded mitochondrial antigen, promotes cancer cell migration and the development of metastasis as a proof of concept supporting the participation of mitochondrial autoimmunity in breast carcinogenesis. (scientificarchives.com)
• The hundreds of mitochondrial pseudogenes in the human nuclear genome sequence (numts) constitute an excellent system for studying and dating DNA duplications and insertions. (anthropogeny.org)
• Our pairwise comparisons between numts suggest that most human numts arose from different mitochondrial insertion events and not by DNA duplication within the nuclear genome. (anthropogeny.org)
• Mitochondrial DNA is different from nuclear, or autosomal, DNA. (dna-explained.com)
• Nuclear DNA resides within the nucleus of a cell, while mitochondrial DNA resides outside the nucleus. (dna-explained.com)
• However, new heteroplasmies were more likely to match the nuclear genetic ancestry as opposed to the ancestry of the mitochondrial genome on which the mutations occurred, validating our findings in 40,325 individuals. (ox.ac.uk)

Diseases8

• Mitochondrial DNA mutations can cause breakdowns in normal cell function, leading to mitochondrial diseases that can affect the brain, nerves, muscles, heart and other body systems. (nih.gov)
• Future study of mutations that harm mitochondrial function may help researchers and clinicians to develop potential treatment strategies for mitochondrial diseases and identify additional genetic risk factors. (nih.gov)
• Full Text HL-96-013 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA MUTATIONS IN HEART, LUNG AND BLOOD DISEASES NIH Guide, Volume 25, Number 26, August 2, 1996 RFA: HL-96-013 P.T. 34 Keywords: Nucleic Acids Cardiovascular Diseases Blood Diseases Pulmonary Diseases National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Letter of Intent Receipt Date: January 24, 1997 Application Receipt Date: March 12, 1997 THIS RFA USES "MODULAR GRANT" AND "JUST-IN-TIME" CONCEPTS. (nih.gov)
• This Request for Applications (RFA), Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Heart, Blood and Lung Diseases, is related to the priority areas of heart disease and stroke, diabetes and chronic disabling conditions, and environmental health. (nih.gov)
• ROS cause damage to cellular DNA, which if not properly repaired, can trigger genome instability and the progression of metabolic diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, aging, and cancer. (nih.gov)
• Mitochondrial diseases that cause prominent muscular problems are called mitochondrial myopathies ("myo" means muscle and "pathos "means disease), while mitochondrial diseases that causes both prominent muscular and neurological problems are called mitochondrial encephalomyopathies (encephalo refers to the brain). (nih.gov)
• Sensorineural hearing loss is a common symptom of mitochondrial diseases. (nih.gov)
• Mitochondrial diseases can cause ataxia, which refers to trouble with balance and coordination. (nih.gov)

Nucleus2

• Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own small DNA molecule and this DNA is passed down from mother to child. (icr.org)
• The mitochondrial genome of eukaryotic cells is maintained by a mechanism distinct from that employed in the nucleus. (houstonmethodist.org)

16,569-base pair2

• The entire sequence of the 16,569-base pair human mitochondrial genome is introduced. (mitokor.com)
• Mitochondrial DNA is a circular ring with 16,569 base pair locations. (dna-explained.com)

Maternal3

• This condition has an inheritance pattern known as maternal or mitochondrial inheritance. (nih.gov)
• To help establish a direct maternal link - useful for genealogy, in cases where a female relative is deceased, or to examine ancient DNA. (kcl.ac.uk)
• The maternal grandfather in dark blue inherited his mitochondrial DNA from his red mother's line. (dna-explained.com)

Mutation4

• The study has revealed an unexpected lack of diversity within worldwide human mitochondrial lineages, despite high mutation rates, and this supports the idea that humanity is only a few thousand years old. (icr.org)
• And because the mitochondrial genome is subject to high mutation rates, the lack of significant worldwide variation is evidence for a young mitochondrial genome. (icr.org)
• Holes influence the mutation spectrum of human mitochondrial DNA. (aps.org)
• These results suggest that hole-enhanced mutation mechanisms exert a substantial, perhaps dominant, influence on mutation patterns in DNA. (aps.org)

