Animal Use Alternatives

Disease Models, Animal

Models, Animal

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Huntington Disease

Neurodegenerative Diseases

Mice, Transgenic

Animal models of Parkinson's disease

Animal disease model

Animal model of autism

Experimental models of Alzheimer's disease

Animal testing

Copper-64

Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center

Marsh rice rat

Laboratory mouse

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy

Nature versus nurture

Animal testing on rodents

Kindling model

Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases

Campbell's dwarf hamster

Post-traumatic epilepsy

Piebald

Genetically modified organism

Rudi Balling

Alpha cell

Precision cut lung slices

Gregory Prince

Infections associated with diseases

William Paul Duprex

Robert J. Desnick

Computational immunology

Plasma gelsolin

Diet-induced obesity model

Malcolm Macleod

Von Willebrand disease

Centers for Diseas8

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
• Stephen C. Guptill (U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA) reported that the U.S. Geological Survey is working with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to learn the current geographic extent of WNV. (cdc.gov)
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
• It was previously noted that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention held 451 viral isolates obtained from different continents and countries when smallpox was endemic.2 The current review and the studies reported at the meeting concentrated on some 50 isolates in the Russian collection that were not present in the American collection. (who.int)
• CDC - NCEH] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - National Center for Environmental Health - Healthy Homes - Environmental Justice. (cdc.gov)
• Good afternoon, I am Marcy Friedman and I'm representing the Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity, COCA, with the Emergency Risk Communication branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
• Dr. Knust has served as epidemiologist in the Viral Special Pathogens Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for seven years. (cdc.gov)
• Prior to her arrival in Melbourne, she was a senior scientist at the US National Institutes of Health and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (who.int)

Infectious Diseases9

• The Sixth Annual Conference on New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases was hosted April 24-25, 2003, by the Center for Zoonoses Research and the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). (cdc.gov)
• The new 4-year PhD programme in One Health Models of Disease: Science, Ethics and Society will provide unique training in state-of-the-art techniques in the design and application of new One Health models of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, developmental, and infectious diseases of humans and animals. (ed.ac.uk)
• We're talking about an article that appears in the May 2011 issue of CDC's journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases. (cdc.gov)
• Dr. Mertz is a board-certified Sub-specialist in Infectious Diseases and former Chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases at the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center where he is now working as a retiree. (cdc.gov)
• From 1999 through April 2016, Dr. Mertz was the principal investigator at the National Institutes of Health International Collaborations in infectious diseases research grant U19/U01 focused on epidemiology, natural history and management of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in Chile and Panama. (cdc.gov)
• Members are recruited and selected as acknowledged experts from around the world in the fields of epidemiology, public health, infectious diseases, health-care administration, vaccine safety and immunology. (who.int)
• Infectious disease epidemiologist at the University of Hong Kong with a focus on surveillance and transmission dynamics of infectious diseases in human and animals, and assessment of infection control measures. (who.int)
• He has published over 110 peer-reviewed journal articles in the area of disease surveillance and infectious diseases. (who.int)
• She is a virologist and a physician with specialty training in pediatrics and pediatric infectious diseases. (who.int)

Alzheimer's16

• Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid deposition in the cerebral neuropil and vasculature. (nih.gov)
• BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia worldwide. (aau.dk)
• Journal of Alzheimer's Disease , 87 (1), 259-272. (aau.dk)
• Translation of the overexpressed transgenes appears to be restricted to the central nervous system, notably in Alzheimer's disease-relevant areas including the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. (mmrrc.org)
• This mutant mouse exhibits plaque and tangle pathology associated with synaptic dysfunction, traits similar to those observed in Alzheimer's disease patients. (mmrrc.org)
• A laboratory study has found that the asthma drug salbutamol prevents the formation of tangles of fibrous protein that are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• They note that the most common form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, which accounts for 60-70% of all cases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• In the United States, the National Institute on Aging estimate that more than 5.5 million people have Alzheimer's disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• While existing drug treatments help reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and improve people's quality of life, they neither slow its progression nor cure it. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• Researchers at Lancaster University in the United Kingdom believe that tau could be a more promising drug target for Alzheimer's disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• In Alzheimer's disease, these tau molecules break away from the microtubules and begin to stick together to form threads and, eventually, tangles. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• The scientists from Lancaster University believe that compounds that prevent tau molecules from aggregating in this way could make promising treatments for Alzheimer's disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• The scientists ruled out dobutamine as a practical treatment for Alzheimer's disease because it requires injection, and its effects are very short-lived. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• This work is in the very early stages, and we are some way from knowing whether or not salbutamol will be effective at treating Alzheimer's disease in human patients," says Prof. David Middleton, one of the authors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• Salbutamol has already undergone extensive human safety reviews, and if follow-up research reveals an ability to impede Alzheimer's disease progression in cellular and animal models, this drug could offer a step forward, whilst drastically reducing the cost and time associated with typical drug development. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• Accumlating evidence have suggested that diabetes mellitus links dementia, notably of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (nature.com)

