Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc.Disinfectants: Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means.Water Purification: Any of several processes in which undesirable impurities in water are removed or neutralized; for example, chlorination, filtration, primary treatment, ion exchange, and distillation. It includes treatment of WASTE WATER to provide potable and hygienic water in a controlled or closed environment as well as provision of public drinking water supplies.Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching.Dental Disinfectants: Chemicals especially for use on instruments to destroy pathogenic organisms. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)Trihalomethanes: Methanes substituted with three halogen atoms, which may be the same or different.Chlorine Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule.Hand Disinfection: The act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of destroying infectious microorganisms.Equipment Contamination: The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles.Water Supply: Means or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (Webster, 3d ed)Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Chloramines2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.Endoscopes: Instruments for the visual examination of interior structures of the body. There are rigid endoscopes and flexible fiberoptic endoscopes for various types of viewing in ENDOSCOPY.Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials.Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.Iodophors: Complexes of iodine and non-ionic SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS acting as carrier and solubilizing agent for the iodine in water. Iodophors usually enhance bactericidal activity of iodine, reduce vapor pressure and odor, minimize staining, and allow wide dilution with water. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.Water Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Anti-Infective Agents, Local: Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.Virus Inactivation: Inactivation of viruses by non-immune related techniques. They include extremes of pH, HEAT treatment, ultraviolet radiation, IONIZING RADIATION; DESICCATION; ANTISEPTICS; DISINFECTANTS; organic solvents, and DETERGENTS.Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.Equipment Reuse: Further or repeated use of equipment, instruments, devices, or materials. It includes additional use regardless of the original intent of the producer as to disposability or durability. It does not include the repeated use of fluids or solutions.Halogenation: Covalent attachment of HALOGENS to other compounds.Fumigation: The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms.Steam: Water in its gaseous state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Colony Count, Microbial: Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.Drinking Water: Water that is intended to be ingested.Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, from a person or object.Swimming PoolsWater Pollutants, Chemical: Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.Microbial Viability: Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.Benzalkonium Compounds: A mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium compounds. It is a bactericidal quaternary ammonium detergent used topically in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, as a surgical antiseptic, and as a as preservative and emulsifier in drugs and cosmetics.Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from the UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and extending into the INFRARED RAYS frequencies.Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal: Instruments for the visual examination of the interior of the gastrointestinal tract.Equipment and Supplies, Hospital: Any materials used in providing care specifically in the hospital.Dental Impression Materials: Substances used to create an impression, or negative reproduction, of the teeth and dental arches. These materials include dental plasters and cements, metallic oxide pastes, silicone base materials, or elastomeric materials.Hygiene: The science dealing with the establishment and maintenance of health in the individual and the group. It includes the conditions and practices conducive to health. (Webster, 3d ed)Maxillofacial Prosthesis: A prosthetic appliance for the replacement of areas of the maxilla, mandible, and face, missing as a result of deformity, disease, injury, or surgery. When the prosthesis replaces portions of the mandible only, it is referred to as MANDIBULAR PROSTHESIS.Contact Lens Solutions: Sterile solutions used to clean and disinfect contact lenses.Levivirus: A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose viruses contain the short version of the genome and have a separate gene for cell lysis.Denture Rebasing: The process of refitting a denture by replacing the denture base material without changing the occlusal relations of the teeth. Rebasing may include adding to the denture base to compensate for resorptive changes to subjacent structures.Denture Bases: The part of a denture that overlies the soft tissue and supports the supplied teeth and is supported in turn by abutment teeth or the residual alveolar ridge. It is usually made of resins or metal or their combination.Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms.Cystoscopes: Endoscopes for visual examination of the urinary bladder.Nitrosomonas europaea: The type species of the genus NITROSOMONAS, a gram-negative chemolithotroph that oxidizes ammonia to nitrite. It is found in soil, sewage, freshwater, and on building walls, and especially in polluted areas where air contains high levels of nitrogen compounds.Dental Equipment: The nonexpendable items used by the dentist or dental staff in the performance of professional duties. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p106)Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides.BiguanidesProsthesis Coloring: Coloring, shading, or tinting of prosthetic components, devices, and materials.Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.Borates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of boric acid.Sunlight: Irradiation directly from the sun.Air Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Stainless Steel: Stainless steel. A steel containing Ni, Cr, or both. It does not tarnish on exposure and is used in corrosive environments. (Grant & Hack's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Gastroscopes: Endoscopes used for examining the interior of the stomach.Cross Infection: Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.Bronchoscopes: Endoscopes for the visualization of the interior of the bronchi.o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.Fomites: Inanimate objects that carry pathogenic microorganisms and thus can serve as the source of infection. Microorganisms typically survive on fomites for minutes or hours. Common fomites include CLOTHING, tissue paper, hairbrushes, and COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS.Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation.Toilet Facilities: Facilities provided for human excretion, often with accompanying handwashing facilities.Mobile Applications: Computer programs or software installed on mobile electronic devices which support a wide range of functions and uses which include television, telephone, video, music, word processing, and Internet service.Denture Cleansers: Substances used to clean dentures; they are usually alkaline peroxides or hypochlorites, may contain enzymes and release oxygen. Use also for sonic action cleaners.Filtration: A process of separating particulate matter from a fluid, such as air or a liquid, by passing the fluid carrier through a medium that will not pass the particulates. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Elastomers: A generic term for all substances having the properties of stretching under tension, high tensile strength, retracting rapidly, and recovering their original dimensions fully. They are generally POLYMERS.Sanitary Engineering: A branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction, and maintenance of environmental facilities conducive to public health, such as water supply and waste disposal.Oocysts: Zygote-containing cysts of sporozoan protozoa. Further development in an oocyst produces small individual infective organisms called SPOROZOITES. Then, depending on the genus, the entire oocyst is called a sporocyst or the oocyst contains multiple sporocysts encapsulating the sporozoites.Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic: Soft, supple contact lenses made of plastic polymers which interact readily with water molecules. Many types are available, including continuous and extended-wear versions, which are gas-permeable and easily sterilized.Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid.Sewage: Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.Hardness Tests: A test to determine the relative hardness of a metal, mineral, or other material according to one of several scales, such as Brinell, Mohs, Rockwell, Vickers, or Shore. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Polymethyl Methacrylate: Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses.Housekeeping, Hospital: Hospital department which manages and provides the required housekeeping functions in all areas of the hospital.Denture, Complete, Upper: A complete denture replacing all the natural maxillary teeth and associated maxillary structures. It is completely supported by the oral tissue and underlying maxillary bone.Alcohols: Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Contact Lenses: Lenses designed to be worn on the front surface of the eyeball. (UMDNS, 1999)Infection Control, Dental: Efforts to prevent and control the spread of infections within dental health facilities or those involving provision of dental care.Caustics: Strong alkaline chemicals that destroy soft body tissues resulting in a deep, penetrating type of burn, in contrast to corrosives, that result in a more superficial type of damage via chemical means or inflammation. Caustics are usually hydroxides of light metals. SODIUM HYDROXIDE and potassium hydroxide are the most widely used caustic agents in industry. Medically, they have been used externally to remove diseased or dead tissues and destroy warts and small tumors. The accidental ingestion of products (household and industrial) containing caustic ingredients results in thousands of injuries per year.Resins, Synthetic: Polymers of high molecular weight which at some stage are capable of being molded and then harden to form useful components.Angioscopes: Endoscopes used for viewing the interior of blood vessels.Siloxanes: Silicon polymers that contain alternate silicon and oxygen atoms in linear or cyclic molecular structures.Environmental Microbiology: The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.Cryptosporidium parvum: A species of parasitic protozoa that infects humans and most domestic mammals. Its oocysts measure five microns in diameter. These organisms exhibit alternating cycles of sexual and asexual reproduction.Biofilms: Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.Silicone Elastomers: Polymers of silicone that are formed by crosslinking and treatment with amorphous silica to increase strength. They have properties similar to vulcanized natural rubber, in that they stretch under tension, retract rapidly, and fully recover to their original dimensions upon release. They are used in the encapsulation of surgical membranes and implants.Laundry Service, Hospital: Hospital department which administers all activities pertaining to the hospital laundry service.Funeral Rites: Those customs and ceremonies pertaining to the dead.Hydrocarbons, BrominatedAcanthamoeba Keratitis: Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.Acanthamoeba: A genus of free-living soil amoebae that produces no flagellate stage. Its organisms are pathogens for several infections in humans and have been found in the eye, bone, brain, and respiratory tract.Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.Water Pollution: Contamination of bodies of water (such as LAKES; RIVERS; SEAS; and GROUNDWATER.)Equipment and Supplies: Expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures.Dichloroacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains two CHLORINE atoms attached to its methyl group.Materials Testing: The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.CresolsQuaternary Ammonium Compounds: Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.Norovirus: A genus in the family CALICIVIRIDAE, associated with epidemic GASTROENTERITIS in humans. The type species, NORWALK VIRUS, contains multiple strains.
