Diphtheria Toxoid
Diphtheria
Diphtheria Toxin
Tetanus Toxoid
Diphtheria Antitoxin
Toxoids
Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine
Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines
Tetanus
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine
Whooping Cough
Immunization, Secondary
Immunization Schedule
Commonwealth of Independent States
Vaccines, Conjugate
Vaccination
Pertussis Vaccine
Immunization
Alum Compounds
Haemophilus Vaccines
Bacterial Vaccines
Transfer Factor
Meningococcal Vaccines
Vaccines
Immunoglobulin G
Antibody Formation
Staphylococcal Toxoid
Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated
United States
Serum IgG antibody responses to pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin in nonvaccinated and vaccinated children and adults with pertussis. (1/288)
Levels of IgG antibody to pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) were measured in paired serum samples from 781 patients fulfilling at least one laboratory criterion for pertussis that was suggested by an ad hoc committee sponsored by the World Health Organization. The patients were participants or family members of participants in a double-blind efficacy trial of a monocomponent pertussis toxoid vaccine. Of 596 nonvaccinated children, 90% had significant (two-fold or more) rises in PT IgG and FHA IgG levels. Only 17 (32%) of 53 children previously vaccinated with three doses of pertussis toxoid had rises in PT IgG levels because they already had elevated PT IgG levels in their acute-phase serum samples. PT IgG and FHA IgG levels were significantly higher in acute-phase serum samples from 29 adults than in acute-phase serum samples from the nonvaccinated children. Nevertheless, significant rises in levels of PT IgG (79% of samples) and FHA IgG (90%) were demonstrated in adults. In conclusion, assay of PT IgG and FHA IgG in paired serum samples is highly sensitive for diagnosing pertussis in nonvaccinated individuals. Assay of PT IgG levels in paired sera is significantly less sensitive for diagnosis of pertussis for children vaccinated with pertussis toxoid. (+info)Evidence of efficacy of the Lederle/Takeda acellular pertussis component diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine but not the Lederle whole-cell component diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine against Bordetella parapertussis infection. (2/288)
A subanalysis of a recent cohort efficacy trial of a pertussis vaccine was performed to determine its efficacy against cough illnesses due to Bordetella parapertussis infections. Infants received four doses of either the Lederle/Takeda acellular pertussis component diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTaP) vaccine or the Lederle whole-cell component diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTP) vaccine at 3, 4.5, 6, and 15-18 months of age; controls received three doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DT) vaccine only. All subjects were prospectively followed for cough illnesses of > or = 7 days' duration; cases of B. parapertussis infection were confirmed by positive culture, household contact, or serology. Seventy-six cough illnesses due to B. parapertussis were identified; 24 occurred in 929 DTaP recipients, 37 in 937 DTP recipients, and 15 in 321 DT recipients, resulting in an efficacy of 50% for DTaP vaccine (95% CI [confidence interval], 5% to 74%) and 21% for DTP vaccine (95% CI, -45% to 56%). The data in the present analysis suggest that the Lederle/Takeda DTaP vaccine but not the Lederle whole-cell component DTP vaccine has efficacy against B. parapertussis infection. (+info)Association between type 1 diabetes and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination: birth cohort study. (3/288)
OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination and its timing on the risk of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children. DESIGN: Cumulative incidence and relative risk of type 1 diabetes was compared among three birth cohorts of Finnish children: those born during the 24 months before the H influenzae type b vaccination trial, those in the trial cohort who were vaccinated at 3 months of age and later with a booster vaccine, and those in the trial cohort who were vaccinated at 24 months of age only. The probability of type 1 diabetes was estimated using regression analysis assuming that there were no losses to 10 year follow up and no competing risks. SETTING: Finland (total population 5 million and annual birth rate 1.3%). SUBJECTS: 128 936 children born from 1 October 1983 to 1 September 1985, and 116 352 children born from 1 October 1985 to 31 August 1987. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Probability of type 1 diabetes among children vaccinated with H influenzae type b and non-vaccinated children. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found at any time during the 10 year follow up in the risk of type 1 diabetes between the children born before the vaccination period and those vaccinated at the age of 24 months only (relative risk 1.01). The difference in the risk between the cohort vaccinated first at the age of 3 months and the cohort vaccinated at the age of 24 months only was not statistically significant either (1.06). CONCLUSION: It is unlikely that H influenzae type b vaccination or its timing cause type 1 diabetes in children. (+info)Similarities between the pathogenesis of and immunity to diphtheria and pertussis: the complex nature of serum antitoxin-induced immunity to these two diseases. (4/288)
Despite data from animal studies, seroepidemiological surveys, and controlled clinical trials, skepticism persists about immunity to pertussis conferred by serum IgG neutralizing antibodies (antitoxin). This is largely prompted by the absence of a "protective" level of antitoxin. Examination of the similarities between the pathogenesis and immunity to pertussis and diphtheria provides an explanation for this dilemma. As with pertussis, diphtheria toxoid vaccination confers only approximately 70% immunity on an individual basis, individuals with protective levels of antitoxin may contract diphtheria, and about 50% of the entire population, especially adults, have less than protective levels of antitoxin. The virtual disappearance of diphtheria followed vaccination of the entire population with diphtheria toxoid, which blocked transmission of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and thus reduced the pathogen to almost undetectable levels. The individual and community-based immunity induced by diphtheria toxoid, we hypothesize, is similar to that of pertussis and pertussis toxoid. (+info)Diphtheria antitoxin levels in the Netherlands: a population-based study. (5/288)
In a population-based study in the Netherlands, diphtheria antitoxin antibodies were measured with a toxin-binding inhibition assay in 9, 134 sera from the general population and religious communities refusing vaccination. The Dutch immunization program appears to induce long-term protection against diphtheria. However, a substantial number of adults born before the program was introduced had no protective diphtheria antibody levels. Although herd immunity seems adequate, long-term population protection cannot be assured. As more than 60% of orthodox reformed persons have antibody levels lower than 0.01 IU/ml, introduction of diphtheria into religious communities refusing vaccination may constitute a danger of spread of the bacterium. (+info)A comparison of the therapeutic effectiveness of gastrin neutralisation in two human gastric cancer models: relation to endocrine and autocrine/paracrine gastrin mediated growth. (6/288)
BACKGROUND: Gastrin is a growth factor for established tumours. AIMS: To investigate the therapeutic effect of antibodies, raised against the Gastrimmune immunogen, which neutralise the glycine extended and carboxy amidated forms of gastrin 17 in two human gastric cancer models. METHODS: MGLVA1 cells (which have a gastrin autocrine/paracrine phenotype) and ST16 cells (which have an endocrine phenotype) were injected into the peritoneal cavity of SCID mice. Peritoneal tumours, ascites, and cachexia formation occurred, with the monitored endpoint being morbidity. RESULTS: In MGLVA1 cells, intravenous administration of antibodies raised against Gastrimmune increased the 50% median survived by 25% at three different initial cell seeding concentrations (1 x 10(6)-5 x 10(5) per mouse). In ST16 cells, the effect of Gastrimmune induced antibodies on time to morbidity was greatest at the lowest cell seeding concentration (5 x 10(5) cells/mouse) with the 50% median survival increased by 74% and overall survival achieved in 38% of the mice. CONCLUSIONS: Gastrimmune may have potential therapeutic benefit on gastrin sensitive gastric tumours and may interact with both endocrine and autocrine mediated growth pathways. (+info)Simultaneous vitamin A administration at routine immunization contact enhances antibody response to diphtheria vaccine in infants younger than six months. (7/288)
