Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.
Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases, are medical conditions that result from the infection, transmission, or colonization of pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, which can be spread from one host to another through various modes of transmission.
The systematic application of information and computer sciences to public health practice, research, and learning.
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
The use of biological agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of BACTERIA; VIRUSES; or other BIOLOGICAL TOXINS against people, ANIMALS; or PLANTS.
Cultivation of natural faunal resources of water. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Monitoring of information sources of potential value in detecting an emerging epidemic, whether naturally occurring or the result of bioterrorism.
Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.
Restriction of freedom of movement of individuals who have been exposed to infectious or communicable disease in order to prevent its spread; a period of detention of vessels, vehicles, or travelers coming from infected or suspected places; and detention or isolation on account of suspected contagion. It includes government regulations on the detention of animals at frontiers or ports of entrance for the prevention of infectious disease, through a period of isolation before being allowed to enter a country. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
'Swimming pools' in a medical context typically refers to man-made bodies of water designed for swimming and other recreational activities, which can also serve as potential reservoirs for various infectious diseases if not properly maintained, including those transmitted through waterborne pathogens, fecal contamination, or poor water chemistry.
Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.
'Animal diseases' is a term that refers to any illness or infection that affects the health and well-being of non-human animals, caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxic substances, which can impact individual animals, herds, or entire species, and may have implications for human health through zoonotic transmission.
Statistical calculations on the occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions in defined populations.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
A genus in the family CALICIVIRIDAE, associated with epidemic GASTROENTERITIS in humans. The type species, NORWALK VIRUS, contains multiple strains.
Monitoring of rate of occurrence of specific conditions to assess the stability or change in health levels of a population. It is also the study of disease rates in a specific cohort such as in a geographic area or population subgroup to estimate trends in a larger population. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Notification or reporting by a physician or other health care provider of the occurrence of specified contagious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV infections to designated public health agencies. The United States system of reporting notifiable diseases evolved from the Quarantine Act of 1878, which authorized the US Public Health Service to collect morbidity data on cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever; each state in the US has its own list of notifiable diseases and depends largely on reporting by the individual health care provider. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A statistically significant excess of cases of a disease, occurring within a limited space-time continuum.
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).
Sudden outbreaks of a disease in a country or region not previously recognized in that area, or a rapid increase in the number of new cases of a previous existing endemic disease. Epidemics can also refer to outbreaks of disease in animal or plant populations.
A genus of ruminants in the family Bovidae. The common name chamois usually refers to the species Rupicapra rupicapra. Rupicapra pyrenaica, found in the Pyrenees, is more properly referred to as the Pyrenean chamois.
The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).
Contamination of bodies of water (such as LAKES; RIVERS; SEAS; and GROUNDWATER.)
An agency of the UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that conducts and supports programs for the prevention and control of disease and provides consultation and assistance to health departments and other countries.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.
Examination of foods to assure wholesome and clean products free from unsafe microbes or chemical contamination, natural or added deleterious substances, and decomposition during production, processing, packaging, etc.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and severe viral disease in cloven-hoofed animals, characterized by fever, formation of vesicles and erosions in the mouth, on the tongue, lips, teats, and feet, causing significant economic losses in agriculture and livestock farming.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A system of safety management (abbreviated HACCP) applied mainly to the food industry. It involves the analysis and control of biological, chemical, and physical hazards, from raw material production, procurement and handling, to manufacturing, distribution and consumption of finished products.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.
Professionals, technicians, and assistants staffing LABORATORIES.
Means or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (Webster, 3d ed)
Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, processing, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food.
An acute, sometimes fatal, pneumonia-like bacterial infection characterized by high fever, malaise, muscle aches, respiratory disorders and headache. It is named for an outbreak at the 1976 Philadelphia convention of the American Legion.
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.
The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.
Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.
Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
The expected number of new cases of an infection caused by an infected individual, in a population consisting of susceptible contacts only.
The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data with the purpose of preventing or controlling disease or injury, or of identifying unusual events of public health importance, followed by the dissemination and use of information for public health action. (From Am J Prev Med 2011;41(6):636)
The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.
Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms.
The geographical area of Africa comprising BURUNDI; DJIBOUTI; ETHIOPIA; KENYA; RWANDA; SOMALIA; SUDAN; TANZANIA; and UGANDA.
The segregation of patients with communicable or other diseases for a specified time. Isolation may be strict, in which movement and social contacts are limited; modified, where an effort to control specified aspects of care is made in order to prevent cross infection; or reverse, where the patient is secluded in a controlled or germ-free environment in order to protect him or her from cross infection.
Procedures outlined for the care of casualties and the maintenance of services in disasters.
Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.
Field of medicine concerned with the determination of causes, incidence, and characteristic behavior of disease outbreaks affecting human populations. It includes the interrelationships of host, agent, and environment as related to the distribution and control of disease.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.
Substances or organisms which pollute the water or bodies of water. Use for water pollutants in general or those for which there is no specific heading.
Domesticated birds raised for food. It typically includes CHICKENS; TURKEYS, DUCKS; GEESE; and others.
A genus of coccidian parasites of the family CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties and include the dimension of time in the analysis.
A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. A strain from this serogroup, serotype H7, which produces SHIGA TOXINS, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods by E. coli O157 from bovine origin.
Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.
A family of CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, comprising the penaeid shrimp. Species of the genus Penaeus are the most important commercial shrimp throughout the world.
Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.
The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)
Water that is intended to be ingested.
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.
Techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties.
Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
RNA virus infections refer to diseases caused by viruses that have RNA as their genetic material, which includes a wide range of pathogens affecting humans, animals, and plants, manifesting in various clinical symptoms and potentially leading to significant morbidity and mortality.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
Treatment of food with physical methods such as heat, high pressure, radiation, or electric current to destroy organisms that cause disease or food spoilage.
The activities and endeavors of the public health services in a community on any level.
Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Aspects of health and disease related to travel.
Computer systems capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations.
A class in the phylum CNIDARIA, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. All members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent.
Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the causative agent of LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE. It has been isolated from numerous environmental sites as well as from human lung tissue, respiratory secretions, and blood.
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
A commercially important species of SALMON in the family SALMONIDAE, order SALMONIFORMES, which occurs in the North Atlantic.
The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world.
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.
Management of public health organizations or agencies.
A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.
Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.
A species of DNA virus, in the genus WHISPOVIRUS, infecting PENAEID SHRIMP.
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.
Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.
Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.
The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people.
Number of individuals in a population relative to space.
A province of Canada lying between the provinces of Manitoba and Quebec. Its capital is Toronto. It takes its name from Lake Ontario which is said to represent the Iroquois oniatariio, beautiful lake. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p892 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)
The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the NASOPHARYNX. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL). It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being A, B, C, Y, and W-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype.
Respiratory tract diseases are a broad range of medical conditions that affect the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs, impairing breathing and oxygen uptake, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, tuberculosis, and sleep apnea.
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.
Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck.
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.
A general term for diseases produced by viruses.
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
A distribution function used to describe the occurrence of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated counts in a continuum of time or space.
Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases.
Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.
A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing an acute dengue-like fever.
The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "California" is a place, specifically a state on the western coast of the United States, and not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or surgical care to the emergency patient.
The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.
The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.
A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.
Infectious disease processes, including meningitis, diarrhea, and respiratory disorders, caused by echoviruses.
An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple).
A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever, clinically very similar to MARBURG VIRUS DISEASE, caused by EBOLAVIRUS, first occurring in the Sudan and adjacent northwestern (what was then) Zaire.
Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.
A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

Tuberculosis outbreaks in prison housing units for HIV-infected inmates--California, 1995-1996. (1/11802)

During 1995-1996, staff from the California departments of corrections and health services and local health departments investigated two outbreaks of drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB). The outbreaks occurred in two state correctional institutions with dedicated HIV housing units. In each outbreak, all cases were linked by IS6110-based DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. This report describes the investigations of both outbreaks; the findings indicated that M. tuberculosis can spread rapidly among HIV-infected inmates and be transmitted to their visitors and prison employees, with secondary spread to the community.  (+info)

Role of schools in the transmission of measles in rural Senegal: implications for measles control in developing countries. (2/11802)

Patterns of measles transmission at school and at home were studied in 1995 in a rural area of Senegal with a high level of vaccination coverage. Among 209 case children with a median age of 8 years, there were no deaths, although the case fatality ratio has previously been 6-7% in this area. Forty percent of the case children had been vaccinated against measles; the proportion of vaccinated children was higher among secondary cases (47%) than among index cases (33%) (prevalence ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.76). Vaccinated index cases may have been less infectious than unvaccinated index cases, since they produced fewer clinical cases among exposed children (relative risk = 0.55, 95% CI 0.29-1.04). The secondary attack rate was lower in the schools than in the homes (relative risk = 0.31, 95% CI 0.20-0.49). The school outbreaks were protracted, with 4-5 generations of cases being seen in the two larger schools. Vaccine efficacy was found to be 57% (95% CI -23 to 85) in the schools and 74% (95% CI 62-82) in the residential compounds. Measles infection resulted in a mean of 3.8 days of absenteeism per case, though this did not appear to have an impact on the children's grades. Among the index cases, 56% of children were probably infected by neighbors in the community, and 7% were probably infected at health centers, 13% outside the community, and 24% in one of the three schools which had outbreaks during the epidemic. However, most of the school-related cases occurred at the beginning and therefore contributed to the general propagation of the epidemic. To prevent school outbreaks, it may be necessary to require vaccination prior to school entry and to revaccinate children in individual schools upon detection of cases of measles. Multidose measles vaccination schedules will be necessary to control measles in developing countries.  (+info)

I(3/11802)

nvited commentary: vaccine failure or failure to vaccinate?  (+info)

W(4/11802)

aning of vaccine-induced immunity: is it a problem in Africa?  (+info)

Asthma visits to emergency rooms and soybean unloading in the harbors of Valencia and A Coruna, Spain. (5/11802)

Soybean unloading in the harbor of Barcelona, Spain, has been associated with large increases in the numbers of asthma patients treated in emergency departments between 1981 and 1987. In this study, the association between asthma and soybean unloading in two other Spanish cities, Valencia and A Coruna, was assessed. Asthma admissions were retrospectively identified for the period 1993-1995, and harbor activities were investigated in each location. Two approaches were used to assess the association between asthma and soybean unloading: One used unusual asthma days (days with an unusually high number of emergency room asthma visits) as an effect measure, and the other estimated the relative increase in the daily number of emergency room visits by autoregressive Poisson regression, adjusted for meteorologic variables, seasonality, and influenza incidence. No association between unusual asthma days and soya unloading was observed in either Valencia or A Coruna, except for one particular dock in Valencia. When the association between unloaded products and the daily number of emergency asthma visits was studied, a statistically significant association was observed for unloading of soya husk (relative risk = 1.50, 95% confidence interval 1.16-1.94) and soybeans (relative risk = 1.31, 95% confidence interval 1.08-1.59) in A Coruna. In Valencia, a statistical association was found only for the unloading of soybeans at two particular docks. Although these findings support the notion that asthma outbreaks are not a common hidden condition in most harbors where soybeans are unloaded, the weak associations reported are likely to be causal. Therefore, appropriate control measures should be implemented to avoid soybean dust emissions, particularly in harbors with populations living in the vicinity.  (+info)

The European mesothelioma epidemic. (6/11802)

Projections for the period 1995-2029 suggest that the number of men dying from mesothelioma in Western Europe each year will almost double over the next 20 years, from 5000 in 1998 to about 9000 around 2018, and then decline, with a total of about a quarter of a million deaths over the next 35 years. The highest risk will be suffered by men born around 1945-50, of whom about 1 in 150 will die of mesothelioma. Asbestos use in Western Europe remained high until 1980, and substantial quantities are still used in several European countries. These projections are based on the fit of a simple age and birth cohort model to male pleural cancer mortality from 1970 to 1989 for six countries (Britain, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands and Switzerland) which together account for three-quarters of the population of Western Europe. The model was tested by comparing observed and predicted numbers of deaths for the period 1990-94. The ratio of mesothelioma to recorded pleural cancer mortality has been 1.6:1 in Britain but was assumed to be 1:1 in other countries.  (+info)

A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. National Hepatitis A Investigation Team. (7/11802)

BACKGROUND: We investigated a large, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A that occurred in February and March 1997 in Michigan and then extended the investigation to determine whether it was related to sporadic cases reported in other states among persons who had consumed frozen strawberries, the food suspected of causing the outbreak. METHODS: The cases of hepatitis A were serologically confirmed. Epidemiologic studies were conducted in the two states with sufficient numbers of cases, Michigan and Maine. Hepatitis A virus RNA detected in clinical specimens was sequenced to determine the relatedness of the virus from outbreak-related cases and other cases. RESULTS: A total of 213 cases of hepatitis A were reported from 23 schools in Michigan and 29 cases from 13 schools in Maine, with the median rate of attack ranging from 0.2 to 14 percent. Hepatitis A was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries in a case-control study (odds ratio for the disease, 8.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.1 to 33) and a cohort study (relative risk of infection, 7.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 53) in Michigan and in a case-control study in Maine (odds ratio for infection, 3.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 14). The genetic sequences of viruses from 126 patients in Michigan and Maine were identical to one another and to those from 5 patients in Wisconsin and 7 patients in Arizona, all of whom attended schools where frozen strawberries from the same processor had been served, and to those in 2 patients from Louisiana, both of whom had consumed commercially prepared products containing frozen strawberries from the same processor. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a large outbreak of hepatitis A in Michigan that was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries. We found apparently sporadic cases in other states that could be linked to the same source by viral genetic analysis.  (+info)

A community outbreak of invasive and non-invasive group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal disease in a town in South Wales. (8/11802)

An increase in the incidence of invasive and non-invasive infections caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (GAS) was noted in and around the town of Glynneath (population approx. 4000) in West Glamorgan, South Wales between 1 January and 30 June 1995. A total of 133 cases was ascertained with 127 (96%) occurring between 1 March and 30 June 1995. Six patients had invasive disease (one died) and all presented at the peak of the outbreak. There were 127 non-invasive cases of whom 7 were hospitalized. The outbreak was investigated to determine its extent and whether it was caused by a single M-serotype of GAS. Serotyping showed that 13 different M-serotypes were involved with the M1 serotype predominating. The overall incidence of GAS invasive disease in West Glamorgan (population 365,000) increased sevenfold from a crude incidence of 0.5/10(5) per year in 1994 to 3.5/10(5) per year in 1995, but fell back to 0.75/10(5) per year in 1996. Eighty-two (80%) out of 102 individuals affected by GAS replied to a health questionnaire; sore throat was the commonest symptom reported (97%). Thirty-nine of these index cases identified at least one other member of their household who had experienced similar symptoms. The interval between the onset of illness in members of a single household was 0-83 days with a mean of 22 days. The mean duration of illness was 13.5 days and 61% of patients were treated with penicillin V for a mean duration of 9.3 days. Twenty-one per cent of GAS isolates were erythromycin-resistant and the M4 and M6 serotypes were especially resistant to erythromycin (87.5 and 100% resistance, respectively). Penicillin V failed to eradicate GAS from the throats of 25% of assessable patients. In this community, an outbreak of non-invasive disease caused by GAS was linked in time and place with an outbreak of serious invasive disease.  (+info)

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

Foodborne diseases, also known as foodborne illnesses or food poisoning, are defined as disorders caused by the consumption of contaminated foods or beverages, which contain harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, toxins, or chemicals. These agents can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. The severity of the illness can vary from mild discomfort to severe life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of infectious agent and the individual's immune system and overall health status. Common examples of foodborne diseases include Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Norovirus infections. Proper food handling, preparation, storage, and cooking can help prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases.

Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases, are illnesses that can be transmitted from one person to another through various modes of transmission. These modes include:

1. Direct contact: This occurs when an individual comes into physical contact with an infected person, such as touching or shaking hands, or having sexual contact.
2. Indirect contact: This happens when an individual comes into contact with contaminated objects or surfaces, like doorknobs, towels, or utensils.
3. Airborne transmission: Infectious agents can be spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or sings, releasing droplets containing the pathogen into the environment. These droplets can then be inhaled by nearby individuals.
4. Droplet transmission: Similar to airborne transmission, but involving larger respiratory droplets that don't remain suspended in the air for long periods and typically travel shorter distances (usually less than 6 feet).
5. Vector-borne transmission: This occurs when an infected animal or insect, such as a mosquito or tick, transmits the disease to a human through a bite or other means.

Examples of communicable diseases include COVID-19, influenza, tuberculosis, measles, hepatitis B, and malaria. Preventive measures for communicable diseases often involve public health initiatives like vaccination programs, hygiene promotion, and vector control strategies.

Public Health Informatics (PHI) is the systematic application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research, and learning. It involves the development and implementation of information systems to support public health functions including surveillance, prevention, preparedness, and response. PHI also includes the analysis of public health data to improve decision-making, as well as the training and education of public health professionals in the use of these technologies. The ultimate goal of PHI is to enhance the efficiency, effectiveness, and overall quality of public health services.

Emerging communicable diseases are infections whose incidence has increased in the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. These diseases can be caused by new microbial agents, or by previously known agents that have newly acquired the ability to cause disease in humans. They may also result from changes in human demographics, behavior, or travel patterns, or from technological or environmental changes. Examples of emerging communicable diseases include COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus infection, and West Nile fever.

Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.

Bioterrorism is the intentional use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to cause disease, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. Biological agents can be spread through the air, water, or food and may take hours to days to cause illness, depending on the agent and route of exposure. Examples of biological agents that could be used as weapons include anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism toxin, and viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola. Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism and is considered a public health emergency because it has the potential to cause widespread illness and death, as well as social disruption and economic loss.

The medical definition of bioterrorism focuses on the use of biological agents as weapons and the public health response to such attacks. It is important to note that the majority of incidents involving the intentional release of biological agents have been limited in scope and have not resulted in widespread illness or death. However, the potential for large-scale harm makes bioterrorism a significant concern for public health officials and emergency responders.

Preparation and response to bioterrorism involve a multidisciplinary approach that includes medical professionals, public health officials, law enforcement agencies, and government organizations at the local, state, and federal levels. Preparedness efforts include developing plans and procedures for responding to a bioterrorism event, training healthcare providers and first responders in the recognition and management of biological agents, and stockpiling vaccines, medications, and other resources that may be needed during a response.

In summary, bioterrorism is the intentional use of biological agents as weapons to cause illness, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. It is considered a public health emergency due to its potential for widespread harm and requires a multidisciplinary approach to preparedness and response.

Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation and farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants, in both freshwater and saltwater environments. It involves the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of these organisms under controlled conditions to produce food, feed, recreational resources, and other products for human use. Aquaculture can take place in a variety of systems, including ponds, raceways, tanks, and cages, and it is an important source of protein and livelihoods for many people around the world.

Biosurveillance is the formal term used to describe the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of biologic data, including the monitoring of human, animal, and environmental health indicators to provide real-time or near-real-time information used for early detection and warning of potential public health emergencies, such as bioterrorism attacks, infectious disease outbreaks, or other hazards.

Biosurveillance systems typically involve the use of advanced technologies, such as data mining, pattern recognition algorithms, and geographic information systems (GIS), to rapidly analyze large volumes of data from various sources, including electronic health records, laboratory test results, veterinary reports, and environmental sensors. The goal is to quickly identify any unusual patterns or anomalies that may indicate a potential public health threat, allowing for timely intervention and mitigation efforts to be implemented.

Effective biosurveillance requires close collaboration between various stakeholders, including public health officials, healthcare providers, veterinarians, and laboratory personnel, as well as strong partnerships with private sector organizations that have access to relevant data sources. Ultimately, the goal of biosurveillance is to improve public health preparedness and response capabilities, protect populations from potential health threats, and save lives.

Salmonella food poisoning, also known as salmonellosis, is an infection caused by the Salmonella enterica bacterium. It's typically contracted through the consumption of contaminated food or water, or by coming into contact with infected animals or their feces. The bacteria can cause gastrointestinal distress, including diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever, within 12 to 72 hours after exposure. Symptoms usually last for four to seven days, and most people recover without treatment. However, in severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage dehydration caused by excessive diarrhea. In rare instances, Salmonella can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and cause life-threatening infections.