Autoimmune diseases8

• Autoimmune diseases tend to cluster, maybe simply because they share a number of genetic susceptibility traits. (ppdg.net)
• For examples, a single person will have more than one autoimmune disease, and family members share the very same or even other autoimmune diseases. (ppdg.net)
• The global burden has risen with the near tripling in the last half-century of multiple sclerosis (MS) ( 2 , 3 ), type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 4 ), and other autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)
• This review highlights recent advances in vitamin D and T-lymphocyte biology in an effort to harness vitamin D's potential to reduce the impact of autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)
• Autoimmune diseases represent a failure of self-identification leading to an immune-mediated assault on host tissues. (frontiersin.org)
• We drew mainly on MS and T1D research because intensive investigation has generated detailed insights into vitamin D mechanisms in these diseases and provided valuable guidance for research on other autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)
• Other autoimmune diseases are included where robust mechanistic data exist. (frontiersin.org)
• A recent chapter ( 6 ) and a review ( 7 ) have summarized vitamin D mechanisms in autoimmune diseases more generally. (frontiersin.org)

Humans5

• Students will be supervised by world-leading life scientists addressing important diseases of humans and animals, and social scientists and bioethicists conducting cutting-edge research into the social and ethical dimensions of 21st century science. (ed.ac.uk)
• Despite living in an environment managed by humans, farm animals are still capable of making important. (awionline.org)
• Although no reports of infection in humans have been documented, the expanding use of SIV as a model of HIV infection has raised concern about the potential risk of SIV transmission to humans. (cdc.gov)
• Birds are often reservoirs for arboviruses, which are transmitted by mosquitoes to horses, other domestic animals, and humans. (msdmanuals.com)
• These viruses may spread to humans from nonhuman reservoirs, but most arboviral diseases are not transmissible by humans, perhaps because the typical viremia is inadequate to infect the arthropod vector. (msdmanuals.com)

Dementia2

• In addition to AD, an increasing number of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, familial British dementia, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases, are associated with abnormal protein assembly processes. (nih.gov)
• Neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases (including the shared mechanisms of nerve cell death that contribute to many diseases), Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID), NINDS tissue/cell resources, basic invertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ). (nih.gov)

Pathogenesis5

• Such models can transform our approach to understanding pathogenesis, facilitating the development of therapies or preventive measures. (ed.ac.uk)
• Evidence for CD4 + T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4 + T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight's main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. (frontiersin.org)
• Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3 + CD4 + T-regulatory cell and CD4 + T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. (frontiersin.org)
• Conclusions: These results indicate that the Th2 response may have a protective role during the pathogenesis of experimental periodontal disease, and that the IFN-γ R1 subunit may not be associated with periodontal disease progression. (bvsalud.org)
• Periodontal disease is the result of microbial aggression as well as metabolic and environmental factors and life-style habits influence the pathogenesis of this disease 1 . (bvsalud.org)

Prevention3

• Conclusion: The use of ERW as functional water could be helpful as a therapeutic tool in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. (unicam.it)
• Infection prevention and control recommendations for U.S. healthcare providers when evaluating a patient who is a survivor of Ebola disease. (cdc.gov)
• A deep understanding of molecular mechanisms relevant to gene-environment interactions is needed to deliver etiology-based autoimmune disease prevention and treatment strategies. (frontiersin.org)

Neurological1

• The disease is a neurological disorder in which the death of brain cells results in progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Clinical8