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of simultaneous vitamin A supplementation and diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccination on the antibody levels. Infants aged 6-17 wk (n = 56) were randomly given 15 mg oral vitamin A or placebo at the time of their DPT immunization. Three such doses were given at monthly intervals. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus were assayed on enrollment and 1 mo after the third dose. Baseline antibody concentrations to diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus did not differ between the vitamin A-supplemented and placebo-treated groups. The postdose antibody to diphtheria level was significantly greater in the vitamin A than in the placebo-treated group. The geometric mean +/- SEM antibody levels (mg/L) were 22.9 +/- 1.2 and 11.0 +/- 1.3 in the vitamin A and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0.029). The postsupplementation concentrations of antibodies to pertussis and tetanus did not differ between the two groups. These results suggest that antibody response to diphtheria vaccination was potentiated by simultaneous vitamin A administration and DPT immunization. (+info)Diphtheria is declining but continues to kill many children: analysis of data from a sentinel centre in Delhi, 1997. (8/288)
Although diphtheria is declining in Delhi, case fatality rates (CFRs) are rising. In 1997, of 143 clinically suspected cases admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital 45 (32%) died. We examined their records to understand the epidemiology and reasons for high CFRs. About 53% of cases were from Delhi; they were not limited to any particular area. All the deaths and 92% (131/143) of cases occurred in children below 10 years of age. Only 12% of cases had received one or more doses of DPT. Muslims contributed significantly more cases than Hindus. CFRs were significantly higher in young (P = 0.03) and unvaccinated (P = 0.01) children and in those who received antitoxin on the third day of illness or later (P = 0.03). The study highlights the importance of improved vaccine coverage and early diagnosis and prompt administration of antitoxin in reducing CFRs for diphtheria in Delhi. (+info)Diphtheria toxoid is a modified form of the diphtheria toxin that has been made harmless but still stimulates an immune response. It is used in vaccines to provide immunity against diphtheria, a serious bacterial infection that can cause breathing difficulties, heart failure, and paralysis. The toxoid is typically combined with other components in a vaccine, such as tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine, to form a combination vaccine that protects against multiple diseases.
The diphtheria toxoid is made by treating the diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde, which modifies the toxin's structure and makes it nontoxic while still retaining its ability to stimulate an immune response. When the toxoid is introduced into the body through vaccination, the immune system recognizes it as a foreign substance and produces antibodies against it. These antibodies then provide protection against future infections with the diphtheria bacteria.
The diphtheria toxoid vaccine is usually given as part of a routine childhood immunization schedule, starting at 2 months of age. Booster shots are recommended throughout childhood and adolescence, and adults may also need booster shots if they have not received them previously or if their immune status has changed.
Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It typically affects the respiratory system, including the nose, throat, and windpipe (trachea), causing a thick gray or white membrane to form over the lining of these areas. This can lead to breathing difficulties, heart complications, and neurological problems if left untreated.
The bacteria can also produce a powerful toxin that can cause damage to other organs in the body. Diphtheria is usually spread through respiratory droplets from an infected person's cough or sneeze, or by contact with contaminated objects or surfaces. The disease is preventable through vaccination.
Diphtheria toxin is a potent exotoxin produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes the disease diphtheria. This toxin is composed of two subunits: A and B. The B subunit helps the toxin bind to and enter host cells, while the A subunit inhibits protein synthesis within those cells, leading to cell damage and tissue destruction.
The toxin can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the site of infection. In respiratory diphtheria, it typically affects the nose, throat, and tonsils, causing a thick gray or white membrane to form over the affected area, making breathing and swallowing difficult. In cutaneous diphtheria, it infects the skin, leading to ulcers and necrosis.
Diphtheria toxin can also have systemic effects, such as damage to the heart, nerves, and kidneys, which can be life-threatening if left untreated. Fortunately, diphtheria is preventable through vaccination with the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP or Tdap) vaccine.
Tetanus toxoid is a purified and inactivated form of the tetanus toxin, which is derived from the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It is used as a vaccine to induce active immunity against tetanus, a potentially fatal disease caused by this toxin. The toxoid is produced through a series of chemical treatments that modify the toxic properties of the tetanus toxin while preserving its antigenic qualities. This allows the immune system to recognize and develop protective antibodies against the toxin without causing illness. Tetanus toxoid is often combined with diphtheria and/or pertussis toxoids in vaccines such as DTaP, Tdap, and Td.
Diphtheria Antitoxin is a medication used to treat diphtheria, a serious bacterial infection that can affect the nose, throat, and skin. It is made from the serum of animals (such as horses) that have been immunized against diphtheria. The antitoxin works by neutralizing the harmful effects of the diphtheria toxin produced by the bacteria, which can cause tissue damage and other complications.
Diphtheria Antitoxin is usually given as an injection into a muscle or vein, and it should be administered as soon as possible after a diagnosis of diphtheria has been made. It is important to note that while the antitoxin can help prevent further damage caused by the toxin, it does not treat the underlying infection itself, which requires antibiotics for proper treatment.
Like any medication, Diphtheria Antitoxin can have side effects, including allergic reactions, serum sickness, and anaphylaxis. It should only be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional who is experienced in its use and can monitor the patient for any adverse reactions.
Toxoids are inactivated bacterial toxins that have lost their toxicity but retain their antigenicity. They are often used in vaccines to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against certain diseases without causing the harmful effects associated with the active toxin. The process of converting a toxin into a toxoid is called detoxication, which is typically achieved through chemical or heat treatment.
One example of a toxoid-based vaccine is the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DT) or diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis toxoids (DTaP or TdaP) vaccines. These vaccines contain inactivated forms of the diphtheria and tetanus toxins, as well as inactivated pertussis toxin in the case of DTaP or TdaP vaccines. By exposing the immune system to these toxoids, the body learns to recognize and mount a response against the actual toxins produced by the bacteria, thereby providing immunity and protection against the diseases they cause.
The Diphtheria-Tetanus vaccine, also known as the DT vaccine or Td vaccine (if diphtheria toxoid is not included), is a combination vaccine that protects against two potentially serious bacterial infections: diphtheria and tetanus.
Diphtheria is a respiratory infection that can cause breathing difficulties, heart problems, and nerve damage. Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the jaw and neck.
The vaccine contains small amounts of inactivated toxins (toxoids) from the bacteria that cause diphtheria and tetanus. When the vaccine is administered, it stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that provide protection against these diseases.
In addition to protecting against diphtheria and tetanus, some formulations of the vaccine may also include protection against pertussis (whooping cough), polio, or hepatitis B. The DTaP vaccine is a similar combination vaccine that includes protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, but uses acellular pertussis components instead of the whole-cell pertussis component used in the DT vaccine.