Quarantine is a public health practice used to protect the population from the spread of communicable diseases. It involves separating and restricting the movement of individuals who have been exposed to an infectious agent, but are not yet showing symptoms, for a period of time to determine if they become sick and to prevent transmission during the incubation period. The term "quarantine" comes from the Italian word "quaranta," which means "forty," as it originally referred to the 40-day period that ships were required to be isolated before passengers and crew could go ashore during the Black Death plague epidemic in the 14th century. Nowadays, quarantine is often used in the context of travel restrictions and isolation measures for individuals who may have been exposed to diseases such as COVID-19, Ebola, or tuberculosis.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

Gastroenteritis is not a medical condition itself, but rather a symptom-based description of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily involving the stomach and intestines. It's often referred to as "stomach flu," although it's not caused by influenza virus.

Medically, gastroenteritis is defined as an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, usually resulting in symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. This condition can be caused by various factors, including viral (like rotavirus or norovirus), bacterial (such as Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli), or parasitic infections, food poisoning, allergies, or the use of certain medications.

Gastroenteritis is generally self-limiting and resolves within a few days with proper hydration and rest. However, severe cases may require medical attention to prevent complications like dehydration, which can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.

I'm not able to provide a medical definition for "swimming pools" as it is not a term that is typically used in the medical field. However, swimming pools are bodies of water designed for swimming and other recreational activities. They can be found in various settings such as residential homes, community centers, hotels, and fitness clubs. Swimming pools can contain either chlorinated or saltwater and should be properly maintained to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and algae that can cause illnesses.

If you have any medical concerns related to swimming or using swimming pools, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for advice tailored to your specific situation.

Communicable disease control is a branch of public health that focuses on preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases within a population. The goal is to reduce the incidence and prevalence of communicable diseases through various strategies, such as:

1. Surveillance: Monitoring and tracking the occurrence of communicable diseases in a population to identify trends, outbreaks, and high-risk areas.
2. Prevention: Implementing measures to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, such as vaccination programs, education campaigns, and environmental interventions (e.g., water treatment, food safety).
3. Case management: Identifying, diagnosing, and treating cases of communicable diseases to reduce their duration and severity, as well as to prevent further spread.
4. Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in close contact with infected persons to detect and prevent secondary cases.
5. Outbreak response: Coordinating a rapid and effective response to disease outbreaks, including the implementation of control measures, communication with affected communities, and evaluation of interventions.
6. Collaboration: Working closely with healthcare providers, laboratories, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure a coordinated and comprehensive approach to communicable disease control.
7. Research: Conducting research to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and prevention strategies for communicable diseases.

Effective communicable disease control requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines expertise in medicine, epidemiology, microbiology, public health, social sciences, and healthcare management.

Animal diseases are health conditions that primarily affect animals, including but not limited to, livestock, poultry, wildlife, and pets. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, genetic disorders, and environmental conditions. Some animal diseases can also pose a risk to human health, either directly or indirectly, through the consumption of contaminated food or water, contact with infected animals, or the spread of vectors like ticks and mosquitoes. Examples of animal diseases include rabies, avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and heartworm disease. It is important to monitor, control, and prevent the spread of animal diseases to protect animal health, food security, and public health.

Epidemiologic measurements are statistical measures that are used to describe the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health-related events in a population. These measurements help epidemiologists understand the patterns and causes of diseases and other health problems in a population and are essential for planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions.

Some common epidemiologic measurements include:

1. Incidence: The number of new cases of a disease or health-related event that occur in a population during a specific period.
2. Prevalence: The total number of cases of a disease or health-related event that exist in a population at a particular point in time, regardless of when the condition began.
3. Mortality rate: The number of deaths from a specific cause per 100,000 people in a population during a specified period.
4. Case-fatality rate: The proportion of people with a specific disease or health-related event who die from it.
5. Risk ratio or relative risk: The ratio of the incidence of a disease or health-related event in an exposed group to the incidence in a non-exposed group.
6. Odds ratio: A measure of association between an exposure and an outcome, calculated as the odds of the outcome in the exposed group divided by the odds of the outcome in the non-exposed group.
7. Attributable risk or population attributable risk: The proportion of cases of a disease or health-related event in a population that can be attributed to a specific exposure or risk factor.

These measurements provide important information for public health professionals, policymakers, and healthcare providers to make informed decisions about disease prevention and control strategies, resource allocation, and patient care.

Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.

In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.

Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.

Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is often referred to as the "stomach flu" or "winter vomiting bug." Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. It can spread easily through contaminated food or water, contact with an infected person, or touching contaminated surfaces. Norovirus outbreaks are common in closed settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, schools, and cruise ships. The virus is hardy and can survive for weeks on surfaces, making it difficult to eliminate. It is also resistant to many disinfectants. There is no specific treatment for norovirus infection other than managing symptoms and staying hydrated. Vaccines are under development but not yet available.

Sentinel surveillance is a type of public health surveillance that is used to monitor the occurrence and spread of specific diseases or health events in a defined population. It is called "sentinel" because it relies on a network of carefully selected healthcare providers, hospitals, or laboratories to report cases of the disease or event of interest.

The main goal of sentinel surveillance is to provide timely and accurate information about the incidence and trends of a particular health problem in order to inform public health action. This type of surveillance is often used when it is not feasible or practical to monitor an entire population, such as in the case of rare diseases or emerging infectious diseases.

Sentinel surveillance systems typically require well-defined criteria for case identification and reporting, as well as standardized data collection and analysis methods. They may also involve active monitoring and follow-up of cases to better understand the epidemiology of the disease or event. Overall, sentinel surveillance is an important tool for detecting and responding to public health threats in a timely and effective manner.

Disease notification is the process by which health care professionals, laboratories, or other relevant individuals or organizations inform public health authorities about cases of specific diseases or conditions that are reportable (also known as notifiable) within a particular jurisdiction. Reportable diseases are those that have been designated by law or regulation as posing a significant risk to public health and for which timely reporting is necessary to enable effective surveillance, control measures, and prevention strategies.

The specific diseases and conditions that must be reported, as well as the procedures for reporting, vary by jurisdiction. Common reportable diseases include infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as non-infectious conditions like cancer and lead poisoning.

The purpose of disease notification is to provide public health officials with accurate and up-to-date information about the occurrence and spread of diseases in a population. This information can help inform policy decisions, guide resource allocation, and support the development and implementation of evidence-based interventions to protect and promote the health of communities.

Space-time clustering is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is a concept that is used in epidemiology, which is the study of how often diseases occur and what factors may be associated with their occurrence. Space-time clustering refers to the phenomenon where cases of a disease or other health event tend to cluster together in both space and time. This means that the cases are not evenly distributed across a geographic area, but instead are concentrated in certain locations and at certain points in time.

Space-time clustering can be an important tool for identifying potential causes of diseases or other health events. For example, if cases of a particular disease tend to cluster around certain environmental exposures, such as polluted air or water, this may suggest that these exposures are contributing to the development of the disease. Similarly, if cases of a disease tend to cluster in both space and time, this may suggest that there is a common cause, such as an outbreak of a contagious illness.

It's important to note that not all observed clustering is necessarily meaningful or indicative of a causal relationship. It's possible for clusters to occur by chance alone, especially in cases where the number of cases is small. Therefore, statistical methods are often used to determine whether a cluster is statistically significant, taking into account factors such as the number of cases, the size of the population at risk, and the expected distribution of cases based on chance.

"Fish diseases" is a broad term that refers to various health conditions and infections affecting fish populations in aquaculture, ornamental fish tanks, or wild aquatic environments. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors such as water quality, temperature, and stress.

Some common examples of fish diseases include:

1. Bacterial diseases: Examples include furunculosis (caused by Aeromonas salmonicida), columnaris disease (caused by Flavobacterium columnare), and enteric septicemia of catfish (caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri).

2. Viral diseases: Examples include infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in salmonids, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and koi herpesvirus (KHV).

3. Fungal diseases: Examples include saprolegniasis (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) and cotton wool disease (caused by Aphanomyces spp.).

4. Parasitic diseases: Examples include ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), costia, trichodina, and various worm infestations such as anchor worms (Lernaea spp.) and tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium spp.).

5. Environmental diseases: These are caused by poor water quality, temperature stress, or other environmental factors that weaken the fish's immune system and make them more susceptible to infections. Examples include osmoregulatory disorders, ammonia toxicity, and low dissolved oxygen levels.

It is essential to diagnose and treat fish diseases promptly to prevent their spread among fish populations and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems. Preventative measures such as proper sanitation, water quality management, biosecurity practices, and vaccination can help reduce the risk of fish diseases in both farmed and ornamental fish settings.

An epidemic is the rapid spread of an infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time. It is typically used to describe situations where the occurrence of a disease is significantly higher than what is normally expected in a certain area or community. Epidemics can be caused by various factors, including pathogens, environmental changes, and human behavior. They can have serious consequences for public health, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. To control an epidemic, public health officials often implement measures such as vaccination, quarantine, and education campaigns to prevent further spread of the disease.

"Rupicapra" is not a medical term, but a genus name for a group of wild caprine animals, also known as wild goats. The two living species are the Western Rupicapra (Rupicapra rupicapra) and the Eastern Rupicapra (Rupicapra pyrenaica). They are native to mountainous regions in Europe and Asia.

In a medical context, "rupicapra" may appear in rare cases as part of a scientific name for a disease or condition that is named after the animal, but I couldn't find any specific examples of this usage.

Euthanasia, when used in the context of animals, refers to the act of intentionally causing the death of an animal in a humane and peaceful manner to alleviate suffering from incurable illness or injury. It is also commonly referred to as "putting an animal to sleep" or "mercy killing." The goal of euthanasia in animals is to minimize pain and distress, and it is typically carried out by a veterinarian using approved medications and techniques. Euthanasia may be considered when an animal's quality of life has become significantly compromised and there are no reasonable treatment options available to alleviate its suffering.

Water pollution is defined medically as the contamination of water sources by harmful or sufficient amounts of foreign substances (pathogens, chemicals, toxic compounds, etc.) which tend to interfere with its normal functioning and can have negative effects on human health. Such pollutants can find their way into water bodies through various means including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, oil spills, sewage and wastewater discharges, and accidental chemical releases, among others.

Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health issues, from minor problems like skin irritation or stomach upset, to severe conditions such as neurological disorders, reproductive issues, cancer, and even death in extreme cases. It also poses significant risks to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and leading to the decline or extinction of various species. Therefore, maintaining clean and safe water supplies is critical for both human health and environmental preservation.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. They are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi that naturally infect non-human animals and can sometimes infect and cause disease in humans through various transmission routes like direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or vectors like insects. Some well-known zoonotic diseases include rabies, Lyme disease, salmonellosis, and COVID-19 (which is believed to have originated from bats). Public health officials work to prevent and control zoonoses through various measures such as surveillance, education, vaccination, and management of animal populations.

A "Food Inspection" is not a medical term per se, but rather it falls under the purview of public health and food safety. It refers to the process of examining, testing, and evaluating food products, production processes, and establishments to ensure they comply with regulatory standards, guidelines, and laws established to protect consumers from foodborne illnesses, allergens, chemical contaminants, and other potential hazards.

The inspection can be carried out by governmental agencies, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), or local health departments, at various stages of food production, processing, distribution, and retail sale. The primary goal is to minimize the risk of contamination, ensure proper labeling, and maintain the overall safety and integrity of the food supply chain.

While not a medical definition, it's important to note that food inspections play a crucial role in preventing foodborne illnesses, which can lead to significant health complications for vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Cluster analysis is a statistical method used to group similar objects or data points together based on their characteristics or features. In medical and healthcare research, cluster analysis can be used to identify patterns or relationships within complex datasets, such as patient records or genetic information. This technique can help researchers to classify patients into distinct subgroups based on their symptoms, diagnoses, or other variables, which can inform more personalized treatment plans or public health interventions.

Cluster analysis involves several steps, including:

1. Data preparation: The researcher must first collect and clean the data, ensuring that it is complete and free from errors. This may involve removing outlier values or missing data points.
2. Distance measurement: Next, the researcher must determine how to measure the distance between each pair of data points. Common methods include Euclidean distance (the straight-line distance between two points) or Manhattan distance (the distance between two points along a grid).
3. Clustering algorithm: The researcher then applies a clustering algorithm, which groups similar data points together based on their distances from one another. Common algorithms include hierarchical clustering (which creates a tree-like structure of clusters) or k-means clustering (which assigns each data point to the nearest centroid).
4. Validation: Finally, the researcher must validate the results of the cluster analysis by evaluating the stability and robustness of the clusters. This may involve re-running the analysis with different distance measures or clustering algorithms, or comparing the results to external criteria.

Cluster analysis is a powerful tool for identifying patterns and relationships within complex datasets, but it requires careful consideration of the data preparation, distance measurement, and validation steps to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and buffalo. The virus can also infect wild animals like deer and antelope. FMD is not a direct threat to human health but may have significant economic impacts due to restrictions on trade and movement of infected animals.

The disease is characterized by fever, blister-like sores (vesicles) in the mouth, on the tongue, lips, gums, teats, and between the hooves. The vesicles can rupture, causing painful erosions that make it difficult for affected animals to eat, drink, or walk. In severe cases, FMD can lead to death, particularly among young animals.

The causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease is the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which belongs to the Picornaviridae family and Aphthovirus genus. There are seven serotypes of FMDV: O, A, C, Asia 1, and South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3. Infection with one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes.

Prevention and control measures for foot-and-mouth disease include vaccination, quarantine, movement restrictions, disinfection, and culling of infected animals in severe outbreaks. Rapid detection and response are crucial to prevent the spread of FMD within and between countries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) is a systematic, preventive approach to identifying, evaluating, and controlling food safety hazards based on the Codex Alimentarius Commission's principles. HACCP is not a medical definition per se, but it is widely used in the medical field, particularly in relation to food safety and public health.

The seven principles of HACCP are:

1. Conduct a hazard analysis: Identify potential hazards that could cause harm to consumers and evaluate their severity and likelihood of occurrence.
2. Determine critical control points (CCPs): Identify the steps in the food production process where control can be applied to prevent, eliminate, or reduce the identified hazards to an acceptable level.
3. Establish critical limits: Define the maximum or minimum values that must be met at each CCP to ensure the hazard is under control.
4. Monitor critical control points: Implement a system for monitoring and recording the critical limits at each CCP to ensure they are consistently met.
5. Establish corrective actions: Develop procedures for taking corrective action when deviations from critical limits occur, including identifying the cause of the deviation and preventing its recurrence.
6. Verify the HACCP system: Conduct regular audits and inspections to ensure that the HACCP system is working effectively and making any necessary adjustments.
7. Record-keeping: Maintain records of all HACCP activities, including hazard analysis, CCP identification, monitoring results, corrective actions, and verification activities.

HACCP is a proactive approach to food safety that focuses on preventing contamination rather than relying solely on end-product testing. It is widely used in various industries, including healthcare facilities, to ensure the safety of food served to patients, staff, and visitors.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Molecular epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that uses laboratory techniques to identify and analyze the genetic material (DNA, RNA) of pathogens or host cells to understand their distribution, transmission, and disease associations in populations. It combines molecular biology methods with epidemiological approaches to investigate the role of genetic factors in disease occurrence and outcomes. This field has contributed significantly to the identification of infectious disease outbreaks, tracking the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, understanding the transmission dynamics of viruses, and identifying susceptible populations for targeted interventions.

Public health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts of society." It focuses on improving the health and well-being of entire communities, populations, and societies, rather than individual patients. This is achieved through various strategies, including education, prevention, surveillance of diseases, and promotion of healthy behaviors and environments. Public health also addresses broader determinants of health, such as access to healthcare, housing, food, and income, which have a significant impact on the overall health of populations.

Laboratory personnel are individuals who work in a laboratory setting and are responsible for conducting various types of tests, experiments, and research activities. They may include, but are not limited to, the following roles:

1. Medical Technologists/Clinical Scientists: These professionals typically have a bachelor's or master's degree in medical technology or a related field and are responsible for performing complex laboratory tests, analyzing specimens, and reporting results. They may specialize in areas such as hematology, microbiology, chemistry, immunology, or molecular biology.

2. Laboratory Technicians: These individuals typically have an associate's degree or a certificate in medical laboratory technology and assist medical technologists in performing routine tests and maintaining laboratory equipment. They may prepare specimens, operate automated instruments, and perform quality control checks.

3. Research Assistants/Associates: These professionals work under the supervision of principal investigators or research scientists and are responsible for conducting experiments, collecting data, and analyzing samples in support of scientific research.

4. Laboratory Managers/Supervisors: These individuals oversee the day-to-day operations of the laboratory, ensuring that all procedures are followed correctly, maintaining quality control, managing staff, and handling administrative tasks such as ordering supplies and maintaining records.

5. Pathologists' Assistants: They work under the direction of pathologists to provide support in autopsy and surgical specimen examination, preparation, and histology.

6. Histotechnicians/Histology Technicians: These professionals prepare tissue samples for microscopic examination by cutting thin sections, staining them with dyes, and mounting them on slides. They work closely with pathologists and laboratory technologists to ensure accurate results.

7. Phlebotomists: Although not strictly laboratory personnel, phlebotomists are essential members of the healthcare team who draw blood samples from patients for laboratory testing. They must follow strict protocols to ensure proper specimen collection and handling.

8. Other Specialist Roles: Depending on the specific laboratory setting, there may be additional specialist roles such as cytogenetic technologists, virologists, or toxicologists who have specialized knowledge and skills in their respective fields.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "water supply" is not a medical term per se. It is a general term used to describe the system or arrangement providing water for consumption or use, such as a public water supply system or a private well. However, in a medical context, it could refer to the source of water used in a healthcare facility for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and patient care, which must meet certain quality standards to prevent infection and ensure safety.

"Food handling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in the context of public health and food safety, it generally refers to the activities involved in the storage, preparation, and serving of food in a way that minimizes the risk of contamination and foodborne illnesses. This includes proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and wearing gloves, separating raw and cooked foods, cooking food to the correct temperature, and refrigerating or freezing food promptly. Proper food handling is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of food in various settings, including restaurants, hospitals, schools, and homes.

Legionnaires' disease is a severe and often lethal form of pneumonia, a lung infection, caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. It's typically contracted by inhaling microscopic water droplets containing the bacteria, which can be found in various environmental sources like cooling towers, hot tubs, whirlpools, decorative fountains, and large plumbing systems. The disease is not transmitted through person-to-person contact. Symptoms usually appear within 2-10 days after exposure and may include cough, fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and shortness of breath. Some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems, elderly people, and smokers, are at higher risk for developing Legionnaires' disease. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment can improve the chances of recovery. Preventive measures include regular testing and maintenance of potential sources of Legionella bacteria in buildings and other facilities.

Influenza, also known as the flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that attacks the respiratory system of humans. It is caused by influenza viruses A, B, or C and is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, sore throat, cough, runny nose, and fatigue. Influenza can lead to complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and ear infections, and can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions. The virus is spread through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and can also survive on surfaces for a period of time. Influenza viruses are constantly changing, which makes it necessary to get vaccinated annually to protect against the most recent and prevalent strains.

Infectious disease transmission refers to the spread of an infectious agent or pathogen from an infected person, animal, or contaminated object to another susceptible host. This can occur through various routes, including:

1. Contact transmission: Direct contact with an infected person or animal, such as through touching, kissing, or sexual contact.
2. Droplet transmission: Inhalation of respiratory droplets containing the pathogen, which are generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or breathes heavily.
3. Airborne transmission: Inhalation of smaller particles called aerosols that can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel farther distances than droplets.
4. Fecal-oral transmission: Consuming food or water contaminated with fecal matter containing the pathogen, often through poor hygiene practices.
5. Vector-borne transmission: Transmission via an intermediate vector, such as a mosquito or tick, that becomes infected after feeding on an infected host and then transmits the pathogen to another host during a subsequent blood meal.
6. Vehicle-borne transmission: Consuming food or water contaminated with the pathogen through vehicles like soil, water, or fomites (inanimate objects).

Preventing infectious disease transmission is crucial in controlling outbreaks and epidemics. Measures include good personal hygiene, vaccination, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe food handling practices, and environmental disinfection.

Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites called Cryptosporidium. The parasites are found in the feces of infected animals and humans. People can become infected with Cryptosporidium by ingesting contaminated water or food, or by coming into contact with infected persons or animals.

The infection can cause a wide range of symptoms, including watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. In people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, the infection can be severe and even life-threatening.

Cryptosporidiosis is typically treated with increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration, and in some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom or changing diapers, can help prevent the spread of Cryptosporidium.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a type of electrophoresis technique used in molecular biology to separate DNA molecules based on their size and conformation. In this method, the electric field is applied in varying directions, which allows for the separation of large DNA fragments that are difficult to separate using traditional gel electrophoresis methods.