Pulsed-light inactivation of food-related microorganisms. (1/846)
The effects of high-intensity pulsed-light emissions of high or low UV content on the survival of predetermined populations of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. Bacterial cultures were seeded separately on the surface of tryptone soya-yeast extract agar and were reduced by up to 2 or 6 log10 orders with 200 light pulses (pulse duration, approximately 100 ns) of low or high UV content, respectively (P < 0.001). (+info)Disinfection of upper gastrointestinal fibreoptic endoscopy equipment: an evaluation of a cetrimide chlorhexidine solution and glutaraldehyde. (2/846)
There is little information available on the bacteriological contamination of upper gastrointestinal fibreoptic endoscopes during routine use and the effects of 'disinfecting solutions'. A bacteriological evaluation was therefore made of cleaning an endoscope and its ancillary equipment with (1) water, (2) an aqueous solution of 1% cetrimide with 0.1% chlorhexidine, and (3) activated aqueous 2% glutaraldehyde. All equipment, but particularly the endoscope itself, was found to be heavily contaminated after use with a wide variety of organisms of which 53% were Gram positive. Cleaning the endoscope and ancillary equipment with water and the cetrimide/chlorhexidine solution alone or in combination was inadequate to produce disinfection but immersion in glutaraldehyde for two minutes consistently produced sterile cultures with our sampling technique. A rapid and simple method for disinfection of endoscopic equipment is therefore recommended and we think this is especially suitable for busy endoscopy units. (+info)A test for 'hygienic' hand disinfection. (3/846)
A standardised test procedure is described in which finger-tips are inoculated with broth cultures of organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphyloccocus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa): counts are made from washings of hands after disinfection with various antiseptic-detergents, alcoholic solutions, or unmedicated soap. 70% alcohol, with or without chlorhexidine, was the most effective preparation. The two antiseptic detergents showed variable results, but against Gram-negative bacilli neither was significantly more effective than plain soap. Some tests were also made on the death rate of organisms dried on the skin without disinfection. (+info)Drinking water disinfection byproducts: review and approach to toxicity evaluation. (4/846)
There is widespread potential for human exposure to disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water because everyone drinks, bathes, cooks, and cleans with water. The need for clean and safe water led the U.S. Congress to pass the Safe Drinking Water Act more than 20 years ago in 1974. In 1976, chloroform, a trihalomethane (THM) and a principal DBP, was shown to be carcinogenic in rodents. This prompted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in 1979 to develop a drinking water rule that would provide guidance on the levels of THMs allowed in drinking water. Further concern was raised by epidemiology studies suggesting a weak association between the consumption of chlorinated drinking water and the occurrence of bladder, colon, and rectal cancer. In 1992 the U.S. EPA initiated a negotiated rulemaking to evaluate the need for additional controls for microbial pathogens and DBPs. The goal was to develop an approach that would reduce the level of exposure from disinfectants and DBPs without undermining the control of microbial pathogens. The product of these deliberations was a proposed stage 1 DBP rule. It was agreed that additional information was necessary on how to optimize the use of disinfectants while maintaining control of pathogens before further controls to reduce exposure beyond stage 1 were warranted. In response to this need, the U.S. EPA developed a 5-year research plan to support the development of the longer term rules to control microbial pathogens and DBPs. A considerable body of toxicologic data has been developed on DBPs that occur in the drinking water, but the main emphasis has been on THMs. Given the complexity of the problem and the need for additional data to support the drinking water DBP rules, the U.S. EPA, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the U.S. Army are working together to develop a comprehensive biologic and mechanistic DBP database. Selected DBPs will be tested using 2-year toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in standard rodent models; transgenic mouse models and small fish models; in vitro mechanistic and toxicokinetic studies; and reproductive, immunotoxicity, and developmental studies. The goal is to create a toxicity database that reflects a wide range of DBPs resulting from different disinfection practices. This paper describes the approach developed by these agencies to provide the information needed to make scientifically based regulatory decisions. (+info)Chlorine inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7. (5/846)