The Diphtheria-Tetanus vaccine is typically given as a series of shots in childhood, with booster shots recommended every 10 years to maintain immunity. It is an important part of routine childhood vaccination and is also recommended for adults who have not received the full series of shots or whose protection has waned over time.
Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis (DTaP) vaccines are a type of combination vaccine that protect against three serious diseases caused by bacteria: diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (also known as whooping cough).
Diphtheria is a highly contagious respiratory infection that can cause breathing difficulties, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes muscle stiffness and spasms, which can be severe enough to cause broken bones or suffocation. Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection that causes severe coughing fits, making it difficult to breathe, eat, or drink.
The "a" in DTaP stands for "acellular," which means that the pertussis component of the vaccine contains only parts of the bacteria, rather than the whole cells used in older vaccines. This reduces the risk of side effects associated with the whole-cell pertussis vaccine while still providing effective protection against the disease.
DTaP vaccines are typically given as a series of five shots, starting at 2 months of age and ending at 4-6 years of age. Booster doses may be recommended later in life to maintain immunity. DTaP vaccines are an essential part of routine childhood immunization schedules and have significantly reduced the incidence of these diseases worldwide.
Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The bacteria are found in soil, dust and manure and can enter the body through wounds, cuts or abrasions, particularly if they're not cleaned properly. The bacterium produces a toxin that affects the nervous system, causing muscle stiffness and spasms, often beginning in the jaw and face (lockjaw) and then spreading to the rest of the body.
Tetanus can be prevented through vaccination, and it's important to get vaccinated if you haven't already or if your immunization status is not up-to-date. If tetanus is suspected, medical attention should be sought immediately, as it can be a life-threatening condition if left untreated. Treatment typically involves administering tetanus immune globulin (TIG) to neutralize the toxin and antibiotics to kill the bacteria, as well as supportive care such as wound cleaning and management, and in some cases, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to assist with breathing.
'Corynebacterium diphtheriae' is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic bacteria that can cause the disease diphtheria. It is commonly found in the upper respiratory tract and skin of humans and can be transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with contaminated objects. The bacterium produces a potent exotoxin that can cause severe inflammation and formation of a pseudomembrane in the throat, leading to difficulty breathing and swallowing. In severe cases, the toxin can spread to other organs, causing serious complications such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and peripheral neuropathy (damage to nerves outside the brain and spinal cord). The disease is preventable through vaccination with the diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine.
The Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine is a combination immunization that protects against three bacterial diseases: diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw), and pertussis (whooping cough).
Diphtheria is an upper respiratory infection that can lead to breathing difficulties, heart failure, paralysis, or even death. Tetanus is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes muscle stiffness and spasms, leading to "lockjaw." Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection characterized by severe coughing fits, which can make it difficult to breathe and may lead to pneumonia, seizures, or brain damage.
The DTaP vaccine contains inactivated toxins (toxoids) from the bacteria that cause these diseases. It is typically given as a series of five shots, with doses administered at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15-18 months, and 4-6 years of age. The vaccine helps the immune system develop protection against the diseases without causing the actual illness.
It is important to note that there are other combination vaccines available that protect against these same diseases, such as DT (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids) and Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis), which contain higher doses of the diphtheria and pertussis components. These vaccines are recommended for different age groups and may be used as booster shots to maintain immunity throughout adulthood.
Whoopering Cough, also known as Pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing fits followed by a high-pitched "whoop" sound during inspiration. The disease can affect people of all ages, but it is most dangerous for babies and young children. Symptoms typically develop within 5 to 10 days after exposure and include runny nose, low-grade fever, and a mild cough. After a week or two, the cough becomes more severe and is often followed by vomiting and exhaustion. Complications can be serious, especially in infants, and may include pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, or death. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria and reduce the severity of symptoms. Vaccination is available and recommended for the prevention of whooping cough.
Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:
1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.
Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.
Secondary immunization, also known as "anamnestic response" or "booster," refers to the enhanced immune response that occurs upon re-exposure to an antigen, having previously been immunized or infected with the same pathogen. This response is characterized by a more rapid and robust production of antibodies and memory cells compared to the primary immune response. The secondary immunization aims to maintain long-term immunity against infectious diseases and improve vaccine effectiveness. It usually involves administering additional doses of a vaccine or booster shots after the initial series of immunizations, which helps reinforce the immune system's ability to recognize and combat specific pathogens.
An immunization schedule is a series of planned dates when a person, usually a child, should receive specific vaccines in order to be fully protected against certain preventable diseases. The schedule is developed based on scientific research and recommendations from health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The immunization schedule outlines which vaccines are recommended, the number of doses required, the age at which each dose should be given, and the minimum amount of time that must pass between doses. The schedule may vary depending on factors such as the individual's age, health status, and travel plans.
Immunization schedules are important for ensuring that individuals receive timely protection against vaccine-preventable diseases, and for maintaining high levels of immunity in populations, which helps to prevent the spread of disease. It is important to follow the recommended immunization schedule as closely as possible to ensure optimal protection.
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is not a medical term, but rather a political and geographical term. It refers to a regional organization that was established in 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The CIS comprises 10 post-Soviet states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
Therefore, there is no medical definition associated with the term "Commonwealth of Independent States." However, it is important to note that public health and healthcare systems in CIS countries have undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with varying degrees of success and challenges.
Conjugate vaccines are a type of vaccine that combines a part of a bacterium with a protein or other substance to boost the body's immune response to the bacteria. The bacterial component is usually a polysaccharide, which is a long chain of sugars that makes up part of the bacterial cell wall.
By itself, a polysaccharide is not very immunogenic, meaning it does not stimulate a strong immune response. However, when it is conjugated or linked to a protein or other carrier molecule, it becomes much more immunogenic and can elicit a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.
Conjugate vaccines are particularly effective in protecting against bacterial infections that affect young children, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal disease. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of these diseases and their associated complications, such as meningitis and pneumonia.
Overall, conjugate vaccines work by mimicking a natural infection and stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against future infections with the same bacterium. By combining a weakly immunogenic polysaccharide with a protein carrier, these vaccines can elicit a stronger and more effective immune response, providing long-lasting protection against bacterial infections.
Tetanus antitoxin is a medical preparation containing antibodies that neutralize tetanus toxin, a harmful substance produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. This antitoxin is used to provide immediate protection against tetanus infection in cases of wound management or as a post-exposure prophylaxis when tetanus vaccination history is incomplete or uncertain.
Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a severe and potentially fatal disease characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms, primarily affecting the jaw and neck muscles. The antitoxin works by binding to the tetanus toxin, preventing it from causing damage to the nervous system. It's important to note that tetanus antitoxin does not provide immunity against future tetanus infections; therefore, vaccination with a tetanus-containing vaccine is still necessary for long-term protection.
Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.
A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.
If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.
Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.
A Pertussis vaccine is a type of immunization used to protect against pertussis, also known as whooping cough. It contains components that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the bacteria that cause pertussis, Bordetella pertussis. There are two main types of pertussis vaccines: whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines. wP vaccines contain killed whole cells of B. pertussis, while aP vaccines contain specific components of the bacteria, such as pertussis toxin and other antigens. Pertussis vaccines are often combined with diphtheria and tetanus to form combination vaccines, such as DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis) and TdaP (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis). These vaccines are typically given to young children as part of their routine immunization schedule.