The DNA sample is prepared by embedding it in a semi-solid matrix, such as agarose or polyacrylamide, and then subjected to an electric field that periodically changes direction. This causes the DNA molecules to reorient themselves in response to the changing electric field, which results in the separation of the DNA fragments based on their size and shape.

PFGE is a powerful tool for molecular biology research and has many applications, including the identification and characterization of bacterial pathogens, the analysis of genomic DNA, and the study of gene organization and regulation. It is also used in forensic science to analyze DNA evidence in criminal investigations.

'Avian influenza' refers to the infection caused by avian (bird) influenza A viruses. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. Avian influenza viruses do not normally infect humans, but rare cases of human infection have occurred mainly after close contact with infected birds or heavily contaminated environments.

There are many different subtypes of avian influenza viruses based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). There are 16 known HA subtypes and 9 known NA subtypes, creating a vast number of possible combinations. Some of these combinations cause severe disease and death in birds (e.g., H5N1, H7N9), while others only cause mild illness (e.g., H9N2).

Most avian influenza viruses do not infect humans. However, some forms are zoonotic, meaning they can infect animals and humans. The risk to human health is generally low. When human infections with avian influenza viruses have occurred, most have resulted from direct contact with infected poultry or surfaces contaminated by their feces.

Avian influenza viruses have caused several pandemics in the past, including the 1918 Spanish flu (H1N1), which was an H1N1 virus containing genes of avian origin. The concern is that a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus could mutate to become easily transmissible from human to human, leading to another pandemic. This is one of the reasons why avian influenza viruses are closely monitored by public health authorities worldwide.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

The Basic Reproduction Number, often denoted as R0 (pronounced "R nought" or "R zero"), is a fundamental concept in infectious disease epidemiology. It refers to the average number of new infections that a single infected individual is expected to cause in a population that is entirely susceptible to the infection, in the absence of any interventions or behavioral changes.

In other words, R0 provides an estimate of how contagious an infectious agent is during the initial phase of an outbreak, before any immunity has developed in the population. An R0 greater than 1 indicates that the disease has the potential to spread and cause an epidemic, while an R0 less than 1 suggests that the disease will likely die out on its own.

It's important to note that R0 is not a fixed or absolute value for a particular infectious agent, as it can vary depending on various factors such as the duration of the infectious period, the frequency and nature of contacts between individuals, and the susceptibility of the population. Therefore, R0 should be interpreted as an approximate measure of transmissibility that provides useful insights into the potential spread of a disease under specific conditions.

Public health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementing, and evaluating public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. It does not include data collected for patient care or routine administrative purposes. The purpose of public health surveillance is to provide information for action to prevent and control disease or injury, and to promote health. This can include monitoring trends in diseases, conditions, or other health-related events, identifying high-risk groups or populations, detecting outbreaks or clusters of disease, and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions and policies.

Cucurbitaceae is the scientific name for the gourd family of plants, which includes a variety of vegetables and fruits such as cucumbers, melons, squashes, and pumpkins. These plants are characterized by their trailing or climbing growth habits and their large, fleshy fruits that have hard seeds enclosed in a protective coat. The fruits of these plants are often used as food sources, while other parts of the plant may also have various uses such as medicinal or ornamental purposes.

'Infection Control' is a set of practices, procedures, and protocols designed to prevent the spread of infectious agents in healthcare settings. It includes measures to minimize the risk of transmission of pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources, such as patients, healthcare workers, visitors, and the environment.

Infection control strategies may include:

* Hand hygiene (handwashing and use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers)
* Use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, masks, gowns, and eye protection
* Respiratory etiquette, including covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
* Environmental cleaning and disinfection
* Isolation precautions for patients with known or suspected infectious diseases
* Immunization of healthcare workers
* Safe injection practices
* Surveillance and reporting of infections and outbreaks

The goal of infection control is to protect patients, healthcare workers, and visitors from acquiring and transmitting infections.

"Eastern Africa" is a geographical term used to describe the eastern portion of the African continent. The United Nations defines Eastern Africa as consisting of the following countries: Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Réunion, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

In a medical context, "Eastern Africa" may be used to describe the epidemiology, distribution, or prevalence of various diseases or health conditions in this region. However, it is important to note that there can be significant variation in health outcomes and healthcare systems within Eastern Africa due to factors such as socioeconomic status, infrastructure, and cultural practices. Therefore, any medical definition of "Eastern Africa" should be used with caution and may require further qualification or specification depending on the context.

Patient isolation, in a medical context, refers to the practice of separating individuals who are infected or colonized with a potentially transmissible pathogen from those who are not infected, to prevent the spread of illness. This separation may be physical, through the use of private rooms and dedicated medical equipment, or it may involve administrative measures such as cohorting patients together based on their infectious status.

The goal of patient isolation is to protect both the individual patient and the broader community from acquiring or transmitting infections. The specific criteria for implementing isolation, including the duration and level of precautions required, are typically determined by healthcare professionals based on guidelines established by public health authorities and professional organizations. These guidelines take into account factors such as the mode of transmission, the severity of illness, and the availability of effective treatments or preventive measures.

Disaster planning in a medical context refers to the process of creating and implementing a comprehensive plan for responding to emergencies or large-scale disasters that can impact healthcare facilities, services, and patient care. The goal of disaster planning is to minimize the impact of such events on the health and well-being of patients and communities, ensure continuity of medical services, and protect healthcare infrastructure and resources.

Disaster planning typically involves:

1. Risk assessment: Identifying potential hazards and assessing their likelihood and potential impact on healthcare facilities and services.
2. Developing a disaster plan: Creating a detailed plan that outlines the steps to be taken before, during, and after a disaster to ensure the safety of patients, staff, and visitors, as well as the continuity of medical care.
3. Training and education: Providing training and education to healthcare personnel on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.
4. Exercises and drills: Conducting regular exercises and drills to test the effectiveness of the disaster plan and identify areas for improvement.
5. Resource management: Identifying and securing necessary resources, such as medical supplies, equipment, and personnel, to support disaster response efforts.
6. Communication and coordination: Establishing clear communication protocols and coordinating with local emergency responders, public health authorities, and other healthcare facilities to ensure a coordinated response to disasters.
7. Recovery and restoration: Developing plans for restoring medical services and infrastructure after a disaster has occurred.

Disaster planning is an essential component of healthcare delivery and is critical to ensuring the safety and well-being of patients and communities during emergencies or large-scale disasters.

Serotyping is a laboratory technique used to classify microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the specific antigens or proteins present on their surface. It involves treating the microorganism with different types of antibodies and observing which ones bind to its surface. Each distinct set of antigens corresponds to a specific serotype, allowing for precise identification and characterization of the microorganism. This technique is particularly useful in epidemiology, vaccine development, and infection control.

Epidemiology is the study of how often and why diseases occur in different groups of people and places. It is a key discipline in public health and informs policy decisions and evidence-based practices by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists use various study designs, including observational studies, experiments, and surveys, to collect and analyze data on the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations. They seek to understand the causes of health outcomes and develop strategies to control or prevent adverse health events. The ultimate goal of epidemiology is to improve population health and eliminate health disparities.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

Domestic animals, also known as domestic animals or pets, are species that have been tamed and kept by humans for various purposes. These purposes can include companionship, work, protection, or food production. Some common examples of domestic animals include dogs, cats, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and chickens.

Domestic animals are distinguished from wild animals in that they are dependent on humans for their survival and are able to live in close proximity to people. They have often been selectively bred over generations to possess certain traits or characteristics that make them more suitable for their intended uses. For example, dogs may be bred for their size, strength, agility, or temperament, while cats may be bred for their coat patterns or behaviors.

It is important to note that the term "domestic animal" does not necessarily mean that an animal is tame or safe to handle. Some domestic animals, such as certain breeds of dogs, can be aggressive or dangerous if not properly trained and managed. It is always important to approach and handle any animal, domestic or wild, with caution and respect.

Water pollutants refer to any substances or materials that contaminate water sources and make them unsafe or unsuitable for use. These pollutants can include a wide range of chemicals, microorganisms, and physical particles that can have harmful effects on human health, aquatic life, and the environment as a whole. Examples of water pollutants include heavy metals like lead and mercury, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and microplastics. Exposure to water pollutants can cause a variety of health problems, ranging from minor irritations to serious illnesses or even death in extreme cases. Additionally, water pollution can have significant impacts on the environment, including harming or killing aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems, and reducing biodiversity.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "poultry" is not a medical term. It is a agricultural and culinary term that refers to domestic birds (such as chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys) that are kept for their eggs, meat, or feathers. The study and care of these birds would fall under the field of veterinary medicine, but "poultry" itself is not a medical term.

Cryptosporidium is a genus of protozoan parasites that can cause the diarrheal disease known as cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. These microscopic pathogens infect the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily in the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration.

Cryptosporidium parasites have a complex life cycle, including several developmental stages within host cells. They are protected by an outer shell called oocyst, which allows them to survive outside the host's body for extended periods, making them resistant to chlorine-based disinfectants commonly used in water treatment.

Transmission of Cryptosporidium occurs through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated water or food, or direct contact with infected individuals or animals. People at higher risk for severe illness include young children, elderly people, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS, cancer treatment, or organ transplantation.

Preventive measures include proper hand hygiene, avoiding consumption of untreated water or raw fruits and vegetables likely to be contaminated, and practicing safe sex. For immunocompromised individuals, antiparasitic medications such as nitazoxanide may help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

'Spatio-temporal analysis' is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in various scientific fields including epidemiology and public health research to describe the examination of data that contains both geographical and time-based information. In this context, spatio-temporal analysis involves studying how health outcomes or exposures change over time and across different locations.

The goal of spatio-temporal analysis is to identify patterns, trends, and clusters of health events in space and time, which can help inform public health interventions, monitor disease outbreaks, and evaluate the effectiveness of public health policies. For example, spatio-temporal analysis may be used to examine the spread of a infectious disease over time and across different regions, or to assess the impact of environmental exposures on health outcomes in specific communities.

Spatio-temporal analysis typically involves the use of statistical methods and geographic information systems (GIS) tools to visualize and analyze data in a spatially and temporally explicit manner. These methods can help account for confounding factors, such as population density or demographics, that may affect health outcomes and help identify meaningful patterns in complex datasets.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157 is a serotype of the bacterium E. coli that is associated with foodborne illness. This strain is pathogenic and produces Shiga toxins, which can cause severe damage to the lining of the small intestine and potentially lead to hemorrhagic diarrhea and kidney failure. E. coli O157 is often transmitted through contaminated food, particularly undercooked ground beef, as well as raw or unpasteurized dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. It can also be spread through contact with infected individuals or animals, especially in settings like farms, petting zoos, and swimming pools. Proper food handling, cooking, and hygiene practices are crucial to preventing E. coli O157 infections.

Molecular typing is a laboratory technique used to identify and characterize specific microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, at the molecular level. This method is used to differentiate between strains of the same species based on their genetic or molecular differences. Molecular typing techniques include methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), and whole genome sequencing (WGS). These techniques allow for high-resolution discrimination between strains, enabling epidemiological investigations of outbreaks, tracking the transmission of pathogens, and studying the evolution and population biology of microorganisms.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Penaeidae" is not a medical term. It is actually the scientific name of a family of crustaceans, specifically marine decapods, commonly known as prawns or shrimps. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those instead.

Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.

Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.

It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Drinking water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to consume and meets the health-based standards established by regulatory agencies for human consumption. It is free from harmful levels of contaminants, including microorganisms, chemicals, radiological elements, and aesthetic factors such as taste, odor, and appearance.

Drinking water can come from various sources, including surface water (e.g., rivers, lakes), groundwater (e.g., wells), and treated wastewater that has undergone advanced purification processes. The treatment of drinking water typically involves several steps, such as coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, to remove or inactivate pathogens and other contaminants.

Access to safe drinking water is essential for human health, as it helps prevent various waterborne diseases and ensures proper hydration. Regular monitoring and testing of drinking water sources and distribution systems are necessary to maintain the quality and safety of the water supply.

Meningococcal infections are caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus. These infections can take several forms, but the most common are meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (bloodstream infection). Meningococcal infections are contagious and can spread through respiratory droplets or close contact with an infected person. They can be serious and potentially life-threatening, requiring prompt medical attention and treatment with antibiotics. Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light, while symptoms of septicemia may include fever, chills, rash, and severe muscle pain. Vaccination is available to prevent certain strains of meningococcal disease.

The term "Theoretical Models" is used in various scientific fields, including medicine, to describe a representation of a complex system or phenomenon. It is a simplified framework that explains how different components of the system interact with each other and how they contribute to the overall behavior of the system. Theoretical models are often used in medical research to understand and predict the outcomes of diseases, treatments, or public health interventions.

A theoretical model can take many forms, such as mathematical equations, computer simulations, or conceptual diagrams. It is based on a set of assumptions and hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms that drive the system. By manipulating these variables and observing the effects on the model's output, researchers can test their assumptions and generate new insights into the system's behavior.

Theoretical models are useful for medical research because they allow scientists to explore complex systems in a controlled and systematic way. They can help identify key drivers of disease or treatment outcomes, inform the design of clinical trials, and guide the development of new interventions. However, it is important to recognize that theoretical models are simplifications of reality and may not capture all the nuances and complexities of real-world systems. Therefore, they should be used in conjunction with other forms of evidence, such as experimental data and observational studies, to inform medical decision-making.

Cross infection, also known as cross-contamination, is the transmission of infectious agents or diseases between patients in a healthcare setting. This can occur through various means such as contaminated equipment, surfaces, hands of healthcare workers, or the air. It is an important concern in medical settings and measures are taken to prevent its occurrence, including proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), environmental cleaning and disinfection, and safe injection practices.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Spatial Analysis" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Spatial analysis is a broader geographical term that refers to the examination of data related to locations and the relationships between those locations. It is often used in fields such as epidemiology and public health to analyze patterns of disease distribution and spread, but it is not a medical concept itself.

In the context of healthcare and public health, spatial analysis can involve mapping the geographic distribution of diseases or health outcomes, identifying clusters of cases, examining spatial patterns and trends, and exploring potential environmental or sociodemographic factors that may be contributing to those patterns. These techniques can help inform disease prevention and control efforts, resource allocation, and policy decisions.

A disease reservoir refers to a population or group of living organisms, including humans, animals, and even plants, that can naturally carry and transmit a particular pathogen (disease-causing agent) without necessarily showing symptoms of the disease themselves. These hosts serve as a source of infection for other susceptible individuals, allowing the pathogen to persist and circulate within a community or environment.

Disease reservoirs can be further classified into:

1. **Primary (or Main) Reservoir**: This refers to the species that primarily harbors and transmits the pathogen, contributing significantly to its natural ecology and maintaining its transmission cycle. For example, mosquitoes are the primary reservoirs for many arboviruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses.

2. **Amplifying Hosts**: These hosts can become infected with the pathogen and experience a high rate of replication, leading to an increased concentration of the pathogen in their bodies. This allows for efficient transmission to other susceptible hosts or vectors. For instance, birds are amplifying hosts for West Nile virus, as they can become viremic (have high levels of virus in their blood) and infect feeding mosquitoes that then transmit the virus to other animals and humans.

3. **Dead-end Hosts**: These hosts may become infected with the pathogen but do not contribute significantly to its transmission cycle, as they either do not develop sufficient quantities of the pathogen to transmit it or do not come into contact with potential vectors or susceptible hosts. For example, humans are dead-end hosts for many zoonotic diseases like rabies, as they cannot transmit the virus to other humans.

Understanding disease reservoirs is crucial in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, as it helps identify key species and environments that contribute to their persistence and transmission.

RNA virus infections refer to diseases or conditions caused by the invasion and replication of RNA (Ribonucleic acid) viruses in host cells. These viruses use RNA as their genetic material, which is different from DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) viruses. Upon entering a host cell, the RNA virus releases its genetic material, which then uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components and replicate. This process can lead to various outcomes, depending on the specific virus and the host's immune response:

1. Asymptomatic infection: Some RNA virus infections may not cause any noticeable symptoms and may only be discovered through diagnostic testing.
2. Acute infection: Many RNA viruses cause acute infections, characterized by the rapid onset of symptoms that typically last for a short period (days to weeks). Examples include the common cold (caused by rhinoviruses), influenza (caused by orthomyxoviruses), and some gastrointestinal infections (caused by noroviruses or rotaviruses).
3. Chronic infection: A few RNA viruses can establish chronic infections, where the virus persists in the host for an extended period, sometimes leading to long-term health complications. Examples include HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), HCV (Hepatitis C Virus), and HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1).
4. Latent infection: Some RNA viruses, like herpesviruses, can establish latency in the host, where they remain dormant for extended periods but can reactivate under certain conditions, causing recurrent symptoms or diseases.
5. Oncogenic potential: Certain RNA viruses have oncogenic properties and can contribute to the development of cancer. For example, retroviruses like HTLV-1 can cause leukemia and lymphoma by integrating their genetic material into the host cell's DNA and altering gene expression.

Treatment for RNA virus infections varies depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Antiviral medications, immunotherapy, and supportive care are common treatment strategies. Vaccines are also available to prevent some RNA virus infections, such as measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, and hepatitis A and B.

Bacterial typing techniques are methods used to identify and differentiate bacterial strains or isolates based on their unique characteristics. These techniques are essential in epidemiological studies, infection control, and research to understand the transmission dynamics, virulence, and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens.

There are various bacterial typing techniques available, including:

1. **Bacteriophage Typing:** This method involves using bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to identify specific bacterial strains based on their susceptibility or resistance to particular phages.
2. **Serotyping:** It is a technique that differentiates bacterial strains based on the antigenic properties of their cell surface components, such as capsules, flagella, and somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.
3. **Biochemical Testing:** This method uses biochemical reactions to identify specific metabolic pathways or enzymes present in bacterial strains, which can be used for differentiation. Commonly used tests include the catalase test, oxidase test, and various sugar fermentation tests.
4. **Molecular Typing Techniques:** These methods use genetic markers to identify and differentiate bacterial strains at the DNA level. Examples of molecular typing techniques include:
* **Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE):** This method uses restriction enzymes to digest bacterial DNA, followed by electrophoresis in an agarose gel under pulsed electrical fields. The resulting banding patterns are analyzed and compared to identify related strains.
* **Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST):** It involves sequencing specific housekeeping genes to generate unique sequence types that can be used for strain identification and phylogenetic analysis.
* **Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS):** This method sequences the entire genome of a bacterial strain, providing the most detailed information on genetic variation and relatedness between strains. WGS data can be analyzed using various bioinformatics tools to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene deletions or insertions, and other genetic changes that can be used for strain differentiation.

These molecular typing techniques provide higher resolution than traditional methods, allowing for more accurate identification and comparison of bacterial strains. They are particularly useful in epidemiological investigations to track the spread of pathogens and identify outbreaks.

Pasteurization is a process that involves heating a liquid, such as milk or fruit juice, to a specific temperature for a certain amount of time in order to kill harmful bacteria and reduce the risk of foodborne illness. The process was named after Louis Pasteur, who developed it in the 19th century.

In pasteurization, the liquid is typically heated to a temperature between 63°C (145°F) and 75°C (167°F) for at least 15 seconds to 30 minutes, depending on the type of product being pasteurized. This heat treatment destroys pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause serious illness if consumed.

Pasteurization does not sterilize the product completely, but it significantly reduces the number of bacteria present, making it safer for consumption. It is important to note that pasteurized products still have a shelf life and should be stored properly to prevent contamination and spoilage.

Public health practice is a multidisciplinary approach that aims to prevent disease, promote health, and protect communities from harmful environmental and social conditions through evidence-based strategies, programs, policies, and interventions. It involves the application of epidemiological, biostatistical, social, environmental, and behavioral sciences to improve the health of populations, reduce health disparities, and ensure equity in health outcomes. Public health practice includes a wide range of activities such as disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, health promotion, community engagement, program planning and evaluation, policy analysis and development, and research translation. It is a collaborative and systems-based approach that involves partnerships with various stakeholders, including communities, healthcare providers, policymakers, and other organizations to achieve population-level health goals.