Polymerase5

• When the polymerase encounters the G4 structure, it may stall, leading to incomplete or inaccurate DNA synthesis and causing mutations in the mitochondrial genome. (nih.gov)
• DNA, mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase, and polymerase γ were co-immunoprecipitated with SOD2 from nucleoid fractions, which suggests that an antioxidant system composed of SOD2 and glutathione peroxidase are integral constituents of nucleoids. (uni-konstanz.de)
• Für einige der assoziierten Proteine ist eine definierte Funktion bekannt, so zum Beispiel für die Polymerase γ, das mitochondriale Einzelstrang-Bindeprotein (mtSSB) oder für die Helikase Twinkle. (uni-konstanz.de)
• Although these analogs do not have an effect on the polymerases responsible for replicating the human genome, the polymerase responsible for replicating the mitochondrial genome is sensitive to these analogs. (nih.gov)
• This invention concerns the cloning and purification of DNA polymerase gamma, the polymerase responsible for replicating the mitochondrial genome. (nih.gov)

Superoxide dismutase2

• Previous studies showed that human cell line HEK 293 lacking mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) exhibited decreased succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, and mice lacking MnSOD displayed significant reductions in SDH and aconitase activities. (scientificarchives.com)
• Manganese superoxide dismutase was able to protect DNA from oxidative damage generated by equimolar fluxes of superoxide and nitrogen monoxide (resulting in peroxynitrite formation) in this model. (uni-konstanz.de)

Genome sequences2

• These pseudogenes are associated with many complete mitochondrial genome sequences and through those with a good fossil record. (anthropogeny.org)
• By comparing individual numts with primate and other mammalian mitochondrial genome sequences, we estimate that these numts arose continuously over the last 58 million years. (anthropogeny.org)

Genes5

• Mitochondrial DNA contains 37 genes, all of which are essential for normal mitochondrial function. (nih.gov)
• The remaining genes provide instructions for making molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which are chemical cousins of DNA. (nih.gov)
• Mutations in at least three mitochondrial genes can cause cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, which is a condition that can affect several parts of the body, including the muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles), the heart, the brain, or the liver. (nih.gov)
• The mitochondrial genes associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency provide instructions for making proteins that are part of a large enzyme group (complex) called cytochrome c oxidase (also known as complex IV). (nih.gov)
• This estimate of the rate of DNA duplication of noncoding DNA is based on sequences that are not in duplication hotspots, and is close to the rate reported for functional genes in other species. (anthropogeny.org)

Dysfunction1

• These observations suggest that interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction and tau pathology may initiate and drive the progression of tauopathies. (biomedcentral.com)

Inheritance2

• The red arrows show the inheritance path of mitochondrial DNA for individuals whose contributors are also in the tree. (dna-explained.com)
• This inheritance path allows us to use mitochondrial DNA for matching to others reaching back generations as well as providing a way to view beyond the line-in-the-sand of surnames. (dna-explained.com)

Sequence4

• On average, human mitochondrial DNA differs from the original Eve consensus sequence by only 21.6 nucleotides (a nucleotide is a 'letter' in the DNA alphabet). (icr.org)
• The authors claim, therefore, that the consensus sequence, Eve 1.0, is nearly identical to the original mitochondrial sequence--that of Eve, the first woman and the mother of every person who has ever lived. (icr.org)
• The complete paper, The 'Eve' Mitochondrial Consensus Sequence , will be presented at the 6th International Conference on Creationism in Pittsburgh, PA, in August 2008. (icr.org)
• The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the crustacean Artemia franciscana. (nih.gov)

Nucleotide3

• This is a small number when one considers that there are more than 16,500 nucleotide letters in the human mitochondrial genome. (icr.org)
• When patients are exposed to nucleotide or nucleoside analogs through long-term treatment regimens, the replication of the mitochondrial genome can be adversely affected. (nih.gov)
• Since mitochondrial functionality is necessary for cell activity, the nucleotide and nucleoside analogs can cause serious and unwanted side-effects. (nih.gov)

Defects3

• As organisms age, they accumulate defects (mutations) in their mitochondrial DNA. (nih.gov)
• A 30-year-old mother might be expected to pass on mitochondrial DNA with 30 years of defects, but scientists have long known that this is not the case. (nih.gov)
• Defects in mitochondrial DNA cause several rare and deadly disorders. (nih.gov)

Deletions2

• As people age, mitochondrial DNA accumulates damaging mutations, including deletions and other changes. (nih.gov)
• Single molecule imaging of mitochondrial DNA suggest how deletions might occur, according to research by NIEHS scientist Matt Longley. (nih.gov)