• Therefore, the development of animal models of the disease could be interesting since it allows researchers to test experimental drugs, evaluate their efficacy, and choose therapies with better results for their implementation in clinical practice. (databasefootball.com)
• On the other hand, it was necessary to validate the model, so a corticoid commonly used in clinical practice (Prednisolone) was administered to a group of animals with IBD, and then compared to the group of animals without treatment. (databasefootball.com)
• Although molecular imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) are not currently used in clinical practice to monitor IBD patients, in vivo molecular imaging of small animals is increasingly being developed for the assessment of disease-specific animal models. (databasefootball.com)
• Miniaturized versions of clinical devices are available for small animal imaging in preclinical research. (databasefootball.com)
• The use of animal models in Parkinson's disease research has been controversial in terms of how well they relate to the clinical condition and thus their utility for translating therapies from the lab to the clinic. (cam.ac.uk)
• However, our results justify further testing of salbutamol and similar drugs in animal models of the disease and, eventually, if successful, in clinical trials. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• Oral lesions can be the predominant or minor clinical manifestation of a given disease. (medscape.com)
• In addition to Th1 and Th2 cells, Th17, Treg and T Fh cells have also been described 7 , Treg cells are associated with reduction of clinical scores of disease in soft and hard tissues 8 . (bvsalud.org)

Mice1

• Passive transfer experiments have demonstrated that purified autoantibodies from patients with the pemphigus group of diseases can induce blister formation when delivered to newborn mice. (medscape.com)

Parkinson's1

• Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease: Are They Useful or Not? (cam.ac.uk)

Progression2

• There are also some very interesting data in this area related to the progression of COVID to severe disease or long-haul COVID, or even the development of COVID. (medscape.com)
• Aim: To evaluate the involvement of Th2 cells in different periods of the active phase of experimental periodontal disease and expression of the R1 subunit of the receptor for IFN-γ during the early and advanced progression of the disease. (bvsalud.org)

Etiology6

• It is very beneficial to consider the evidence of an autoimmune etiology of a human disease with three degrees of stringency. (ppdg.net)
• This review summarizes and integrates research on vitamin D and CD4 + T-lymphocyte biology to develop new mechanistic insights into the molecular etiology of autoimmune disease. (frontiersin.org)
• Finally, unanswered questions and potentially informative future research directions are highlighted to speed delivery of etiology-based strategies to reduce autoimmune disease. (frontiersin.org)
• A deep understanding of disease mechanisms will be needed to deliver etiology-based strategies to reverse this vexing trend. (frontiersin.org)
• Indeed, "functional and mechanistic work on the molecular etiology of disease remains one of the major challenges in modern biology" ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
• Finally, unanswered questions relating to vitamin D mechanisms in CD4 + T cells are highlighted to promote further research that may lead to a deeper understanding of autoimmune disease molecular etiology. (frontiersin.org)

Autoantibodies5

• Autoantibodies can occur naturally and are common in all immunologically competent person and might even increase nonspecifically while in the course of disease or injury. (ppdg.net)
• Hence, the miniscule presence of autoantibodies does not automatically determine a cause-and-effect relationship, because the autoantibodies might be the result, not the cause, of the disease process. (ppdg.net)
• Autoantibodies may be present many years before the diagnosis of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and antiphospholipid syndrome. (ppdg.net)
• Natural autoantibodies are common and might rise nonspecifically in the course of a disease process. (ppdg.net)
• Whereas the pemphigus subset of diseases is mediated by autoantibodies that target the extracellular skin components that link one epidermal cell to another, the pemphigoid subset is mediated by autoantibodies that target the extracellular skin components that link the skin basement membrane components either to the lowermost layer of epidermal cells or to the dermal components. (medscape.com)

Pathological2

• Autoimmune disease is a pathological condition which is caused by an adaptive autoimmune response directed against an antigen within the body of the host. (ppdg.net)
• Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. (bvsalud.org)

Postnatal2

• In previous studies, we developed an animal model where the early life exposure (from postnatal day 6 to 21) to low dose of pesticide permethrin (PERM, 34 mg/kg) induced Parkinsonlike neurodegeneration in rats characterized by decreased dopamine, Nurr1 and glutathione levels in the basal ganglia, altered immune responses and gut disbiosis. (unicam.it)
• Prenatal and postnatal animal models of immune activation: Relevance to a range of neurodevelopmental disorders: Developmental Neurobiology Special Issue: Neuroimmunology in Development and Disease. (bvsalud.org)

Cytokines1

• Models of inflammatory bowel disease have been described in animals in which particular cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10 have been eliminated. (ppdg.net)

Experimental animal1

• Critical windows of exposure for children's health: cancer in human epidemiological studies and neoplasms in experimental animal models. (cdc.gov)