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs from the mouth to the anus, responsible for food digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. These diseases can affect any part of the GI tract, causing various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Common gastrointestinal diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
2. Peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac disease - an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticular disease - a condition that affects the colon, causing diverticula (small pouches) to form and potentially become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
8. Diarrhea - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by loose, watery stools and frequent bowel movements.
9. Food intolerances and allergies - adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms.
10. Gastrointestinal infections - caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can lead to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "travel" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. In general, travel refers to the act of moving or journeying from one place to another, often over long distances. However, in a medical context, it might refer to the recommendation that individuals with certain medical conditions or those who are immunocompromised avoid traveling to areas where they may be at increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases. It's always best to check with a healthcare professional for advice related to specific medical situations and travel.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Geographic Information Systems" (GIS) is not a medical term. GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. It can be used in various fields, including public health and epidemiology, to map and analyze the spread of diseases, identify environmental risk factors, plan health services delivery, and inform evidence-based decision making.

Anthozoa is a major class of marine animals, which are exclusively aquatic and almost entirely restricted to shallow waters. They are classified within the phylum Cnidaria, which also includes corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, and hydroids. Anthozoans are characterized by their lack of medusa stage in their life cycle, as they exist solely as polyps.

This class is divided into two main subclasses: Hexacorallia (also known as Zoantharia) and Octocorallia (also known as Alcyonaria). The primary differences between these subclasses lie in the structure of their polyps and the composition of their skeletons.

1. Hexacorallia: These are commonly referred to as 'stony' or 'hard' corals, due to their calcium carbonate-based skeletons. They have a simple polyp structure with six-fold symmetry (hence the name Hexacorallia), featuring 6 tentacles around the mouth opening. Examples of Hexacorallia include reef-building corals, sea fans, and black corals.
2. Octocorallia: These are also called 'soft' corals or 'leather' corals because they lack a calcium carbonate skeleton. Instead, their supporting structures consist of proteins and other organic compounds. Octocorallia polyps exhibit eight-fold symmetry (hence the name Octocorallia), with eight tentacles around the mouth opening. Examples of Octocorallia include sea fans, sea whips, and blue corals.

Anthozoa species are primarily found in tropical and subtropical oceans, but some can be found in colder, deeper waters as well. They play a crucial role in marine ecosystems by providing habitats and shelter for various other marine organisms, particularly on coral reefs. Additionally, they contribute to the formation of limestone deposits through their calcium carbonate-based skeletons.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Military Personnel" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals who serve in the military forces of a country, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Medical terms typically refer to specific conditions, diagnoses, treatments, or anatomical features related to healthcare. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify!

A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.

Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.

'Bird diseases' is a broad term that refers to the various medical conditions and infections that can affect avian species. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxic substances and can affect pet birds, wild birds, and poultry. Some common bird diseases include:

1. Avian influenza (bird flu) - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, decreased appetite, and sudden death in birds.
2. Psittacosis (parrot fever) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, fever, and lethargy in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
3. Aspergillosis - a fungal infection that can cause respiratory symptoms and weight loss in birds.
4. Candidiasis (thrush) - a fungal infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and other parts of the digestive system in birds.
5. Newcastle disease - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, neurological signs, and decreased egg production in birds.
6. Salmonellosis - a bacterial infection that can cause diarrhea, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
7. Trichomoniasis - a parasitic infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and digestive system in birds.
8. Chlamydiosis (psittacosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
9. Coccidiosis - a parasitic infection that can affect the digestive system in birds.
10. Mycobacteriosis (avian tuberculosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause chronic weight loss, respiratory symptoms, and skin lesions in birds.

It is important to note that some bird diseases can be transmitted to humans and other animals, so it is essential to practice good hygiene when handling birds or their droppings. If you suspect your bird may be sick, it is best to consult with a veterinarian who specializes in avian medicine.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising animals for agricultural purposes, such as for the production of meat, milk, eggs, or fiber. It involves providing proper care for the animals, including feeding, housing, health care, and breeding management. The goal of animal husbandry is to maintain healthy and productive animals while also being mindful of environmental sustainability and animal welfare.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness characterized by fever, cough, shortness of breath, and sometimes severe pneumonia. It is caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).

The syndrome is considered severe due to its potential to cause rapid spread in communities and healthcare settings, and for its high case fatality rate. In the global outbreak of 2002-2003, approximately 8,000 people were infected and nearly 800 died. Since then, no large outbreaks have been reported, although there have been isolated cases linked to laboratory accidents or animal exposures.

SARS is transmitted through close contact with an infected person's respiratory droplets, such as when they cough or sneeze. It can also be spread by touching a surface contaminated with the virus and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes. Healthcare workers and others in close contact with infected individuals are at higher risk of infection.

Preventive measures include good personal hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, wearing masks and other protective equipment when in close contact with infected individuals, and practicing respiratory etiquette (covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing). Infected individuals should be isolated and receive appropriate medical care to help manage their symptoms and prevent transmission to others.

"Legionella pneumophila" is a species of Gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found in freshwater environments such as lakes and streams. It can also be found in man-made water systems like hot tubs, cooling towers, and decorative fountains. This bacterium is the primary cause of Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia, and Pontiac fever, a milder illness resembling the flu. Infection typically occurs when people inhale tiny droplets of water containing the bacteria. It is not transmitted from person to person.

Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.

Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

"Salmo salar" is the scientific name for the Atlantic salmon, which is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Salmonidae. This anadromous fish is born in freshwater, migrates to the sea as a juvenile, then returns to freshwater to reproduce. The Atlantic salmon is highly valued for its nutritional content and is a popular choice for food worldwide. It's also an important species for recreational fishing and aquaculture.

"World Health" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is often used in the context of global health, which can be defined as:

"The area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. It emphasizes trans-national health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and engages stakeholders from across sectors and societies." (World Health Organization)

Therefore, "world health" could refer to the overall health status and health challenges faced by populations around the world. It encompasses a broad range of factors that affect the health of individuals and communities, including social, economic, environmental, and political determinants. The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a key role in monitoring and promoting global health, setting international standards and guidelines, and coordinating responses to global health emergencies.

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infections that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, and lungs. These infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or, less commonly, fungi.

RTIs are classified into two categories based on their location: upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). URTIs include infections of the nose, sinuses, throat, and larynx, such as the common cold, flu, laryngitis, and sinusitis. LRTIs involve the lower airways, including the bronchi and lungs, and can be more severe. Examples of LRTIs are pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis.

Symptoms of RTIs depend on the location and cause of the infection but may include cough, congestion, runny nose, sore throat, difficulty breathing, wheezing, fever, fatigue, and chest pain. Treatment for RTIs varies depending on the severity and underlying cause of the infection. For viral infections, treatment typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms, while antibiotics may be prescribed for bacterial infections.

Public Health Administration refers to the leadership, management, and coordination of public health services and initiatives at the local, state, or national level. It involves overseeing and managing the development, implementation, and evaluation of policies, programs, and services aimed at improving the health and well-being of populations. This may include addressing issues such as infectious disease control, chronic disease prevention, environmental health, emergency preparedness and response, and health promotion and education.

Public Health Administration requires a strong understanding of public health principles, leadership and management skills, and the ability to work collaboratively with a variety of stakeholders, including community members, healthcare providers, policymakers, and other organizations. The ultimate goal of Public Health Administration is to ensure that public health resources are used effectively and efficiently to improve the health outcomes of populations and reduce health disparities.

"Vibrio" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, curved-rod bacteria that are commonly found in marine and freshwater environments. Some species of Vibrio can cause diseases in humans, the most notable being Vibrio cholerae, which is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. Other pathogenic species include Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which can cause gastrointestinal or wound infections. These bacteria are often transmitted through contaminated food or water and can lead to serious health complications, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mass Media" is not a term that has a medical definition. Mass media refers to the means of communication that reach large numbers of people simultaneously, such as television, radio, newspapers, and the Internet. It may be used in a public health context to discuss how information about health-related topics is disseminated to the general population. However, it is not a term that is typically used within the field of medicine to describe a specific medical concept or condition.

Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that are facultative anaerobes and are motile due to peritrichous flagella. They are non-spore forming and often have a single polar flagellum when grown in certain conditions. Salmonella species are important pathogens in humans and other animals, causing foodborne illnesses known as salmonellosis.

Salmonella can be found in the intestinal tracts of humans, birds, reptiles, and mammals. They can contaminate various foods, including meat, poultry, eggs, dairy products, and fresh produce. The bacteria can survive and multiply in a wide range of temperatures and environments, making them challenging to control completely.

Salmonella infection typically leads to gastroenteritis, characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. In some cases, the infection may spread beyond the intestines, leading to more severe complications like bacteremia (bacterial infection of the blood) or focal infections in various organs.

There are two main species of Salmonella: S. enterica and S. bongori. S. enterica is further divided into six subspecies and numerous serovars, with over 2,500 distinct serotypes identified to date. Some well-known Salmonella serovars include S. Typhi (causes typhoid fever), S. Paratyphi A, B, and C (cause paratyphoid fever), and S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium (common causes of foodborne salmonellosis).

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Caliciviridae is a family of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that includes several important pathogens causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. The most well-known human calicivirus is norovirus, which is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide.

Calicivirus infections typically cause symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and fever. The infection is usually self-limiting and lasts for a few days, but in some cases, it can lead to dehydration, especially in young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.

Norovirus is highly contagious and can spread through close contact with an infected person, consumption of contaminated food or water, or touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth. Prevention measures include frequent handwashing, proper food handling and preparation, and cleaning and disinfection of contaminated surfaces.

There is no specific treatment for calicivirus infections, and antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. Treatment is generally supportive and includes hydration to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous fluid replacement and monitoring.

White Spot Syndrome Virus 1 (WSSV-1) is not typically recognized as a human or mammalian pathogen. It is primarily known to affect crustaceans, particularly penaeid shrimps. WSSV-1 is a large double-stranded DNA virus from the family Nimaviridae and genus Whispovirus. The virus is highly virulent and can cause rapid death in infected animals, resulting in significant economic losses in aquaculture industries.

The name "White Spot Syndrome Virus" refers to the characteristic white spots that appear on the exoskeleton of infected shrimps before their death. It's essential to clarify that WSSV-1 is not a human health concern, and its medical definition is primarily relevant in the context of veterinary medicine and aquaculture.

Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly infectious viral disease that primarily affects the respiratory system. It is caused by the measles virus, which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and the genus Morbillivirus. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or through airborne droplets released during coughing and sneezing.

The classic symptoms of measles include:

1. Fever: A high fever (often greater than 104°F or 40°C) usually appears before the onset of the rash, lasting for about 4-7 days.
2. Cough: A persistent cough is common and may become severe.
3. Runny nose: A runny or blocked nose is often present during the early stages of the illness.
4. Red eyes (conjunctivitis): Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye, can cause redness and irritation.
5. Koplik's spots: These are small, irregular, bluish-white spots with a red base that appear on the inside lining of the cheeks, usually 1-2 days before the rash appears. They are considered pathognomonic for measles, meaning their presence confirms the diagnosis.
6. Rash: The characteristic measles rash typically starts on the face and behind the ears, then spreads downward to the neck, trunk, arms, and legs. It consists of flat red spots that may merge together, forming irregular patches. The rash usually lasts for 5-7 days before fading.

Complications from measles can be severe and include pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and ear infections. In rare cases, measles can lead to serious long-term complications or even death, particularly in young children, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Vaccination is an effective way to prevent measles. The measles vaccine is typically administered as part of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine, which provides immunity against all three diseases.

'Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype' is a specific subtype of the influenza A virus that causes flu in humans and animals. It contains certain proteins called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) on its surface, with this subtype specifically having H1 and N1 antigens. The H1N1 strain is well-known for causing the 2009 swine flu pandemic, which was a global outbreak of flu that resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. This subtype can also cause seasonal flu, although the severity and symptoms may vary. It is important to note that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and new strains or subtypes can emerge over time, requiring regular updates to vaccines to protect against them.

A computer simulation is a process that involves creating a model of a real-world system or phenomenon on a computer and then using that model to run experiments and make predictions about how the system will behave under different conditions. In the medical field, computer simulations are used for a variety of purposes, including:

1. Training and education: Computer simulations can be used to create realistic virtual environments where medical students and professionals can practice their skills and learn new procedures without risk to actual patients. For example, surgeons may use simulation software to practice complex surgical techniques before performing them on real patients.
2. Research and development: Computer simulations can help medical researchers study the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone. By creating detailed models of cells, tissues, organs, or even entire organisms, researchers can use simulation software to explore how these systems function and how they respond to different stimuli.
3. Drug discovery and development: Computer simulations are an essential tool in modern drug discovery and development. By modeling the behavior of drugs at a molecular level, researchers can predict how they will interact with their targets in the body and identify potential side effects or toxicities. This information can help guide the design of new drugs and reduce the need for expensive and time-consuming clinical trials.
4. Personalized medicine: Computer simulations can be used to create personalized models of individual patients based on their unique genetic, physiological, and environmental characteristics. These models can then be used to predict how a patient will respond to different treatments and identify the most effective therapy for their specific condition.

Overall, computer simulations are a powerful tool in modern medicine, enabling researchers and clinicians to study complex systems and make predictions about how they will behave under a wide range of conditions. By providing insights into the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone, computer simulations are helping to advance our understanding of human health and disease.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild, contagious viral infection common in infants and children but can sometimes occur in adults. The disease is often caused by coxsackievirus A16 or enterovirus 71.

The name "hand, foot and mouth" comes from the fact that blister-like sores usually appear in the mouth (and occasionally on the buttocks and legs) along with a rash on the hands and feet. The disease is not related to foot-and-mouth disease (also called hoof-and-mouth disease), which affects cattle, sheep, and swine.

HFMD is spread through close personal contact, such as hugging and kissing, or through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching objects and surfaces that have the virus on them and then touching the face. People with HFMD are most contagious during the first week of their illness but can still be contagious for weeks after symptoms go away.

There is no specific treatment for HFMD, and it usually resolves on its own within 7-10 days. However, over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers may help alleviate symptoms. It's important to encourage good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, to prevent the spread of HFMD.

I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "birds." Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, and lightweight but strong skeletons. Some birds, such as pigeons and chickens, have been used in medical research, but the term "birds" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Climate, in the context of environmental science and medicine, refers to the long-term average of weather conditions (such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological elements) in a given region over a period of years to decades. It is the statistical description of the weather patterns that occur in a particular location over long periods of time.

In medical terms, climate can have significant impacts on human health, both physical and mental. For example, extreme temperatures, air pollution, and ultraviolet radiation levels associated with certain climates can increase the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, heat-related illnesses, and skin cancer. Similarly, changes in climate patterns can affect the distribution and prevalence of infectious diseases, such as malaria and Lyme disease.

Climate change, which refers to significant long-term changes in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years, can have even more profound impacts on human health, including increased rates of heat-related illnesses and deaths, worsening air quality, and altered transmission patterns of infectious diseases.

A pandemic is a global outbreak of a disease that spreads easily from person to person across a large region, such as multiple continents or worldwide. It is declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) when the spread of a disease poses a significant threat to the global population due to its severity and transmissibility.

Pandemics typically occur when a new strain of virus emerges that has not been previously seen in humans, for which there is little or no pre-existing immunity. This makes it difficult to control the spread of the disease, as people do not have natural protection against it. Examples of pandemics include the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic and the more recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

During a pandemic, healthcare systems can become overwhelmed, and there may be significant social and economic disruption as governments take measures to slow the spread of the disease, such as travel restrictions, quarantines, and lockdowns. Effective vaccines and treatments are critical in controlling the spread of pandemics and reducing their impact on public health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "population density" is actually a term used in population geography and epidemiology, rather than medical terminology. It refers to the number of people living in a specific area or region, usually measured as the number of people per square mile or square kilometer.

However, understanding population density can be important in public health and medicine because it can influence various factors related to health outcomes and healthcare delivery, such as:

1. Disease transmission rates: Higher population densities can facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, particularly those that are transmitted through close contact between individuals.
2. Access to healthcare services: Areas with lower population density might have fewer healthcare resources and providers available, making it more challenging for residents to access necessary medical care.
3. Health disparities: Population density can contribute to health inequities, as urban areas often have better access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities than rural areas, leading to differences in health outcomes between these populations.
4. Environmental factors: Higher population densities might lead to increased pollution, noise, and other environmental hazards that can negatively impact health.

Therefore, while "population density" is not a medical definition per se, it remains an essential concept for understanding various public health and healthcare issues.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ontario" is not a medical term. It is the name of a province in Canada, similar to how "California" is the name of a state in the United States. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health conditions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Sequence homology is a term used in molecular biology to describe the similarity between the nucleotide or amino acid sequences of two or more genes or proteins. It is a measure of the degree to which the sequences are related, indicating a common evolutionary origin.

In other words, sequence homology implies that the compared sequences have a significant number of identical or similar residues in the same order, suggesting that they share a common ancestor and have diverged over time through processes such as mutation, insertion, deletion, or rearrangement. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more closely related the sequences are likely to be.

Sequence homology is often used to identify similarities between genes or proteins from different species, which can provide valuable insights into their functions, structures, and evolutionary relationships. It is commonly assessed using various bioinformatics tools and algorithms, such as BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), Clustal Omega, and multiple sequence alignment (MSA) methods.

Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, bean-shaped diplococcus bacterium. It is one of the leading causes of bacterial meningitis and sepsis (known as meningococcal disease) worldwide. The bacteria can be found in the back of the nose and throat of approximately 10-25% of the general population, particularly in children, teenagers, and young adults, without causing any symptoms or illness. However, when the bacterium invades the bloodstream and spreads to the brain or spinal cord, it can lead to life-threatening infections such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (blood poisoning).

Neisseria meningitidis is classified into 12 serogroups based on the chemical structure of their capsular polysaccharides. The six major serogroups that cause most meningococcal disease worldwide are A, B, C, W, X, and Y. Vaccines are available to protect against some or all of these serogroups.

Meningococcal disease can progress rapidly, leading to severe symptoms such as high fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and a rash consisting of purple or red spots. Immediate medical attention is required if someone experiences these symptoms, as meningococcal disease can cause permanent disabilities or death within hours if left untreated.

Respiratory tract diseases refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. These diseases can be categorized into upper and lower respiratory tract infections based on the location of the infection.

Upper respiratory tract infections affect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx, and include conditions such as the common cold, flu, sinusitis, and laryngitis. Symptoms often include nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, and fever.

Lower respiratory tract infections affect the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs, and can be more severe. They include conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. Symptoms may include cough, chest congestion, shortness of breath, and fever.

Respiratory tract diseases can also be caused by allergies, irritants, or genetic factors. Treatment varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, breathing treatments, or surgery in severe cases.

Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.

A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.

If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.

Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.

An algorithm is not a medical term, but rather a concept from computer science and mathematics. In the context of medicine, algorithms are often used to describe step-by-step procedures for diagnosing or managing medical conditions. These procedures typically involve a series of rules or decision points that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care.

For example, an algorithm for diagnosing a particular type of heart disease might involve taking a patient's medical history, performing a physical exam, ordering certain diagnostic tests, and interpreting the results in a specific way. By following this algorithm, healthcare professionals can ensure that they are using a consistent and evidence-based approach to making a diagnosis.

Algorithms can also be used to guide treatment decisions. For instance, an algorithm for managing diabetes might involve setting target blood sugar levels, recommending certain medications or lifestyle changes based on the patient's individual needs, and monitoring the patient's response to treatment over time.

Overall, algorithms are valuable tools in medicine because they help standardize clinical decision-making and ensure that patients receive high-quality care based on the latest scientific evidence.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Statistical models are mathematical representations that describe the relationship between variables in a given dataset. They are used to analyze and interpret data in order to make predictions or test hypotheses about a population. In the context of medicine, statistical models can be used for various purposes such as:

1. Disease risk prediction: By analyzing demographic, clinical, and genetic data using statistical models, researchers can identify factors that contribute to an individual's risk of developing certain diseases. This information can then be used to develop personalized prevention strategies or early detection methods.

2. Clinical trial design and analysis: Statistical models are essential tools for designing and analyzing clinical trials. They help determine sample size, allocate participants to treatment groups, and assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions.

3. Epidemiological studies: Researchers use statistical models to investigate the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations. This includes studying patterns of disease transmission, evaluating public health interventions, and estimating the burden of diseases.

4. Health services research: Statistical models are employed to analyze healthcare utilization, costs, and outcomes. This helps inform decisions about resource allocation, policy development, and quality improvement initiatives.

5. Biostatistics and bioinformatics: In these fields, statistical models are used to analyze large-scale molecular data (e.g., genomics, proteomics) to understand biological processes and identify potential therapeutic targets.

