Candidiasis is one of the three most common vaginal infections along with bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas. Approximately 20 ... pain or discomfort during urination (dysuria) and vaginal discharge, which is usually odourless. This can be thin and watery, ... Egan ME, Lipsky MS (September 2000). "Diagnosis of vaginitis". Am Fam Physician. 62 (5): 1095-104. PMID 10997533. Archived from ... Xie HY, Feng D, Wei DM, Chen H, Mei L, Wang X, Fang F. (2013). "Probiotics for vulvovaginal candidiasis in non-pregnant women ( ...

DES was first marketed for medical use in 1939.[9] It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on September 19, 1941 in tablets up to 5 mg for four indications: gonorrheal vaginitis, atrophic vaginitis, menopausal symptoms, and postpartum lactation suppression to prevent breast engorgement.[89] The gonorrheal vaginitis indication was dropped when the antibiotic penicillin became available. From its very inception, the drug was highly controversial.[90][91]. In 1941, Charles Huggins and Clarence Hodges at the University of Chicago found estradiol benzoate and DES to be the first effective drugs for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.[92][93] DES was the first cancer drug.[94]. Orchiectomy or DES or both were the standard initial treatment for symptomatic advanced prostate cancer for over 40 years, until the GnRH agonist leuprorelin was found to have efficacy similar to DES without estrogenic effects and was approved in ...

A vaginal disease is a pathological condition that affects part or all of the vagina. Some can be prevented by vulvovaginal health maintenance. Sexually transmitted disease that affect the vagina include: Herpes genitalis. The herpes simplex virus (HSV) can infect the vulva, vagina, and cervix, and this may result in small, painful, recurring blisters and ulcers. It is also common for there to be an absence of any noticeable symptoms. Gonorrhea Chlamydia Trichomoniasis Human papillomavirus (HPV), which may cause genital warts. HIV/AIDS can be contracted through the vagina during vaginal intercourse, but it is not associated with any local vaginal or vulval disease. Because of STIs, health authorities and other health outlets recommend safe sex practices when engaging in sexual activity. Candidal vulvovaginitis Bacterial vaginosis (BV) associated with the Gardnerella, formerly called "nonspecific vaginitis" Vaginismus, which is not the same thing as vaginitis ...

... is a genus of Gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. While this species possesses a cell wall with structural similarity to other Gram-positive cell walls, upon Gram stain, these bacteria may be stained either Gram-negative or Gram-variable. These organisms are found in the human vagina, particularly in association with Gardnerella vaginalis in cases of bacterial vaginosis. Medical Microbiology 5th Edition, Patrick R. Murray, PhD Clark, Natalie; Tal, Reshef; Sharma, Harsha; Segars, James (2014). "Microbiota and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 32 (01): 043-049. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1361822. ISSN 1526-8004. PMC 4148456 . PMID 24390920. Schwebke JR, Lawing LF (April 2001). "Prevalence of Mobiluncus spp among women with and without bacterial vaginosis as detected by polymerase chain reaction". Sex Transm Dis. 28 (4): 195-9. doi:10.1097/00007435-200104000-00002. PMID 11318249 ...

Age and hormone levels significantly correlate with the pH of the vagina.[131] Estrogen, glycogen and lactobacilli impact these levels.[132][133] At birth, the vagina is acidic with a pH of approximately 4.5,[131] and ceases to be acidic by three to six weeks of age,[134] becoming alkaline.[135] Average vaginal pH is 7.0 in pre-pubertal girls.[132] Although there is a high degree of variability in timing, girls who are approximately seven to twelve years of age will continue to have labial development as the hymen thickens and the vagina elongates to approximately 8 cm. The vaginal mucosa thickens and the vaginal pH becomes acidic again. Girls may also experience a thin, white vaginal discharge called leukorrhea.[135] For women of reproductive age, the average vaginal pH is 3.8-4.5.[85] The vaginal microbiota of adolescent girls aged 13 to 18 years are similar to those of adult women, but research is not as clear on whether this is the same for premenarcheal or perimenarcheal girls.[133] The ...