We analyzed isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (which has recently caused waterborne outbreaks) and wild-type E. coli to determine their sensitivity to chlorination. Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains were significantly reduced within 1 minute of exposure to free chlorine. Results indicate that chlorine levels typically maintained in water systems are sufficient to inactivate these organisms. (+info)Response of pathogenic Vibrio species to high hydrostatic pressure. (6/846)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802, Vibrio vulnificus ATCC 27562, Vibrio cholerae O:1 ATCC 14035, Vibrio cholerae non-O:1 ATCC 14547, Vibrio hollisae ATCC 33564, and Vibrio mimicus ATCC 33653 were treated with 200 to 300 MPa for 5 to 15 min at 25 degrees C. High hydrostatic pressure inactivated all strains of pathogenic Vibrio without triggering a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state; however, cells already existing in a VBNC state appeared to possess greater pressure resistance. (+info)Bronchoscopy-related infections and pseudoinfections--New York, 1996 and 1998. (7/846)
Bronchoscopy is a useful diagnostic technique that can be performed safely by trained specialists when the bronchoscopes in both inpatient and ambulatory-care settings are reprocessed properly to prevent transmission of infection. The New York State Department of Health received reports of three clusters of culture-positive bronchoscopy specimens obtained in 1996 and 1998 from patients at local health-care facilities. This report summarizes the results of investigations of these clusters, which indicated involvement of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. intracellulare, or imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Between patient uses, bronchoscopes had been cleaned, visually inspected, leak tested, and processed by STERIS System 1 processors (STERIS, Mentor, Ohio). (+info)Evaluation of disinfection and sterilization of reusable angioscopes with the duck hepatitis B model. (8/846)
PURPOSE: Nosocomial transmission of viral hepatitis and retrovirus infection has been reported. The expected risk is greatest for the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The duck HBV (DHBV) has similar biologic and structural characteristics to HBV and has been adopted as a suitable model for disinfectant testing. METHODS: Angioscopic examination of the external jugular vein was performed on DHBV-infected ducks. After use, the instrument was air dried for 3 minutes. Samples were obtained by flushing the channel with 5 mL of phosphate buffered saline solution. The samples were collected immediately after drying (control), after flushing with 5 mL of water, after glutaraldehyde disinfection for 5, 10, and 20 minutes, and after ethylene oxide gas sterilization. Angioscopes were either precleaned or uncleaned before disinfection/sterilization. Residual infectivity was assessed with inoculation of samples into the peritoneal cavity of day-old ducks (n = 231). RESULTS: DNA analysis results of liver samples showed that all 38 control ducks became infected. The frequency of DHBV infection was reduced to 93% (14 of 15) by flushing the angioscope with 5 mL of sterile water. No transmission occurred after the use of any of the properly precleaned and disinfected/sterilized angioscopes. However, after the use of the uncleaned angioscopes, the transmission rate was 90% (9 of 10) and 70% (7 of 10) after 5 and 10 minutes of contact time, respectively, in 2% glutaraldehyde. Even after the recommended 20 minutes of contact time, there was still 6% (2 of 35) transmission. After ethylene oxide sterilization, two of the recipient ducklings (2 of 35) were infected with DHBV. CONCLUSION: There was no disease transmission after reuse of disposable angioscopes adequately cleaned before disinfection or sterilization. However, if the angioscopes are inadequately cleaned, DHBV can survive despite glutaraldehyde disinfection or ethylene oxide sterilization. This contrasts with previous in vitro and in vivo data with solid surgical instruments. It is postulated that the presence of a narrow lumen or residual protein shielding within the lumen may compromise effective inactivation of hepadnaviruses on angioscopes, with the potential risk for patient-to-patient transmission. (+info)
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Energy of the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital, Thiol Reactivity, and Toxicity of Three Monobrominated Water Disinfection...
Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand disinfectants in a public administration: Impact on health and work performance related to...
Tier II DBP Violation | Steelton Borough
Disinfection & Sterilization
Patent US4697464 - Pressure washer systems analyzer - Google Patents
Automatic Washer Factory, China Automatic Washer Factory Manufacturers & Suppliers | Made-in-China.com
Effectiveness of six different disinfectants on removing five microbial species and effects on the topographic characteristics...
PriceGrabber - Front load washers detergent Washer & Dryer Accessories
How to Repair a Cracked Windshield Washer Reservoir | eHow
Pressure Washers | Electric Power Washers | Gas Pressure Washers
"Implementation of SODIS Water Disinfection Technology in Rural Bolivia" by J Gentry, S Shell et al.