Immunization is defined medically as the process where an individual is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically through the administration of a vaccine. The vaccine stimulates the body's own immune system to recognize and fight off the specific disease-causing organism, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of future infections with that organism.
Immunization can be achieved actively, where the person is given a vaccine to trigger an immune response, or passively, where antibodies are transferred to the person through immunoglobulin therapy. Immunizations are an important part of preventive healthcare and have been successful in controlling and eliminating many infectious diseases worldwide.
Alum compounds are a type of double sulfate salt, typically consisting of aluminum sulfate and another metal sulfate. The most common variety is potassium alum, or potassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O). Alum compounds have a wide range of uses, including water purification, tanning leather, dyeing and printing textiles, and as a food additive for baking powder and pickling. They are also used in medicine as astringents to reduce bleeding and swelling, and to soothe skin irritations. Alum compounds have the ability to make proteins in living cells become more stable, which can be useful in medical treatments.
Haemophilus vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), a bacterium that can cause serious infections such as meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis. There are two main types of Hib vaccines:
1. Polysaccharide vaccine: This type of vaccine is made from the sugar coating (polysaccharide) of the bacterial cells. It is not effective in children under 2 years of age because their immune systems are not yet mature enough to respond effectively to this type of vaccine.
2. Conjugate vaccine: This type of vaccine combines the polysaccharide with a protein carrier, which helps to stimulate a stronger and more sustained immune response. It is effective in infants as young as 6 weeks old.
Hib vaccines are usually given as part of routine childhood immunizations starting at 2 months of age. They are administered through an injection into the muscle. The vaccine is safe and effective, with few side effects. Vaccination against Hib has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of Hib infections worldwide.
Bacterial vaccines are types of vaccines that are created using bacteria or parts of bacteria as the immunogen, which is the substance that triggers an immune response in the body. The purpose of a bacterial vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protection against specific bacterial infections.
There are several types of bacterial vaccines, including:
1. Inactivated or killed whole-cell vaccines: These vaccines contain entire bacteria that have been killed or inactivated through various methods, such as heat or chemicals. The bacteria can no longer cause disease, but they still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.
2. Subunit, protein, or polysaccharide vaccines: These vaccines use specific components of the bacterium, such as proteins or polysaccharides, that are known to trigger an immune response. By using only these components, the vaccine can avoid using the entire bacterium, which may reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
3. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live bacteria that have been weakened or attenuated so that they cannot cause disease but still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine can provide long-lasting immunity, but it may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems.
Bacterial vaccines are essential tools in preventing and controlling bacterial infections, reducing the burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. They work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the bacteria or its components, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight off future infections with that same bacterium.
It's important to note that while vaccines are generally safe and effective, they may cause mild side effects such as pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, fever, or fatigue. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine.
Transfer factors are natural immune system components that are passed from one individual to another, usually through blood products. They are small proteins called cytokines that are secreted by certain white blood cells (T-lymphocytes or T-cells) and function to regulate the immune system's response to foreign substances.
Transfer factors can be extracted from human blood and given to individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or suffering from immune deficiency disorders, to help enhance their immune response. They have also been used in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome, allergies, and certain viral infections.
It's important to note that while transfer factors have shown promise in some studies, more research is needed to fully understand their effectiveness and safety.
Meningococcal vaccines are vaccines that protect against Neisseria meningitidis, a type of bacteria that can cause serious infections such as meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (bloodstream infection). There are several types of meningococcal vaccines available, including conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. These vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against the different serogroups of N. meningitidis, including A, B, C, Y, and W-135. The specific type of vaccine used and the number of doses required may depend on a person's age, health status, and other factors. Meningococcal vaccines are recommended for certain high-risk populations, such as infants, young children, adolescents, and people with certain medical conditions, as well as for travelers to areas where meningococcal disease is common.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.
Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
IgG has several important functions:
1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.
IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.
Antibody formation, also known as humoral immune response, is the process by which the immune system produces proteins called antibodies in response to the presence of a foreign substance (antigen) in the body. This process involves several steps:
1. Recognition: The antigen is recognized and bound by a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte or B cell, which then becomes activated.
2. Differentiation: The activated B cell undergoes differentiation to become a plasma cell, which is a type of cell that produces and secretes large amounts of antibodies.
3. Antibody production: The plasma cells produce and release antibodies, which are proteins made up of four polypeptide chains (two heavy chains and two light chains) arranged in a Y-shape. Each antibody has two binding sites that can recognize and bind to specific regions on the antigen called epitopes.
4. Neutralization or elimination: The antibodies bind to the antigens, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This helps to prevent the spread of infection and protect the body from harmful substances.
Antibody formation is an important part of the adaptive immune response, which allows the body to specifically recognize and respond to a wide variety of pathogens and foreign substances.
Bacterial polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates that consist of long chains of sugar molecules (monosaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds. They are produced and used by bacteria for various purposes such as:
1. Structural components: Bacterial polysaccharides, such as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of bacterial cells. Peptidoglycan is a major component of the bacterial cell wall, while LPS forms the outer layer of the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria.
2. Nutrient storage: Some bacteria synthesize and store polysaccharides as an energy reserve, similar to how plants store starch. These polysaccharides can be broken down and utilized by the bacterium when needed.
3. Virulence factors: Bacterial polysaccharides can also function as virulence factors, contributing to the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. For example, certain bacteria produce capsular polysaccharides (CPS) that surround and protect the bacterial cells from host immune defenses, allowing them to evade phagocytosis and persist within the host.
4. Adhesins: Some polysaccharides act as adhesins, facilitating the attachment of bacteria to surfaces or host cells. This is important for biofilm formation, which helps bacteria resist environmental stresses and antibiotic treatments.
5. Antigenic properties: Bacterial polysaccharides can be highly antigenic, eliciting an immune response in the host. The antigenicity of these molecules can vary between different bacterial species or even strains within a species, making them useful as targets for vaccines and diagnostic tests.
In summary, bacterial polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates that serve various functions in bacteria, including structural support, nutrient storage, virulence factor production, adhesion, and antigenicity.
Staphylococcal toxoid is a modified form of a toxin produced by the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium, which has been made less toxic through chemical treatment or irradiation. It is used in vaccines to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against staphylococcal infections. The toxoid induces the production of antibodies that recognize and neutralize the harmful effects of the original toxin, without causing the adverse reactions associated with the live toxin. This type of vaccine is used to prevent diseases such as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome.
Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated (IPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio), a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. IPV contains inactivated (killed) polioviruses of all three poliovirus types. It works by stimulating an immune response in the body, but because the viruses are inactivated, they cannot cause polio. After vaccination, the immune system recognizes and responds to the inactivated viruses, producing antibodies that protect against future infection with wild, or naturally occurring, polioviruses. IPV is typically given as an injection in the leg or arm, and a series of doses are required for full protection. It is a safe and effective way to prevent polio and its complications.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!