In summary, statistical models in medicine provide a framework for understanding complex relationships between variables and making informed decisions based on data-driven insights.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "ships" is not a medical term. It is a common noun referring to large vehicles used for transportation on water. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. The main symptoms of cholera are profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances, shock, and even death if left untreated. Cholera remains a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. The disease is preventable through proper food handling, safe water supplies, and improved sanitation, as well as vaccination for those at high risk.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Internet" is a term that pertains to the global network of interconnected computers and servers that enable the transmission and reception of data via the internet protocol (IP). It is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Viral diseases are illnesses caused by the infection and replication of viruses in host organisms. These infectious agents are obligate parasites, meaning they rely on the cells of other living organisms to survive and reproduce. Viruses can infect various types of hosts, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, causing a wide range of diseases with varying symptoms and severity.

Once a virus enters a host cell, it takes over the cell's machinery to produce new viral particles, often leading to cell damage or death. The immune system recognizes the viral components as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response can result in inflammation, fever, and other symptoms associated with viral diseases.

Examples of well-known viral diseases include:

1. Influenza (flu) - caused by influenza A, B, or C viruses
2. Common cold - usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses
3. HIV/AIDS - caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
4. Measles - caused by measles morbillivirus
5. Hepatitis B and C - caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively
6. Herpes simplex - caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
7. Chickenpox and shingles - both caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
8. Rabies - caused by rabies lyssavirus
9. Ebola - caused by ebolaviruses
10. COVID-19 - caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Prevention and treatment strategies for viral diseases may include vaccination, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms while the immune system fights off the infection.

Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that commonly cause respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and fevers in humans. They can also cause conjunctivitis (pink eye), croup, and stomach and intestinal inflammation (gastroenteritis). Adenovirus infections are most common in children, but people of any age can be infected. The viruses spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. There is no specific treatment for adenovirus infections, and most people recover on their own within a week or two. However, some people may develop more severe illness, particularly those with weakened immune systems. Preventive measures include frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. Some adenoviruses can also cause serious diseases in people with compromised immune systems, such as transplant recipients and people undergoing cancer treatment. There are vaccines available to prevent some types of adenovirus infections in military recruits, who are at higher risk due to close living quarters and stress on the immune system from basic training.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

Data collection in the medical context refers to the systematic gathering of information relevant to a specific research question or clinical situation. This process involves identifying and recording data elements, such as demographic characteristics, medical history, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and imaging studies, from various sources including patient interviews, medical records, and diagnostic tests. The data collected is used to support clinical decision-making, inform research hypotheses, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. It is essential that data collection is performed in a standardized and unbiased manner to ensure the validity and reliability of the results.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but Poisson Distribution is actually a statistical concept rather than a medical term. Here's a general definition:

Poisson Distribution is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space, as long as these events occur with a known average rate and independently of each other. It is often used in fields such as physics, engineering, economics, and medical research to model rare events or low-probability phenomena.

In the context of medical research, Poisson Distribution might be used to analyze the number of adverse events that occur during a clinical trial, the frequency of disease outbreaks in a population, or the rate of successes or failures in a series of experiments.

Contact tracing is a key public health strategy used to control the spread of infectious diseases. It involves identifying and monitoring individuals (contacts) who have come into close contact with an infected person (case), to prevent further transmission of the disease. The process typically includes:

1. Case identification: Identifying and confirming cases of infection through diagnostic testing.
2. Contact identification: Finding people who may have been in close contact with the infected case during their infectious period, which is the time when they can transmit the infection to others. Close contacts are usually defined as individuals who have had face-to-face contact with a confirmed case within a certain distance (often 6 feet or closer) and/or shared confined spaces for prolonged periods (usually more than 15 minutes).
3. Contact listing: Recording the identified contacts' information, including their names, addresses, phone numbers, and potentially other demographic data.
4. Risk assessment: Evaluating the level of risk associated with each contact based on factors such as the type of exposure, duration of contact, and the infectiousness of the case.
5. Notification: Informing contacts about their potential exposure to the infection and providing them with necessary health information, education, and guidance. This may include recommendations for self-quarantine, symptom monitoring, testing, and vaccination if available.
6. Follow-up: Monitoring and supporting contacts during their quarantine or isolation period, which typically lasts 14 days from the last exposure to the case. Public health professionals will check in with contacts regularly to assess their symptoms, provide additional guidance, and ensure they are adhering to the recommended infection prevention measures.
7. Data management: Documenting and reporting contact tracing activities for public health surveillance, evaluation, and future planning purposes.

Contact tracing is a critical component of infectious disease control and has been used effectively in managing various outbreaks, including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and more recently, COVID-19.

Alphavirus infections refer to a group of diseases caused by viruses belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. These viruses are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, and can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response.

Some of the more common alphaviruses that cause human disease include:

* Chikungunya virus (CHIKV): This virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and can cause a fever, rash, and severe joint pain. While most people recover from CHIKV infection within a few weeks, some may experience long-term joint pain and inflammation.
* Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on both birds and mammals, including humans. EEEV can cause severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, seizures, and coma. It has a high mortality rate of up to 30-50% in infected individuals.
* Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV): This virus is also transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on both birds and mammals. WEEV can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, and seizures. It has a lower mortality rate than EEEV but can still cause significant illness.
* Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on horses and other mammals, including humans. VEEV can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, and seizures. It is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ability to cause severe illness and death in large populations.

There are no specific treatments for alphavirus infections other than supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito hours. Public health efforts also focus on reducing mosquito populations through environmental controls such as eliminating standing water and using insecticides.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is not a medical condition or term, but rather a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Here's a brief description:

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as the global authority on public health issues. Established in 1948, WHO's primary role is to coordinate and collaborate with its member states to promote health, prevent diseases, and ensure universal access to healthcare services. WHO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has regional offices around the world. It plays a crucial role in setting global health standards, monitoring disease outbreaks, and providing guidance on various public health concerns, including infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, mental health, environmental health, and maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Bacterial infections are caused by the invasion and multiplication of bacteria in or on tissues of the body. These infections can range from mild, like a common cold, to severe, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. The symptoms of a bacterial infection depend on the type of bacteria invading the body and the area of the body that is affected.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can live in many different environments, including in the human body. While some bacteria are beneficial to humans and help with digestion or protect against harmful pathogens, others can cause illness and disease. When bacteria invade the body, they can release toxins and other harmful substances that damage tissues and trigger an immune response.

Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, which work by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. However, it is important to note that misuse or overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, making treatment more difficult. It is also essential to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve, to ensure that all bacteria are eliminated and reduce the risk of recurrence or development of antibiotic resistance.

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

Hepatitis A is a viral infection that specifically targets the liver, causing inflammation and impaired function. This disease is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which spreads primarily through the fecal-oral route, often due to poor sanitation and hygiene. Individuals can become infected by consuming food or water contaminated with HAV or by coming into direct contact with an infected person's stool.

The symptoms of hepatitis A may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). However, in some cases, particularly in children under six years old, the infection may be asymptomatic.

While hepatitis A can be unpleasant and cause serious complications, it is rarely fatal and most people recover completely within a few months. Preventive measures include vaccination, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding potentially contaminated food and water.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The name "Chikungunya" is derived from a Makonde word meaning "to become contorted," which describes the stooped posture developed as a result of severe arthralgia (joint pain) that is a primary symptom of infection with this virus.

CHIKV infection typically causes a febrile illness, characterized by an abrupt onset of high fever, severe joint pain, muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue, and rash. While the symptoms are usually self-limiting and resolve within 10 days, some individuals may experience persistent or recurring joint pain for several months or even years after the initial infection.

There is no specific antiviral treatment available for Chikungunya virus infection, and management primarily focuses on relieving symptoms with rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, staying in air-conditioned or screened rooms, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed.

Chikungunya virus is found primarily in Africa, Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, but it has also caused outbreaks in Europe and the Americas due to the spread of its vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The virus can cause large-scale epidemics, with millions of cases reported during outbreaks. There is currently no approved vaccine for Chikungunya virus infection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "International Cooperation" is not a medical term. It refers to the collaboration and exchange of resources and information between countries or international organizations in various fields, including politics, economics, culture, environment, and security, among others. In the context of healthcare and medicine, international cooperation can involve joint research projects, sharing of data and clinical trial results, collaborative efforts to combat global health issues (such as infectious diseases or chronic conditions), capacity building in low-resource settings, and standardizing medical practices and guidelines across countries.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

"California" is a geographical location and does not have a medical definition. It is a state located on the west coast of the United States, known for its diverse landscape including mountains, beaches, and forests. However, in some contexts, "California" may refer to certain medical conditions or situations that are associated with the state, such as:

* California encephalitis: a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes that is common in California and other western states.
* California king snake: a non-venomous snake species found in California and other parts of the southwestern United States, which can bite and cause allergic reactions in some people.
* California roll: a type of sushi roll that originated in California and is made with avocado, cucumber, and crab meat, which may pose an allergy risk for some individuals.

It's important to note that these uses of "California" are not medical definitions per se, but rather descriptive terms that refer to specific conditions or situations associated with the state.

A measles vaccine is a biological preparation that induces immunity against the measles virus. It contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of the measles virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against future infection with the wild-type (disease-causing) virus. Measles vaccines are typically administered in combination with vaccines against mumps and rubella (German measles), forming the MMR vaccine.

The measles vaccine is highly effective, with one or two doses providing immunity in over 95% of people who receive it. It is usually given to children as part of routine childhood immunization programs, with the first dose administered at 12-15 months of age and the second dose at 4-6 years of age.

Measles vaccination has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of measles worldwide and is considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century. However, despite widespread availability of the vaccine, measles remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in some parts of the world, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage or where access to healthcare is limited.

An emergency service in a hospital is a department that provides immediate medical or surgical care for individuals who are experiencing an acute illness, injury, or severe symptoms that require immediate attention. The goal of an emergency service is to quickly assess, stabilize, and treat patients who require urgent medical intervention, with the aim of preventing further harm or death.

Emergency services in hospitals typically operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and are staffed by teams of healthcare professionals including physicians, nurses, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other allied health professionals. These teams are trained to provide rapid evaluation and treatment for a wide range of medical conditions, from minor injuries to life-threatening emergencies such as heart attacks, strokes, and severe infections.

In addition to providing emergency care, hospital emergency services also serve as a key point of entry for patients who require further hospitalization or specialized care. They work closely with other departments within the hospital, such as radiology, laboratory, and critical care units, to ensure that patients receive timely and appropriate treatment. Overall, the emergency service in a hospital plays a crucial role in ensuring that patients receive prompt and effective medical care during times of crisis.

Population dynamics, in the context of public health and epidemiology, refers to the study of the changes in size and structure of a population over time, as well as the factors that contribute to those changes. This can include birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, aging, and other demographic characteristics. Understanding population dynamics is crucial for planning and implementing public health interventions, such as vaccination programs or disease prevention strategies, as they allow researchers and policymakers to identify vulnerable populations, predict future health trends, and evaluate the impact of public health initiatives.

I apologize, but "Canada" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in North America, known for its vast wilderness, multicultural cities, and significant natural resources. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terms, I would be happy to help answer those!

Bayes' theorem, also known as Bayes' rule or Bayes' formula, is a fundamental principle in the field of statistics and probability theory. It describes how to update the probability of a hypothesis based on new evidence or data. The theorem is named after Reverend Thomas Bayes, who first formulated it in the 18th century.

In mathematical terms, Bayes' theorem states that the posterior probability of a hypothesis (H) given some observed evidence (E) is proportional to the product of the prior probability of the hypothesis (P(H)) and the likelihood of observing the evidence given the hypothesis (P(E|H)):

Posterior Probability = P(H|E) = [P(E|H) x P(H)] / P(E)

Where:

* P(H|E): The posterior probability of the hypothesis H after observing evidence E. This is the probability we want to calculate.
* P(E|H): The likelihood of observing evidence E given that the hypothesis H is true.
* P(H): The prior probability of the hypothesis H before observing any evidence.
* P(E): The marginal likelihood or probability of observing evidence E, regardless of whether the hypothesis H is true or not. This value can be calculated as the sum of the products of the likelihood and prior probability for all possible hypotheses: P(E) = Σ[P(E|Hi) x P(Hi)]

Bayes' theorem has many applications in various fields, including medicine, where it can be used to update the probability of a disease diagnosis based on test results or other clinical findings. It is also widely used in machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms for probabilistic reasoning and decision making under uncertainty.

Echovirus infections refer to diseases caused by infection with an echovirus, which is a type of enterovirus. Echoviruses are named for their ability to cause “echo” diseases, or symptoms that resemble those caused by other viruses. They are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission.

Echovirus infections can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific strain of the virus and the age and overall health of the person infected. Some common symptoms include fever, rash, mouth sores, muscle aches, and respiratory symptoms such as cough and runny nose. In severe cases, echovirus infections can cause more serious complications, such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), or pericarditis (inflammation of the lining around the heart).

Echovirus infections are typically diagnosed based on symptoms, as well as laboratory tests that can detect the presence of the virus in samples such as stool, throat swabs, or cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment for echovirus infections is generally supportive and aimed at managing symptoms, as there is no specific antiviral treatment available. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the parotid salivary glands, causing them to swell and become painful. The medical definition of mumps is: "An acute infectious disease, caused by the mumps virus, characterized by painful enlargement of one or more of the salivary glands, especially the parotids."

The infection spreads easily through respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person's saliva. Symptoms typically appear 16-18 days after exposure and include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and swollen, tender salivary glands. Complications of mumps are rare but can be serious and include meningitis, encephalitis, deafness, and inflammation of the reproductive organs in males.

Prevention is through vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is part of routine childhood immunization schedules in many countries.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections refer to illnesses caused by the bacterium E. coli, which can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific strain and site of infection. The majority of E. coli strains are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals. However, some strains, particularly those that produce Shiga toxins, can cause severe illness.

E. coli infections can occur through various routes, including contaminated food or water, person-to-person contact, or direct contact with animals or their environments. Common symptoms of E. coli infections include diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can occur, which may lead to kidney failure and other long-term health problems.

Preventing E. coli infections involves practicing good hygiene, cooking meats thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination of food during preparation, washing fruits and vegetables before eating, and avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and juices. Prompt medical attention is necessary if symptoms of an E. coli infection are suspected to prevent potential complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Great Britain" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical and political term referring to the largest island in the British Isles, on which the majority of England, Scotland, and Wales are located. It's also used to refer to the political union of these three countries, which is called the United Kingdom. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Medical definitions typically do not include terms like "meat products" as they are too broad and not specific to medical conditions or treatments. However, in a general food science or nutrition context, "meat products" could be defined as:

Processed or unprocessed foods that contain meat or meat derivatives as the primary ingredient. This can include various types of muscle tissue from mammals, birds, fish, and other animals, along with any accompanying fat, skin, blood vessels, and other tissues. Meat products may be fresh, cured, smoked, or cooked, and they may also contain additional ingredients like salt, sugar, preservatives, and flavorings. Examples of meat products include beef jerky, bacon, sausages, hot dogs, and canned meats.

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF) is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. It is one of the five identified subtypes of the Ebolavirus. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission.

The early symptoms include sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding.

Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes.

The virus is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as fruit bats, porcupines and non-human primates. Then it spreads in communities through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials contaminated with these fluids.

Healthcare workers have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed EVD due to a lack of adequate infection prevention and control measures.

There are currently no approved specific antiviral drugs or vaccines for Ebola. Several promising treatments and vaccine candidates are being evaluated.

Salmonella infections, also known as salmonellosis, are a type of foodborne illness caused by the Salmonella bacterium. These bacteria can be found in the intestinal tracts of humans, animals, and birds, especially poultry. People typically get salmonella infections from consuming contaminated foods or water, or through contact with infected animals or their feces. Common sources of Salmonella include raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, and milk products; contaminated fruits and vegetables; and improperly prepared or stored food.

Symptoms of salmonella infections usually begin within 12 to 72 hours after exposure and can include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Most people recover from salmonella infections without treatment within four to seven days, although some cases may be severe or even life-threatening, especially in young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems. In rare cases, Salmonella can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and cause serious complications such as meningitis, endocarditis, and arthritis.

Prevention measures include proper food handling, cooking, and storage practices; washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom, changing diapers, or touching animals; avoiding cross-contamination of foods during preparation; and using pasteurized dairy products and eggs. If you suspect that you have a Salmonella infection, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to prevent complications and reduce the risk of spreading the infection to others.

DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling or genetic fingerprinting, is a laboratory technique used to identify and compare the unique genetic makeup of individuals by analyzing specific regions of their DNA. This method is based on the variation in the length of repetitive sequences of DNA called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) or short tandem repeats (STRs), which are located at specific locations in the human genome and differ significantly among individuals, except in the case of identical twins.

The process of DNA fingerprinting involves extracting DNA from a sample, amplifying targeted regions using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then separating and visualizing the resulting DNA fragments through electrophoresis. The fragment patterns are then compared to determine the likelihood of a match between two samples.

DNA fingerprinting has numerous applications in forensic science, paternity testing, identity verification, and genealogical research. It is considered an essential tool for providing strong evidence in criminal investigations and resolving disputes related to parentage and inheritance.