North America Steam Disinfector Market Report (2014-2024) - Market Size, Share, Price, Trend and Forecast
Wholesale Solar Water Pump, China Wholesale Solar Water Pump Manufacturers & Suppliers | Made-in-China.com
Solar Water Heating | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide
Homemade Solar Water Heaters | HowStuffWorks
Bioremediation of radioactive waste
Mastitis in dairy cattle
Dielectric barrier discharge
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
Chlorine base compound
Alcohol (medicine)
William Cumberland Cruikshank
Tincture of iodine
International Conference on Environmental Systems
The AsepticSure® Hospital Disinfection System Introduced to South America
Chairside disinfection of radiographs
Disinfection - EngNetThe HUBSCRUB Company - Wheelchair Disinfection Systems - Equipment
Patente US5536403 - Liquid purification system with microfiltration means, disinfection means ... - Google Patentes
Solar Water Disinfection Intervention Trial in Bolivia - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Severn Trent Services Ultraviolet Disinfection System Receives Validation Test Certification
Numerical Modeling of Flows in Ultraviolet Disinfection Channels
Covid-19: Indian firm develops UV-based baggage disinfection systems - The Hindu BusinessLine
Enhanced UV Disinfection by Ozone/Peroxide a Study in Tampa, Flor...: Ingenta Connect
Sanuvox Releases the ASEPTIX² Dual UV Disinfection System to Help Reduce Nosocomial (HAI) Infections in Hospital Environments
Solaris Lytbot Xenon Pulsed UV Light Disinfection System | Medline Industries, Inc.
Sanosil International Sanosil Halo Disinfection System (April, 2015)
OSEC - Water Disinfection Systems | B-Pak - IndustrySearch Australia
Patent WO2014093443A1 - Split wiper assembly for uv disinfection modules - Google Patent
Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC
Water Disinfection - Chapter 2 - 2020 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC
Skin disinfection - Wikipedia
Selective photonic disinfection - Wikipedia
Disinfection | public health | BritannicaDisinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation - Google Livros
Review of Water Disinfection Techniques
Disinfection and Disinfectants - Scientific American
Disinfection & Testing | Healthy Swimming | Healthy Water | CDC
Bio One New York Disinfection Services MKV
Disinfection and Public Health CommitteeWater Disinfection | Travelers' Health | CDC
Health Care Facility Disinfection - Commercial Cleaning | 3M US
Patent US5993738 - Electrostatic photocatalytic air disinfection - Google Patents
APIC | Disinfection and sterilization
Disinfection Solutions
Mesa Labs Acquires Sterilization and Disinfection Process Control Business
SMART DISINFECTION, DEODORIZATION & AIR PURIFYING SYSTEM by AirMagic - Kickstarter
Operatory water disinfection system - BURRIS WILLIAM A.The Disinfection of Cattle Cars by Superheated Steam - Scientific American
Mazak Helps Kentucky Manufacturer Produce Surface Disinfection System
DelFix deletes removal tools used during disinfection - MajorGeeks
Clean Water Systems Supplies Advanced Chlorine Disinfection Skid for Wyoming Gas Plant
Choose Your Disinfection Weapon -- Environmental Protection
Low-Level DisinfectionDrinking Water Disinfection equipment | Environmental XPRT
Disinfectant2
- Supplement your human cleaning process with the Halo Disinfection System from Sanosil, a whole-room fogging system that sends a powerful disinfectant mist into places that can't be reached or seen. (outpatientsurgery.net)
- Wipe disinfection with a bactericidal and yeasticidal surface disinfectant (which usually also is virucidal against enveloped viruses). (bode-science-center.com)
Disinfectants1
- Depending on the patient's infectious disease, other concentrations and procedures and disinfectants with a broader spectrum of activity than for routine disinfection may be necessary. (bode-science-center.com)
System23
- AsepticSure®, the only hospital disinfection system in the world that achieves 100% bactericidal kill, dramatically reducing new rates of hospital acquired infections in the rooms treated, will be distributed in South America by GYD S.A. (prnewswire.com)
- Testing on company's UltraDynamics® 8102-HO-200 UV system was conducted by HydroQual, Inc., and complies with the EPA's Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual. (thomasnet.com)
- July 11, 2007 - Severn Trent Services' UltraDynamics® 8102-HO-200 ultraviolet (UV) disinfection system has received validation test certification that conforms to the protocols prescribed by the U.S. EPA's Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual (UVDGM). (thomasnet.com)
- A medium-sized Indian technology company, in collaboration with a government lab in Hyderabad, has developed an UV radiation based baggage disinfection system that can be used at airports, bus stations, commercial complexes, hotels and railway stations. (thehindubusinessline.com)
- The Greater Noida-based Vehant Technologies launched two variants of the baggage disinfection system named KritiScan early this month. (thehindubusinessline.com)
- Many of our existing clients approached us in March and April this year asked us whether we can develop a disinfection system for baggage as they were concerned about the Covid-causing SARS-CoV2," said Kapil Bardeja, CEO and co-founder of Vehant Technologies. (thehindubusinessline.com)
- Incoming water to the ultraviolet disinfection system should be filtered to a minimum of 5 microns. (rainsoft.com)
- The residential and commercial APCO-X coil and air disinfection system also exhibited the same positive results. (fmlink.com)