Olga Povitzky
Toxoid
Peter Joseph Moloney
Diphtheria
Diphtheria vaccine
Immunity (medical)
Alexander Glenny
Eosinophilic myocarditis
Vaccine
Connaught Laboratories
UMass Chan Medical School
Vaccine ingredients
DPT vaccine
Trudy Virginia Noller Murphy
Meningococcal vaccine
Arthus reaction
Maclyn McCarty
Microbial toxin
DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine
Methylecgonidine
DTaP-Hib vaccine
DPT-Hib vaccine
Schick test
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Exotoxin
Tetanus vaccine
Clostridium tetani
JN-International Medical Corporation
Polio vaccine
Bacteriology
Hib vaccine
Updated Recommendations for Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccine from the...
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Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory...
Tenivac, TDVAX (diphtheria/tetanus toxoids) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
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Antibody response to booster dose of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids
Widow Spider Envenomation Medication: Analgesics, Benzodiazepines, Antivenom, Immunizations, Antihistamines
Diphtheria tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP) vaccination coverage
Comvac 5| Diphtheria & Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine -Bharat Biotech
Vaccines for Women Age 50 and Older - Volume 10, Number 11-November 2004 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Meningococcal Polysaccharide Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine (Menactra, Menveo) | Davis's Drug Guide
Olga Povitzky - Wikipedia
Glossary | WHO - Prequalification of Medical Products (IVDs, Medicines, Vaccines and Immunization Devices, Vector Control)
VFC | 08-07-2009 CDC Vaccine Price List | CDC
PDF) Supplementary appendix
Additional recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced-content diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap)...
Cost of Delivering Tetanus Toxoid and Tetanus-Diphtheria Vaccination in Vietnam and the Budget Impact of Proposed Changes to...
Pneumonia shots: Coverage, costs, and eligibility
Food and Drug Regulations
TDVAX Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term
Experience with MCV-4, a meningococcal, diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine against serogroups A, C, Y and W-135 - Pandemic...
Food and Drug Regulations
Vaccine Management Handling and Storage of Biologicals
Parliamentary Papers - Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons - Google Books
Food and Drug Regulations
Food and Drug Regulations
INTERACTION OF RECOMBINANT DIPHTHERIA TOXOIDS WITH CELLULAR RECEPTORS in vitro K. Yu. Manoilov, A. Ju. Labyntsev, N. V....
Effects of a minimum interval immunization schedule for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccination...
Hexavac | European Medicines Agency
Vaccine22
- On October 27, 2010, ACIP approved the following additional recommendations: 1) use of Tdap regardless of interval since the last tetanus- or diphtheria-toxoid containing vaccine, 2) use of Tdap in certain adults aged 65 years and older, and 3) use of Tdap in undervaccinated children aged 7 through 10 years. (cdc.gov)
- Since 2005, a single dose of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine has been recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for adolescents and adults (1,2). (nih.gov)
- After receipt of Tdap, booster doses of tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) vaccine are recommended every 10 years or when indicated for wound management. (nih.gov)
- Safety and immunogenicity of a single intramuscular dose of a tetanus- diphtheria toxoid (Td) vaccine (BR-TD-1001) in healthy Korean adult subjects. (druglib.com)
- Medicine Central , im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51881/all/meningococcal_polysaccharide_diphtheria_toxoid_conjugate_vaccine. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Vallerand AHA, Sanoski CAC, Quiring CC. Meningococcal polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine. (unboundmedicine.com)
- In 2017, aligned with global World Health Organization tetanus guidelines, Vietnam prepared evidence to support a recommendation to introduce the tetanus - diphtheria (Td) vaccine into routine immunization . (bvsalud.org)
- This study aimed to provide evidence on the costs and budgetary impact of the potential replacement of the tetanus - toxoid (TT) vaccine with the Td vaccine , considering different possible delivery strategies . (bvsalud.org)
- To examine the impact of a minimum interval schedule for administering diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) in infants during a statewide pertussis outbreak on receipt of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). (qxmd.com)
- This combined vaccine is indicated for primary and booster vaccination of children against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B caused by all known subtypes of viruses, poliomyelitis and invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. (europa.eu)
- Tdap vaccine can prevent tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. (medlineplus.gov)
- Also, adults should receive a booster dose of either Tdap or Td (a different vaccine that protects against tetanus and diphtheria but not pertussis) every 10 years, or after 5 years in the case of a severe or dirty wound or burn. (medlineplus.gov)
- Vaccine errors threaten to undermine the protection immunizations provide and often leave patients inadequately protected against serious diseases such as hepatitis A and B, pertussis, diphtheria, cervical cancer, and many others. (ismp.org)
- BOOSTRIX is a vaccine indicated for active booster immunization against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis in individuals aged 10 years and older. (nih.gov)
- BOOSTRIX may be administered as an additional dose 9 years or more after the initial dose of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed (Tdap). (nih.gov)
- For management of a tetanus-prone wound, a dose of BOOSTRIX may be administered if at least 5 years have elapsed since previous receipt of a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine. (nih.gov)
- Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of any tetanus toxoid-, diphtheria toxoid-, or pertussis antigen-containing vaccine or to any component of BOOSTRIX. (nih.gov)
- If Guillain-Barré syndrome occurred within 6 weeks of receipt of a prior vaccine containing tetanus toxoid, the risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome may be increased following a subsequent dose of tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine, including BOOSTRIX. (nih.gov)
- Persons who experienced an Arthus-type hypersensitivity reaction following a prior dose of a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine should not receive BOOSTRIX unless at least 10 years have elapsed since the last dose of a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine. (nih.gov)
- In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that children aged 11-12 years receive tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap), meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY), and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (HPV vaccine can be started at age 9 years). (medscape.com)
- Tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine coverage represents coverage with ≥1 Tdap dose at age ≥10 years. (medscape.com)
- Immunization is coded 3E0134Z Introduction of Serum, Toxoid and Vaccine into Subcutaneous Tissue, Percutaneous Approach. (fortherecordmag.com)
Vaccines12
- Since 2005, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recommended tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) booster vaccines to unvaccinated postpartum mothers and other family members of newborn infants to protect infants from pertussis, a strategy referred to as cocooning ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Both tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) and tetanus toxoid vaccines have been used extensively in pregnant women worldwide to prevent neonatal tetanus. (cdc.gov)
- Tetanus- and diphtheria-toxoid containing vaccines administered during pregnancy have not been shown to be teratogenic ( 9,10 ). (cdc.gov)