Primate3

• In rhesus monkeys and other susceptible nonhuman primate species (e.g. pig-tailed macaque, crab-eating macaque), SIV infection leads to a chronic wasting disease syndrome with depletion of CD4 (T4) lymphocytes and lymphadenopathy. (cdc.gov)
• SIV isolates are clearly distinct from Type D primate retrovirus (i.e., simian retrovirus 1)that also causes a form of chronic wasting immunodeficiency disease in several primate species (ll). (cdc.gov)
• Nonhuman primate models for human diseases / editor, W. Richard Dukelow. (who.int)

Research12

• 4Head of Research for Chanson Water Company Taiwan Objectives: Early life environmental factors, life style and diet have a profound impact on the organism's later development and subsequent onset of age-related diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases. (unicam.it)
• This database, created in 2000, is updated every three months with newly published scientific articles, books, and other publications related to improving or safeguarding the welfare of animals used in research. (awionline.org)
• These are interdisciplinary creative workshops to find or develop animal-free methods to answer a specific research question. (uu.nl)
• The TPI Helpdesk can help you with any questions concerning the transition towards animal-free innovations in research and education. (uu.nl)
• I have no idea where to start thinking about replacing my animal research. (uu.nl)
• How do I get an overview of the several research methods that could replace animal research? (uu.nl)
• The Committee agreed that, despite the considerable progress that had been made in investigating Variola virus, significant components of this research, most notably the refinement and use of an animal model developed in 2001 and the development of antiviral drugs, were unlikely to be completed by the end of 2002. (who.int)
• Further, during extensive discussion about the potential availability of an animal model, additional research was identified that would necessitate access to live Variola virus stocks after the expected 2002 destruction date. (who.int)
• I want to talk to someone about my research proposal (basic research, neural mechanisms, or disease mechanisms). (nih.gov)
• Research on vitamin D regulation of thymocyte selection, Th1 and Th17 cells, T-cell programed cell death, and T-regulatory (Treg) cells is summarized and integrated into model mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
• Over the years, Dr. Subbarao' s research has focused on newly emerging viral diseases of global importance including seasonal and pandemic influenza, SARS, MERS and now, SARS-CoV-2. (who.int)
• UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. (who.int)

Lymphocytes1

• Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)

Cardiovascular1

• They've led to an associated increase in so-called "diseases of civilization," including cardiovascular disease, obesity , and a variety of metabolic diseases and cancers. (medscape.com)

Developmental1

• Consequently, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases or developmental disorders may arise. (mpg.de)

Surveillance1

• Finally, WNV surveillance data from CDC is being studied to determine the spatial and temporal relationships between disease outbreaks in birds and animals and human illness. (cdc.gov)

Analytical2

• Combining these data with information about avian migratory patterns, landscape characteristics, and weather conditions, over space and time, will provide the foundation for developing spatial analytical and forecasting models to assess the risk for human illness. (cdc.gov)
• He utilized quantitative analytical methods to characterize transmission dynamics in the community setting and at the human-animal interface. (who.int)

Pathology2

• Here we show OS involvement in brain damage in a diabetic animal model that is at least partially mediated through an AD-pathology-independent mechanism apart from amyloid-β accumulation. (nature.com)
• Pathology of domestic animals / K. V. F. Jubb, Peter C. Kennedy. (who.int)

Resembles2

• This reagent causes a T-cell mediated immune response that produces acute necrosis and transmural inflammation in the colon wall, which resembles the human disease. (databasefootball.com)
• Naturally occurring disease in animals that resembles its human counterpart. (ppdg.net)

Onset5

• The timing of onset, severity, and duration of complications among Ebola disease survivors are variable. (cdc.gov)
• EBOV was isolated from a semen specimen collected 82 days after acute onset of Ebola disease from a male survivor 13 . (cdc.gov)
• Molecular evidence suggested sexual transmission of EBOV from an asymptomatic male survivor to a female partner 179 days after the survivor's disease onset 14 . (cdc.gov)
• The potential for residual infectious risk from EBOV persistence is further highlighted by recovery of infectious EBOV in cerebrospinal fluid collected at 282 days after onset of Ebola disease from a survivor who experienced late onset of meningoencephalitis signs and symptoms 1 , and isolation of EBOV from an intraocular fluid specimen of an eye affected by panuveitis collected at 14 weeks after onset of Ebola disease 16 . (cdc.gov)
• Multiple sclerosis and T1D have distinct target organs, genetic risk factors, onset ages, and female to male ratios, but target organ-specific T cells as initiators unite these diseases. (frontiersin.org)