... , or urinary frequency is the need to urinate more often than usual. Diuretics are medications that will increase urinary frequency. Nocturia is the need of frequent urination at night. The most common cause of urinary frequency for women and children is a urinary tract infection. The most common cause of urinary frequency in older men is an enlarged prostate. Frequent urination is strongly associated with frequent incidents of urinary urgency, which is the sudden need to urinate. It is often, though not necessarily, associated with urinary incontinence and polyuria (large total volume of urine). However, in other cases, urinary frequency involves only normal volumes of urine overall. The normal number of times varies according to the age of the person. Among young children, urinating 8 to 14 times each day is typical. This decreases to 6 to 12 times per day for older children, and to 4 to 6 times per day among teenagers. The most common causes of frequent ...

Acceptability of outdoor urination in a public place other than at a public urinal varies with the situation and with customs. Potential disadvantages include a dislike of the smell of urine, and some exposure of genitals.[citation needed] The latter can be unpleasant for the one who exposes them (modesty, lack of privacy) and/or those who can see them;[citation needed] it can be avoided or mitigated by going to a quiet place and/or facing a tree or wall if urinating standing up, or while squatting, hiding the back behind walls, bushes, or a tree.[citation needed]. Portable toilets (port-a-potties) are frequently placed in outdoor situations where no immediate facility is available. These need to be serviced (cleaned out) on a regular basis. Urination in a heavily wooded area is generally harmless, actually saves water, and may be condoned for males (and less commonly, females) in certain situations as long as common sense is used. Examples (depending on circumstances) ...

Acceptability of outdoor urination in a public place other than at a public urinal varies with the situation and with customs. Potential disadvantages include a dislike of the smell of urine, and some exposure of genitals.[citation needed] The latter can be unpleasant for the one who exposes them (modesty, lack of privacy) and/or those who can see them;[citation needed] it can be avoided or mitigated by going to a quiet place and/or facing a tree or wall if urinating standing up, or while squatting, hiding the back behind walls, bushes, or a tree.[citation needed]. Portable toilets (port-a-potties) are frequently placed in outdoor situations where no immediate facility is available. These need to be serviced (cleaned out) on a regular basis. Urination in a heavily wooded area is generally harmless, actually saves water, and may be condoned for males (and less commonly, females) in certain situations as long as common sense is used. Examples (depending on circumstances) ...

... (from the Ancient Greek ἐνούρησις enoúrēsis) is a repeated inability to control urination. Use of the term is usually limited to describing people old enough to be expected to exercise such control. Involuntary urination is also known as urinary incontinence. Types of enuresis include: Nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) Diurnal enuresis Mixed enuresis - Includes a combination of nocturnal and diurnal type. Therefore, urine is passed during both waking and sleeping hours. Also, Primary enuresis refers to children who have never been successfully trained to control urination. This represents a fixation. Secondary enuresis refers to children who have been successfully trained ( are for at least 6 months dry ) but revert to wetting in a response to some sort of stressful situation. This represents a regression. After age 5, wetting at night-often called bedwetting or sleepwetting-is more common than daytime wetting in boys. Experts do not know what causes ...

A bladder stone is a stone found in the urinary bladder. Bladder stones are small mineral deposits that can form in the bladder. In most cases bladder stones develop when the urine becomes very concentrated or when one is dehydrated. This allows for minerals, such as calcium or magnesium salts, to crystallize and form stones. Bladder stones vary in number, size and consistency. In some cases bladder stones do not cause any symptoms and are discovered as an incidental finding on a plain radiograph. However, when symptoms do occur, these may include severe lower abdominal and back pain, difficult urination, frequent urination at night, fever, painful urination and blood in the urine. The majority of individuals who are symptomatic will complain of pain which comes in waves. The pain may also be associated with nausea, vomiting and chills. Bladder stones vary in their size, shape and texture- some are small, hard and smooth whereas others are huge, spiked and ...