20th-century disease outbreaks, 21st-century epidemics, Industrial hygiene, Legionellosis, Medical lists, Disease outbreaks, ... Legionnaire's Disease Pontiac fever 1976 Philadelphia Legionnaires' disease outbreak Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris ... This is a list of Legionnaires' disease outbreaks; Legionnaire's is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by gram ... Disease outbreak: Third death reported". bbc.co.uk. 3 July 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012. "3 dead in Legionnaires' outbreak tied ...
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2012 disease outbreaks, 2012 in Vietnam, Health in Vietnam, Quảng Ngãi province, Disease outbreaks in Vietnam, Cutaneous ... Another outbreak of the same disease in the Quảng Ngãi area was reported in March 2013. "Vietnam seeks foreign help to beat ... "Bizarre skin disease outbreaks again in Quang Ngai". VietNamNet. 2013-03-11. v t e v t e (Articles with short description, ... As of April 2012[update], multiple press sources reported an outbreak of an unidentified skin disease in the Ba Tơ District of ...
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1999 Bovenkarspel legionellosis outbreak Legionella pneumophila Legionnaires' disease List of Legionellosis outbreaks Klaus ... CDC investigators quickly discovered outbreaks of respiratory disease caused by L. pneumophila dating back to 1959. An outbreak ... The 1976 Legionnaires disease outbreak, occurring in the late summer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States was the first ... 1976 Philadelphia Legionnaires' disease outbreak at Curlie (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata ...
2021 disease outbreaks, Disease outbreaks in South Sudan, All stub articles, Epidemic stubs). ... As of the last report of the disease, in late December, 2021, 97 people had died of the disease. In early December, 2021, South ... "At least 89 killed by mystery disease as WHO deploys task force amid fears of outbreak". New York Post. Retrieved 2021-12-15. v ... Symptoms of the disease were said to be cough, diarrhea, fever, headache, chest pain, joint pain, loss of appetite, and body ...
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Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) Healthy Swimming at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and ... National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) Yoder J, Hlavsa M, Craun GF, et al. Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The WBDOSS receives data about waterborne disease outbreaks and single cases ... The Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) is a national surveillance system maintained by the U.S. ...
The origin or source of the disease in India, as well as the outbreak in 2022 remained unknown. A comparison and analysis of ... The 2022 lumpy skin disease outbreak in India resulted in the death of over 97,000 cattle in three months between July and 23 ... "ચેતવણીઃ ગુજરાતની ગાયોમાં મોટા રોગના ભણકારા, થાય છે માત્ર સાત દિવસમાં મોત" [Warning: Major disease outbreak in Gujarat cows, ... Bajeli-Datt, Kavita (23 September 2022). "Current outbreak of lumpy skin disease distinct from 2019, need large-scale genomic ...
Ilyas, Faiza (3 March 2022). "Viral disease outbreak reported in cattle farms in Karachi, other parts of province". Dawn. Nazir ... "Lumpy skin disease outbreak reported in Karachi cattle farms". Samaa English. "Karachi dairy farmers seek Fed help over viral ... where does lumpy skin disease stand?". Profit by Pakistan Today. "Lumpy skin disease badly affects beef business in Peshawar". ... No LSD outbreaks have yet been reported in Pakistan, which has approximately 85 million cattle and buffaloes and the third ...
2023 disease outbreaks, Marburg virus outbreaks, Disease outbreaks in Tanzania, 2023 disasters in Africa, April 2023 events in ... 2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea List of other Filoviridae outbreaks "Tanzania confirms first-ever ... This is the first time that Tanzania has reported an outbreak of the disease. On 2 June 2023, Tanzania declared the outbreak ... A Marburg virus disease outbreak in Tanzania was first reported on 21 March 2023 by the Ministry of Health of Tanzania. ...
2022 disease outbreaks, July 2022 events in Africa, Marburg virus outbreaks, Disease outbreaks in Ghana, 2022 disasters in ... In the early phase of the disease, it is hard to distinguish the disease from other diseases. There are no specific treatments ... Fourteen outbreaks of the disease have been reported since 1967, when it was first detected, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. The ... In July 2022, an outbreak of Marburg virus disease occurred in Ghana. Two positive cases were reported by Ghana on 8 July. ...
Kosti Rezovo Gramatikovo Granichar Kirovo 2011 Bulgaria foot-and-mouth disease outbreak is an outbreak of foot-and-mouth ... Foot-and-mouth outbreaks, 2011 health disasters, Disease outbreaks in Bulgaria). ... Prior to this outbreak, Bulgaria had not had a case of FMD since 1996. "Press release - Foot and Mouth Disease: Commission ... a new outbreak was discovered. The blood tests found 13 animals infected with the disease. The authorities ordered culling of ...
2021 disease outbreaks, August 2021 events in Africa, Disease outbreaks in Guinea, Hemorrhagic fevers outbreaks, July 2021 ... In the early phase of the disease, it is hard to distinguish the disease from other diseases. There are no specific treatments ... 14 outbreaks of the disease have been reported since 1967, when it was first detected, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. The ... The outbreak of Marburg virus disease in Gueckedou district, Guinea started in July 2021, and ended in September. A single ...
2023 disease outbreaks, February 2023 events in Africa, Marburg virus outbreaks, Disease outbreaks in Equatorial Guinea). ... A disease outbreak was first reported in Equatorial Guinea on 7 February 2023 and, on 13 February 2023, it was identified as ... "Marburg Virus Disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea ends". WHO , Regional Office for Africa. 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2023-07-05 ... Symptoms are similar to Ebola virus disease. There are no vaccines or antiviral treatments for Marburg. An outbreak of an ...
2002 disease outbreaks, 2003 disease outbreaks, 2004 disease outbreaks, 2005 disease outbreaks, 2006 disease outbreaks, 2006 in ... The vaccine contains living Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and in BCG disease, the bacterium causes a disease in vaccinated persons. ... In the 1970s, there was a similar outbreak of BCG osteitis osteomyelitis in Sweden and Finland, when a Swedish-Danish BCG ... BCG disease is an adverse effect of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine. ...
2018 DRC Ebola virus outbreak could mean: 2018 Équateur province Ebola outbreak 2018 Kivu Ebola outbreak This disambiguation ... page lists articles associated with the title 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus disease outbreak. If an ...
1999 disease outbreaks, February 1999 events in Europe, March 1999 events in Europe, Disease outbreaks in the Netherlands, ... A Large Outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease at a Flower Show, the Netherlands, 1999, Jeroen W. Den Boer, Ed P.F. Yzerman, Joop ... With at least 32 dead and 206 severe infections, it was the deadliest legionellosis outbreak since the original 1976 outbreak ... The 318 cases exceeds the 221 in the 1976 Philadelphia outbreak. While the Philadelphia outbreak had two more fatalities (34 ...
1993 disease outbreaks, March 1993 events in the United States, April 1993 events in the United States, Disease outbreaks in ... Gradus S (10 January 2014). "Milwaukee, 1993: The Largest Documented Waterborne Disease Outbreak in US History". Water Quality ... and the largest waterborne disease outbreak in documented United States history. It is suspected that The Howard Avenue Water ... prior to the outbreak. Deaths have been attributed to this outbreak, mostly among the elderly and immunocompromised people, ...
... as well as an outbreak of Bundibugyo virus disease in 2007 and an Ebola virus disease outbreak in 2019. No human outbreaks of ... 2022 disease outbreaks, 2023 disease outbreaks, 2022 disasters in Uganda, 2023 disasters in Uganda, September 2022 events in ... "History of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Outbreaks , History , Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease) , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 15 September 2022. ... Uganda has previously had four outbreaks of Sudan ebolavirus; one outbreak in 2000 and 2011 and two outbreaks in 2012, ...
2017 disease outbreaks, Dengue fever outbreaks, Disease outbreaks in Sri Lanka, 2017 disasters in Sri Lanka, Pages using the ... Dengue fever outbreaks Neglected Tropical Diseases Tropical disease Mosquito-borne disease WHO: Sri Lanka Ministry of Health - ... In 2017 Sri Lanka experienced its largest neglected tropical disease outbreak of dengue fever since the first recorded Sri ... "CDC - Neglected Tropical Diseases - Diseases". www.cdc.gov. 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-10-28. Ngwe Tun, Mya Myat; Muthugala, ...
2013 disease outbreaks, 2014 disease outbreaks, 2013 in French Polynesia, 2014 in French Polynesia, 2013 in New Caledonia, 2014 ... In October 2013, there was an outbreak of Zika fever in French Polynesia, the first outbreak of several Zika outbreaks across ... it was the largest outbreak of Zika fever before the outbreak in the Americas that began in April 2015. An earlier outbreak ... "Zika virus infection outbreak, Brazil and the Pacific region" (PDF). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and ...
International Society for Infectious Diseases. (2012 in Sudan, 2012 disease outbreaks, Yellow fever, Disease outbreaks in Sudan ... "Yellow Fever Outbreak in Sudan". HealthMap. The Disease Daily. 31 Oct 2012. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. ... Yuill, Thomas M; Woodall, John P; Baekeland, Susan (2013). "Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak-Darfur ... "Sudan Combats Darfur Outbreak". New York Times. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2015. "PRO/AH/EDR> Yellow fever - Africa ( ...
"Zika virus infection outbreak, Brazil and the Pacific region" (PDF). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and ... "First Paraguayan cases". Disease Outbreak News. WHO. 3 December 2015. Archived from the original on 6 December 2015. Retrieved ... "Zika virus infection - El Salvador". Disease Outbreak News. WHO. March 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. ... "Zika virus infection - Venezuela". Disease Outbreak News. WHO. 3 December 2015. Archived from the original on 6 December 2015. ...
"Bird flu outbreak: Protection zone declared in Warwickshire after disease detected". Sky News. Archived from the original on 10 ... Viruses portal 2015 United States H5N2 outbreak 2008 H5N1 outbreak in West Bengal 2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 outbreak 2006 H5N1 ... Afghanistan reported an outbreak of H5N8 bird flu on a poultry farm in Herat Province on February 25. The outbreak killed 794 ... On February 9, Algeria reported an outbreak of H5N8 on a poultry farm in the town of Aïn Fakroun. The outbreak killed 50,000 ...
2022-2023 mpox outbreak, 2022 disasters in the United States, Disease outbreaks in the United States, LGBT history in the ... 2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak 2022-2023 mpox outbreak in Brazil 2022-2023 mpox outbreak in Canada 2022-2023 mpox outbreak in ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2022 monkeypox outbreak in the United States. Centers for Disease Control page about ... The 2022-2023 mpox outbreak in the United States is part of the larger outbreak of human mpox caused by the West African clade ...
The last major outbreak of the disease in humans occurred between 1974 and 1976, where an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 cases were ... There were minor outbreaks in 2008 and 2009 in South Africa, followed by an extensive outbreak of infections in 2010. As of 8 ... Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks affecting humans and livestock occur across sub-Saharan Africa, with outbreaks occurring ... the first documented outbreak was identified in Kenya in 1931. While the initial set of Kenyan cases in this 1931 outbreak were ...
Centers for Disease Control. 46 (45). Retrieved April 10, 2021. Corfidi, Stephen F. (July 1998). Some Thoughts On the Role ... Unlike conventional tornado outbreaks in Texas, the 1997 outbreak was not associated with a strong trough of low pressure and ... A deadly tornado outbreak occurred in Central Texas during the afternoon and evening of May 27, 1997, in conjunction with a ... "May 1997 Tornado Outbreak" (PDF). New Braunfels, Texas: National Weather Service. May 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2021. Houston ...
Procedures currently used by the CDC to process environmental samples obtained during investigations of legionellosis outbreaks ... Unexplained Respiratory Disease Outbreaks (URDO). *European Legionnaires Disease Surveillance Network (ELDSNet)External. ... Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever outbreaks occur when two or more people are exposed to Legionella in the same place and ... Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever outbreaks can be difficult to identify. Sometimes people travel to a common location, ...
20th-century disease outbreaks, 21st-century epidemics, Industrial hygiene, Legionellosis, Medical lists, Disease outbreaks, ... Legionnaires Disease Pontiac fever 1976 Philadelphia Legionnaires disease outbreak Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris ... This is a list of Legionnaires disease outbreaks; Legionnaires is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by gram ... Disease outbreak: Third death reported". bbc.co.uk. 3 July 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012. "3 dead in Legionnaires outbreak tied ...
... ABSTRACT A current list of outbreaks significant to travelers follows. This information was ... YELLOW FEVER OUTBREAK IN BENDEL STATE, NIGERIA A suspected yellow fever outbreak has been reported from Bendel State in ... EPIDEMIC MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE Epidemic meningococcal disease has been reported in Nairobi, Kenya and the Arusha area on ... The outbreak began in April and apparently peaked in July. Sporadic cases still are occurring in Bendel State and also from JOS ...
The Ebola outbreak exposes serious underlying gaps in the nations ability to manage severe infectious disease threats. ... Outbreaks: Protecting Americans from Infectious Diseases. Research Dec-18-2014 , Levi J, Segal LM, Lieberman DA, May K, St ... The Ebola outbreak exposes serious underlying gaps in the nations ability to manage severe infectious disease threats. ... A snapshot of efforts to prevent and control infectious diseases in states shows that just five states received a high score, ...
Please note for your information that Disease Outbreak News have been posted at WHO Website. (http://www.who.int/en/) for the ...
Heres a look at some of the most notable outbreaks - consisting of both old and new threats - that made headlines in 2019. ... Some disease outbreaks have plagued humanity since antiquity, while others are relatively new - such as an outbreak of ... The disease does not spread from person to person.. In light of the outbreak, the CDC issued an advisory to physicians and ... Hot tubs can spread diseases even if you dont get in them. Thats what happened in a North Carolina outbreak of Legionnaires ...
... only publication that provides guidance on protection of wastewater professionals and the community against infectious diseases ... The Water Professionals Guide to Infectious Disease Outbreaks, is the ... The Water Professionals Guide to Infectious Disease Outbreaks Order The Water Professionals Guide to Infectious Disease ... The Water Professionals Guide to Infectious Disease Outbreaks includes. *Practical Information to be able to apply to ...
Photo credit: WHOA disease outbreak is the occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a ... Epidemic-prone diseases, including emerging and re-emerging diseases constitute the greatest threat to public health security ... the Region has witnessed a marked increase in the number of outbreaks and pandemics caused by emerging and re-emerging diseases ... Outbreaks are maintained by infectious agents that spread directly from person to person, from exposure to an animal reservoir ...
... of molecularly epidemiology and could help public health officials identify and track disease outbreaks. ... Scientists Using Molecular Epidemiology To Diagnose And Track Disease Outbreaks. Aug 30, 2011 ... of molecularly epidemiology and could help public health officials identify and track disease outbreaks. ... One team is developing "a kind of weather map of disease patterns" by sampling "sewage treatment plants or places like subways ...
... Adrian Blomfield, Africa Correspondent 26 October 2018 • 9: ... Workers from the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were ordered to leave the most high risk areas as a result. ... "It will be very hard to stop the outbreak if this violence continues," said Peter Salama, head of emergencies at the World ... But local and international efforts to contain the spread of what is seen as the most dangerous Ebola outbreak in the countrys ...
... recent outbreaks and incidents, preparedness for Faith and Community-Based Organizations, and guidance for Healthcare Providers ... Communicable Disease Outbreaks. Recent Outbreaks and Incidents. For the latest information on recent outbreaks within Milwaukee ... County, as well as other topics of public health interest such as Salmonella, Influenza, and E. Coli outbreaks, go to Disease ... Faith-based and community-based organizations can have an important role to play in pandemic outbreaks because of their ...
Pages in category "1989 disease outbreaks". This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent ... Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1989_disease_outbreaks&oldid=1157742388" ...
Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Are Difficult to Detect. Detecting waterborne disease outbreaks is challenging because many ... Detecting and Investigating Waterborne Diseases and Outbreaksplus icon *Importance of Outbreak Investigations ... Systems for Tracking Waterborne Disease and Outbreaksplus icon *Reporting and Classificationplus icon *Data Sources and Outputs ... Generally, outbreak reporting may increase when more is known about how waterborne diseases are spread and as the ability to ...
... enough to have a front-row seat for one of the most surprising and frightening infectious disease outbreaks in recent history. ... They found that the time lag between estimate beginning of a disease outbreak and discovery is now an average of 15 days, and ... The timeliness of public communication of a new disease outbreak (the moment when the media is alerted) has improved as well, ... Global Microbe Detectives Are Getting Better at Tracking Disease Outbreaks. By Bryan Walsh Nov. 29, 2010 ...
... authorities and other partners are working on several fronts to treat patients and contain an outbreak of diarrhoeal disease. ... Bangladesh: UNHCR & partners work to contain outbreak of diarrhoeal disease This is a summary of what was said by UNHCR ... Measures to prevent the spread of disease and cut the rate of severe illness and death also include installation of 32 shallow ... authorities and other partners are working on several fronts to treat patients and contain an outbreak of diarrhoeal disease. ...
The disease is often linked to contaminated air conditioning ... confirmed as having the potentially fatal Legionnaires disease ... disease after an outbreak in Sydney city centre. *Eight people now confirmed with the disease that can be deadly ... Share or comment on this article: 3 more contract Legionnaires disease after an outbreak in Sydney. * ... WHAT IS LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE? Legionnaires disease is a type of pneumonia caused by a bacterial infection of the lungs. ...
One is tracking disease outbreaks in less-well studied countries.. "Its fine and dandy to reproduce flu rates in the US, but ... "Diseases like flu and dengue seemed to work pretty well. Those are diseases that a large proportion of the population might be ... Share All sharing options for: How Wikipedia page views could predict disease outbreaks ... How to use Wikipedia to track diseases. The researchers began by picking 14 different disease-country pairs to look at, such as ...
"This contingent funding mechanism protects the Philippines fiscal health following natural disasters and disease outbreaks, ... and disease outbreaks.. The Fourth Disaster Risk Management Development Policy Loan with a Catastrophe-Deferred Drawdown Option ... WB Approves Credit Line for Managing Risks from Climate Change, Natural Disasters and Disease Outbreaks. ... funding that the Philippines can quickly tap to manage financial impacts brought about by disasters and disease outbreaks. ...
As the coronavirus outbreak grows in scale and scope, a nasty side effect spreads: discrimination. Inside China, people from ... Past outbreaks have often gone hand in hand with ugly prejudice, with various ethnic or racial groups blamed for the disease ... As the coronavirus outbreak grows in scale and scope, a nasty side effect spreads: discrimination. Inside China, people from ... Sadly, this is nothing new: Past outbreaks have often gone hand in hand with ugly prejudice, with various ethnic or racial ...
... the UK has a fully operational specialist team of health experts who can be deployed to tackle outbreaks of deadly disease ... The ability to deploy emergency support to investigate and respond to disease outbreaks within 48 hours will save lives, ... said: Infectious disease outbreaks and other disasters can have a long-term impact on the mental health of people who come ... the UK has a fully operational specialist team of health experts who can be deployed to tackle outbreaks of deadly disease ...
How the military stays ready during disease outbreaks Dr. Toti Sanchez is a senior scientist and deputy chief at Armed Forces ... How do you monitor disease outbreaks?. I spend a significant amount of time monitoring the many peer-reviewed, governmental and ... I also analyze the disease outbreak reports and coordinate data gathering and report generation from AFHSBs Global Emerging ... In my role as Senior Scientist at AFHSB, I serve on the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program Operational Steering ...
... October 17, 2011. Article ... Tracing outbreaks of typhoid in Kathmandu also carries its own problem: street names are not used in Nepal, so capturing the ... Combating infectious diseases is one the strategic priorities of the Wellcome Trust. Much of this work is carried out at a ... If the disease was spreading within a household due to direct transmission either from an asymptomatic carrier or someone with ...
... www.nationalacademies.org/event/03-23-2020/trb-webinar-transportation-covid-19-practices-from-other-disease-outbreaks . ... Transportation Research Board , Blurbs , TRB Webinar: Transportation & COVID-19 - Practices from other disease outbreaks ... www.nationalacademies.org/event/03-23-2020/trb-webinar-transportation-covid-19-practices-from-other-disease-outbreaks. ... TRB Webinar: Transportation & COVID-19 - Practices from other disease outbreaks Please find this information at https:// ...
... declared the 11th outbreak of Ebola virus disease (Ebola) in western DRC. ... Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases ( ... Ebola Disease Distribution Map: Cases of Ebola Disease in Africa Since 1976 ... declared the 11th outbreak of Ebola virus disease (Ebola) in DRC external iconfollowing the deaths of four family members in ...
Responding to an outbreak of diarrhoea in Pakistans earthquake-hit north, the UN refugee agency has deployed mobile teams to ... UNHCR teams mobilize to limit disease outbreak in camps Responding to an outbreak of diarrhoea in northern Pakistan, the UN ... We are trying to reach as many camps as possible to prevent the outbreak of diseases." ... A mobile team digs an area for latrines at Ghazi Kot camp, as aid agencies try to limit the spread of diseases. ...
Outbreaks and emerging infectious diseases pose a serious threat to our health care system.. Known infectious diseases can ... CDC: General Resources for Ebola Virus Disease. *CDC: Health Alert: Update on Ebola Virus Disease (Sudan ebolavirus) Outbreak ... There currently is a global outbreak of mpox affecting multiple countries in which the disease is not endemic, including the U. ... Missouri Ebola Virus Disease Plan, located in EMResource library. *UNMC: Global Center for Health Security *Subscribe to ...
  • A snapshot of efforts to prevent and control infectious diseases in states shows that just five states received a high score, meeting eight out of 10 indicators (Maryland, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia) while one (Arkansas) met only two. (rwjf.org)
  • While some improvements have been made over the past decade in the country's ability to protect Americans from, and respond to, emerging infectious diseases, wide variations exist from state to state, raising questions as to our ability to respond to new threats, such as Ebola. (rwjf.org)
  • Trust for America's Health , with funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, assessed each state's policies and capacities to protect people from infectious diseases using 10 indicators to measure areas of high priority and concern. (rwjf.org)
  • Order The Water Professional's Guide to Infectious Disease Outbreaks to get the only publication that provides guidance on protecting wastewater professionals and the community against infectious diseases. (wef.org)
  • As Brownstein and his colleagues wrote: "This would be a promising improvement, as these regions include many of the world's developing nations, which have faced challenges with newly emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, with surveillance capacity and reporting, and with potential economic consequences of reporting. (time.com)
  • Outbreaks and emerging infectious diseases pose a serious threat to our health care system. (mhanet.com)
  • Known infectious diseases can quickly rise to an outbreak level, and new threats can arise suddenly. (mhanet.com)
  • An infectious diseases specialist says there are ways to help prevent the spread of E. coli. (yahoo.com)
  • The cluster in Calgary likely relates to a foodborne outbreak, according to an infectious diseases specialist, who explained the bacteria strain is a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. (yahoo.com)
  • The McGill University Health Centre infectious diseases specialist said eating undercooked or raw meat can lead to illness, but it's not the only source where people can come into contact with E. coli. (yahoo.com)
  • Weather changes associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon result in rainfall, temperature and environmental anomaly conditions worldwide that directly favor outbreaks of infectious diseases of public health concern. (nasa.gov)