Protein6

• Specialized enzymes called DNA glycosylases play a critical role in initializing BER by excising damaged bases and mediating other aspects of the repair process via essential protein:protein interactions. (nih.gov)
• Mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) deficiency is one such disease where long-chain fatty acids cannot be fully oxidized through beta-oxidation which, can lead to cardiac arrythmias in an infant. (scientificarchives.com)
• Techniques like DREEM and AFM enable better imaging of DNA within protein-DNA complexes, helping scientists build understanding of DNA replication. (nih.gov)
• Former NIEHS trainee Hong Wang, Ph.D., developed DREEM to visualize DNA within protein-DNA complexes. (nih.gov)
• The paper includes images of DNA wrapping around a protein molecule. (nih.gov)
• The levels of several key mitochondrial proteins were markedly different between the THY-Tau22 and control mice hippocampi including the mitochondrial SIRT3, PINK1, ANT1 and the fission protein DRP1. (biomedcentral.com)

CDNA1

• Isolation of cDNA clones coding for mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA from the crustacean Artemia. (nih.gov)

Disease5

• This disease is caused by a change in the genetic material (DNA). (nih.gov)
• In most cases, mitochondrial disease is a multisystem disorder affecting more than one type of cell, tissue, or organ. (nih.gov)
• Because muscle and nerve cells have especially high energy needs, muscular and neurological problems are common features of mitochondrial disease. (nih.gov)
• Usually, a person with a mitochondrial disease has two or more of these conditions, some of which occur together so regularly that they are grouped into syndromes. (nih.gov)
• Sometimes, mitochondrial disease is associated with muscle cramps. (nih.gov)

Nucleoids1

• Increasing salt concentrations during nucleoid isolation on sucrose density gradients disrupted the association of SOD2 with mitochondrial nucleoids and confirmed the involvement of ionic forces for the binding. (uni-konstanz.de)

Drosophila1

• To answer that question, Dr. Xu's lab developed a model for creating and tracking heritable mitochondrial DNA mutations using fruit flies ( Drosophila ). (nih.gov)

Human genome1

• Rates of DNA duplication and mitochondrial DNA insertion in the human genome. (anthropogeny.org)

Proteins1

• 2016. Visualizing the path of DNA through proteins using DREEM imaging. (nih.gov)

Structures3

• Spontaneously formed complex G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures are obstacles for DNA replicating enzymes. (nih.gov)
• Working with mitochondrial DNA sequences obtained from blood cells from 2,700 individuals participating in two NIA-supported Italian longitudinal studies of aging SardiNIA and InCHIANTI , they found that these stable G4 DNA structures contained most of the mitochondrial DNA mutations. (nih.gov)
• She and her lab were studying structures on the ends of DNA, known as telomeres (see related story ). (nih.gov)

Sequences5

• Scientists from the NIA IRP's Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology and Translational Gerontology Branch and their colleagues investigated whether mitochondrial mutations are due to mistakes made during synthesis of certain DNA sequences. (nih.gov)
• The researchers zeroed in on mitochondrial DNA sequences that spontaneously form G-quadruplexes (G4), a complex structure with four interacting DNA strands, instead of the normal DNA double helix shape. (nih.gov)
• The researchers also noted how mitochondrial G4 DNA sequences were difficult to copy even in optimal lab environments, making them particularly difficult to study. (nih.gov)
• The ICR team began an exploration of changes in mitochondrial DNA by collecting and culling publicly-available human DNA records to create a set of 827 high-quality sequences. (icr.org)
• After analyzing the differences found among the sequences in their dataset, they discovered that more than 83 percent of the mitochondrial genome had not changed in all of human history, and in over 99 percent of the locations where a change has occurred, only a small minority of people carried that specific change. (icr.org)

Genetics1

• The Xu team's expertise in mitochondrial DNA genetics, along with a strong mitochondrial biology research group in the IRP, allowed them to solve the fundamental biological question of how organisms are able to stop the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations from being passed on to future generations. (nih.gov)

Diversity1

• Germline selection shapes human mitochondrial DNA diversity. (ox.ac.uk)

Progression1

• To our knowledge, this work provides the first description of multiple stress responses involving mitochondrial homeostasis and BER early during the progression of tau pathology, and represents an important advance in the etiopathogenesis of tauopathies. (biomedcentral.com)

16,5001

• In humans, mitochondrial DNA spans about 16,500 DNA building blocks (base pairs), representing a small fraction of the total DNA in cells. (nih.gov)

Enzyme1

• These analogs work by inhibiting the activity of reverse transcriptase, the enzyme responsible for preparing the HIV genome for integration into the DNA of the host cell. (nih.gov)

Epigenetic1

• We found that the lower cisplatin sensitivity of H103 could have been caused by a constellation of genetic and epigenetic changes in its mitochondrial genome. (nature.com)