- The first Ozone Pipeline Disinfection System (PDS) has now been operating for two years and a further two units were delivered to Sydney Water in March 2014. (foodprocessing-technology.com)
- In this research, heterogeneous photo catalysis of TiO2 is combined with a pressure driven nanofiltration system, in order to integrate disinfection into a water quality solution and avoid the separation step of methods in order to design a continuous water treatment plan. (theseus.fi)
- The objective of the research was to test the inactivation of E. coli bacteria trough photocatalytic disinfection in synthetic wastewater, to determine if the integrated filtration system can be viable in photocatalytic disinfection. (theseus.fi)
- We are Laurence Gill and Joanne Mac Mahon from the Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering at Trinity College Dublin and we are currently researching an innovative water disinfection system, which uses sunlight to disinfect water. (fundit.ie)
- The solar disinfection unit is a low-cost, low-maintenance system, which requires no energy to run, and uses one of the most abundant resources in the developing world, sunshine. (fundit.ie)
- The system had worked successfully for over one year but the lack of water supply means that the solar disinfection unit can no longer be used and the villagers must make a 14km round trip on foot to collect water. (fundit.ie)
- The villagers want their solar disinfection system up and running again and we are determined to raise the necessary funds to provide an alternative water source in the form of a borehole. (fundit.ie)
- This would allow the solar disinfection system to be used again and villagers would have access to safe drinking water. (fundit.ie)
- We believe that our solar water disinfection system can provide a sustainable solution to the problem of contaminated drinking water, helping to improve the health of isolated rural communities, as well as their prospects for the future. (fundit.ie)
- Drilling a borehole to provide an alternative water source in Ndulyani, which will allow the solar disinfection system to be reinstated, will be a major step forward in developing this sustainable and environmentally-friendly water treatment solution. (fundit.ie)
- Day at Trinity College Dublin to experience ongoing laboratory research on the solar water disinfection system. (fundit.ie)
- The City will also make repairs and raise the City's ultraviolet disinfection system. (centralauctionhouse.com)
- LONDON, ONTARIO, CANADA - Nov. 1, 2013 - Today TrojanUV announced that their newest wastewater ultraviolet light disinfection system, the TrojanUVSigna™ has been selected by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRD). (windustech.com)
- The TrojanUVSigna™ system is specifically designed for large-scale wastewater disinfection applications, making adoption of UV disinfection easier, reducing the total cost of ownership compared to chemical disinfection and simplifying maintenance for the wastewater treatment plant operations staff. (windustech.com)
- We're proud to be working with the design engineering firm Greeley & Hansen on the design of the UV disinfection system, and MWRD staff who will manage the construction contract on this installation. (windustech.com)
Wastewater disinfection1
- There is a raise in concern as shown in recent studies, that when it comes to the traditional wastewater disinfection methods such as chlorination and ozonation, there is a formation of health related disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids that can have carcinogenic tendencies. (theseus.fi)
Bacteria9
- UV Disinfection Water passes through the UV chamber, where many bacteria and viruses are killed or rendered harmless by direct exposure to the UV light. (rainsoft.com)
- Limits to progressive reduction of resident skin bacteria by disinfection. (bmj.com)
- The further reduction in yield of skin bacteria on using alcohol after repeated disinfection with an antiseptic detergent preparation ('two-phase' disinfection) was not paralleled by a further reduction when the preparations used in the two phases were reversed, the antiseptic detergent being used after repeated disinfection with ethyl alcohol. (bmj.com)
- Two-phase' disinfection was therefore seen to be due to further reduction in skin bacteria from the low equilibrium obtained with the antiseptic detergent to the lower level obtainable by alcohol disinfection. (bmj.com)
- When repeated disinfection to equilibrium with alcohol was followed by a 'second-phase' handwash with a non-antiseptic detergent and water, there was a large increase in the yield of skin bacteria. (bmj.com)
- This finding supports the view that a low equilibrium level occurs when the reduction in density of accessible bacteria through disinfection is balanced by the emergence of bacteria drawn from deeper layers of the skin. (bmj.com)
- UV disinfection is a physical process that inactivates bacteria, viruses and protozoa, making wastewater safe to discharge back to the environment. (windustech.com)
- Excalibur Water Systems Ultraviolet Disinfection Sterilizers protect your family by removing harmful bacteria. (excaliburwater.com)
- The most effective bacteria removal process available today is to use ultraviolet light (UV) disinfection to clean your water. (excaliburwater.com)
Byproducts1