  • The visualization showcases a global flat map with monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomaly data over water, the locations of Global Disease Outbreaks of ten infectious diseases on land, along with a timeline plot of the ENSO Index (Niño 3.4 Index region SST anomaly) for the period 2009-2018 on the bottom. (nasa.gov)
  • Kansas and Missouri rank in the bottom half of states in preparedness for potential outbreaks of infectious diseases like Ebola, Enterovirus and 'superbugs,' according to a report released Thursday . (kcur.org)
  • states Simon Cauchemez, co-senior author of the study and head of the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit at the Institut Pasteur. (pasteur.fr)
  • Recent outbreaks of infectious diseases / by S. Leff. (who.int)
  • The Ebola outbreak exposes serious underlying gaps in the nation's ability to manage severe infectious disease threats. (rwjf.org)
  • On November 18, 2020, the DRC Ministry of Health and WHO declared the end of the Ebola outbreak in Equateur Province. (cdc.gov)
  • Visit the Ebola Outbreak section for information on past Ebola outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • The world has never seen such a large number of survivors from an Ebola outbreak," Anders Nordstrom, a WHO representative in Sierra Leone who was a part of a five-day conference this week about Ebola survivors, said, Reuters reported. (ibtimes.com)
  • But we also saw during the recent Ebola outbreak that some of the most basic infectious disease control policies failed when tested," Jeffrey Levi, executive director of the Trust for America's Health, said in a statement. (kcur.org)
  • The concept for the core protocol paradigm stems, in part, from lessons learned during the Ebola outbreak that took place in 2015 in West Africa. (pennmedicine.org)
  • Nevertheless, in 2018, when a large Ebola outbreak emerged in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), many doctors chose to treat patients with ZMapp based on its preliminary promise, even though it wasn't thoroughly proven. (pennmedicine.org)
  • Health authorities are desperately trying to find the cause of the legionnaires' outbreak, scouring the Sydney Town Hall area to find the source of the outbreak. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • In the mid-19th century, John Snow mapped cases of cholera in Soho, London, and traced the source of the outbreak to a contaminated water pump. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Based on an article released by CBC News , it is believed that the cooling tower at the local skating arena may be the source of the outbreak. (emsl.com)
  • Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever outbreaks occur when two or more people are exposed to Legionella in the same place and get sick at about the same time. (cdc.gov)
  • People can get Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever when they breathe in small droplets of water in the air that contain Legionella . (cdc.gov)
  • Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever outbreaks can be difficult to identify. (cdc.gov)
  • Learn more about how public health departments define Legionnaires' disease outbreaks . (cdc.gov)
  • Both terms describe two or more people with Legionnaires' disease exposed to Legionella at the same place at about the same time (as defined by the investigators). (cdc.gov)
  • The first reported outbreak was in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1976 during a Legionnaires Convention at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel. (wikipedia.org)
  • A team of French scientists reviewed the details of an epidemic of Legionnaires' disease that took place in Pas-de-Calais in northern France in 2003-2004. (wikipedia.org)
  • A study of Legionnaires' disease cases in May 2005 in Sarpsborg, Norway concluded that: "The high velocity, large drift, and high humidity in the air scrubber may have contributed to the wide spread of Legionella species, probably for >10 km. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some disease outbreaks have plagued humanity since antiquity, while others are relatively new - such as an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease that was linked to hot tubs, for instance. (livescience.com)
  • That's what happened in a North Carolina outbreak of Legionnaires' disease linked to hot tubs . (livescience.com)
  • Preliminary findings from the investigation showed that people who were diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease were much more likely to report walking by hot tubs - which were on display at an event center at the fair - compared with people who did not get sick, the statement said. (livescience.com)
  • Legionnaires' disease is a serious lung infection, or pneumonia , caused by Legionella bacteria, according to the CDC. (livescience.com)
  • In light of the outbreak, the CDC issued an advisory to physicians and public health practitioners in November, alerting them that hot tub displays at temporary events (like a state fair) may pose a risk for Legionnaires' disease. (livescience.com)
  • Legionnaires' disease is a type of pneumonia caused by a bacterial infection of the lungs that can develop after someone breathes contaminated water vapour or dust. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • A Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of Legionella pneumophila, the bacteria known to cause Legionnaires' disease. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • Legionnaires' disease is a type of pneumonia caused by a bacterial infection of the lungs. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • The Indianapolis Healthplex has been closed following an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease. (articlecity.com)
  • The local gym has been closed since Sunday after several members were diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease. (articlecity.com)
  • Legionnaires' disease is contracted when individuals breathe in particles contaminated with the Legionella bacteria. (articlecity.com)
  • For more information on Legionnaires' disease, check out the National Academies of Sciences Management of Legionella in Water Systems Report Here . (articlecity.com)
  • Since August 20th, health officials have confirmed 18 cases of Legionnaires' disease, including two deaths in Berthierville, Quebec. (emsl.com)
  • In 2012, Quebec City reported 14 deaths related to Legionnaires' disease. (emsl.com)
  • Legionnaires' disease is caused when contaminated droplets of waters are inhaled by humans. (emsl.com)
  • As soon as an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease occurs, it's critical to quickly detect the source of the Legionella in order to prevent others from getting sick," stated Diane Miskowski, MPH, Legionella Program Manager at EMSL Analytical, Inc. "Our Toronto Legionella testing lab provides all of the sampling supplies and offers several test methods. (emsl.com)
  • EMSL Analytical, Inc. is on the frontline helping to prevent outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease by identifying sources of the bacteria. (emsl.com)
  • Here's a look at some of the most notable outbreaks that made headlines in 2019. (livescience.com)
  • In 2019, the U.S. experienced its worst measles outbreak in more than 25 years. (livescience.com)
  • What started out as a seemingly small cluster of lung illnesses tied to vaping soon exploded into a nationwide outbreak that would ultimately sicken more than 2,000 Americans in 2019. (livescience.com)
  • On 17 July 2019 the Ebola virus disease outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was declared a public health emergency of international concern. (who.int)
  • One of these five patients had Lassa virus disease and a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) co-infection . (bvsalud.org)
  • The New York Times examines "[n]ew methods of quickly sequencing entire microbial genomes [that] are revolutionizing the field" of molecularly epidemiology and could help public health officials identify and track disease outbreaks. (kff.org)
  • These outbreaks were so severe and lasted for so long that they threatened to take away the country's "measles elimination" status , which the U.S. has held since 2000. (livescience.com)
  • North Korea has reported an outbreak of an unidentified gastrointestinal disease in the country's southwest as it continues to battle a wave of COVID-19 that has further strained its already creaky health system. (aljazeera.com)
  • South Korean experts say waterborne diseases, such as typhoid, were already widespread in North Korea, but the latest outbreak was taking place at a time when the country's dilapidated health system was already stretched with COVID-19. (aljazeera.com)
  • The U.N. has warned that a disease outbreak in the country's northeast, where floods have killed over 11,000 people, could create "a second devastating crisis. (pressherald.com)
  • Deaths from diseases aren't among the 1,569 people who were killed in flash floods, including 555 children and 320 women, the country's disaster management agency said on Wednesday. (geo.tv)
  • On June 1, 2020, the Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) declared the 11th outbreak of Ebola virus disease (Ebola) in DRC external icon following the deaths of four family members in Mbandaka, Equateur Province, between May 18 and May 30. (cdc.gov)
  • Experience from the Zaire Ebolavirus epidemic in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (2018-2020) demonstrates that early initiation of essential critical care and administration of Zaire Ebolavirus specific monoclonal antibodies may be associated with improved outcomes among patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). (bvsalud.org)
  • 2005) cover events of international importance that in- the International volve contaminated food and outbreaks of foodborne dis- ease. (cdc.gov)
  • In Australia, health departments in 6 states and 2 ter- ligations under the International Health Regulations (2005), ritories led multiagency teams to investigate and control we reviewed outbreaks in 2001-2007 that implicated in- 100 outbreaks of foodborne disease that affected 2,000- ternationally distributed foods. (cdc.gov)
  • special national or lance networks, such as PulseNet International and the Eu- regional concern, e.g., dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, ropean Foodborne Viruses Network, which use molecular and meningococcal disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Following large outbreaks in New York, state legislators proposed a bill to allow minors who are at least 14-years-old to get vaccines without parental approval. (newsweek.com)
  • Practices related to outbreak investigation and reporting have changed over time, and these changes make certain germs more or less likely to be detected during outbreak investigations. (cdc.gov)
  • 50%) of 14 outbreaks would have required notifi cation to Events detected by national surveillance system the World Health Organization. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC's Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) is a helpful tool for monitoring illness trends, determining exposure routes and risk factors, and planning how to prevent future illness. (cdc.gov)
  • There are additional challenges that need to be considered when interpreting outbreak surveillance data. (cdc.gov)
  • Changes in public health practice do not affect the validity of the data in surveillance reports but might limit the ability to interpret trends in the number of outbreaks and types of problems with water system across reporting periods. (cdc.gov)
  • I also analyze the disease outbreak reports and coordinate data gathering and report generation from AFHSB's Global Emerging Infections Surveillance, Epidemiology and Analysis), and Integrated Biosurveillance sections. (health.mil)
  • I ensure students and residents in public health learn the basic skills of outbreak investigation, associated surveillance, and research initiatives. (health.mil)
  • The outbreak will be followed by 90 days of additional Ebola surveillance to ensure that any new cases are quickly detected and responded to. (cdc.gov)
  • Liaising with other local authorities and central competent authorities, e.g. the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre and the Food Standards Agency, where infections may have been acquired out of the County, overseas or from food produced outside of the UK. (pembrokeshire.gov.uk)
  • Disease surveillance in primary health care : proceedings of the 10th SEAMIC Seminar / edited by J. C. Azurin. (who.int)
  • In some regions, certain diseases must be reported immediately to the state animal disease control authorities so that proper investigation and action can be taken to protect the affected industry. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • CHOLERA OUTBREAK INFORMATION Travelers to South America should be aware that an epidemic of cholera is occurring in several countries including Peru, Ecuador and Columbia. (cdc.gov)
  • In the past 20 years, the Region has witnessed a marked increase in the number of outbreaks and pandemics caused by emerging and re-emerging diseases, such as Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever, chikungunya, cholera, dengue, A/H5N1 influenza, pandemic A/H1N1 (2009) and Rift Valley fever, among others. (who.int)
  • An official at South Korea's unification ministry, which handles inter-Korean affairs, said Seoul was monitoring the outbreak, suspected to be cholera or typhoid. (aljazeera.com)
  • Mr Mbao further thanked the ZNPHI for donating two water purifiers to the province in helping in purifying water in Mpulungu and Nsama Districts where there is cholera outbreak. (lusakatimes.com)
  • CDC is only involved in outbreak investigations when a health department requests additional assistance. (cdc.gov)
  • Environmental investigations provide information on factors and deficiencies that contribute to outbreaks and strengthen evidence implicating drinking or recreational water as a common source of infection. (cdc.gov)
  • The protocols for investigating sporadic cases are covered by internal procedures, and outbreaks are investigated in accordance with the All Wales Outbreak Plan, which provides the agreed framework for consistent, multi-agency investigations. (pembrokeshire.gov.uk)
  • To unravel the drivers of person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus, researchers from the Institut Pasteur, CNRS, icddr,b, IEDCR, US CDC and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health studied the characteristics of all Nipah cases and over 2000 of their contacts identified during the last 14 years of outbreak investigations in Bangladesh, the country that has reported the largest number of cases. (pasteur.fr)
  • From Jan. 1 to Dec. 5, there were 1,276 confirmed cases of measles reported in 31 states, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . (livescience.com)
  • The majority of this year's cases, 75%, were linked to measles outbreaks in New York within Orthodox Jewish communities, according to the CDC. (livescience.com)
  • Most people who caught the disease were not vaccinated against measles. (livescience.com)
  • Measles elimination means there is no "indigenous" transmission of the disease. (livescience.com)
  • In other words, all of the measles outbreaks that have happened since 2000 have had their source in foreign countries and have lasted less than a year. (livescience.com)
  • But if a chain of measles transmission continues for more than a year, then the disease is no longer considered eliminated. (livescience.com)
  • After the introduction of immunisation against measles, mumps, and rubella, numerous outbreaks of mumps were reported in the 1980s and '90s in Switzerland and southern Europe. (bmj.com)
  • People who may have been exposed to measles and who have not been immunized, may receive measles immunization and be protected from developing the disease. (newsweek.com)
  • This year, 228 cases of measles have been confirmed in 12 states as of March 7, and outbreaks-defined as at least three cases-have been reported in New York, Washington, Texas, Illinois and California. (newsweek.com)
  • Legionnaire's is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by gram negative, aerobic bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella. (wikipedia.org)
  • Legionella isolation can be conducted using the method developed by the US Center for Disease Control using buffered charcoal yeast extract agar with antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2 Other outbreak causes include Pseudomonas, and Legionella . (pharmacytimes.com)
  • There have been 493 outbreaks associated with treated recreational water during 2000-2014, which caused at least 27,219 illnesses, and 8 deaths. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • There were 83 cases of the disease, which resulted in 68 deaths and the destruction of 90 birds. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • State, territorial, and local health departments take the lead in investigating outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • State, territorial, and local health departments are the best source of information for a specific outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • For our system to better match modern global disease threats, the authors recommend updating our public health system around a core set of abilities that include investigative capabilities to quickly diagnose outbreaks, containment strategies, drilling and training for hospital responses, improving reporting and implementation of infection control practices, and streamlined and effective communication channels. (rwjf.org)
  • Is the public health impact of Other diseases that are of the event serious? (cdc.gov)
  • Epidemic-prone diseases, including emerging and re-emerging diseases constitute the greatest threat to public health security and the disruption of social and economic developments of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. (who.int)
  • This past year's outbreak was an alarming reminder about the dangers of vaccine hesitancy and misinformation," Alex Azar, secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, said in a statement . (livescience.com)
  • The outbreak sickened nearly 140 people who attended a North Carolina state fair in September, according to the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services . (livescience.com)
  • It is imperative to make the protection of water professionals, public health, and the environment a priority during the uncertainty of an outbreak. (wef.org)
  • It will be very hard to stop the outbreak if this violence continues," said Peter Salama, head of emergencies at the World Health Organization, the United Nations body coordinating the international response to the epidemic. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • For the latest information on recent outbreaks within Milwaukee County, as well as other topics of public health interest such as Salmonella, Influenza, and E. Coli outbreaks, go to Disease Control & Prevention's Survnet web page . (milwaukee.gov)
  • For state and local public health agencies to recognize, investigate, and report outbreaks, public health agencies must have the necessary financial and personnel resources. (cdc.gov)
  • For each of these 14 disease-country pairs, the researchers also had conventionally-collected public health data on rates of the disease over time. (vox.com)
  • But that's all we knew - and as we found out later, that was all that officials in Hong Kong and disease experts at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva knew either. (time.com)
  • With more than half a million Rohingya refugees now in Bangladesh, UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, Bangladesh public health authorities and other partners are working on several fronts to treat patients and contain an outbreak of diarrhoeal disease. (unhcr.org)
  • From this week, the UK has a fully operational specialist team of health experts who can be deployed to tackle outbreaks of deadly disease anywhere in the world within 48 hours. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The Ebola crisis highlighted the need for the international community to develop a system to help countries respond to and control disease outbreaks that pose a threat to public health before they can develop into a global emergency. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The ability to deploy emergency support to investigate and respond to disease outbreaks within 48 hours will save lives, prevent further outbreaks and cement the UK's position as a leader in global health security. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Infectious disease outbreaks and other disasters can have a long-term impact on the mental health of people who come into contact with them, including people directly affected by traumatic incidents, their relatives and local and international responders. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • In my role as Senior Scientist at AFHSB, I serve on the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program Operational Steering Committee, a "think-tank" committee of experts who provide guidance on military-relevant research efforts in support of the U.S. military's force health protection needs. (health.mil)
  • "This contingent funding mechanism protects the Philippines' fiscal health following natural disasters and disease outbreaks, helps develop sustainable risk financing mechanisms for local government units, and cushions poor and vulnerable households from the impact of disasters," said Ndiamé Diop, World Bank Country Director for Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand . (worldbank.org)
  • Tracing outbreaks of typhoid in Kathmandu also carries its own problem: street names are not used in Nepal, so capturing the addresses of typhoid cases and hence accurately mapping the outbreaks has proved challenging to health workers. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Below are resources to help hospitals, health care coalitions and other organizations prepare for and respond to the diseases that are currently a threat to our world. (mhanet.com)
  • To report a suspected case, hospitals and clinics should contact their local public health agency or the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services' Bureau of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention at 573-751-6113 or 800-392-0272 (24/7). (mhanet.com)
  • On November 18, 2020, after reaching 42 days (two incubation periods) with no new cases after the last survivor tested negative and was released from the Ebola treatment center, the DRC Ministry of Health and WHO announced the outbreak was over. (cdc.gov)
  • The CDC provides a useful map with state specific healthy swimming resources that include pool code information, beach monitoring, facts on outbreaks, and public health contact information. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • The PRRS vaccination for pigs is not very effective, as the disease has hit many vaccinated animals, the paper quoted Mai Van Hiep, vice head of the Department of Animal Health under the Vietnamese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. (thepigsite.com)
  • You can get the most relevant and accurate info you need about health problems like diabetes , cancer , pregnancy , HIV and AIDS , weight loss and many other lifestyle diseases. (ndtv.com)
  • In the same way we check the weather each morning, individuals and public health officials can monitor disease incidence and plan for the future based on today's forecast. (allgov.com)
  • He had seen, through his job at the Clinton Health Access Initiative, how expanding access to drugs could help millions of people with HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases-but he was frustrated that no one was collecting data that would allow society to prevent and even predict their spread. (harvard.edu)
  • With its temperature and symptom data, Kinsa was able to spot COVID outbreaks weeks before health authorities could do so using other, more traditional metrics such as hospitalizations. (harvard.edu)
  • The World Health Organization has cast doubt on the North's claim that the outbreak is subsiding, warning that cases are underreported and the situation could be getting worse. (aljazeera.com)
  • Canadian health experts are warning about a 'very serious bug' that sent dozens to the hospital after an outbreak in Calgary, Alta. (yahoo.com)
  • An E. coli outbreak has been declared in nearly a dozen Calgary (and area) daycares and the Alberta Health Services (AHS) has now confirmed 310 cases linked to the outbreak. (yahoo.com)
  • Nine U.N. agencies responding to the disaster are working to prevent diseases from taking hold and creating another crisis in the devasted country, which is receiving 28 tons of medical supplies from the World Health Organization, the mission said. (pressherald.com)
  • Presidential Advisor on Health Roma Chilengi State House has expressed concern with the high numbers of disease outbreaks in Northern Province. (lusakatimes.com)
  • Professor Chilengi who is also Director General for Zambia National Public Health Institute says the province has recorded a number of a diseases outbreak that needs quick intervention from all stakeholders. (lusakatimes.com)
  • He says his office is working hand in hand with the office of the Provincial Health Director in ensuring that personnel is sent to places where there is an outbreak. (lusakatimes.com)
  • With Pakistan's already weak health system and lack of support, displaced families have complained of being forced to drink and cook with disease-ridden water. (geo.tv)
  • About half of people who had the disease live with joint pain that can make them too debilitated to work, said Daniel Bausch, a member of the WHO clinical care team and an associate professor at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in New Orleans, USA Today reported. (ibtimes.com)
  • The World Health Organisation (WHO), which is deploying vaccines to the country, previously expressed its concerns of the disease reaching the city of Mbandaka. (express.co.uk)
  • Dr. Anyamba and colleagues conducted a scientific study - the first one to comprehensively assess the public health impacts of the major climate event on a global scale - that was published in the journal Nature Scientific Reports, with the title Global Disease Outbreaks Associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño event and is open access available. (nasa.gov)
  • The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has suggested the outbreak may be a consequence of the unregulated global movement and trading of donkeys for their skins . (thebrooke.org)
  • Identifying the cause of the disease is the most important first step, and we are working closely with the Animal Health Trust to ensure an accurate diagnosis. (thebrooke.org)
  • I think we're on a good trajectory of improving how we can respond to outbreaks in Kansas," says Sara Belfry, a spokeswoman for the Kansas Department of Health and Environment. (kcur.org)
  • To that end, in a new paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) , public health experts call for the implementation of a new kind of model during such epidemics: a so-called "core protocol," which would allow a single clinical trial to extend across multiple infectious disease outbreaks. (pennmedicine.org)