- For example, the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are toxoid vaccines. (kidshealth.org)
- For those pathogens that don't directly make their host sick, but use toxins (weaponized proteins) to do it, we have toxoid vaccines. (zmescience.com)
- Toxoid vaccines also don't pose any risk of infection as they carry no genetic material. (zmescience.com)
- Immunization administration for vaccines and toxoids is located in the Medicine section of the CPT coding manual. (fortherecordmag.com)
- Overview of Immunization Immunity can be achieved Actively by using antigens (eg, vaccines, toxoids) Passively by using antibodies (eg, immune globulins, antitoxins) A toxoid is a bacterial toxin that has been modified. (merckmanuals.com)
- Tetanus vaccines are based on tetanus toxoid, a modified neurotoxin that induces protective antitoxin. (who.int)
- Tetanus toxoid vaccines are available as single toxoid (TT), combined with diphtheria toxoid (DT) or low-dose diphtheria toxoid (dT) and in combination with diphtheria and pertussis vaccines (DTwP, DTaP, dTaP or dTaP). (who.int)
- In the African region, only 13 out of 47 countries have met the global target of 90% coverage for the first dose of Diphtheria, Tetanus toxoid and Pertussis-containing vaccines (DTP1). (who.int)
- Proceedings of an Informal Consultation on the World Health Organization Requirements for Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis and Combined Vaccines, May 30 - June 1, 1988 / Charles R. Manclark, editor. (who.int)
Conjugate1
- Hib PRP-TT Conjugate is purified Poly Ribosal-Ribitol-Phosphate conjugated to Tetanus Toxoid. (bharatbiotech.com)
Immunization4
- These data represent administrative and official Diphtheria Tetanus Toxoid and Pertussis (DTP) vaccination coverage reported annually through the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on Immunization (JRF). (who.int)
- Effects of a minimum interval immunization schedule for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccination during a pertussis outbreak. (qxmd.com)
- Before the introduction of mass and routine immunization, diphtheria was a common cause of morbidity and mortality. (cambridge.org)
- Active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis and invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae type b in children 6 weeks through 4 years of age (prior to 5th birthday). (renalandurologynews.com)
Vaccination4
- ACIP recommends a single Tdap dose for persons aged 11 through18 years who have completed the recommended childhood diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis/diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTP/DTaP) vaccination series and for adults aged 19 through 64 years ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
- The seroprotection rates against both tetanus and diphtheria at four weeks after vaccination were over 0.95. (druglib.com)
- Cost of Delivering Tetanus Toxoid and Tetanus-Diphtheria Vaccination in Vietnam and the Budget Impact of Proposed Changes to the Schedule. (bvsalud.org)
- The CDC recommends adults receive a diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccination every 10 years. (fortherecordmag.com)
Antitoxin3
- Back in New York, Povitzky worked on diphtheria antitoxin production. (wikipedia.org)
- Preparation and Dosage" (1931, with Minnie Eisner and Erla Jackson) "Predominant Strain of B. influenzae in Influenzal Meningitis" (1933) "Effectiveness of Standard Diphtheria Antitoxin Against all Types of Diphtheria Infection" (1933, with Minnie Eisner and Erla Jackson) "The Effect of Temperature on the Antigenic Value of Diphtheria Toxoid" (1935, with Minnie Eisner) "Standardization and Application of Different Preparations of Diphtheria Toxoid" (1936) Povitzky became a United States citizen in 1904. (wikipedia.org)
- 0·01 IU/ml of diphtheria antitoxin antibodies). (cambridge.org)
Susceptibility to diphtheria1
- Although clinical disease remains rare, the susceptibility to diphtheria observed in these serosurveys highlights the importance of strengthened surveillance. (cambridge.org)
Dose of tetanus1
- An initial dose of BOOSTRIX is administered 5 years or more after the last dose of the Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis (DTaP) series or 5 years or more after a dose of Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed (Td). (nih.gov)
Toxin19
- The aim of the research was to compare in vitro characteristics of reception of the natural diphtheria toxin - DT and its nontoxic recombinant analogs - toxoids. (kiev.ua)
- For assessing ligand-receptor interaction the method of immunoenzyme analysis and ELISA was used, where the bonding layer recombinant analogues of diphtheria toxin cell receptor HB-EGF from sensitive and resistant to the toxin of the organisms were served. (kiev.ua)
- According to the results of ELISA the natural diphtheria toxin, in contrast to recombinant toxoids - CRM197, and B subunit, interacted with mouse HB-EGF with a very low affinity. (kiev.ua)
- While human HB-EGF with an equally high affinity connected as toxoids as native diphtheria toxin. (kiev.ua)
- 1. Collier R. J. Diphtheria toxin: mode of action and structure. (kiev.ua)
- 2. Naglich J. G., Metherall J. E., Russell D. W., Eidels L. Expression cloning of a diphtheria toxin receptor: identity with a heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor precursor. (kiev.ua)
- 6. Cha J. H., Brooke J. S., Eidels L. Toxin binding site of the diphtheria toxin receptor: loss and gain of diphtheria toxin binding of monkey and mouse heparin-binding, epidermal growth factor-like growth factor precursors by reciprocal site-directed mutagenesis. (kiev.ua)
- 7. Morris R. E., Saelinger C. B. Diphtheria toxin does not enter resistant cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. (kiev.ua)
- 8. Mitamura T., Higashiyama S., Taniguchi N., Klagsbrun M., Mekada E. Diphtheria toxin binds to the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain of human heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor/diphtheria toxin receptor and inhibits specifically its mitogenic activity. (kiev.ua)
- 9. Mitamura T., Umata T., Nakano F., Shishido Y., Toyoda T., Itai A., Kimura H., Mekada E. Structure-function analysis of the diphtheria toxin receptor toxin binding site by site-directed mutagenesis. (kiev.ua)
- 10. Moehring T. J., Moehring J. M . Interaction of diphtheria toxin and its active subunit, fragment A, with toxin-sensitive and toxin-resistant cells. (kiev.ua)
- 11. El Hage T., Decottignies P., Authier F . Endosomal proteolysis of diphtheria toxin without toxin translocation into the cytosol of rat liver in vivo. (kiev.ua)
- 12. Heagy W. E., Neville D. M. J . Kinetics of protein synthesis inactivation by diphtheria toxin in toxin-resistant L cells. (kiev.ua)
- 13. Didsbury J. R., Moehring J. M., Moehring T. J. Binding and uptake of diphtheria toxin by toxin-resistant Chinese hamster ovary and mouse cells. (kiev.ua)
- 14. Labyntsev A. I., Korotkevich N. V., Kaberniuk A. A., Romaniuk S. I., Kolybo D. V., Komisarenko S. V. Interaction of diphtheria toxin B subunit with sensitive and insensitive mammalian cells. (kiev.ua)
- 15. Kaberniuk A. A., Labyntsev A. I., Kolybo D. V., Oliinyk O. S., Redchuk T. A., Korotkevych N. V., Gorchev V. F., Karakhim S. O., Komisarenko S. V. Fluorescent derivatives of diphtheria toxin subunit B and their interaction with Vero cells. (kiev.ua)
- 16. Labyntsev A. J., Korotkevych N. V., Manoilov K. J., Kaberniuk A. A., Kolybo D. V., Komisarenko S. V. Recombinant fluorescent models for studying the diphtheria toxin. (kiev.ua)
- For each country, a nationally representative population sample was collected across the entire age range and was tested for antibodies to diphtheria toxin. (cambridge.org)
- Tetanus toxoid is manufactured by first culturing Clostridium tetani and then detoxifying the toxin with formaldehyde. (medscape.com)
Immunogenicity1
- In conclusion, BR-TD-1001 was safe, well-tolerated, and showed sufficient immunogenicity as a booster for diphtheria and tetanus. (druglib.com)
Suspension1
- Comvac 5 ® is a uniform suspension of Diphtheria toxoid, Tetanus toxoid, B pertussis whole cell inactivated, Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Hib PRP adsorbed on a mineral carrier Aluminium phosphate gel in isotonic saline solution (in-situ gel formulation).The Diphtheria and Tetanus components are toxoids prepared by formalin inactivation using established technology. (bharatbiotech.com)