- The present invention relates to an improved disinfection method and apparatus which utilizes, for example, hydrogen peroxide solution and a catalyzing agent to facilitate controlled decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide within a sealed reaction chamber containing an object to be disinfected, such as contact lenses, wherein the solution, the decomposition catalyzing agent, the resulting energy, and byproducts of decomposition are employed to control and enhance the disinfection process. (justia.com)
Filtration1
- The company's broad range of products and services is concentrated around disinfection, instrumentation and filtration technologies, contract operating services and state-of-the-art residential metering products and services. (thomasnet.com)
Adoption of UV disinfection1
- The downturn in the food and beverages segment is expected to highly impact the adoption of UV disinfection equipment thus affecting its overall demand. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Systems10
- The UVDGM provides technical guidance on the application of ultraviolet light for the disinfection of drinking water by public water systems. (thomasnet.com)
- In RainSoft RCUV Series water disinfection systems, an ultraviolet lamp is centered within a protective quartz sleeve in the unit's precisely engineered and polished stainless steel disinfection chamber. (rainsoft.com)
- The third-party lab used Fresh-Aire UV's ADS airstream and BlueTube XL coil and airstream disinfection systems designed for healthcare, education, office and other commercial facility applications. (fmlink.com)
- Systems are designed for airstream and surface disinfection as well as specialized products for ice machines and other unique applications. (fmlink.com)
- Water Engineering Technologies is able to offer both Medium Pressure, Low Pressure and Low Pressure Amalgam disinfection systems.Water Engineering Technologies also offers Special Ultraviolet systems, offering clients an individually tailored service to solve the most complex of disinfection problems. (wet-fzc.com)
- Water Engineering Technologies also offer a range of domestic UV Disinfection Systems systems. (wet-fzc.com)
- As a result many leading leisure operators, health clubs, aquatic facilities and hotel chains have adopted UV disinfection systems to control this risk. (atguv.com)
- These systems not only provide maximum disinfection performance, but, through new design features, are now even easier to install, maintain and operate. (windustech.com)
- TrojanUV designs, manufactures and sells pressurized and open-channel UV disinfection systems for municipal wastewater and drinking water, and UV-oxidation systems for environmental contaminant treatment applications. (windustech.com)
- No reviews were found for Lenntech - Hydroponic UV Systems Disinfection . (agriculture-xprt.com)
Ozone3
- According to a TMR analyst, "The initial cost incurred by industries to deploy UV disinfection equipment is comparatively lower than the deployment of other options such as ozone disinfection equipment. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- The time taken by UV disinfection equipment to complete the purification process is also less in comparison to the chlorine and ozone disinfection equipment. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- For a customer of the utility, the use of the ozone process is cost effective and reliable in achieving disinfection. (foodprocessing-technology.com)
Severn Trent Services1
- The key companies engaged in the production and distribution of UV disinfection equipment are Severn Trent Services, Calgon Carbon Corporation, Xylem Inc., Trojan Technologies, Aquionics, Atlantium Technologies Ltd., and Atlantic Ultraviolet Corporation among others. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Sterilizers1
- Unlike traditional disinfection methods (i.e.Chlorination), ultraviolet disinfection sterilizers impart no residual chemicals into your drinking water. (excaliburwater.com)
Surfaces2
- After all routine surface disinfection measures, surfaces may be used again as soon as they are visibly dry. (bode-science-center.com)
- Reuse of disinfected surfaces: After the disinfection in case of epidemics, the surface must not be used again before the end of the exposure time. (bode-science-center.com)
Sterilization1
- UV disinfection equipment is widely used in the purification and sterilization of fruit juices, meat, dairy products, cooking oils, wine, spirits, and other sugar sweetened beverages. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Sanitization1
- When it comes infectious disease and biohazard cleanup, sanitization and disinfection in Florida, count on 24/7 Complete Restoration to make quick safe work of mitigating the risk of further exposure. (waterdamagerepairtampa.com)
Purification1
- The demand for UV disinfection equipment from the food and beverages industry regarding the purification of water used in the manufacturing processes is further expected to drive the growth of the UV disinfection equipment market in North America over the coming years. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Radiation1
Process3
- A method which enhances a disinfection process by using a catalyst which increases in effective surface area during the process. (justia.com)
- The present invention generally relates to methods and apparatus for controlling the decomposition of a solution using a catalyzing agent, and more specifically relates to a method and apparatus for controlling and enhancing a disinfection process. (justia.com)
- Recent regulations have required the facility to add a disinfection process to further enhance the water quality of the discharging effluent. (windustech.com)
Healthcare1