  • As members of the World Health Organization's Research and Development Blueprint Working Group on Clinical Trials, Ellenberg and colleagues from around the world are tasked with addressing approaches to testing new therapies and vaccines in the context of infectious disease outbreaks. (pennmedicine.org)
  • Foot and mouth disease is not a public health issue. (just-food.com)
  • I am advised by the Department of Health that although human infection of Foot and Mouth Disease has been reported, cases are rare and of no health significance - the last report of human infection appears to have been in the 1960s. (just-food.com)
  • Reporting allows local health departments to keep track of the diseases in the community and to take action to prevent diseases from spreading. (cchealth.org)
  • Be sure your insurance provider understands that the Corvallis campus has been designated by public health officials to have an "outbreak" status. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Since 1st April 2017, notifications of food poisoning and food related infectious disease have been received by the Health and Safety Team instead of the Food Safety and Standards Team. (pembrokeshire.gov.uk)
  • This transfer of responsibility was made in part to respond to mounting pressures on the Food Team, relative to Health and Safety, and partly to establish better alignment of areas of infectious disease control. (pembrokeshire.gov.uk)
  • The Authority has appointed a Lead Officer for Communicable Disease Control, and works closely with appointed proper officers (Consultants in Communicable Disease Control or Consultants in Health Protection) employed by Public Health Wales. (pembrokeshire.gov.uk)
  • 70% and no available treatment or vaccines, Nipah virus was identified by the World Health Organization as an emerging infectious disease that may cause major epidemics if the pathogen evolves to become more transmissible, leading the organization to prioritize it for research to prevent future health emergencies. (pasteur.fr)
  • Ending the HIV epidemic : community strategies in disease prevention and health promotion / edited by Steven Petrow, with Pat Franks and Timothy R. Wolfred. (who.int)
  • Of 86 screened articles, we identified eight using AARs to evaluate public health responses to infectious disease outbreaks. (who.int)
  • WHO's capacity to prepare for and respond to future large-scale outbreaks and emergencies with health consequences. (who.int)
  • The COVID-19 outbreak is arguably one of the greatest public health challenges of our time - not least for general practice, where over 1 million patients are already treated every day. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vaccines have been very effective in preventing serious disease and in improving health worldwide. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As officials struggle to cope with dengue cases that have flooded many state-run hospitals, they are also dealing with an outbreak of Chikungunya disease, which is spread by the female Aedes aegypti mosquito that also transmits the dengue virus. (ndtv.com)
  • The fact that the number of new cases of both diseases has not let up is worrying tour operators and officials with the peak tourist season starting next month - even though no visitors are believed to have died from dengue. (ndtv.com)
  • DERNA, Libya - Officials warned Monday that a disease outbreak in Libya's northeast, where floods have killed thousands, could create "a second devastating crisis" as adults and children fell ill from contaminated water. (pressherald.com)
  • Brooke West Africa is training government officials and private veterinarians in Burkina Faso and Niger to improve identification and treatment of the disease. (thebrooke.org)
  • We rely on medical providers, school officials and other community partners to notify us when they encounter cases or suspected cases of certain diseases or conditions. (cchealth.org)
  • Abu Hatab, A , Krautscheid, L & Amuakwa-Mensah, F 2023, Risk prevention and public compliance in MENA during the disease outbreaks: takeaways from the Covid-19 pandemic . (lu.se)
  • Even more important might have been the establishment in 2000 of the WHO's Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), a situation room within the WHO that tracks and counters emerging diseases. (time.com)
  • There currently is a global outbreak of mpox affecting multiple countries in which the disease is not endemic, including the U.S. Mpox is a rare disease that is caused by infection with the mpox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae . (mhanet.com)
  • Outbreaks are urgent emergencies accompanied by rapid efforts to save lives and prevent further cases. (who.int)
  • Over the last decade, we have seen dramatic improvements in state and local capacity to respond to outbreaks and emergencies. (kcur.org)
  • Meeting the challenge of future epidemic emergencies : lessons learned from the operational response to the Ebola haemorrhagic fever outbreak, Kikwit, Zaire, 1995. (who.int)
  • Epidemic preparedness and the ability to stop transmission efficiently during an outbreak can only be achieved through a detailed understanding of the drivers of Nipah transmission. (pasteur.fr)
  • Quach H-L, Nguyen KC, Vogt F. After-action reviews for emergency preparedness and response to infectious disease outbreaks. (who.int)
  • An outbreak is defined as two or more cases where the onset of illness is closely linked in time (weeks rather than months) and in space, where there is suspicion of, or evidence of, a common source of infection, with or without microbiological support (i.e. common spatial location of cases from travel history). (wikipedia.org)
  • The source of infection was identified as a cooling tower in a petrochemical plant, and an analysis of those affected in the outbreak revealed that some infected people lived as far as 6-7 km from the plant. (wikipedia.org)
  • As these carriers do not show symptoms, they are likely to be unaware of their infection and can unwittingly spread the disease. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Any deviation from normal indicates the possibility of infectious disease, and immediate action should be taken to prevent inadvertent spread of infection. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Reduction in year 2012 caused by the reduction in number of salmonella outbreaks due to successful implementation of veterinary programmes for infection control in poultry. (who.int)
  • Lyme Disease Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted infection caused by Borrelia species, primarily by Borrelia burgdorferi and sometimes by Borrelia mayonii in the United States. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The disease that would be known as "severe acute respiratory syndrome," or SARS, would eventually infect more than 8,000 people around the world and kill nearly 800. (time.com)
  • We have seen an increasing trend of diarrhoeal disease cases, including cases of diarrhoea with severe dehydration. (unhcr.org)
  • Measures to prevent the spread of disease and cut the rate of severe illness and death also include installation of 32 shallow tube wells, and 250 latrines so far, which UNHCR accomplished with the help of partners. (unhcr.org)
  • What is the severe kidney disease facing some kids affected by Calgary E. coli outbreak? (yahoo.com)
  • Nipah virus, a bat-borne paramyxovirus found throughout South and South East Asia, has been identified by WHO as an emerging infectious disease that may cause severe epidemics in the near future. (pasteur.fr)
  • Infections in humans result in severe respiratory and neurological disease with a high case fatality. (pasteur.fr)
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria can prevent severe disease or death and limit ongoing transmission to local Anopheles mosquitoes and other persons. (medscape.com)
  • Most cases present with symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, headache, general body weakness and tiredness.2 In addition, diarrhoea which is not a known characteristic of seasonal influenza has been reported among confirmed cases in many countries.3 A substantial proportion of the severe cases in the new influenza A (H1N1) outbreak involve young and healthy adults, unlike in seasonal influenza. (who.int)
  • EPIDEMIC MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE Epidemic meningococcal disease has been reported in Nairobi, Kenya and the Arusha area on northern Tanzania. (cdc.gov)
  • How can you stop an outbreak before it becomes an epidemic? (harvard.edu)
  • The timely implementation of these interventions is vital for effectively controlling and safeguarding the economy.Motivated by the COVID-19 pandemic, we evaluated whether, when, and to what level lockdowns are necessary to minimize epidemic and economic burdens of new disease outbreaks . (bvsalud.org)
  • The researchers began by picking 14 different disease-country pairs to look at, such as the flu in the United States, tuberculosis in Thailand, and dengue in Brazil. (vox.com)
  • Diseases like flu and dengue seemed to work pretty well. (vox.com)
  • The worries of Indian government are not yet over, as they expect possible fallout on the tourism sector pertaining to the dengue and chikungunya outbreak. (ndtv.com)
  • The authorities had drastically stepped up the state's disease monitoring mechanism, garbage disposal and fumigation operations to curb the number of Chikungunya cases in Kerala, which were around 60,400 but falling each day. (ndtv.com)
  • The latest outbreak comes as the North continues to battle COVID-19. (aljazeera.com)
  • The latest outbreak is believed to have killed 23 people so far in the country. (express.co.uk)
  • 5. Promote Action: In an infectious disease outbreak, Information should include what is known, what public understanding of and action on disease is not known, and what is being done to fill in the prevention is key to stopping the spread. (cdc.gov)
  • Acknowledge different cultural beliefs and evidence encourage the public to trust your practices about diseases, and work with information and guidance. (cdc.gov)
  • The timeliness of public communication of a new disease outbreak (the moment when the media is alerted) has improved as well, at about 6.2% a year, though it still lags behind disease detection by about a week. (time.com)
  • Owners should seek professional diagnostic assistance, rather than trying to hide a disease because of possible public recrimination. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Sporadic cases (except for botulism) and infections acquired abroad are not included in the food poisoning register, whereas they are included in the infectious disease register. (who.int)
  • The Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB) in Kinshasa confirmed Ebola virus, species Zaire ebolavirus , in this outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • This series describes 13 EVD patients and 276 patients with suspected EVD treated during a Zaire Ebolavirus outbreak in Guinea in 2021. (bvsalud.org)
  • This may be because people tend to search for symptoms and diseases before they are diagnosed or officially counted. (vox.com)
  • There were 86 confirmed cases during the outbreak, of whom 18 died. (wikipedia.org)
  • Photo credit: WHO A disease outbreak is the occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season. (who.int)
  • A two-day suspension of control activities after a similar massacre in the city in late September had devastating consequences, with the number of Ebola cases doubling because aid workers lost track of the spread of the disease. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • On the other hand, as local jurisdictions develop the capacity to identify illness clusters by molecular subtyping, they might investigate fewer clusters with unknown causes (for example, cases of illness without a laboratory confirmed germ diagnosis), which could lead to a decrease in waterborne disease outbreak reporting because most cases of illness are not laboratory-confirmed. (cdc.gov)
  • In 8 of the 14 cases, the combined group of Wikipedia articles matched the actual disease rate extremely closely. (vox.com)
  • In the cases it did work, however, the model was also an accurate predictor of future outbreaks. (vox.com)
  • The mainland Chinese government was suppressing information about the new disease, and it wasn't until the government in Vietnam notified the WHO of cases of "atypical pneumonia" in a foreign doctor that the international agency had some official notice. (time.com)
  • The most famous of such cases was a cook in New York in the early twentieth century, nicknamed 'Typhoid Mary,' who is believed to have spread the disease to dozens of people. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Laboratory sequencing showed that most cases in this outbreak were the result of a new spillover event (i.e. a new introduction of the virus into the community from an animal reservoir) followed by person-to-person spread. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequencing efforts also identified a few cases which appeared to be linked to the prior Equateur Province outbreak in 2018 , possibly due to sexual transmission or relapse of a survivor. (cdc.gov)
  • These cases underscore the strong link between silicosis and multiple distinct syndromes of autoimmune diseases. (nih.gov)
  • In some countries, an outbreak is counted when more than 15 cases are involved. (who.int)
  • The registration of outbreaks generally includes more than 10 cases. (who.int)
  • Brownstein and his colleagues note that the Western Pacific region and Southeast Asia saw particular improvements - possibly due to the higher profile of outbreak reporting following SARS and then avian influenza, which hit Asia hard. (time.com)
  • The disease is thought to be equine influenza, but local veterinary laboratories have limited capacity and equipment to identify the cause. (thebrooke.org)
  • Had the WHO more power to investigate reports of new diseases even without the support of national governments, SARS might never have become a household name. (time.com)
  • In the absence of efficient treatments or vaccines, the only way to control Nipah virus outbreaks are through targeted interventions that limit opportunities of spread. (pasteur.fr)
  • 1 2 The Rubini strain is still widely used in Europe, 3 and we report here a large outbreak of mumps in a population with a high vaccination rate and examine the differential efficacy of the three vaccine strains. (bmj.com)
  • With no available treatment or vaccine, the control of Nipah virus outbreaks must rely on a detailed understanding of factors that may facilitate inter-human transmission. (pasteur.fr)
  • Before the live rubella vaccine, epidemics of the disease were seen in young children (most common), adolescents, and young adults every 5-9 years in winter and early spring. (medscape.com)
  • However, because no vaccine is 100% effective, some people who have been vaccinated still may get the disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Detecting waterborne disease outbreaks is challenging because many waterborne pathogens can also be spread in other ways (such as through food, person-to-person, or animal-to-person). (cdc.gov)
  • 2 Outbreaks associated with pools and hot tubs are determined when similar illnesses occur in 2 or more individuals linked to the same location and time of exposure to pathogens or chemicals. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Responding to an outbreak of diarrhoea in northern Pakistan, the UN refugee agency has deployed mobile teams to fix water- and sanitation-related problems in relief camps that have sprung up across the earthquake-affected region. (unhcr.org)
  • GHAZI KOT CAMP, Pakistan, November 11 (UNHCR) - Responding to an outbreak of diarrhoea in Pakistan's earthquake-hit north, the UN refugee agency has deployed mobile teams to fix water- and sanitation-related problems in relief camps that have sprung up across the affected areas. (unhcr.org)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • Workers from the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were ordered to leave the most high risk areas as a result. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • The work was actually done at the local University of Hong Kong, which beat the U.S. Centers for Disease Control to the prize - you can read about my visit to their lab in 2003 here . (time.com)
  • Generally, outbreak reporting may increase when more is known about how waterborne diseases are spread and as the ability to track and test increases. (cdc.gov)
  • Sea Surface Temperature anomalies and patterns of Global Disease Outbreaks: 2009-2018 (updated) , released on January 6, 2020. (nasa.gov)
  • They argue that this approach can speed the implementation of clinical research in successive outbreaks - such as from the transition of Ebola research efforts in West Africa in 2015 and 2016 to those in the DRC in 2018. (pennmedicine.org)
  • Outbreaks are maintained by infectious agents that spread directly from person to person, from exposure to an animal reservoir or other environmental source, or via an insect or animal vector. (who.int)
  • Faith-based and community-based organizations can have an important role to play in pandemic outbreaks because of their networks of volunteers and connection to their communities. (milwaukee.gov)
  • Please find this information at https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/03-23-2020/trb-webinar-transportation-covid-19-practices-from-other-disease-outbreaks . (trb.org)
  • 1,2 Pharmacists can play an important role in educating patients regarding healthy swim habits, and outbreak prevention strategies. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Prevention is key to reduce the risk of pool-related outbreaks. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Therefore, it is challenging to interpret reported geographic differences in the occurrence and types of waterborne disease outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • The outbreak in Berthierville is not the only occurrence of this disease in Quebec. (emsl.com)
  • WASHINGTON, November 17, 2021 - The World Bank's Board of Executive Directors has approved today a new contingent line of credit to help strengthen the Philippines' institutional and financial capacity to manage risks from climate change, natural disasters, and disease outbreaks. (worldbank.org)
  • The Fourth Disaster Risk Management Development Policy Loan with a Catastrophe-Deferred Drawdown Option (CAT-DDO 4) provides US$500 million funding that the Philippines can quickly tap to manage financial impacts brought about by disasters and disease outbreaks. (worldbank.org)
  • Pneumonic plague outbreaks are challenging to identify and control. (cdc.gov)
  • Once the disease had spread, the global medical community mobilized to stop it, and in the end, kept SARS from getting out of control. (time.com)
  • This is normal precautionary practice for disease control purposes in outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease. (just-food.com)
  • MAFF, working closely with the devolved administrations and local authorities, is taking every step it can to control the disease and to minimise the damage and disruption it can cause. (just-food.com)
  • Therapy is not a sustainable method of disease control and should not be considered an ongoing part of any biosecurity program. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • The Department is putting in place emergency operational arrangements broadly following the pattern of last year's Classical Swine Fever outbreak. (just-food.com)
  • The good news is that for all the complexities of working across borders, the WHO and the international medical establishment is getting better and faster at detecting disease outbreaks - in part because the WHO is, post-SARS, more open to indirect lines of communication. (time.com)
  • The team consists of clinicians, scientists and academics who will be on call to respond to urgent requests from countries around the world and fly in to help tackle disease outbreaks at source. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • They stated that this would make the outbreak harder to tackle. (express.co.uk)
  • Brooke is supporting local services to tackle an outbreak of a fast-spreading disease in donkeys across West Africa. (thebrooke.org)
  • One team is developing "a kind of weather map of disease patterns" by sampling "sewage treatment plants or places like subways or hospitals" to "tell them exactly what bacteria and viruses are present and how prevalent they are," according to the New York Times. (kff.org)
  • Immunization (vaccination) helps the body defend itself against diseases caused by certain bacteria or viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Immunity (the ability of the body to defend itself against diseases caused by certain bacteria or viruses) may occur naturally (when people are exposed to bacteria or viruses), or doctors may provide it through vaccination. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The idea of following what happens on the internet to model and predict disease rates isn't entirely new. (vox.com)
  • The popularity of Wikipedia is helping scientists predict disease outbreaks before they occur, according to researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory . (allgov.com)
  • Only then could we truly say, 'Yes, we can predict outbreaks. (harvard.edu)
  • or emerging diseases cause more uncertainty and People often remember the first information they hear anxiety. (cdc.gov)
  • The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) brings with it feelings like anxiety, stress and uncertainty - and they are felt especially strongly by children of all ages. (unicef.org)
  • Releasing promising but inconclusive results from partially-completed trials, and then leaning on that shaky knowledge during future outbreaks "can create a state of perpetual uncertainty" when it comes to both the drug whose effectiveness was not yet proven (in this case, ZMapp) as well as the new drugs it's being compared to, Ellenberg and the WHO committee authors write in their new paper. (pennmedicine.org)
  • Now, a group of data scientists from Los Alamos National Laboratory think this data could be useful for tracking diseases. (vox.com)
  • We are trying to reach as many camps as possible to prevent the outbreak of diseases. (unhcr.org)
  • Brooke is at the forefront of the response on the ground, working closely with local veterinary services to diagnose and prevent the spread of the disease. (thebrooke.org)
  • Preventing mosquito bites and controlling mosquitoes at home can prevent mosquitoborne diseases, including malaria. (medscape.com)
  • Ms Patta commented on the vaccination method and procedure, stating: "It can't cure Ebola, but what it can do is stop the spread of the disease. (express.co.uk)
  • Many of the diseases prevented by vaccination are easily spread from person to person. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Yet, perhaps counter-intuitively for a disease that spreads amongst humans, this clustering was unrelated to the density of the local population. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • For example, new diagnostic tests can increase clinicians' awareness of certain diseases, leading to increased reporting and outbreak detection for these diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Improved laboratory methods for detecting germs and microbial indicators of contamination may also mean that certain diseases are detected more often. (cdc.gov)
  • In research published today in the journal Open Biology, scientists at the Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme in Vietnam and the Oxford University Clinical Research Units in Kathmandu, Nepal, and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, have found a way to accurately map typhoid outbreaks in the city. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • A case was defined if mumps virus was isolated on culture, if a doctor confirmed the diagnosis, or if the typical clinical picture was described in a sibling of a patient with confirmed disease. (bmj.com)
  • The absence of IgG antibodies to mumps virus served as confirmation of full susceptibility to mumps in non-vaccinated children without clinical signs of the disease. (bmj.com)
  • However, during infectious disease outbreaks, a clinical trial, by design, can have drawbacks that may stand in the way of generating reliable evidence. (pennmedicine.org)
  • During the 2015-16 outbreak, a clinical trial to test the effects of the therapeutic ZMapp was underway. (pennmedicine.org)
  • In addition to silicosis-specific data, we extracted data relevant to the clinical and serological manifestations of autoimmune diseases present in these patients. (nih.gov)
  • Disease characteristics, clinical manifestations, and epidemiology generally mimic those of enteroviral infections. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, the study showed that people living near to water spouts, for whom these provide their main source of water, and people living at a lower elevation are at substantially greatest risk of contracting the disease. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The DRC has witnessed nine outbreaks of Ebola since 1976. (express.co.uk)
  • Obligations to IHR Focal Point, which should be a national center for Report Outbreaks urgent communications under the regulations. (cdc.gov)
  • A recent CDC report demonstrates that many swimming-related disease outbreaks occur at hotel pools or hot tubs. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Prof. Chilengi however expressed gratitude to the province for being proactive and for responding quickly whenever they receive the report of an outbreak. (lusakatimes.com)
  • Express Empathy: Disease outbreaks can disease outbreak can help stop the spread of disease, cause fear and disrupt daily lives. (cdc.gov)
  • Hot tubs can spread diseases even if you don't get in them. (livescience.com)
  • The disease does not spread from person to person. (livescience.com)
  • But by that time the disease had spread to Hong Kong, and though the WHO put an emergency travel advisory out on March 15, it was too late. (time.com)
  • Recent advances in DNA sequencing have allowed scientists to accurately track the spread of some diseases by measuring mutations in the pathogen's DNA when the DNA replicates. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The research has also shed light on the role of asymptomatic carriers of the disease in the spread of typhoid. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The lack of a confirmed diagnosis means that, for the moment, options for stopping the spread of the disease are limited. (thebrooke.org)
  • Owners must examine their animals regularly and look out for any signs of problems - time is of the essence if we are to limit the spread of this disease. (just-food.com)
  • The current spread of the disease, which is preventable, has been accompanied by increased attention on immunization legislation promoted by state lawmakers. (newsweek.com)
  • These diseases can spread rapidly among unvaccinated children, who, because of the ease of modern travel, can be exposed even if they live in areas where a disease is not common. (msdmanuals.com)