Oxidative2

• More important for the generation of oxidative DNA damage seems to be peroxynitrite which is generated by equimolar fluxes of superoxide and nitrogen monoxide. (uni-konstanz.de)
• DNA base excision repair (BER) is the primary defense system against oxidative DNA damage and it was elevated in six-month-old transgenic mice. (biomedcentral.com)

Suggest2

• These results contrast with the important rearrangements detected among other invertebrates mtDNAs and suggest that the genome organization of the mitochondrial DNA may be more conserved in the arthropods than in other invertebrate phyla. (nih.gov)
• Our results suggest that inpatient treatment can reduce signs of mitochondrial allostatic load, which could have beneficial effects on mental health. (uni.lu)

Carcinogenesis1

• Mitochondrial genome alternations may be involved in carcinogenesis. (aacrjournals.org)

Accumulation2

• They continued their analysis by modeling human mitochondrial genetic history using Mendel's Accountant, a numerical program developed at ICR that can be used to mimic the accumulation of mutations in a population over time. (icr.org)
• However, accumulation of certain types of mitochondrial damage, in the absence of DNA ligase III (Lig3) or exonuclease G (EXOG), enzymes required for repair, can directly trigger cell death. (imrpress.com)

Humans2

• The ultimate purpose of this initiative is the development of effective strategies for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and hematologic disorders due to mitochondrial DNA mutations in humans. (nih.gov)
• Pairwise analysis of numts and their flanking DNA produces an estimate for the DNA duplication rate in humans of 2.2 x 10(-9) per numt per year. (anthropogeny.org)

Females pass1

• Mitochondrial DNA is unique because all people, males and females, inherit their mitochondrial DNA from their mothers, but only females pass it on to their children. (dna-explained.com)

Damage4

• As a result, reactive oxygen species easily damage mitochondrial DNA, causing cells to malfunction and ultimately to die. (nih.gov)
• Cells that have high energy demands, such as those in the inner ear that are critical for hearing, are particularly sensitive to the effects of mitochondrial DNA damage. (nih.gov)
• NIH-funded researchers uncovered the reason: the body's ability to repair DNA damage fluctuates with the time of day. (nih.gov)
• Some forms of mitochondrial DNA damage can apparently trigger mitochondrial DNA destruction, either via direct degradation or through specific forms of autophagy, such as mitophagy. (imrpress.com)

Promotes1

• Cooperative sensing of mitochondrial DNA by ZBP1 and cGAS promotes cardiotoxicity. (mendeley.com)

Cellular1

• This is different from cellular DNA that is inherited equally from both parents. (nih.gov)

Disorder3

• Mitochondrial DNA-associated Leigh syndrome is a progressive brain disorder that usually appears in infancy or early childhood. (nih.gov)
• Mitochondrial DNA as a marker for treatment-response in post-traumatic stress disorder. (uni.lu)
• en] Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental health condition thought to be mediated by a dysregulated stress response system. (uni.lu)

Scientists2

• A team of scientists that includes Dr. Daniel Criswell of ICR has recently completed a study of mitochondrial DNA and will be presenting its work at this summer's International Conference on Creationism. (icr.org)
• A team of scientists at NIH and the Cleveland Clinic detected the DNA of a retrovirus called XMRV in the blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. (nih.gov)

Nearly identical1

• In other words, because mitochondrial DNA is not mixed with DNA from the fathers, it's very nearly identical to our matrilineal ancestors' mitochondrial DNA many generations ago. (dna-explained.com)

Symptom1

• For instance, vision loss, due to optic atrophy (shrinkage of the optic nerve) or retinopathy (degeneration of some of the cells that line the back of the eye), is a common symptom of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. (nih.gov)

Muscles1

• In addition to affecting eye muscles, a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy can affect the eye itself and parts of the brain involved in vision. (nih.gov)

Marker1

• We evaluated the mitochondrial junction region as a potential genotyping marker. (cdc.gov)

Origin1

• Mitochondrial DNA replication at the leading-strand origin is coupled to transcription through the formation of an RNA-DNA hybrid known as an R-loop. (houstonmethodist.org)

Complete1

• Finally, when stimulated with δ-aminolevulonic acid (δ-ALA), SOD 2 -/- - HEL cells failed to properly differentiate toward an erythroid phenotype, likely due to failure to complete the necessary global DNA demethylation program required for erythroid maturation. (scientificarchives.com)

Circular1

• We further show that the processed RNA products remain stably base-paired to the template DNA strand and are functional for initiating DNA synthesis on a closed circular plasmid. (houstonmethodist.org)