Predictive2

• Information from these analyses will guide the creation of predictive models of disease risk. (cdc.gov)
• Identification of disease associations with antigens/antibodies that have positive predictive (diagnostic) value. (nih.gov)

Autoimmunity5

• The workshop panel consisted of 10 basic scientists and clinician-scientists with expertise in the areas of autoimmunity, immunology, otolaryngology, genetics, and infectious disease. (nih.gov)
• Identify the contribution, risk, and mechanisms of systemic vs. non-systemic ASNHL, to include studies of the role of low-level autoimmunity in long-standing diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (nih.gov)
• How to determine if autoimmunity is the cause of the disease rather than an accompanying feature or an outcome? (ppdg.net)
• Circumstantial evidence - This is the lowest level of proof, which is the one most commonly available to connect a mysterious human disease to autoimmunity. (ppdg.net)
• The hazards of using this kind of evidence as the basis for concluding that a disease is caused by autoimmunity have been previously described. (ppdg.net)

Commonly2

• Some things commonly added to diets have been shown in animal models to have a significant impact in changing gut integrity. (medscape.com)
• Oral lesions are observed commonly in autoimmune blistering skin diseases. (medscape.com)

Genes1

• Breaks and rearrangements in the genome can lead to severe diseases, even if all genes remain intact. (mpg.de)

Inflammatory3

• Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two main types of an autoimmune disease called Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). (databasefootball.com)
• Beneficial Effects of Inflammatory Cytokine-Targeting Aptamers in an Animal Model of Chronic Prostatitis. (iasp-pain.org)
• Non-bacterial prostatitis is an inflammatory disease that is difficult to treat. (iasp-pain.org)

Amyloid2

• Compelling evidence indicates that factors that increase overall Abeta production or the ratio of longer to shorter forms, or which facilitate deposition or inhibit elimination of amyloid deposits, cause AD or are risk factors for the disease. (nih.gov)
• Also, the number of tangles in the brain appears to be a much better indicator of the severity of the disease than the number of amyloid plaques. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Acute4

• Survivors can experience complications after surviving acute Ebola disease. (cdc.gov)
• Patients who recover from acute Ebola disease and later become ill with neurologic or ocular symptoms might have persistent ebolavirus replication in the CNS or eye respectively. (cdc.gov)
• with cirrhosis [2], and met-enkephalin to be elevated in plasma in acute liver disease [3]. (who.int)
• Chikungunya disease usually presents with acute fever. (msdmanuals.com)

Tissues2

• All these results were also checked by the histologic analysis of colon tissues obtained from the sacrificed animals. (databasefootball.com)
• We need to see if the virus `hides out' in body fluids and tissues of animals it can infect, and if the virus can be passed between animals through copulation. (cdc.gov)

Genome1

• Technological advances in genome editing and animal bioscience have potential for huge societal impact, and are opening up enormous opportunities for the development of novel and innovative models of disease at the cellular, tissue and whole animal scale. (ed.ac.uk)

Infection2

• Appropriate infection control practices, such as those recommended for evaluating patients with suspect Ebola disease, should be adhered to until testing is negative. (cdc.gov)
• Therefore, SIV infection is an important animal model of AIDS. (cdc.gov)

Patients5

• The results from the histologic analysis support those obtained in the PET studies, showing significant associations between SUV max and Nancy grades, which are validated indexes to assess disease activity in IBD patients. (databasefootball.com)
• Of the eleven patients with Ebola disease who were managed in U.S. healthcare facilities during 2014-2015, nine survived. (cdc.gov)
• Diamond et al found that resting wall motion abnormalities in patients with coronary artery diseases (CADs) improve after administration of an inotropic agent (dobutamine or epinephrine) or after coronary revascularization in some vascular territories with depressed contractile function, and that such territories eventually improve after revascularization. (medscape.com)
• Three representative terations in the opioid system have been re- opioid ligands were measured in plasma ported in patients with liver disease. (who.int)
• While most patients with pemphigus vulgaris have oral lesions, which usually are the first manifestation of this disease, only a few patients with bullous pemphigoid have oral lesions. (medscape.com)