- The demand for disinfected water for use in industries and healthcare centers is another factor that is likely to boost the sales of UV disinfection equipment in North America. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Global UV Disinf4
- The smaller players in the global UV disinfection equipment market have registered a notable presence, but within domestic markets. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- The global UV disinfection equipment market is projected to witness strong growth with a CAGR of 14.1% between 2013 and 2019. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- In 2015, the global UV disinfection equipment market was worth US$1,431.9 mn and is anticipated to rise to a value of US$2,467.3 mn by the end of 2019. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Based on product, the water segment dominated the global UV disinfection equipment market in 2012 and is likely to retain a lead until 2019 with a share of 60.0% and 52.1% in the respective years. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Methods1
- One of the alternative methods available for commercialization in the near future are advanced oxidation processes, which use semiconductor photochemistry in disinfection. (theseus.fi)
Wipe1
- Wipe disinfection with a spectrum of activity matching the pathogen. (bode-science-center.com)
Suitable2
- Disinfection of exposed radiographic film packets for 30 seconds in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite has been found to be a simple procedure suitable for routine use. (nih.gov)
- Products listed by the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH)/German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM) are suitable for routine disinfection. (bode-science-center.com)
Surface3
- The purpose of this study was to determine whether surface disinfection with sodium hypochlorite would be an effective means for disinfection of radiographic film packets used in chairside developers. (nih.gov)
- Manual surface disinfection is pretty far from foolproof. (outpatientsurgery.net)
- The demand for surface and air UV disinfection equipment from these industries are likely to compensate the loss occurring from the downfall of the food and beverages sector. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Services1
- Got a question about our ultraviolet disinfection services? (atguv.com)
Equipment14
- however, our Blue-Calc, a UV-C light design and analysis using state-of-the-art sizing software, can accurately help facility directors, engineers and contractors specify UV equipment for any disinfection application. (fmlink.com)
- As a result of the consolidated nature of the global ultraviolet (UV) disinfection equipment market due to the presence of fewer players, the degree of competition is likely to stay high over the next couple of years, states Transparency Market Research (TMR) in a new report. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- The United States emerged as the leading consumer of UV disinfection equipment in North America owing to the rising concerns regarding the consumption safe drinking water. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- UV disinfection equipment can be availed easily as its price is also low. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Moreover, the inexpensive operating cost of UV disinfection equipment makes it a potential disinfection solution for various industries. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- As a result of all these factors, the demand for UV disinfection equipment is anticipated to extensively increase in the upcoming years. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Medical UV Disinfection Equipment market is expected to expand at over the period between 2016 and 2021. (medgadget.com)
- Medical UV Disinfection Equipment Market report focuses on the major drivers and restraints for the key players. (medgadget.com)
- The Medical UV Disinfection Equipment Market research report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Medical UV Disinfection Equipment Industry. (medgadget.com)
- Medical UV Disinfection Equipment market research report provides the newest industry data and industry future trends, allowing you to identify the products and end users driving revenue growth and profitability. (medgadget.com)
- The Medical UV Disinfection Equipment market report includes the forecasts, analysis and discussion of important industry trends, market size, market share estimates and profiles of the leading industry players. (medgadget.com)
- This Medical UV Disinfection Equipment Market report also takes into account the past price of 2011-2015 and future price of 2016-2021 as per the supply-demand relation along with perspectives and Medical UV Disinfection Equipment market forecasts. (medgadget.com)
- Additionally, the Medical UV Disinfection Equipment Market report also discusses the data on deals (distributors) and buyers, providing a holistic insight into the supply chain and sales details of Medical UV Disinfection Equipment Market. (medgadget.com)
- To sum it up, the report concludes with an all-inclusive research result on the Market chain of Medical UV Disinfection Equipment Market facilitating the market participants in making well-informed strategic decisions. (medgadget.com)
Water treatment1
- TrojanUV plays an important role in advancing disinfection technology, and is committed to providing the world with more efficient, environmentally-friendly water treatment solutions. (windustech.com)
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