... is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection. Symptoms most often include fever and flank tenderness. Other symptoms may include nausea, burning with urination, and frequent urination. Complications may include pus around the kidney, sepsis, or kidney failure. It is typically due to a bacterial infection, most commonly Escherichia coli. Risk factors include sexual intercourse, prior urinary tract infections, diabetes, structural problems of the urinary tract, and spermicide use. The mechanism of infection is usually spread up the urinary tract. Less often infection occurs through the bloodstream. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by urinalysis. If there is no improvement with treatment, medical imaging may be recommended. Pyelonephritis may be preventable by urination after sex and drinking sufficient fluids. Once present it is generally treated with antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone. Those ...

The tests are most often arranged for men with enlarged prostate glands, and for women with incontinence that has either failed conservative treatment or requires surgery. Probably the most important group in whom these tests are performed are those with a neuropathy such as spinal injury. In some of these patients (dependent on the level of the lesion), the micturition reflex can be essentially out of control and the detrusor pressures generated can be life-threatening. Symptoms reported by the patient are often an unreliable guide to the underlying dysfunction of the lower urinary tract. The purpose of urodynamics is to provide objective confirmation of the pathology that a patient's symptoms would suggest. For example, a patient complaining of urinary urgency (or rushing to the toilet), with increased frequency of urination can have overactive bladder syndrome. The cause of this might be detrusor overactivity, in which the bladder muscle (the detrusor) contracts unexpectedly during ...

ସିସ୍ଟୋସିଲ ଅନ୍ୟ ନାମ ପ୍ରୋଲାପ୍ଲାସଡ ବ୍ଲାଡର (ଇଂରାଜୀ ଭାଷାରେ cystocele, also known as a prolapsed bladder) ଏକ ରୋଗ ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟ (bladder) ମହିଳାଙ୍କର ଯୋନୀପଥକୁ (vagina) ଠେଲିଦିଏ ।[୧][୫] କେତେକ ରୋଗୀଙ୍କର କୌଣସି ଲକ୍ଷଣ ନଥାଏ । [୬] ଅନ୍ୟ କେତେକ ରୋଗୀଙ୍କର ମୂତ୍ରତ୍ୟାଗ ସମସ୍ୟା, ଅସମ୍ପୁର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମୂତ୍ରତ୍ୟାଗ, ୟୁରିନାରି ଇନ‌କ‌ଣ୍ଟିନେନ୍ସ (urinary incontinence), ବାରମ୍ବାର ମୂତ୍ରତ୍ୟାଗ (frequent urination) ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଲକ୍ଷଣ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।[୧] ରୋଗ ଜଟିଳ ହେଲେ ୟୁରିନାରି ରିଟେନସନ ଓ ମୂତ୍ରାଙ୍ଗ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ ...

ଗନରିଆ (ଇଂରାଜୀ ଭାଷାରେ Gonorrhea ବା gonorrhoea) ଏକ ଯୌନ ସଞ୍ଚାରିତ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ (sexually transmitted infection) ଯାହା ନାଇସେରିଆ ଗନରି (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) ଜୀବାଣୁଦ୍ୱାରା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ । [୧] ଅନେକ ଲୋକଙ୍କର କୌଣସି ଲକ୍ଷଣ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ନାହିଁ । ଲକ୍ଷଣ: ପୁରୁଷ ରୋଗୀଙ୍କର ଡିସୟୁରିଆ (burning with urination) ବା ପରିସ୍ରା କରିବାବେଳେ କଷ୍ଟ, ଯୌନାଙ୍ଗରୁ (ଶିଶ୍ନ ବା ପେନିସ) କ୍ଷରଣ ବା ଅଣ୍ଡକୋଷରେ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା ହୁଏ । ମହିଳାମାନଙ୍କର ଯୌନାଙ୍ଗ କ୍ଷରଣ, ଯୋନୀପଥରୁ ରକ୍ତସ୍ରାବ (ଋତୁସ୍ରାବ ବ୍ୟତୀତ), ପେଲଭିସରେ କଷ୍ଟ ଓ ...