Tdap1
- Both Tdap products are licensed for use at an interval of at least 5 years between the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) and Tdap dose. (cdc.gov)
Antibody4
- The geometric mean titer of anti-diphtheria antibody in the test group was significantly higher than the value of the placebo (P = 0.0347) while it was not for the value of the active comparator (P = 0.8484). (druglib.com)
- Title : Antibody response to booster dose of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids Personal Author(s) : Volk, V. K.;Gottshall, R. Y.;Anderson, H. D.;Top, Franklin H.;Bunney, W. E.;Gilbert, Maud G. (cdc.gov)
- The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-94, Series 11, No. 16A (Diphtheria Antibody Data and Documentation) Data Release. (cdc.gov)
- This data release, Series 11 No. 16A, contains the NHANES III Diphtheria Antibody data file and documentation. (cdc.gov)
Serum2
- Zur Behandlung diphtheriekranker Menschen mit Diphtherieheilserum [On the treatment of diphtheria patients with curative diphtheria serum]. (jameslindlibrary.org)
- This toxoid commonly is combined with diphtheria toxoid, and both serve to induce production of serum antibodies to toxins produced by the bacteria. (medscape.com)
Outbreaks2
Anaphylaxis1
- Do not administer VAXNEUVANCE to individuals with a severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any component of VAXNEUVANCE or to diphtheria toxoid. (merck.com)
Immunity1
- BR-TD-1001 was developed as a booster for the immunity maintenance of diphtheria and tetanus. (druglib.com)
Vaccinations1
- Safety of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis and influenza vaccinations in pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Adult1
- Tetanus-Diphtheria Toxoids, Adult (Td) (tetanus-diphth toxoids (Td) adult/adol). (drugs.com)
Search1
- Results of search for 'su:{Tetanus toxoid. (who.int)
Acellular pertussis17
- 7 years who 1) require tetanus prophylaxis in wound management, 2) have not completed a primary series (three doses) of vaccine containing Td, or 3) have not been vaccinated during the preceding 10 years with Td, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) or diptheria and tetanus toxoids (DT) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- An initial dose of BOOSTRIX is administered 5 years or more after the last dose of the Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis (DTaP) series or 5 years or more after a dose of Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed (Td). (nih.gov)
- BOOSTRIX may be administered as an additional dose 9 years or more after the initial dose of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed (Tdap). (nih.gov)
- Tripedia ( diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine) ( DTaP ) is an immunization used to prevent diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw), and pertussis (whooping cough). (rxlist.com)
- Our Tripedia (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine) Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
- Tripedia®, Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed ( DTaP ), for intramuscular use, is a sterile preparation of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids adsorbed, with acellular pertussis vaccine in an isotonic sodium chloride solution containing sodium phosphate to control pH. (rxlist.com)
- Tripedia (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine) vaccine is distributed by Aventis Pasteur Inc. (AvP). (rxlist.com)
- The adsorbed toxoids are combined with acellular pertussis concentrate, and diluted to a final volume using sterile phosphate-buffered physiological saline . (rxlist.com)
- Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Concentrates (For Further Manufacturing Use) are produced by The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Osaka, Japan, under United States (US) license, and are combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids manufactured by AvP. (rxlist.com)
- Adverse Effects of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine in 6- to 7-Year-Old Children by: Sung-Hsi Wei, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
- A vaccine is administered through injection into the muscle for individuals 7 years of age and older for tetanus, diphtheria toxoids and acellular pertussis (Tdap), also known as whooping cough. (nh.gov)
- In October 2011, in an effort to reduce the burden of pertussis in infants, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended that unvaccinated pregnant women receive a dose of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
- North American Vaccine, Inc. Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine from 1990s. (nih.gov)
- In October 2011, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) first recommended the routine administration of a tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) during pregnancy as a strategy to protect infants from pertussis (also known as whooping cough) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- adalimumab decreases effects of diphtheria & tetanus toxoids/ acellular pertussis vaccine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
- alefacept decreases effects of diphtheria & tetanus toxoids/ acellular pertussis vaccine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
- Universal immunisation with the five doses of Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus toxoid (DPT) vaccine needs to be augmented by Tetanus, diphtheria, acellular Pertussis (TdaP) at the of 10-12 years for controlling the rising incidence of diphtheria, especially in India. (pediatriconcall.com)
Vaccines10
- Two vaccines are routinely recommended in pregnancy: influenza vaccine and the combined Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis (Tdap) vaccine. (medscape.com)
- Proceedings of an Informal Consultation on the World Health Organization Requirements for Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis and Combined Vaccines, May 30 - June 1, 1988 / Charles R. Manclark, editor. (who.int)
- Diphtheria and pertussis vaccination : report of a Conference of Heads of Laboratories Producing Diphtheria and Pertussis Vaccines, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 13-18 October 1952. (who.int)
- The potency of diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccines can be measured using the in vivo toxin neutralization assay. (uitm.edu.my)
- Thus we have evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a 9-valent PnCV (Wyeth Lederle Pediatrics and Vaccines) mixed with diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, cell pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b (TETRAMUNE). (johnshopkins.edu)
- For example, the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are toxoid vaccines. (kidshealth.org)
- has had an allergic reaction - to any of the ingredients listed in FURTHER INFORMATION - after previous administration of Hexaxim or any other diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B or Hib containing vaccines. (mydr.com.au)
- Different strengths of the diphtheria vaccines are classified at the same 5th level. (whocc.no)
- Before vaccines became available, many Canadian children were hospitalized or died from diseases such as diphtheria, pertussis, measles and polio. (canada.ca)
- Vaccines are carefully designed to prevent people from contracting specific diseases, especially infectious or communicable diseases, such as smallpox, diphtheria, polio and pertussis, although there are many others. (museumofhealthcare.ca)
Induce at least 2 units2
- Each 0.5 mL dose is formulated to contain 6.7 Lf of diphtheria toxoid and 5 Lf of tetanus toxoid (both toxoids induce at least 2 units of antitoxin per mL in the guinea pig potency test), and 46.8 m g of pertussis antigens. (rxlist.com)
- The tetanus and diphtheria toxoids induce at least 2 units and 1 unit of antitoxin per mL of serum, respectively, in the guinea pig potency test. (nih.gov)
Conjugate vaccine1
- Post marketing safety evaluations of quadrivalent meningococcal diphtheria-toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-D) have focused on post-vaccination risk of Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS), adverse events (AEs) after maternal vaccination, and comparative studies with the newer quadrivalent meningococcal CRM 197 conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-CRM). (nih.gov)