Genetic3

• Among several commercial services who have claimed to be specialized to generate mouse models with genetic modifications, I recognize that Cyagen is one of the best. (cyagen.com)
• In spite of the vast progress in genetic testing, the identification of the genetic causes of such diseases remains difficult. (mpg.de)
• The particular course the disease takes is tightly linked to the genetic makeup of the cancer cells, particularly the number of growth-spurring "driver" mutations they contain. (washington.edu)

Studies3

• Animal studies have indicated that the presence and combination of different metal constituents is an important determinant in the potential pneumotoxic responses associated with welding fumes. (cdc.gov)
• Indirect evidence - The second level of proof of causality is indirect evidence which requires the availability of an appropriate animal model where the necessary transfer studies can be carried out. (ppdg.net)
• Limited studies of wild-caught African green monkeys from Central Africa indicate a seroprevalence of approximately 30%-50%, apparently without associated immunodeficiency disease. (cdc.gov)

Molecular1

• First, this treatment strategy comes from understanding the basic science, the molecular underpinnings of the disease. (scienceblog.com)

Mechanisms1

• Exposure to molds can cause human disease through several well-defined mechanisms. (medscape.com)

Occur2

• The neurodegenerative process is believed to occur sub-clinically before the disease is typically diagnosed in the third decade of life. (frontiersin.org)
• These diseases can occur in persons of various ages. (medscape.com)

Assess1

• Vocalization and other behavior signals are used as tools to assess animal welfare in beef calves. (awionline.org)

Digestive1

• The samples were evaluated by a digestive pathologist using a microscope and the disease activity was scored in five different grades using the Nancy histological index, with Grade 0 being the absence of significant histological disease and Grade 4 the ulceration of colonic mucosa with inflamed granulation tissue. (databasefootball.com)

Liver disease2

• This project will develop and use innovative and enabling digital technologies to provide the first systematic investigation of liver disease in a large cohort of WTC responders. (cdc.gov)
• By uncovering previously unrecognized liver disease and by introducing new digital technology, this project is expected to improve the health of WTC responders and rescue workers and to advance computational methods for analyzing medical data. (cdc.gov)

Exposure1

• The present study aims to test the effect of electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) on this animal model developing neurodegenerative disease after exposure to PERM pesticide in neonatal age. (unicam.it)

Recurrent1

• Ebola disease survivors who have any new or recurrent ocular or neurologic symptoms should seek care for complications associated with potential virus persistence. (cdc.gov)

Diabetes2

• A disease closely resembling Type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. (ppdg.net)
• Evidence linking sunlight, vitamin D, and the risk of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes is summarized to develop the thesis that vitamin D is the environmental factor that most strongly influences autoimmune disease development. (frontiersin.org)

Programme1

• This Wellcome programme combines training in experimental techniques, bioethics and social sciences for human and animal health. (ed.ac.uk)

Laboratory1

• Brian Foy] The first step is to explore Zika virus transmission in animal models in the laboratory. (cdc.gov)

Fatal1

• We may have a real treatment alternative for a fatal disease-Duchenne muscular dystrophy-that improves both length and quality of life," says Cohn. (scienceblog.com)

Newly2

• Since the beginning of the 21st century, IBD has become a global disease with an increasing incidence in newly-industrialized countries whose societies have become Westernized. (databasefootball.com)
• Over the last few decades, many other autoimmune blistering diseases have been delineated, and some of these newly identified diseases have oral manifestations. (medscape.com)

Bacteria1

• and several changes to gut integrity, immunity, and pathways that are derivatives toward diseases and even promoting translocation of gut bacteria. (medscape.com)

Assessment1

• At the same time, we must realise that current animal experiments are done with great care, after a thorough ethical assessment. (uu.nl)

Vitro1

• The cytotoxic effects of African game animal sera to T.B. rhodesiense stabilates in vitro and a preliminary attempt to identify the trypanocidal factor(s / by Ayub Fakir Mulla. (who.int)

Drastically1

• Chairperson Daniela Salvatori realises that the working group faces major challenges: "We are well aware that the possibilities of drastically reducing animal use in the relatively short term are not there for the taking. (uu.nl)

Reproduction2

• Reproduction of disease in animals via immunization with the appropriate antigen. (ppdg.net)
• Reproduction in new world primates : new models in medical science / edited by John Hearn. (who.int)

Symptoms1

• Thus, the symptoms are vary correspondingly depend on which parts of the body are attacked by the immune system and on the development of the disease. (ppdg.net)