Poliovirus vaccine1
- Do not administer VAXELIS to anyone with a history of severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of VAXELIS, any ingredient of VAXELIS, or any other diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, pertussis-containing vaccine, inactivated poliovirus vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, or Hib vaccine. (vaxelistransition.com)
Doses5
- Most controls (92%) had received three or more doses of a diphtheria toxoid vaccine, compared with 72% of case-patients. (nih.gov)
- To control and prevent diphtheria epidemics, it is necessary to achieve and maintain high vaccination coverage with three or more doses of diphtheria toxoid among adults and children. (nih.gov)
- How many doses of diphtheria toxoid are required for protection in adults? (nih.gov)
- If the person is pregnant, they are recommended to receive 3 doses of diphtheria-toxoid vaccine at 0, 4 weeks and 6-12 months. (health.gov.au)
- Booster doses of TDVAX at doses of 1 Lf and 5 Lf of tetanus toxoid induced tetanus antitoxin levels greater than 0.01 units/mL when administered to all 36 adults who had received prior tetanus immunizations. (nih.gov)
Immunisation2
- Active immunisation reduces the number of clinical case of diphtheria without drastically affecting the carrier state. (pediatriconcall.com)
- 18 An interesting case-control study of Harrison et al suggested that the frequency of prior immunisation (tetanus toxoid, influenza, and others) was higher among patients with inflammatory polyarthritis, including RA, than among age and sex matched controls. (bmj.com)
Status against diphtheria1
- In adolescents and adults with an unknown or incomplete diphtheria or tetanus vaccination status against diphtheria or tetanus, one dose of REPEVAX® can be administered as part of a vaccination series to protect against pertussis and poliomyelitis and in most cases also against tetanus and diphtheria. (medicines.org.uk)
Pertussis antigens1
- Antibody responses to diphtheria and pertussis antigens were similar in all groups. (johnshopkins.edu)
Poliomyelitis2
- Pediarix is a vaccine used for the prevention of diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw), pertussis (whooping cough), infection caused by all known subtypes of hepatitis B virus, and polio (poliomyelitis). (rxwiki.com)
- Hexaxim helps to protect against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis and serious diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. (mydr.com.au)
Diseases1
- Vaccine preventable diseases surveillance programme revealed that 533 microbiologically proven diphtheria cases were diagnosed in Kerala in the year 2016. (pediatriconcall.com)
Adolescents and adults1
- Adacel® combination vaccine, which protects adolescents and adults against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus. (museumofhealthcare.ca)
Standardization1
- Preparation and Dosage" (1931, with Minnie Eisner and Erla Jackson) "Predominant Strain of B. influenzae in Influenzal Meningitis" (1933) "Effectiveness of Standard Diphtheria Antitoxin Against all Types of Diphtheria Infection" (1933, with Minnie Eisner and Erla Jackson) "The Effect of Temperature on the Antigenic Value of Diphtheria Toxoid" (1935, with Minnie Eisner) "Standardization and Application of Different Preparations of Diphtheria Toxoid" (1936) Povitzky became a United States citizen in 1904. (wikipedia.org)
Whooping cough2
- The 6 in 1 vaccine protects against Diphtheria, Hepatitis B, Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae b) Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Polio and Tetanus. (hse.ie)
- A booster vaccine dose is given at 4-5 years of age as part of the 4 in 1 vaccine which protects against Diphtheria, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Polio and Tetanus infections. (hse.ie)
Vaccination coverage1
- The widespread vaccination coverage protects young children, historically the most susceptible population, from diphtheria. (pediatriconcall.com)
Preparation1
- Preparation of Tetanus toxoid for equine by: H. A. EL-Helw, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
Toxins1
- Tetanus and diphtheria toxins produced during growth of the cultures are detoxified with formaldehyde. (nih.gov)
Infection2
- This review aims to revisit the diphtheria infection and analyse the factors behind the resurgence of the it in recent years. (pediatriconcall.com)
- 3) Transmission of C. diphtheria occurs more commonly through droplet infection and less commonly through skin lesions and fomites. (pediatriconcall.com)
Vaxelis1
- If Guillain-Barré syndrome occurred within 6 weeks of receipt of a prior vaccine containing tetanus toxoid, the risk for Guillain-Barré syndrome may be increased following VAXELIS. (vaxelistransition.com)
Bacteria4
- Diphtheria is a disease caused by bacteria called Corynebacterium Diphtheriae . (hse.ie)
- The bacteria that cause diphtheria are found in the mouth, throat and nose of an infected person. (hse.ie)
- People who have been immunised by diphtheria may still carry the bacteria in their throats. (hse.ie)
- Diphtheria is caused by gram positive, aerobic, non-capsulated bacteria "Corynebacterium diphtheriae" . (pediatriconcall.com)
Decreases1
- Although there have been no decreases in production of tetanus toxoid (TT), availability is low because of increased use during the Td shortage. (cdc.gov)
Lead to difficulty1
- Diphtheria can lead to difficulty in swallowing, breathlessness, heart failure and paralysis. (hse.ie)
Hypersensitivity reaction1
- Persons who experienced an Arthus-type hypersensitivity reaction following a prior dose of a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine should not receive BOOSTRIX unless at least 10 years have elapsed since the last dose of a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine. (nih.gov)
Booster1
- Documentation of a primary series of diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, and a booster within the past ten years. (slu.edu)
Infectious1
- Diphtheria is an infectious disease that usually first affects the throat. (mydr.com.au)
Prevent3
- Td vaccine can prevent tetanus and diphtheria. (medlineplus.gov)
- 1) This was a startling finding since Kerala recorded a vaccine coverage of over 85%, well over the level required to prevent diphtheria epidemics. (pediatriconcall.com)
- However, vaccine coverage of over 70% can prevent epidemics of diphtheria in a community. (pediatriconcall.com)
20231
- It is very important to immunise against diphtheria as there have been cases of diphtheria reported in the UK and Belgium in 2023. (hse.ie)
TDVAX2
- Each 0.5 mL dose of MassBiologics' TDVAX is formulated to contain the following active ingredients: 2 Lf of tetanus toxoid and 2 Lf of diphtheria toxoid. (nih.gov)
- A severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) occurring after a previous dose of this vaccine, or any other tetanus or diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine, or any component of this vaccine is a contraindication to administration of MassBiologics' TDVAX vaccine. (nih.gov)
Severe1
- Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of any tetanus toxoid-, diphtheria toxoid-, or pertussis antigen-containing vaccine or to any component of BOOSTRIX. (nih.gov)
Additional dose1
- One additional dose of a diphtheria- and tetanus- (dT) containing vaccine can be administered one month later followed by a 3rd dose of a diphtheria or dT containing vaccine 6 months after the first dose to optimize protection against disease (see section 5.1). (medicines.org.uk)
Effectiveness2
- Prior to the completion of this and other studies, low effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine was suspected to be a major contributing factor to the diphtheria epidemic that began in the Russian Federation in 1990. (nih.gov)
- Low vaccine effectiveness was not a contributing factor to the diphtheria epidemic in the Russian Federation. (nih.gov)
Aluminum2
- The diphtheria and tetanus toxoids are adsorbed using aluminum potassium sulfate (alum). (rxlist.com)
- The tetanus and diphtheria toxoids are individually adsorbed onto aluminum phosphate. (nih.gov)